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ƵһЦصСڼϣڲԶһԱߣ 
Ѿкüˣǰõġ 
ܶʼһƵһСʱһƨڵϣקԵˮ 
οľ˨ͷ๾ࡱݺݵĹ˼ڣ 
һ꿿ϣ˲١ 
ͷĺس˫΢С 
Ҳһʮǰһٶʱһǵľ 
˫ۣ·ڼ˼ʲôһ㣬 
ʱ̣ǰǿԣĿ̬Ĳϼ 
ȻһѪҫ죬ؼһƬѪ죬ȻââѹѪ⣬ٺһжһʧ 
ϼɣһٶȴ˲ĥĺۼ 
ڶ죬ܵͷѯʣߵԺָԶиƵɽ˵ 
ǡ˷塯ϵڽħ 
˫ۣվ̧ͷԶԶġ˷塯ϼƥá 
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ҡҡͷߵԣӣĽźãһڼϣ 
ҽһ˳Ʒһѽס䡣ɽ賯ɽȥ 
һСɽ壬ֽҶ塱Լʮ˼ңֻƣֻһСͨϣ 
ԴΪʱ˼ҷ׷ȼ̡ 
ɽջѽһλԼʮ˳꺰аɽͣסŲЦЦ 
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Űɣˡ˵ȥ·Ȼ 
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ϰѽô¾ƵŸɽˡСﴫһߣɽǺͦ׵ģܰͰ°ɣȥǲ򿩡ŵ 
֣ɲۼҺԺһѣʲô 
ͷôôûģҪϴ㱦ӣô̹𣿡ͷӻһϣ 
Ӹ첲գߣͷӲȴȻĬˡ 
һŶٿһƬ 
ɽ̾һĽϵʪСݵһǣҳ͵ƣ͡ 
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ںܼªһһˮףԹư֮һĻҳȻǺܾûжˣ߷һű˶ѡ 
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СĵĴܡֻΧеͰĹľ඼Ǽ˺ϱֵľԶ 
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صʱˣȫʹðɽҰһƨ̱ϣ 
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û죬վסɽŲ׷˳ 
֨֨֨Ű¹źӣŻԶȥˡ 
ǵˣصϵỊ̇ɽһй 
԰ɣ԰ɣ󣬰ɽʵѡٴιᣬﰲοԼ 
ⱾǺӴģΪΪ 
ٴδư 
䣬ֻΣĻ£֮ȴȻ졣 
ڣڴƹɨ֮󣬰ɽ̤̤ʵʵĳһ⣬ԱߵĴ󹷺ӣ 
ɽڻعƽģ 
ǳȥˣ΢΢͹ĹǺ︹ɽһƣ 
󹷿һǽһֻ¹ᣬͷܵɽȱ߲˲䣬ﲻʱķ 
ԼɽһûͷߵʱôûŹ˳ 
֨֨ͨ飬Ϊкһȥ 
󹷲ʵĿһ¹ᣬСȥ 
ߣʶࡣɽʹļ򣬺Ȼ·뵽ʲôæ߳ţ 
ȥˣΣ 
֨֨ڻƹϵĺӷ·˰ɽ̧ͷȥ 
ã˯󹷷ڷ£ɽ 
صƹ͸ӰߵϺżδϨĻǣ˿˿ů⡣ 
۾ιǽֻ¹ʱɽüͷ 
Ժǲȱˡɽ⣬ƣС¹ƿţããҹɫ֮У 
µͷ˪أ̤С·ϣɽֹԺôӦһһ 
ţ˯ûУվդ⣬Сݺ 
͸߲ĴԿﻹŵƣ 
ɽȵȡ洫һŵģ 
֨ѽŴ򿪣С˹ɽӻûԷɣպһԵ㡣˴դЦǺǵ˵ 
ҸճԹˡɽ˵ 
ףǣ˿ŰɽͷС¹ 
ȥ˵ɡɽЦЦ 
һݱһ 
ɽôû˯ѽүͷҲ̧ļһﲻϲ顣 
ɽС¹ڵϣֻ¹ 
˵ʹļ 
ףǣļģͷͻһվ۷Ź⣬ 
ǣǽʱġɽͷôϰ˵ѻ 
Լų԰ɣľͺˡǰ˵ 
ҼﻹһֻأɽЦЦ 
ĲˣɽʲôϵһѽүӴ󼱣æסɽ֣ 
˼˺ģܾ϶񣬳ǶĿкรο߶ʮҲۻɽѽ 
ۣүѧʡɽԵĵ 
Ǻǣүһͷæת⡣ 
ߡΣһ߽ˣ 
޶ص׾ƣҲСˣͷֺǺǵĸɽһС 
һ˫ӡԼһڣ 
̾ɽǺѽҰ¹ɽпܵļҰ֮һˡͷ΢۾˵ 
ǺǡɽһЦЩ˼ץϵСӣѧͷƵߣ᳢һڣ 
׾ů£𣬰ɽڣһȥȿȡȿȡɽһֻ̣յһæ 
Աߵˮһ͹ࡣ 
һ˲٣ 



 

       ˲٣ 
ȾƵġүЩֻ 
ҵһͷӳɽȥ⺢ԽԽ˳ˡ 
Ҫȣɽĵ̣ 
ǺǣͲˡͷѵõŪ 
ҩǳ÷Чȷһ̣ơ 
ͷ˵գüͷһڣư̾ţ 
þơɽٴ£ 
СһСڣ£ϻزͬ·Ӧˮƣ֮󣬺֮ûʹУˬɵһ䣬ǲ࣬ɽһ 
ʱȫ׹ƶˣͷԱ٩٩̸Իͣ 
ɽûһѶƺ 
·裬кɽ̾ǰôͲ֪仹Һ 
ɵԽԽ𾢡ͷӻعʲһץؾƺʱǿտҲŭָ 
Сӣһˡҡ 
ʲôûأȥȥ򡣡ɽ˫۵ 
㡭ͷָ˵³֣ 
ȥ 
ͷƴ˳ţ 
顱һţﻹˣ۾ȻιǽߵС¹ 
ߣСӣͷ߷߲ƽ 
꣬ˣ棬¹ɡͷִ׷˳ȥ 
ȻڲԶڵϵİɽﻹʲôȻѾˡͷӾͷ̾ŷɽ 
Сӳʲôôأ˵Žϼ򣬳ŰɽСȥ΢͵͵ 
Сݣɣ糣 
༡һСʮ֮ѩʤԣһŮӣŮüͷ·ûԤе 
ǳȥˣɡһ 
֨ѽ޷ԿŮ˽ȥܾûˡŮ˵ 
ʮ졣ӻᣬ 
С 
½ʦ㣡ӺȻϣ 
գԶɽ˰ɡԭСɡŮԭʦ½ѩɡ 
½ѩһ𣬡Զͣʪմ󣬡͵͵һ䣬̧ͷ 
׵һ˿ʹ࣬·ȥʱȻ 
Ϊʲô 
Ҽһꡣ½ѩ 
Ϊʲô 
޷¡Զɽͷ 
Թһ˿ʹࡣСϡ䴫 
Ϊʲô½ѩͷ 
Բ𡣡ԶɽȻ 
˿΢ۣһʱš½ѩʮȻ޷ӳ˼أȴ䷳˼֣ڡ 
ʱԺкȻʦˮµӰǵһԻߣвɵһ࣬ǿЦ 
⡣ 
Զɽ΢ȴ˵аѡ 
ĺ½ѩ۽ǵᣬ򶨵 
ⷽΪ졣 
ʵҲ̫Զɽתͷ 
֮ƥУˣԴɽػұоˣʱ⣬úηֹסĵˡ 
˵ 
ôΪʲô˵½ѩ΢ 
ҿ԰ 
ɣɾ־ػȥȡкĿߡԶɽһЦ 
֮ô˱ˣкϧա 
ɽ죿½ѩɻĿ 
Զɽüͷ΢壬 
һֱáѹȻֻ֮ǲܶѪȣ֮ʵ⡣СӦ 
ܣܡ½ѩ˵ 
ε棬ˣжܡ 
ЩҲֻ֪֮һˡԶɽԺһɵӰ 
ҵ֮ųɵʱȲ棬йǣҵҲȻݣαؽʱ仨֮֮ϡ 
Զɽ˻˵½ѩ̾һ 
˶뷨Ҳ̫ƽˡ 
ôʲô鷳ˣԶɽüͷ壬 
ʮǰһսħ̸٣ҲԪˣֻǿƻģȴ֮ܽ˵ﻰһ٣ 
·뵽ʲô£½ѩü΢ᣬ 
ǰһߣ޹ʱţһڣʱ²ŲΪš𣬵ʱɲΪ֮ 
˭ôı£ħħ̡Զɽ΢ 
ǺҵǱֻ֪˳Ϊͨʥкǲλħͷʵ֮ǰħֻ߲͡˵΢΢һ̾ 
ʼ֮ʱжǰȥַ顣º㵽ŵķ񱨸һʱСΣÿĲʮɡ½ѩ΢΢һ̾ 
ʵЩ㲻̫ġԶɽ˵ 
ƣ㣬ǧ괫дɣʵֻһȫ֣˿棬رǷȡһ£ 
Ϊÿжк֣ʵɡ 
½ѩ΢΢һЦٻӰҡ꣬ҰȻ 
ǰұ÷ûģַĵһᰡЩϡ 
Զɽ˵ҲǴǰܺװɣοð취 
Ӧǰɣǰ漸սĬĬţΪ֪ɵУ㲻ͷ񡭡ǵȲˡ 
½ѩһѾ⡣ 



 ѧ

       ǰŮӣԶɽһǸΣ 
 
ԼܷһĨƼ 
ֱֱĿ⣬½ѩ˫΢죬Ծִٵ΢΢ס 
Ȼ뵽ԺĬڣ 
Ϊ֮Զһ޷Խϣʹһң 
ã̧ͷȻĶĿ⣬ 
ˣ½ѩתӣ 
ԲһҲǺӴ߽壬նһ˿ˡԶɽ˵ 
ʱ˳ưɣ½ѩһ 
档ҧЩ 
Ǹи˶ˡԶɽ˳̾һ 
̶ٴ˭ҹ͵Ҳϣİɡ 
ٻأɽоԼڿзѽɣǸˬˣͻȻһӵˮһ 
ֻ𿴼ұ졮ʽĵȣȻ䰢ɽоһȣճճģ֪ʲô̧ͷǲҪˣ֪һŵð 
ֻһ޴ĺɫ߰ˮĸԼղȺĶǴġ 
һУɽŵ۾͵ 
۵ľȻһɺͷһѪڣ 
һдӰɽСﴫ 
峿һ˿ģΧţ֮ 
ˣСһƬ 
¾ɵľʹһɽײײ˳ʱɽνͷ档 
ᣬЬӾȻҲֻһֲֻֻſں 
ƹҾ͸ʵʵǸүҡ 
Ȯͣ 
Ӱһƹಡһ˳ 
ɽһͻ¿ˮԾһȴѼӲ 
ٷ 
ءܹĻƹһֱΪ˳ӣͣĲŰɽĿšãúã֪ܸľͺáɽæ˵ 
Ź˵ĻȻ಻ţһ䵹ͦԵģǾ 
úǰ 
ղһϹֲãһͣŷͷʹɽ̫Ѩ̧ͷһʱˣɰС̫Ȼ֦ͷ¶ͮͮӡǸ 
Ⱦѽ֮ôǵˡüͷǰĻӦøȥˣڡ 
ɽЦЦﲻɵ΢΢̾ 
֨֨ʱҲӷ˳ɽ̾Ϣһڻûأ 
ˣˡ 
й߽ӣŶһݽҰһ䣬 
ʲôʱȥûкҩ㿪ʼеĵڶưΰҵ 
̷Сڳ֮ͷˡ 
ʰһк󣬰ɽϤĴڿµï֮УȴǼѣֻܺŲɵƽеĽš 
⡱ɽסëһҰ 
Һǵ˽Сң𣿡ɽ˿Ұʵ 
Сӡꡯһ 
֨֨㵸ţͣĵͷɽģתͷָڹľдܿȥĻƹʵ 
أǲǽСƣһ㶣ӵеҰ˫צأ 
ֽ֨֨ɽһëӲ򵥣ţ 
ʱƹ˹Űɽϻë 
Ҳ̫С˰ɡɽæЦ 
Сƣϻơϻơ 
ƹŭǰצɬأڳ˶ȴݣ 
Űɽٴŭ 
ɽ΢ţһϲŭ޳ȻδҧԲһΡ 
Խһת 
รรдƣơɽ˵ 
ƹ˻һֺ޳ܵ 
˵Ƥ񣬵ܺ𣿡ɽؿ˻Ļƹһۡ 
Сʱ󣬾Ƭש˸ķ棬éݵһҶĴ֮£֡ 
΢дö·Ҳڻӭʵꡣ 
ɣɽһվСڱ㴫º͵ 
ɽ㷵Ŷ룬Զɽ˱ֶ 
ˣ޵һ;ɬζвԸڻüԶɽתͷ˵ 
ɽǰһᶨ˵ˣڵһǣңСұ߳ɽΪͽ˵¹ȥ 
عˡԶɽ˵¹İɽһϣ·𶨸һ㣬 
Ҵͽ˵갢ɽһᣬָֻ磬 
ǡ 
ֻ˵̻֮ð£ǱɣԳƺΪɽˡӵĻɡ 
ǡɽѡԶɽͳֽݵǰ 
֮ϸвĵطҡ 
มɽЩʧĽ˹Զɽתȥ 
ٴӣԺסɡݴɽȴδ 



 

       ȻɽɽûдéݣסľôõˣһЩڿݻǶ, 
ľڿһУǸˣȴҲþ͵ȡģֱչʱһªïݳˡ 
СǰԳһҰɽһĨĨͷʪ 
ֻһŴˡɽ뵽 
ɽôһ춼ӰɽһСţ 
˵˶ԲԲȵģѽɵš 
꣬ЪϢˣɽվӣ 
СңƣкһɽŲٴɱɭ֣ 
⣬⣬⡣Ͱӣɽз磬ȴ˿ʹ˸оȻˬģհĦб 
 
ڸմľϣɽһ۾һУ·һһ㣬¶һ˿΢Ц 
óźõֽ֡˸ӣ 
Ȼüͷ¿ľȻЩɲݣȻ繣⡣ 
ȻԼڡҶ塯ļﲻǻһԼԺҪﳤסˣ 
˳ҲŴкĲǡ 
뵽ɽպֽЩʹĸ첲һһƺƵٴɱҶ塯 
ϼ죬ӲӵϦӰúóó·ҲӰһ㣬 
⣬ţ˯ûУɽդ 
ֻ꣬͡һ죬ºڵС΢⣬ 
ɽǰɣһ¡ƣѾ˯ˣ 
֨ѽһ 
ɽţô⼸ôûӰѽ߶˳ 
ǺǡɽЦһ 
⼸е£ּ˼ֻС¹ӣһֻɽ˴ո첲 
滹һֻСҴС¹أ˵ȥ 
ѽɽãϻظĻûأ㻹ûȥų԰ɡŴȰ 
ǿ⺢ӳģǶǰһѽٵļҲҲͬĺȢ˰ɣ 
Щţ 
أɽ˵š顱һС¹ݽǣ 
ɽǰɣʲô²˵ѽʱݴһõϺź̸Ƶ˳ŵʱȻһ 
ɽǸúӣþϰףǿЩǿˡͷ٩٩˵ 
үˣǰϽӼءɽЦЦ˵̾ǻëӱȴöˣԺɲܵˣ 
úã֪ͼǸȮѽԵĸ̾ 
ȥˣҸɽٺһתͷ˵ 
㵣˲ˣ֪һøŻȥأɽ׼æ˵ 
ɽʲôôѽʵɽ˵ 
Զ˸ݣȥǱסһʱ䣬ԡЩΪѣ 
ǰŴЩ 
ĵѻ治˵ѽ˵ǿ϶ͬģҲֻˡɽﰵ̾һ 
ݣһ㶣һ 
Ȼ뵽ʲô̾һ 
Ҳãȥ磬㻹ᣬʲô¶Щɣ 
֪ˣлѡɽЦ˵ 
ȥҲáүӽӹ 
ɽĴȥ˾ͻɡȻ 
ǡҶ塯ȻҲûˡŽŷļ 
ҪͷӻġʲôͲ֪ˡ 
ȻЩĪɽᵽϹе⣬жòˮ 
õģϷġɽЩʵ˵ 
ǾΥ·ֻصߣΧǿݽѾõķ 
ȵȣҸõ㶫ү˵תݣʱ˳һˮʽľ 
һˣ·ڣкҪȾƿҪЦġ 
ЦǺǵĽľݸɽɽҲ˵˾䡮лл˹ֻ΢ǲ٣ 
ﲻϲ쳣ҹ֮һֱָоүֵˣֻǲóڶѡ 



 

       Ҿˡɽľ̵˵ 
ãеڣ·ҪСˡϸɽл߳ 
ͷˮҹϰϰ˪ 
ɽʰһУһһϻСʱˣ 
ɽӦ˯˰ɣɽ˿ԱĺڳŵС뵽 
͡ȼմ͵ƣɽãٴͳǼŻҰ׵ֽ 
֮ΪʳԹ춣Թ裬ͬν֮֮עȡԡ¾͵͵ 
ЩȻɬƿڣضҲ˽˼ˣҷ·ԤƵģ 
ɽһЩɬѶĴԱ߶ע⣬ʡȥ˺ܶ鷳 
ʶԿѭܣҲ͵͵ţȻ·뵽ʲô̷ֽ 
˫ϥĳ˼ѭѭ룬 
꣬۾Ũڵüë΢΢ץǰֽϸֿһ飬 
ٴκ˫ۣ 
ġ΢ĵоըĵƹ£շת 
ã̴ңһ򣬡ҹעߡ 
գţɽ֣糿˿˿⣬ȴԵƻãŮ롣 
۾ȻǸƣվɽЩ죬û뵽һ˫ȾȻ޲ʵĸоҲûƣУ 
ѵĺôŬĻ˼ľ˿˿ߵĸо·˯ˣ 
ȴԼʲôִڰ˯ѵ⾳ʮֵ 
˳ 
ˣ飬ɽһڼֵֽģ 
һɽҡҡЩԴ 
ԺɡŴ㣬ӴĶֻ̫֪࣬Щ޴롣 
޵СûţɽС⣬˸Ȼһϣ 
ԶһɫӰţǰԶǶѲש˸ 
ףôɽ΢΢һ㶣 
ȻһЦ 
סѵвȥĵط𣿡ɽԼЩ񾭴ˡ 
˲ͷ̧ͷȥ峿з磬ɢ˱ĵԶɽ˵һ½ʹǵӰЩš 
ɽ塣ɽվһ֮ 
ʰȴȻûԼΪͽһʱȻ֪ν 
Ȼǰɽ̫񣬱ں˸νȴҲ˳ڶˡ 
Զɽ΢΢ӣᡰһǴӦ 
յ糣ֻβס׵һĨˡ 
ȻĿһ˿ɽأ˵һ䣬תӣɽЩĪ÷ʣ 
һ̾ɽֻתӣ·ֹʲô£ɽ˵ 
ԴӣҲһ£Ժʱ֣СȥΧ޲ɱɾһϰɡƽԾǵӰ˹ 
ม 
ɽæӦĿ佱ﲻɵмϲɺȻһΣЩ㷣 
ѣ֪ɽ˴һ磬Сȥһİɽ㶷 
ɽȻ̾˿ 
ⲻűҰ׷ϵ龰ŵ 
ʱһƽ͵Сڴ 
ĪСǺӣŷޣǵУѧپͿԼˡ 
ɥеİɽһϲû뵽ǻСӻ˴ͷĲɵһ䣬 
ǰûѽЩƵţ 
֪ǴǺͷһʼѹȵģһһĽ飬ԺҲ뷴ˣ뵽ɽﲻһƣ 
Ȼ͵һţͳϣԺҲһҪúõϰɽ뵽 
Ұæưɣ 



ڰ 

       ɽ˶ҶסյؽֻӰ֮µ 
ѵڹľ֮䣬ɽпƣСˣʲôҰ޶ûԼϵȱڹľеľε˺ۣϵȥСӣĽ֮࣬̾һ 
ѡ 
Сҡɽź֣ëӡֻ֨֨ಡһ± 
ɽǰСӰֹţ 
˶ֻ۾ûʲôرĵطѽɽΧźӳȥʵڿطˣ 
֨֨ǰĺͻȻǰļһץһɡ 
ɽһܵһ֪˺ӵצӣȴˤ˸Ľų졣 
Ӽ˴ϲ 
֨֨֨צӽиͣ 
ЦʲôЦɽվݺݵĵһۻڹֽеĺӡ 
ʱ𡣡һ޺ΧֺȻһ 
İɽŵòſ£һ䣬ֻһֻ۰׾Ĵ󻨰߻ݳľԣ˫˷ܵĿǰ꣬ 
ˣɽ￩һɲȥ 
ʱһԵСӡ֨֨Ľ߻˶Դ΢΢һתԱߵġС㡯 
ͻȻ䣬ϻ·ʲôֲĶƵģˣͻȻٿһתӣ 
β͡ಡһܽУֻľʶ㲻ӰȻȸղʱϼ֡ 
С֨һһ֦ͷĳϻʧķ׷ȥ»㶷ɵİɽ 
һɽŻعֻʣӰĺһţһ 
ȵҡ㼱ҴҵŽѾ׷ȥ 
֦ͷʼ磬Ӱƣɽźʧķ׷һξйˣ 
Ųݺݵڣ̱ڵأ 
û뵽СҹĴӶųɽ˵ѽɽ㶵ţ 
ѧʲôѽĿɽ˵Ļ 
֨ţԶһŹľȻʶһ£İɽŵòᣬ 
ֻˢһ¿Ŵվ˫ĶŷĵطСӿ 
ʱֻͰ¶һɫСƨɣż֨֨ 
Сңɽؿ 
ֻСʲ˹˿İɽһԭŵǸղֻ󻨰߻ 
ֻ˶Ļͷϻ˸ѪףɺѪͣðţǱȥӣǲˡ 
ɽºȻϻСײģŻɵСӣɽһ󵨺 
ǧԼͷһѽЦ뵽 
֨֨ӵĽɽ˼ 
ɽȻָŴϻæͷ֨֨Žиϣ 
ûưѽοҪɽ˫һ̯֤ԼһУʲôû 
֨֨ӷϻȻһڵץ֦ƲϻԼȴһʹ 
֦ɽǰСû˼ 
û𿾣ɽ̽ʵ 
֨֨Ӵϲһĵͷ 
ʵɽҲ֪ûųԵķǰ˵ԵǶģ 
ֻǡԼɲ῾ѽɽЩ飬 
ûûȥ˵ɣɽɫ˵ʱǲܵģ벻ǿ𣿷Ż첻Ϳˣôһֻϻѵʱѧ᣿ 
ϦѪĻһĽߣӳ֮£ԡ 
֮һƵ̣ˮīʣȾƬɽ֣ 
ŴĻӰ϶żںĲ֪ɢһζ 
ա 
ƹͷ±ӣڰɽţת˶Ĺͷ 
ɽֲ˲ǵĺˮ֪ǲΪȶģ΢紵 
ġһʢĻɽ飬ŤϸһɵƮ˿ȥ 
СŲŲӣ֨֨һ 
ȡɫ΢У΢죬Ũˡ 
ɽСĵתеľ˿ҷɡ 
ˣһɽľŲ 
ӦÿԳˡЦŶԵһһ˵ 
֨֨Ӵһۣ仰Ѿˣۺﾡǲš 
Ǵ̲סջᣬҧһ 
һͣȻζҲæ˹ʳ 
ߵİɽûɵĸеһѣһﻹѽɵţ 
һͻȻ𣬰ɽæתͷԭԶɽ˲֪ʱԶ 
ʱ󹷸Ҳͣ 
ɽ塣ɽòһԶɽ˲˵ҧһͷʱ 
ɵüͷȻ·뵽ʲô̾һ 
ˣһʳի 
ƹһͣվߵɽ˽űһĦﲻͣĵţ 
Сûϵ֮⣬Զɽûɵһж 
븩佱ֻƹͷһתСҡͷβĳɽȥ 
ɽͷƤһըҲ̫ˣⲻšȻֻߡɽһ 
Ժٹܺʳɡ˵ȥ 



ھ 

       ʱæµߣҴҵĸһ˳صȴְȥһ۵ǣ 
һжھѭš 
 
ǣ 
¸ˮǳأоɵĳǽ֮ϣӰ˪ˣ 
͵ỽһӷסŮݵļ 
Ů۾˫ƻãƺָо 
ȥʦװɣݵ˿ȴĿ 
Ů˫΢Σ 
磬һʱɣħĴУ⼸ķأ 
ߣССħ̣ҳݣšַħ̣ͬ飬СȡͷͨħҲ˶ˡ 
ӹһЦҹ紵ĳ磬ԿŲ 
ŮӳԵĿǰӣЩɣ 
ǡ 
ãã˼ǣļˣǾͶȰʮɡ 
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ȻҲȥ磬ʱ㽥׷ֻţĹޣۼﲽԶӰ˷ܵġ֨֨Сҡ 
ֱۣ̽Сץһʮ͵һˢһԾ˫֫ſŽĹͷ­ȥ 
ʱһӰ 
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ɽ֮ǰˣŨüĿԭڵƤղи 
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֨֨һ֣צӻи 
ӣɽһٴץ𼸿ʯͷСȥһһȭͷʯͷš 
ʹ֨һץϵʯӲʾķӻȥ֪ɽһ֣̹Ц֦ 
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֮Զɽ˸ֶĿŴֵһһʱˡ͵̾Ϣһ 
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Ի谵Сڣɽһˮ棬ٴӻͳ״ȭɫɽھеϣ 
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ãɽ̧߽ʯڣˮ٣˽ȥԭǺȻиʯʯ󣬽ʮɱѵͷ 
Χ˸ߴҹ飬ɫ͵ĹâʯԱһʯֻʯʣ 
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ɽ˵ͻȻһ 
Ҳǣƽ֮߷ʵȡɣ֮Ȼ亦 
ǡɽæΨΨӦ 
ˣǾɣºСݡɽ˿վ˶ٱ㳯ȥ 
ʱæµߣҴҵĸһ˳صȴְȥһ۵ǣ 
һжھѭš 
 
ǣ 
¸ˮǳأоɵĳǽ֮ϣӰ˪ˣ 
͵ỽһӷסŮݵļ 
Ů۾˫ƻãƺָо 
ȥʦװɣݵ˿ȴĿ 
Ů˫΢Σ 
磬һʱɣħĴУ⼸ķأ 
ߣССħ̣ҳݣšַħ̣ͬ飬СȡͷͨħҲ˶ˡ 
ӹһЦҹ紵ĳ磬ԿŲ 
ŮӳԵĿǰӣЩɣ 
ǡ 
ãã˼ǣļˣǾͶȰʮɡ 
ӻסŮӵϸӵ뻳С 
˿˳·Ҳ̴һƵģҲ͵͵Ĳ 
ɽ֣֮ 
һҵĴϢͻȻ 
ಣһֻ˶״ϻڳĹھкһ´˹ȥ 
ΧСĹľȻľѹٶֱ֮˼ 
׷ڰżֵġ֨֨һӰľ֮ȥ׷˹ 
ȻҲȥ磬ʱ㽥׷ֻţĹޣۼﲽԶӰ˷ܵġ֨֨Сҡ 
ֱۣ̽Сץһʮ͵һˢһԾ˫֫ſŽĹͷ­ȥ 
ʱһӰ 
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ȴ˰ɣЦһһӰԳ˫ɿ˹ 
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ɽ֮ǰˣŨüĿԭڵƤղи 
ҲĻӯ΢Ц֮мֺʵȴزס׻һ˿â 
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СҺĨϵѪ֨֨һͷϵĵֻ͵һ 
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ֻɽͷʯңȻĿ 
֨֨һ֣צӻи 
ӣɽһٴץ𼸿ʯͷСȥһһȭͷʯͷš 
ʹ֨һץϵʯӲʾķӻȥ֪ɽһ֣̹Ц֦ 
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Զɽվʯ֮ǰĿţ·͸ǲ٣ֱģ 
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Χ˸ߴҹ飬ɫ͵ĹâʯԱһʯֻʯʣ 
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ɽ˵ͻȻһ 
Ҳǣƽ֮߷ʵȡɣ֮Ȼ亦 
ǡɽæΨΨӦ 
ˣǾɣºСݡɽ˿վ˶ٱ㳯ȥ 



ʮ 

       ͿҪ뿪ôɽɽ˵ıӰ͵͵һ ʯϡɽֽ̯ϡӳĺȻʮī֡׾,â¶. 
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С飬Ӧ̱֮Ҳ߰ɡ潭СġѣȥɽһС׵ŮʱýԻһвնΪ֮ 
ɽ˵곯ȥŵӰޱȵĲ 



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ŮŭĿ˵ųСȥųƶȡûĺڵˡŮСֹţСҾȻİŮֻת֨֨ǹɷǳŮӡ 



ʮ ͬ

       סӻֻѽСҶͷϵĵֻʱŮɵľȳ 
ɽһʼŮᣬвϲ֪ΪӱƽʱЩȻ 
Ůľɽæ˵ 
ˡ 
มѽŮ˵Ÿ˸СұỬëƤ˵ 
ɰ 
Ȼһת 
뿪۰ɣҾԺúöġŮ˲٣ 
ɽпЦܵԼͰһЩӴСңĲ 
ȴ룬ɽ֪һɽ㽫ŷ޸ˣ֪ô룬һˡɽǲɵ¶һ˿΢Ц 
Ů΢ŭΪغۣҪʱԱߺȻһŵ 
ҿλСǮף˰ɣɽתͷȥɵ۾һԭһλƯŮӣ 
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ȴһ鶯ɫȹأ˿̵̯һ𶤣Ʒᣬ˼ȴԡ 
ŮһæܹȥֱС˵ 
㡣ֵôࡣ̰ᣬۿɱĵСɽ⣬һֲ©ȥ 
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Ů°̾һҲȶԷ᲻,֮ 
±ǿЦһ 
ˣҲǿˣСŮ˵ 
߰ˡŮвʣٴʣʱԱ߹һŮ 
Ǻǣӯ»ȥȵӣ֤ɰɽѭȥԭһȺ߰˸λŮӣǱ߻λװϮӡλǰȰŮһۣ 
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ڣλŮӵȰ˵֮£Ůῴ˺һۣ˻ȥ 
ʱ֣ʳͽ࣬ΪССĲΧ˿ʼעλɫŮӣ 
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һƺ󣬱㿪ʼĴȻԶŮһˣ㡰ಡ 
һӣı˹ȥɽҲȥˡ 
ŮΪղŵƲ֣Ȼűߴ֨֨ȥɵľЦһ 
СӡæץϵһצУ 
ǡŮ˵˰ɽһۣСҲץƺͷһڣ 
ǵһʳ;ЦŮлϲϵĴóղ˵ݵСצУθڴó档 
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֮һΧһЦʽλŮλӣЩ˿»ӷ 
ס졣һ߸ŮˢһվŮֿ죬æסԲüͷ 
ʳͲΪ⣬Цһһ˸Ҫٽʱ 
ͻȻһߴΧĿ·סһ㣬 



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·ֻεĴֽסһ㣬ܶ˿ֻǿ﷢Ƶĺߺ 
ɽһݣȻԼã֪ܷôǿƵˣΪԼֻ߲ͣ 
ɻ󣬲ԾĳŮһȥֻһ߿ 
һ˿ȡɽֻΧȻһ䣬۾ִʹĸо 
һס񡣰ɽбۼŮźӵ֣ȻֹѪ岽֮֡ 
ʱΧѹȻʧΧһƬѹĺܵͺܵͣ־һӵˣ 
ſڵϵæײײվϳͷĳſȥ 
ǺδҲԸ̣ 
֨֨ʱСһתץһϵĿӣںʳȥ 
顣˱һ̤ڴӺӡˤ˸ʺôЦ 
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һӵ˶ߵûӰˣſյĴֻð̾һ 
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ʱСӣ˿̵ĺ΢죬΢΢ҡΣȻ˲١ 
ࡱŶӴ˸ãɽһɵһ 
ӣֻ֪ԡ 
ȻԼĺӻҪȥƺȣٸ޹⣬ֻڨڨջҲͲٹˡ 
ⶾ쳣ɫʯϣб۾ҲܿŤˡںߵʯϣ 
ɽΪղŸʹѣڳɽǰôҰɽλһЩӡ 
һʲ롣֪һ֪ǶôĿЦ 
ҭͰ͵ɥѣ 
Сң˵ȥѽ 
ɽǰĺӣҲԼɽ˲ûнҪΣ·һж죬 
ţɽöͷйŭգһ 
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˵ڿɣɽħ̣ţ 
ɽתȥԭǼ꺺һ죬ֻһ˽ӵѽħɱ޹ǱӦ 
 
Χӷ׷׸͡ʱһ¶ĺվҡҡеĴ˵ 
ֶ˵ħ˾ۼ𶴣ԭͼ죬֪ȷ֣ȹ̺֮ʿһħڿɣɽħ̴սҹħ̴òҳ 
꺺˵ЦΧһǶǳ⣬ȴ֪٣ 
Ȼ֪¸̾һ꺺е⡣ 
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Χ˷׷Ӧǣ 
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ѽزΧĺһҲٰɣұһšЦպһ󷭹 
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Ӱ֮䣬˫ַ裡ָӰϵĴ̴ɫĻ̶֮죬 
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Լ죬һеѷ·ֻԽ˵Լ 
ԵŮһԾԾԵӣһɫĶУ¶Сɣ 
ҪɫȹŮסҪǰսˡ 
ŮеǸ㵹ǲֻһһһɫУַ 
էţĸطԲ֧ȻϣˣΧŮĹʮɫĽĻϳȱڡ 
ۿΣɴһ񽣳âǣ壬˽һеĺնȥ 
 
һҵķҪնʱֻӰһһӰԺӳŽȥٶ֮죬ֻڿµĲӰ 
಻Ϊ⣬ɽֱ̺ƣͣâһӴѩ 
ǳĽâ˿ĽնΪ룬ڿУâһգֳӰӦóֵķȴʧģ׹ѡ 
 
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顣һ죬ԭʤĽĻΪâŲ 
һЦһŵ֮У˫Ӱ˲˵أ 
Ļһе⣬һ˹ǵΧʱһŮ 
ʣµļǿֵһ±ˡ 
ʦáзߺ޴һæأɢŮӵλѾɢ 
ֻʱǿס乥ֻǺŮӾƺһЩвǳĹâƺƣ 
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ŮȴΪеĶȻܱƳâȻûдﵽľ磬ںڵָϮֻ˺ǿֵ 
ʮֺڣΪЩŮԼӦÿԵֵ֪Լ˲ãšȻǰһ 
һīɫ۵ġŮӡǰ 
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ʱһƽɫĹȻֻںڵָצϣ䡱 
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ȻֱӰԭŮڶԵһλŮ֧׾ȻŲ˶ã 
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ϹѽԴˣΧȻֻ·ʶȻԸ֪ԼΪˡ 
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˲ǱˣϦħ̡ššӡ֮Ƶ 



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ħ˲к²ǰٷҵڲңԸһϰĳħԺǵʦˡ 



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˴ħ֮Ѿͨ¸ɣúܻٶħַ̽ʱһúúĪȻʱ֮ 
˻һˡ 
һ֮ʿ鼤ЩȲԾԾԵӣ 
ֻһηս֮дһԲɫ죬֪ЩʲôʱɽͻȻһ 
ۣܳȥˡת׿ȥԭǺ˫ֽգɫ˷ϻزûвμӣɽɻ 
ַħ̿ʱΣյѽ㲻𣡡 
ɫһȻ·ʲôһ 
Ȼ֪ΣգΪ֮ʿӦħηηβʱ϶ᱻħ̷ֹβʳˣҴ֮ʦַ˵ģȻͬʦֵܵЩǲֹֻпϧݡ 
˵кѾɫǺ죬ЩѾ뵽ˣһ˵ɵȫѪڡ 
һŵİɽҲ⣬ԺֲɵЩĿ࿴ 
ˡ 
ɤӣ˷׷װˣ 
ڶ£ҵʰһӤʮн̵Ϊ˵ЦЦ衣 
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ƿţɽһȫɵһˬеһ²ϵϵÿһ缡 
һɽź̫ͮͮţһҪԵ¡ 
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ɽ벻ɵһ󼤶ʵȴΪһ£֪Ƿ⻹뿪ʱԶɽ˶̸ڷ£ɽȻﾳǷ켫 
ȴֻܱƳˣɽ˸ĺϻħҶԷɽĿԶԤ 
ǰЩŰѷɽȥʱòѰôġָĴ𰸺ס 
ʦ͵ġ 
ɽͷоˣС˵ 
úôţҺܿͻأ 
׵ķȥʱδɢȥԺ֮ȻֻаɽĽŲ΢΢ɢ糿ͻأ 
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ɽ΢㵣Ȼ 
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˶Ŷ롣ڿа࣬ǰһ㰸 
мְȻɭϡױ߰һŰһŴ 
״ʱԣںڵĳͷ١ 
ʦɽʩһ 
΢΢ס˵ 
ŵˣԺͽﵱԼļҰɡССɣز࣬²̫н 
ǣɽӦ 
ڰ˰ǰɳʦǵɵķ˵巨ʥŶԨԴȻķ࣬侫ܲ䲻㣬˵һ٣ 
ɷΪ󡯣ǡ̫롮޼ĸ磬ÿС롯Сɡɡ֮֡ 
ڵĵУͻ󣬽ˡ 
΢Ц˵ 
ʦأ 
ɽʶʵ⼸ӺֿҲ˽һλӣ 
ɫ΢΢ 
ǰ确ǡСˣȴǲ֪ 
ม 
ɽӦһ䣬 
ţǵϸһ£ 
׵ݹһɫСӣɽ˹֮ϰ׸дš塯īˮ֡ 
Բգâɽ˵ 
ллʦ 
пɣͲΪǷǳֻҪʱգɾͶȻͬʦ֮ϡ 
ֶپ˵ǡ 
׵˵ͷ 
ãѽ֮ʦǣֱңмǲɼɣ֮Ӧ˳̬ȡɣ; 
ǡɽ뿴ɽ˵Ĳƽ֮ȡɣѹ˵֮ΨΣ 
ڰɽҪʱ׺Ȼȵȡ 
ʦɽѯʡһٴδӻͳһ 
ɷǰ벿ССŹ֮ϰܲǾͿԼˡ 
˵ű˹ȥԭһ¾ɵĻɫСɽȣһæĽ˹ 
ȴǼ˵ 
ȥɡ΢Ц˵Ȼ䰢ɽһ°ݵڵأ 
ɽڴ˷ģͬ棬ѽ̣Υģزݡ 
΢΢㵣Ƭ̺󽫰ɽο˵ 
Լ£ıӡ 
ɽصĵͷ 



ʮ һһ

       ˸߲ҵĻصԼСݣɽʦûиԼɽ΢΢Щʧ䣬 
ܿ㱻зļɢûпСҵӰӦȥӯʦ˰ɡ 
ɽţȴȣʵʵڼңǲ˹ˡ 
ӻͳСӰ棬ѽ 
ɽһ䣬вɵʩչʱĻ档ֲƵɫСӣ 
ʱͻȻʦĸ롣΢΢һ̾ƹԱߵᣬķ˵һҳ 
֪˶ã 
ˡһеİɽ۾ɽԼģ˵ǰֻͨЩƽ֮ѹԼ֮У 
ֵֻطǧĳʦҲˡ 
ſ˵ 
ȵȣ 
֨ѽһ 
ô 
ſڲǺʱɽæͣڡ 
ʦ𣿡ԭſվŵӯСУ 
ǺǣҵСʦܣû¾Ͳˡ 
ӯһЦ˵ 
㵣ԣԡɽæ˵ 
ߣȥõطӯ˵걧СҳɽȥɽɻŸȥ⣬ 
ԭǰˣĺϼ죬ƵƤĽ͸챻ҹĻֵɽԺƾ˼ 
ɽ·᫣ƾòտʼӯҲһһߣž࣬·Ҳʧȥģ 
ֱ̤ҷݣɽĸں֮ 
˵ĲӯȻðôһ䣬ɽЩĪӦָˣԼۣɽһҪʣӯȴȿ˿ڡ 
ô 
㵣ܺãкܶ໹̫סɽص 
ʲôһͶ˶ѧˡӯ·Ԥϣȴ֮˳ 
ɽֻڨڨ˵ǣǡ 
 
ȥѽɽﲻסʵ 
֪ˣôӯزͷ˵ 
มɽӦһ䣬ʱӯ·ҲָղЩ̫˵ 
ǰ֮СҶ졯֮˵ɽСϦ̤ճ˷ȥһ˵ȥı¡ 
ԭɽȻ˵һ̸ΧǢ˲١ 
СôѽҿСθȴĳ档ӯʵ 
ѽɽͷ˼ת˵ 
СʱɽϼģʱһҪ˵ӣҿͰȥˡ 
΢ŭСצӳŰɽӣһһԶ˱ֻܵǲʾѡ 
ôֻأӯŲŲʵ 
㵣еġǰ˵𣡡ɽصɻĿӯ 
ŶԶԣԣӯ˵ЩƮȻղЩʧ 
ȻĿһԾһº󣬳糱ϮâԻԣ 
ۣɽɵĸ̾ɢŰˮ¾ӣǹĺոӶϣϣкȻ̤ճ˷֮С 
ǰôû˵ɽĵطɽҵţɫϼɽɢĿĹʣ 
ȻԱߴһ 
򣬺ɣҲѽɽعѯȥԭڲԶһɫľʯ 
ʯͷ֮һˣȫںɫ֮УΧһ֮Ⱦһ㣬ǰҹ飬 
ȫ͸һϢҫ۵ϦҲֻǻ⣬룬ǰɽղ࣬ 
ӯ˵ű˹ȥ 
⼸ôûѽʦֵأǣǡôҲЦ 
Ӱûж·ֻһʯһ㡣 
֨֨СҶ˶ӣйϢܲ 
һԾಡһ»У˰ɽļӯδǸȥ 
ʵӯҲ뿴ӵġ 
ɫİӰ΢΢һһɱϢӣԶڼ֮İɽҲɵȻ 
ô㣬㣬һģҪúûţúûѽдЩʣԭ֪ʱСŮ߿ˣ 
ţ㲻ȥҷħҲ㣬ѵ⡭ 
ܣ˳𲻹죬ӰкȻĻΧı糱ˮȥ 
ϼڵϣĹâգȻˣվźӰ㿵ȥɵҹɫ֮д͵͵ 
ȥ 
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ȥ˰ɣ֪˶ãɽǰ˵ 
รõģӯת֮ʷɿù۽ǣЦһ˵ 
Сӣұӡ֨֨һݵ 
Ǻǣ߰ɣȥˣŰɽ˵˾䣬ḧźӳǰɽȥ 
ɽ̾һȥ 
˵𣿡ɽ·֮ӯĵʵ 
Ҳ֪ɽص֪ 
ӯǿЦһԲˣ 
ûУֻҲ֪ô˵ôοɽܵȥһݸ飬ȴ￴֪ȴΣ 
Ҵܰ磬֣ܰܰҲֻΪ΢ЦǾͿˣȴ 
ӯ૵˵ 
ħǲ̶񶾣ѽɽЩŮӰɽ˽Щ˿ȥǣаĿܣ 
ߣħĶ¶أһǻ⵽Ӧģӯҧ޺޵˵ 
ҹӰԺܽˣ 
ˣһȥˣ㡣ӯ˵ͷԵĻɿʧҹĻ 
ɽλͷԼȥ 
ȥˣڰɽȴǹʮ£ǰ֮һǺü죬ΪߵҲܲ 
ڷɽһʮʱңÿÿодü춼ǿûٸ̾صŬмҵζ 
гӯ뺫ֳתת֮⣬˶㲻ıչأӯϵȽϺõķ裬ҲǼ治࣬һӡ 
ǰ¾ɵĻɫСӣɽﲻɵһȣСĵķһҳӳͼһһԲ£ 
ĴԷ棬ǧԲиɻаٲɽ͵˼Ƭ̣ͷԱ߸עСֿȥ 
³ʱ֣ԣھ죬â¶ɱʱ֣ůӨСʯͶˮƵΣ裬ϪʯֻУáĻда˸֣ 
״⣬ 
û뵽֮лǹؼ汸ɽһ䣬໹ûԲ֮ѽ˼š 



ʮ ҹ

       ˼ţַ˵ڶҳʱŮ˫֣ĦΧһУ 
֪˶ãɽ۾״⡣üͷ 
ⷨĺãվƿţ֮ӭʹΪ֮һˬ 
һƳ͵ڷɽϣտɵ߲ˮɽƾ˼֮ 
⣬ʱһĽŲԶɽת׿ȥɵһЦ˵ 
ˡ 
Уżչƶˣ¿Ǻò׳͸͸ѽǺ֣ղ 
к˵óȲ٣ӨӨ֮ǰ˲٣ 
ܴѽɽ˵ֿЦһ 
ƿǻһˣǰպòͻƣҲֻǿУɬĺܣɲ˲١ 
ɽǺһЦ 
ոս뵱ˣˡ˱߱ţ 
ڵ֮пֻΪˣ֪ʦ᲻ȥַħ̡ɳü 
ôᣬӯ󻹲أɽ˵ 
üͷ㲻֪ʦͦõģֻһֱУ֮⼸Ȼܼ˽µ˿๦ˣοʦ˵͸ˣ 
ôûѽɽСֹȻʵ 
µİɣ⼸첻ڱչ𣿡 
ʦ˵æסɽЦЦ󣬺ܻ˵ 
֮ľˣ 
รģģɽͷװȻӣ 
ˣ˵ˡ˵ 
ei㣬ʦзѧûУɽһ㶣Ȼɵʵ 
ô֪ 
Ļ᲻֪û˵ 
µΪ󾳽ĶϰҹҲӦù˰ɣ 
รԭɽȻ΢΢һ˼ 
ôϴħ֮սֻʦһʩչأ 
УΪ˷ѧûѽҪѧĻôô塣ֲΪȻ 
Ҫѧأɽʧʵְһ 
ҿѽôͷҡ 
㵣Ǻǣɽ΢΢ 
ҲŸոտأǣʲôû򡣡ɽ˫һ̯ҪҪø㿴 
ɫһȣȻ·뵽ʲôɫһ壬 
˰ɣҽ֮˵ɽҲʲôȴֲö˵ 
ʵӦò̫Ŷԡ 
ô㷢ʲôŲɵľһ 
ǵûУ룬һʱ뵽ʲôɽʵ·ҲԼ 
ɱ³ĸ֣ 
รԭɽ˼͵͵һ㱳ɽһ˵ 
ϣں⣬ŵµĴ䣬콣ŵնħŵ飬ѪѪ䣬ȵȣȱ⣬Բͬˣʩչͬһϸ֮ȻС򷨷Բ© 
˵֮вɵһᣬǰɽ˽ƽ֮һһĻ壬 
 
Ա߾òɽת׿ȥֻһ˹۵ɴľӣ 
ô˵𣿡ɽ˲ͷղһСİɽ˵ĻҲһŪȥˣ 
㵣ûûСֽͰ͵˵ 
㵣Ҹղźû˵ŵҲ𣿡գգ۾ʵֻϵļ·Ҫһ㣬̵̫˰ɣ 
ɽᵽ˼ܵѼǶôΣֻӲͷƤ˵ 
Ӧǰɣ 
ָҪЦʱһӰһɽһҪܣ 
ȻǰǴʦ࣬ 
ʲô˵ŵƣǻˣһ˿ץסǰ˫ָۣݶ֪ 
ɽ㶵ҡҡͷٵͷԱߵĺʵ̲סˣȥ͵͵Ц 
˲亮ıһʲôĸо 
ŷԼΪǶôĿЦ 
ԲȻɿֱۣ͵͵ŵӰԶȥһз·δֱϵʹѵĸ߰ɽղǸӵӣزסģȴǲȻס 
ɽ岻ҵģĵ̾Ϣһյ֮£ɽīʣйоصдʮӣ 
ƽ֮ 
ޱߵĺڰÿһռ䣬ȴڵסǹɶıϢ¼ţ壬ޱߵĺڰ͸ÿһ˼ĸǿѰҵģȴֻһ˿Ϣȴʧ·ӻΪ޾˼ĳţĵȴűһ졣 
ˡˣƵ϶·ҲԤʾ΢΢Ĳ 
ʲô£ɳƵ͵ʹ 
ɽһƿţһɱϢϮɽΪǵϢң 
ʵ¹Ŵ̨ǰ˹ȥдõֽ棬תϷţ 
һӦûɣ¹⵭š 



ʮ ħ(һ)

       ԺһֹƽճߣӯӰҲʱǰƮ軹Ŀ̿࣬ʱӰҲܻǿʯ֮ϣʦֵ㲻 
ŵ£ɽ˼㱣ץסЩʲôϸһ룬ȴʲôûУ 
Լ۸ˣЦ뵽 
ɫʣ˪ҹЩ 
֨֨ԱߵСͻȻ۾źӰ㿵вϵӣͷϵĵĽâ 
ôˣСңǲǶѽ⼸ֻûϸëӣɽ΢΢Щⲻȥ 
֨֨Сһ·ûɽĻһ㣬ֻԾö֣ 
·ǱѵҹħڰһӿΧɫ׷˱ܣɽһı¶Ҳ˽һ㣬ˢһվ˫۽䱸ĿŲϷĺڰ 
ݶ֮λĸߣվȴ޷еľӺȻһݣϰɽļ򣬡֨֨צӳźڰŭĽ 
ʲôˣɽ׳ŵӴȵϵҹþûص 
ಣ⻪Ȼҹ˵βâڰɽߣ 
ʦɽת׹Ļһ 
Ӧһ峺ĿȴͣǺڰ֮ʱʮ⻪𣬰ɽһۣŵĵӲ඼ˣ 
ڴˣλһ˵ 
ڰ͵һм 
ৣȻԱݳһâֱȡڰ 
䡣һը죬ƺһɶأڰ֮д֮һӰ˳ 
һ׹ǳߣֳһСȣէһȥȴΧĺڰ룬 
дΪѵãϧϧˡ˵Ȼҡҡͷ 
а棬Ϊ˷аΪҪħͬһŪڲɬȴû뵽ħ֮죬˴󵨣ֻΪƲңԶ 
˵ķϹ㻹ţЩν֮ʿֻµĽʲô壬ˬ졣̶ǶôϤϿЦ˳ 
ȫһĿѪҪȥȴ״裬Χĵһʶ 
߲ѽ͹ˣ˭֪ڰлжħ̰ڡٵڳͷ 
Ŀǧͨѽһʵ˳ 
ЦЦĿźӣɽһ𣬶Էһ۱㿴СҵĪɽʶ 
֨֨ӼӰɽԾҼԲ׵˼¸ղ˵Ļʱ 
ڰдһ֡ȻλŮӣ 
аͫһеСɽৡһ´˿ֳͼһɽһӣһ磬Ȼ֮еһʧԺ֮ͻȻɳʯæܹ⣬ܶסΣ 
ݵò񡣡Ҳ֪ˣԴһһɫɽֱȡа棬 
һХڰкȻӳߵӰֱϵӣһʱ亰ɱ֮ڶʧֲñֻزҲֻʱһ˿ 
Ⱥ֮˻һս״ȥ֮âХһʱҲǣס뿪 
мֻаɽʱŰƳĽȴ˷ֺһûڡ 
ʦû㷨𣿡Ȼһɽٿһת 
ʶɽ壿΢΢һ㶣Цһ 
ô᲻ʶû뵽Ȼͽ 
ɽ΢ŭҪȳ⣬ȻΧѹһáʱâһ 
˻˻ΧͻȻһ˿һЩɫķĩƮȻأгǵζ 
ľʬۡɽȻҺøղзħ໤Ȼȥ 
âһٺ٣˵أԭ˽㲻ѽ֪ϲʶ 
˵׳һɫĴӣһƮ˳ΧҶ˲ÿݻư 
򶾹ڴ 
ɽҲ˲һͳħ飬зɿĽ﷨ 
ʡʱذ׹⽫ɽڣΧ˲ɢɫһ䣬 
û뵽ĺñ¡û˵꣬Ȼһâæһ࣬ 
䡣Ա߱ըһɶĴӣСһԾžһǸ죬ССӺȻǴ˳Ļë룬סꡯצ¶ɭ 
𰡡һΧĴΪ֮һЩ·ʲô̼һ㣬ٷ׷Ѫس鴤ԭһݷŴȻʩ£ܴ 
˷׷תͷͷֲԳ֪ǵѺʱԳϸǴ𰸣ֻɵһݣŵͻȻԣȰؾצ̩ɽ֮ƳͷȥҪˣǽͷͭҲ÷ˣ 
д󾪣ֻֻ֪ȴʶֻΪ仹δɳȴϣ񡭡 
צδٸѵĺ֮æˣ 
ͨһ죬صײϣڹؼʱȻһצȴûעԶһô 
ղվõطһ޿ӣɼһ֮֮󣬾ʱ 
ڰз·ܵʲôָһ㣬һַɳαУŵڵѹ 
Գ˹ǵĵڳһ˿ϣ׷ŭżսȦ 
Ǹ߿հ֮аս裬裬ɫ󣬲ʱɲҰԷ 
аҲǲɽɽڶ紵ɽѹˮһһ˿ͽַǿϺֹ 
Ȼ죬żʽʱȴѷʤϵ£Щҡ 
״ֻķ˾棬ЦĽɢʱ׵͸ؽ⣬ 
Ѫڣȴδ 
ɽӶ´ռϷ磬ﲻɵһɣæħ鳯ȥһ룬 
Ϊ֮һ䣬ħȻǷŷȴãâӰ׷ɢУһʱȻԷȫѹƣ 
֮ͨзѹһʱҲ·磬滺б 
ҹӰ㿣Ӱ֮е͵͵ĴһŮӵ 
ͷˡ 



ڶʮ ħ()

       ڰ֮΢΢һ٣Ŵܳһƣֱеֶȥδ 
Ȼа治ͬǣ֮мĹڤӣǱ 
ɫ䣬ӦһаǺܳˣƣ˱аĵӦֻ߲ͣѵҪš 
һˮ̧׳ɽķȥɵı˿ǲģü 
ԺҽУɫȻƽֽλħͷţ 
ףвף˶ϰɣٿȫʬһ󷭹һɫĲᦻ𣬰ڵɫͷ֣ɭȻ֣ 
һȻ˵ 
ߣȻҪƤʲһħͷһֻ 
а滺˵һߣм֡ȴҲŭ˵Ĳ֣ 
ˣұȫ㡣е˵͵͵˵·ҲԸŷ˵ 
Ȼɫ͵һѪɫúХŷ˳ 
͡յùΪһ壬γһ޴Ѫͷ 
Ѫáɬ˵ŲЦһձҲҪƵŷ 
ף죬ˮһк£·ͣеĳ֮ϣ֮У 
֮ǰһ޴·Ǿ֮ϵУӨתâ֣ 
նд͵͵ؾ̾״ʱɫɷףĴ𻰣 
Ҳǳ֮ĵһˡ 
ꡱͷ֮ϺȻֻ۾ſѪ쳯һѪ 
СѽԺȻӯĺ˫ס½ǡһ 
ն 
ӨĽХѪȥ 
䡱ɽΪ֮һΧѪâȻһ£Ժָ̻Ծһͷȥ 
ڽҪͷʱ֮кȻһտɫĻм䣬 
䡱һը죬ͷһĲҽУ˲仯ΪСȥ 
ϧˡ 
ߵѪãﰵ̾һһѪ˿ǣ 
û뵽ȻҵŵͽѹֲףǵĻ˾һ֪ǵŷ 
·𱻽ҵ˰̣֮һߣ 
ͽȥɣһâֱ֮ȡףʱԪľ޿ɷˡ 
ӯ޽һһâȻ𣬿̫Զܸϵõ׿ԼСŮǣǣһЦȴսᣬ 
ڴʱ֮һƥϮ£ 
䡱һҡҡλεıƿʮɣҲɴ˱סȥֻоһɫɢĹâ 
һ󷭹ƵĴ֣˻ڷʱ 
顱һը죬һ̻Ȼţгһѳ״һλŮ֮ϣ䱸ħˣ 
źšһ˫ֺȻһħӡâǣ 
Ѿָƽ֪Űɽæ 
ڰ֮з·ҲȨһ㣬ʱ㴫һ 
 
ħͻȻҲȥѸ٣һȥøɸɾ 
ҹӯ˷ǰǰŮҲ˽ղҹɫɣδһ˵ƻͨǰ 
ٺڵӲŷ־ǵŮӣȻþɫǣҶüˮϲ˿ϸ°޳ģǷ׿Խ 
ʤѩֽȻйʥַ֮ 
ڵӵĿת֮£ŮԾִ٣·ҲǾֳ档 
һ׶˶Ůӣ 
ζлˣĪȻ˵̾һ 
ͬȻŮ˵׳Ƭ̣Ůӵ彣˵ 
һȻ鴫λرСµˡ 
ССʫǰŮӱһ񣬾ֹ֮֮ղŴ˲٣֮ɼף 
˲żüã۾֮ףʵżȻѽײɵĸ̾һ 
Źˣ֦֣֮ͬСʫ΢Ц˵ʱ⴫һ 
｣ƽˡ 
֪Ǽźˣת׶Ժ˵С֣ȥӭӹ͡ 
ȥ 
ʱ߽λ³ӣǰһλ 
һӢֻ꣬ǿ­ͷ߰΢Цư֮ɫԶ׼˱｣ˣ 
ţ｣ɳʩһȴ࿴Χһۡ 
лˣħѱߣػȱɣ΢Ц˵ȻԪָ˲١ 
｣ɨˣСʫʱɫһϲ 
û뵽ʦҲѽתͷױ˵ 
ź⣬ɹ 
˴սжˣԻָǲɢµӣһֻ֮°ɽ軹ӯ 
ˣаɽϵĺӣ֪ʲôʱѲӰ 
ֶǰѽ׺˿ڲʵ｣΢΢һЦ 
ƽҹݲŵĵǼ֡ 
รӢ۳ѽ޵｣ɲǫãת׳Сʫ 
ʦڴѽСʫüͷ壺 
ʦɽع֮ʱ;ǺȻⷽ죬߹쿴šħ̣㷢źš 
｣һȻ 
ߣħ̣Ҳ̫ˣȻ۸Ƽſˡתͷ 
˲صģ˴λɽһ֣֮ʦٴַħ̣ϡ 
׳ʱһ｣ɽšơļţãһ뵽żʱŻԼϣƱǿѽа̾˵ 
ãҡšħ̳岻֮⣬ҲŲ֮𣬴˷ַҡšȫ֮֮ϣҪϻĲû¡ 
Ȼ｣ֵ⣬Сʫһĵ£ߣǴѽǰƷüɹѹס񡣡 
ʵĴӦʱƿ²ܱſˡŸҪһ 
ֻ｣ٴһ 
ϻ֮սֻԼȴͬΪۻƴȫʤ 
ȣࡣСʫҲ̲סˣСĿ¡ 
ɫŹ֣²˽֪֪֪ȴǲ˵ġ׸̾Ȼ̫꣬Եĥѳɴ 
ʦǷ岻ʡ｣ɹĵʵСʫεɽ̿ 
Сӡ֨֨һݣӯĻУ 
Сʫһֻӣ⣬Ȼ·ʲô࿴˺һۣ˼ڻʲôȴ벻ʲô 
Ҳѹ֣｣ıߣ⼸챻ܵģò׳һأһħţɵļеĺ̸ҫһ⣬ 
㵣лʦֹģʦ廹ǸأСʫһ˿Ц˵ 
Ŷ｣ɻȻ˵ 
Ŷ˵ 
ģһ˵ַħ̣ʱλദ˵Żܣ 
ʱɵĶͣһ£°ղôûλʦݲŮӣѳڣҲúŷ΢΢һЦ 
ǸˡСʫӯӯʩһ 
ζл֣ĳڴлȻҵҲ졣֣ص˵ 
ˡСʫ˵Ƶȥ 
Ƶ߳⣬׻۾ 
常Ӧô죿ʵ 
Ҳˣ׳̾һĿһȻ˵ 
ħƴ֮ĲҵҲԴУܻһΣǵڶΡ 
һ٣ 
ұдɽزƾˡ 
 



ڶʮһ Ķ

       һױټµӾۼǰһսӣʮֻʣʮһˣ 
һڷɽ֮ϣûǰ֣ݳ࣬صӣ 
ĵģྲվڵ֮ף 
ɽһ˼ƺҲЩʲôħƺɽųޣɽǷϲ 
ɽӦǺ˰ɡϲеóһۡ 
Ѳһµӣ鲻ɵĳ˼֣˵ 
Ҷ˰ɡڵԷ׷վֱӣһԼ˵쵼ߡ˵ 
ãмҪִ֮Ҳˣħƴ󣬷һ֮⣬ԽҴȥݻţ֮ʿһɨħ̡˵ɨߵİɽԼյͽܣԤУ 
һвôļ򵥣ΪԼŮбģǴ˵еġ 
ԼŸ֪áȴǲöˣ΢΢һ̾ 
һ٣ 
뿪ǴʦɽΧ׮ʱħϮұȥնݱܣҵԺ󼴻ء 
˻һ¡ˡСۿˣ¶ϲɫҲΨһİ취ˡҲ˵߿֮ʱɽٴħѣ¶ɫף 
°̾һ˵ 
ҷģħ˸߲ãΪפУʱ䲻ţ⣬ֻСŮǰȥʱ࣬ 
ǿɲˡ 
˵棬׵ȻθߣһЩ¶ĵæվãҳˣ 
Ϊǫ⣬ŭһϣ˸Ҵۡ 
ȸˣҲһʹƽսˣµһĿżͣɢɳҲкü֮ĵѽ¾£Ժһúúһ 
ոҪ˵ͻȻһͯ˽ 
ʦиԳƷͬǰݻᡣ 
รԸв죬ȻһϲѵǸ｣˵ҹˣ˵ 
롣 
һװ˽ 
ͨĽʼǰ˱ʩһ΢΢һЦ 
ض񡣡Ľʴӻճһ̽ȥ˵ƽ˲ǰݻᡣ 
׽򿪣ñ¶Ц˵ 
ҹ壬֮ˣԵƬ̡ 
ǰʵˡĽǫЦ˵һԡ 
վ˵ 
ҹƽɷ֮ʿͬħƷ־Բߣҵ˵˴ηսһԴһ٣Ҹϸš 
һ˿ 
ʵǲ̰ȫ۵ģǵԿħţһʼϱ˰أԼҲܲµ֣֪δԶȲ֪δҪÿ¡ 
ڶͬܣַ֪ħΣȴҲη塣 
߳ɽţؽԺ죬ԭѵѩҹǰϦɱ֮ӭǶеĴţ޺ķҶƮƮڳֹ䡣 
εʱǻУɽЩ㷣 
ûзɽǷħûʱĸվȥҲ֪ȥɽǾԲ·ģɺԱпɣ˵ĻЩǿʦֵԣȴڨʦȴǸ졣ﲻɵЩ 
õע⵽µСͽܣЩʱոϳ˷ɽҪѵʱȻ̣ 
ҲֻĵӴһˡ뵽ת׶Է˵ 
ɽŲãδзȴɣ 
һ㶣ɫһ죬Ҫܣ֪׿ͣĳɽ˵ 
ķɽҸʦɣ 
ɽһʦԼ취˵ͷʱɵÿ裬Ҳÿ˹ĿཻɿıĿ⣬ 
ɽˢһº˸͸˵һ㡣ڨڨĵͷ˵ 
¡ 
֪˰춼ûлɽɵ̧ͷһȻԭΧֻʣ·һˣĪĿԼ 
ɽ 
ʱǿ򶨵˵ 
ɣ¾͸ˡ 
มɽæܹȥһУһ⸡ڰգɢŵ⣬ʲһݣƮƮķȥ 
ǸץͷӶİɽվԭء 
ѽһûԼҪίһ㣬ɽɵӦһ 
ȥСվѾռ˴룬ɽûֱΪҪվУ 
һȥһᣬֵæ֮æһѱסǰ˶ 
һ˲佩Ӳǵ 
һ趨˶ָƽ 
ˣҲöӣ㣬վȾͿˡ 
ɽŻعڨڨɿ֣跨һ䣬һ 
𡣡ⶸȥովȵİɽֻٴץסֱۣ 
Ҳ˵һĸ߶ȣļ٣ŵĵط׷ȥ 
ϾХǼƣ֪˶ãɽӦ֮󣬲Żŵ۾ 
һɫ磬ΧƸת䣬ֱ̤в֮Уʱһ󷭹 
Ȼ۾һ壬ε嫵Ĵ󺣣Ļ죬ƺ˲ɵȣ 
ѽɽ̾ 
ܣȴ޷ɽɽǰ̫ɵˣǺƤҲɽҪһѽ 
ҲɽţһʱħϤһԷأǰԼЩƫִˣɽ岻ǽԼҪһŰɽһĪ˷ܣ 
ץŷҲɵýһ֡ 
ֺᣬҲܻһɴȣٴ壬ɽɵĳȥīڷ׷ɣɴԣо飬ˣ 
ǵһ˿Ļɽϣʱ䣬·һɲֹͣģһ 



ڶʮ 

       ָģǴҴҵĹ֪˶ãԱߺȻ˵˻߽İɽ 
Ǻǣѽѵɽôǰûпӯ̤ɫɽϣЦĿŶˣ 
΢죬˵˵常֮ 
รҸղ˵ʲôˣĳЩ˺˰ɡһϣɴȥ 
ɽʱѾûץˣģ·ҲӦָоڷɵ̫ߣܾҪóħ顯һˣ 
ӯĵЦﲻЩϲ˵ 
СѾͷҪ˵˷ɽÿ 
ֻ֨֨۳ӿ̺ɭֿȥɽҲ΢΢һСݵλã֪ɽôˣ΢΢һ˿·ӿҵĸоԭ֪ʲôʱѾԼļˡ 
ιιҿʦ㣬ɱûûСġӯ˵ 
ˣֵֻԳǲСѽӯ·ʲôͻȻʵҲعͷҲɻ 
ˡɽ̾һ˵ 
ǺǣʵҲ֪ãǰˡ 
ǲӯɵĿһۣ 
ɽһҧ 
ʲôأӯСƤëʵ֨֨ವһ´ܵɽļϣǵӯһ 
ǡɣɽװɵĿ 
ѵǸħ˵ľҵʱšȻ˵ 
รĻǴβ־ҵĿӯ·ʲô 
㵣㡣ɽͷڨڨ˵ 
ӯҪ 
ʱһԶ೤˹·Ƿһ㣬һŨ֮Ȼ̧ͷȥ֮£ͨɼˣ 
֮Χڣǰһ͹ţɫ֮£߲䣬ʺ磬ãĽŴȥЦŽܵ 
ƵһšɽȻ˵ĸо¼ţ֮ΧȻڣضְ磬̾ɽű߿˿ȻĿ 
Сˣ±޵£ҪԻˡĽʼɽһĳϿæ˵ 
มɽӦ 
ˡӯܵС˵ɽһȴ޴ӷʱԱߴһ 
ʲô㿴ǣһֻǹ򶨣뿴Ϳˣʲôɶ˵ġҲǺĴ˿òס 
˵ţӯװӣ 
ɽ΢΢һϲ迴ȥѾת·ûһ㡣 
֨֨ӷ·ʲôһתĽ˺ţԱһԲαˮ̶һֻͷʨĹſ̶ 
Ϲˮ룿ȵʵ 
Ľ΢΢һЦ 
ǵҶʦ潵ˮ롣Χ̴һ̾˺Χͷľ޲̸ۣ 
밡ˮȻ˸ǣͭشۣͷĳΧ۵˵ͺһ 
ŵõˣ 
֨֨Сҳˮצӣȴһ㶼£ 
ˮŵͷ­΢΢һͺһ·ʾһͷתͷͷ˯˿ˡ 
ڵӿӵĿЩɻΪֻԳôǶֻ֪øСйءָоԽǿҡ 
ĽʵĿҲһ˿ȣָ̻ĳˮʩһȻǰȥһ޴Ĺ㳡ϰڣƣͭ޶ɾŹ֮ưڷţһۿȥ԰Ȼ 
㳡ͷһΰĴٲףܽǷ̣֮ͼڻ׾ֹӣġ 
룬ƽ棬ȴλȥһĽҾ˵ 
ãͷˡ˵ 
ҡĽʽŶ˵ 
λȥɣʦԺ󼴻ء˵ų㳡ƫԺȥɽ˸ȥ 
ڣ߷ڴˣһλһصӣŨü棬̧֮һƣ˱ƽҹ 
ϴ֮սʤ̰ܣȻ׬֮ȴʧ֮ͬģ䣬ϴ֮пƸȣٲվ֮֮šҹص˵ 
ʦҲǾ෬˼ǲžģһλ˵ 
аһδʱһʹʧΪǡط塯飬ʱ 
ѲǵǸֻ֪̰ˣ˿̻ϵĲɣǡ 
ҾÿСδ˵ 
֪ʦû֪ͨ¡˵ȳħ֮УӦûġ׷ʵ 
ҹ΢΢һЦǰȥ֪ᣬϴɰи֪ʧעųս壬Ӧ⡣תͷװŮʵ 
֪½ʦΪΣ½ѩһ˵ 
սɱ⣬ȡҪ֪ͨϾҲ֮һ֪ᣬ˻ 
ûûᰳ˴᲻ʣ˴ΪףҲ˻֪ްϼæ˵ 
ϼ볯Ӳ飬һֱѹ棬ȻҲפ 
ʱŵĵͯ˽ 
ˣˣڵ⡣ 
รҹ˵ 
 
˽֮׵䲻΢Ȼȴ֮ģ 
ҹδԶӭʧһ·;ͣҹվ˵ 
ңŶˡ 
΢΢Щεǣ͵󣬲⼸λҲǰԨžɣԻѽ 
˴ιħ͵ϮҵδܼʱʵǶ֮ѽҹ΢΢ʹĵ˵ 
ˣħ̹ؽթ˷ʤ˴粻ǹѲڣ֮˵ɱҽˡ˵ 
ҹ˵ 
ħ֮У췴ѷս֮ʿͬиţҪħ̸ۣο֮顣 
һ࣬˺ԸҵǲԸǳ֮ԸΪǲΪħ֮御һ 
ãֻҪ־ͬģССħ̣Ϊ󻼡ҹ΢Ц˵ 



ڶʮ ǰ

       һԺ䣬ԺмһСɽʯ֮ˮҲԵ徲Ȼ 
ʦŵô˵ 
ѽ 
߽ʱµΧȥѯš 
΢΢һЦƽоԵȼռɣ·ͬƣҵȳ֮ա 
˵һࣺ 
ʱ䣬ϣһʵһиˡ 
ǡǷ׷Ӧ 
Ǻãɢ˰ɡתͷ԰ɽ˵ 
ɽ 
ɽ㷣ʦ϶ǻˣ΢΢Щڼ䣬һʵ׿ƣ˲٣ 
Ҳɡ֣ 
û£վſԡҲǿֱ˵ʣ 
˵Ǽٻ𣿡ɽһۣ׵ĻûзŭҲû֣ 
ǡ 
ΪʲôʼҲǲѣΪʲôҡšΪʲôƣ˫˲Ϭ 
µ񣬰ɽҲ֪ǲǵѡԽԼʵɽһһ˵˳ 
ֻǱɽ˽λʵϣҲ֪ɽ˵ʵ 
ʱҲй©һУԡɽɵ 
갢ɽ΢΢һԼˣóûѣ׳Ƭ˵ 
죬ѽˣΪ˳߲֣¾ʹգȥɡ 
ǣɽӦ 
ղŵʲôһӯźʵ 
ûʲôֻ¹ںӵ顣ɽ˵ 
ӵôϡ棬常϶ʵģֻֻܲЩɡҲµЩʲô 
ŰɽĿЩɽĵʦɿ϶ħйأɲˣæ˵ 
ʦѾԭˡ 
รʲôԭˣʲôӯɻʵ 
˿Ц˵ 
ʲôߣҴȥͼɽĽ㡣˵ŲԸӯ˳ȥ 
ɽ΢΢˿ԺͲˡ 
¸æţɽһ㡮ħ顯ãټԦвڻˣɽܱ߷һ֮󣬽Ҳо˷ζ 
ɽҲĶʦ˵Щ˶ԼһµӣǰϤģİģһ׽֯һɽҲ 
֨ѽһ˽ 
ȥѽץʱɽ۾ʵ 
ٺ٣ˣ㿴ǲҲȥ͸𣿡ֳԱ߿µĴ죬˵ 
ʦȥ鷢 
รʲô£ɽʵְһ 
֪ 
ããҡɽæ´ʰװ 
ʦû֪ͨѽɽϴʵ 
ûУܲҪ°ɣ֪֪ͨ˴ʦʦ㡣ֺ˿ڲ˵ 
衯ɽһ뵽ֶǣ΢΢Щڣʵ 
ôˣ˵ûѽɫһ壺 
ĸѽм׵Ķܾˣοûôע⵽ң˵˲ûȤ 
ô죿ɽʵ 
ô죬£ϣãѽֿ˵ 
ЩҾͲ֪ô˵ˣ߰ɣǾõˡɽЦ˵ 
УЦҾͺˣҺԵ޷ˡֳ̾һȥɽζӣҲԼԺдˣԵ޷ţ̾һληǵͷɽȥ 
Ѿվ˼ˣ纫˵඼ڣվ׳˼Ųӣ·ԥʲôɽҲûһ㡣 
վӣ峺Ŀɨ¼ˣʱвһ˿ˣ 
˰ɡ 
ˣʦҾ˵ 
Ҳ°ɡ˵ų˵ 
ҪսˣȥǼԤϡ˵Żһ࣬ 
һľУʦ泾ݸ룺еһԸвɿʱңǼȥȡءŶ԰ɽ˵ 
Ϊķ鷿صһ֮һۣȥȡȻδԲʱȣս֮ʱпá 
ǣʦɽ˷ܵ 
ˣȥأľʦλ֮£Ȳçײʧ 
ǡʦӦ 
ˣΪʦ飬һ˵ױ˳ȥ 
۳֮䣬˷ھ֮ϣʲôĸоɽȻϴηһ죬ȴûкúϸϸƷζ磬ٸ嫣ɰɽֱ쳤Х 
ǺǣͦѽֿЦ˵ 
˵ҿһѧġɽ٩ 
ǽʲôıܶ˻㣬ֳԶķ迴ȥɽתͷһľӳУף˵ķҷٴ٣һʱ䲻ɵĿóˡ 
·ܵĿ⣬ȻףĿԣɽвɵһħһȥæ񣬵ȴߵͨ졣 
٣ɽӳ 
ಣಡķҶҵ⣬·һ޴̺ԶʣҲȻ 
߽ɽڣģɣϵıҳԲ 
֨ѽһƿ游ķţϢѹ˵ķڼ̨֮ϣ̵ƣЩɭȻ 
ʩʩȻԱȡָɽˣϺ㣬ߵ̨棬ʱ˳ 
ᣬȥ׵鷿λڷɽУĴµӵңէһȥ鷿Χķһʲôͬɽ˽ȥһѲӱ̽Ǵۣ 
ɽǵһ˵ۣŽԲӣԼߣ²һСľôۣһɫ̽ƽڿӲ࣬ڿӱڣʵǰ븡ڿУ·һ֮סһ㡣 
ɽལȡֳһ˿Ԫɢ˳ɽϲȥԣʦأЦ˵ 
รˡɽȻ˵Ժȡɽɽպ÷ɽͳħ飬Ҫʩ 
ͻȻһЦ 
û뵽ﻹˡһƬѸֹеЦ쳹ɽԺ 
ãħˡɽɫ䣬â 
ѽǿ϶ͬ顣ɽ಻ԴѾ˹һֱ̹ȡ裬һУҪֵȻɽһѽƿ 
ħ͵һâ 
ʦߣڳپ߲ɽת׺зһ䣬ħţŰɽӳȥ 
һܡ԰շХһԶ⻪Ѹٵĳ߷ɽ󼱣 
Ϊһ࣬зħƣʹ⣬Ļ˵ᣬ 
ѽʦ»δɣʧ֮ӣ 
䡣һ죬ɽؿƣһȣһ˿Ѫ˳һ 
Ҫһߣ˵šৡһ񽣷˹ͺּ׷˹һ룬 
ɽȫѹһᣬԶļ⻪ԽԽˣô죬סһ߲ˣɽļ٣ʱͻȻӳһӰֱɽٶ֮죬˼ 
תһȣɫâȥСġһ͡ɫӰΪأһѪ꣬ 
ʱһֻɫצӡıϣ 
飬ɫӰػһģЩȥˡһѪ罫 
Ѫ˫۶źƣ޺ 
ɽҲ˲һԣֻĳĺ󾱿ȥߡ 
ɽŵУﲻɣ 
һû¡۾˵һոõɽȻͶδ֪ĺڰ 
䣬䣬䡣ľը죬 
ХһƼʣһľӨŷС 



ڶʮ 

       ¶־壬Ϊޱߵغڰ󺰣ȴַԼв֪˶ããۣվĬĬţȻΧһ䣬 
ԭ֪ʲôʱѾصСݣ 
֨֨СŻ˹ 
ơЦŻһƲ˲ģСݷ 
ɽ̧ͷȥɽΰӰڷڡ 
ɽ塣ɽĻ 
ԶɽˡӦһ˵ 
ͺãҽķѧôˡ 
ɽиԳɽ֮󣬰ɽ롮šѧɽ˵ţȻЩԾȴ˵̧׿ȥɽ˵Щģ 
ãǰҽķ˵һ飬ΪʦҪǵôɽ˵Ļ֮һ㣬ǧȴֻƶϡ 
ǡɽԺĻصͷĽɽ˳һ룬Ȼһ 
ΪʦΪʦ͵һã̧ͷʱһֻɽһȻѹ˹ԺУ·ڵĽ̸Ȼ׻˹ȥ 
û취𣿡һƽ͵ 
ʥ쳤ᶨɻ߻Ŷò󣬻ߡ΢΢ɣ 
˵ɡƽ͵ٴ 
зԣӦзƽ͵˵ 
ˣȥɡ 
и취ȻһŮӵȻħʱڰеǸŮӵ 
̫Σˣ˫ı߰ɣŮӵ΢ 
뻢ѨɵûӣοҲΣ˷·˳˵ãЩν֮ʿʶҵĲֻҪСģȻᱻ 
ڰһ 
ߣϴ֮սֻҶ෽˼ɣЩ֮ռñˣãҵҪһж͡ 
˵Żһת 
˵಻ðɣһ˰бһвԣЮִΪʣһ٣͵˵ 
ȥСġ 
ллŮȻʧ 
֪˶ãǧַ꣬·һ˲䣬 
۾ 
û𣿡ţȻ·뵽ʲôһЦ 
Ӧû˰ɣӰȻĳУ 
֪ܼܲ㣡һ̾Ϣڿյһ˿ԪȫɽΣòȫʵ 
һĿҶһʯңΧðɫʯɣ͸˸֮һյ͵ƣ΢ĵƹţʯҵһǡ 
ţһؼžͳĺ΢ˡ죬ɽֻؿڷѵ·ѹǧʯ 
ûˣͻȻѲʹ졣 
⣬⣬⡰һͳĽŲһ˹ɽƫͷſڿȥ 
һӰ˹ȵ˽ɽŷһŮӣͷңס˴ףݵ˫緽ſĳһŮӣ 
ϴһɫȹҲ̫òϴˣɫĻ߶ɻɫ 
һ߶֮䷢죬Ůӷе̣һ׷ 
ſڡŮ˵ɽûж㶵Ŀãߴһ󡰹췽žʵ 
 
𶴡Ů˵ 
ɽģȵףħϳѽ 
ǻҸʲôɽʶðŮӹΪԼͬһˣ·ҲԼ 
֪ԷȻһܷŮ˵ܺһŵߣɽҲſһ£ 
ôһһ˶˼ȥᣬ϶ʵ̫߲ܣƵĴ 
Ůҵͷ£΢΢ 
ȰɽԺ֮ŮԱ׾ʰ̣һԲĳʯ֮ȥɽſڣסģ 
Ĵ̾һ 
ʯķ֪ôˣ᲻ѹѽŲɵԳһЦҲΪͬŵʦܰ˼Ӱɣ 
ţú˯ȥ 
ͷɽͨ壬ԺݶХһӰݼ֮ϣڵԣ΢΢Ĳ԰ף 
ྲĿԶΣ 
ѽӯԣ˫ֱϥ 
 
㲻˭ģ󣬰ɽһûµġӯ΢˵ 
ôܣһ˿ǫΣ 
ҡ 
ôĴأʱ 
Ҫ˵ˡͻȻվ 
ȫҵĴҲǣɽҲǣǣǡ͵˻ţ 
ǵѽӯȻһѱסǰӣʵ͵͵˵ 
Ĵѽǰ 
һ𣬷µ˻δȬͷ΢΢һ裬ǰ涵Ů·Ļûףݵ񣬶ٴελذת»صԼߡ 
ó 
˼Ϊޱߵ籼ڵĺˮӿͺһѽǰ˶סףȡÿһ˿ʪһôãȴʵ 
žĶ쾪ף糱ˮ˲ȥҵƿӯͺ·ӣ 
ǵǱӰӯ͵͵һ̾һỮϡ 



ڶʮ 

       ʱ䣬жȹ֪ǰҹʯңϤ̫벻ͨҲȥ룬 
ҲɵĶȹµӰɣ۾뵽 
⣬⣬Ϥٴ𣬰ɽƫͷʯţɫӰ˽̣ŮĶ룬 
һжںظţ 
ǵڼˡɽ극ʵ 
졣Ůûмߣһ˵ 
ҲǱץģȻµʲôɽǲʵ 
ŮСӦɽû˵ŮӼ˵ 
Ҽ޵ңλڿɣɽ֮һӦǺģǺʥħ̶ϡ 
ʱڵ͵ţŮݵļ΢΢Ҳҭ 
ҾͱǷ˲ǵˡŮ 
ħ֮ɥѽɽƽ˵˼ַߺޣ˼Σ 
Ȼ΢΢һôô죬 
ʱԼǸüĿʵǰҲ˵ﰵɺ֮಻̾ 
ϻ˿֮ˡﰲο 
ҪˣħһñӦá 
һ 
֪֪ûд 
Ů˵ΪҪַϾ˼ҲŸҾ 
รɽϲȻһ̾ 
ҲþȵҶˡ 
ȥŮӺȻʵɽһ۾ 
Ȼ룬˭ѽȻ۾һ 
а취ŮҲʶԼղʵЩͻ˵ 
ˣĵβҲϤֱֻûлᣬѽŮ˵Ƿǳ˷ˣ 
ɽɫһ࣬ҵȫѽȳȥɣʱٴ˽ҡ 
Ůһ˿죬 
£͵ҩˣеֻǰšһ춾еᣬпɻŮ˵Ŵ·óһɫСƿҩ裬 
Լһţһŷŵߣ 
ɽƤſ£۾һɱĺֱ·θȻֻΪĺů쵽֫ٺ 
ˡͺһ͵۾ڿն 
Υ 
ɽдϲܵڵԪǺɫҩ·ֹнⶾ֮ѽ֣ȴĶ 
һ죬ԭŮѰѽˣ 
ôߣıߣһʯҿĴͨĶڣɽһͷ 
㻹ûʲô£ŮͻȻʵ 
ɽæ䣬ǿտҲ 
ҵӸˣзɽɽػ΢΢ǿɽʱȫѽ 
㶫ͦġŮСһ䣬 
ɣ֪ǽĶŮ˵һʯȥɽæϡ 
ڵʯмյ͵ȼţڰղ֪ת˶ٸ䣬ɽڼ˶ʮ󣬱㲻ȥ˷˼ˣ 
ǰӰɻ飬֮ʱ˼Ѳħͽȴɱܹɽ 
Ǽ޵ĴЩ˵㣬ɽвɵĸֳӰһޱȵǿҵ 
ҡﰵһ 
ȻǰӰͣɽǰȥԭһʯţ 
ˡŮ˵һ˿ʣ˿ԱߵİɽŮƿʯţ 
ǰͻȻһ͵İ׹ֶ 
һԿʯңΧż˶ҹ飬ʯӳҽӨ 
һʯףȣŰɽŮӣһ»ھһʥϢٹȻһ˶Ĥݵĳ嶯 
˭ɽʶʵ 
Ŀе񡣡ŮӵĻƽͣ·ڼѹʲô 
һ 
յһĻĻӳУ 
ߣƿСɽ߷ߵ˵Ůһ˿ŭ𣬺ȻһЦ 
Ķɣ˾ͻᱻˡ 
รԣԡɽȻԱߵʯ̨ȥ 
 
ҵˡɽ˵Ůӿ˹˵ 
øʲôɽεһЦ 
㵣ɽۣˡŶΪصལɽ΢΢һʹ 
ʲôǿӲðٱŮЦ˵ 
ɽתͷȻһ㶣Ŀҵͷ֪ʱѸڶ󣬶ž˳ 
˫üޣתģνŭʱӢˬʱߵǾɫҲ˹ 
ɽڨڨתǸȽϵģʦ͵ķɽȻһ 
˫Ķסǽڣ˼飬ǵǽϣ෽ĵʮ֣ 
زʣΪۻ 
ôܣɽ͵νŭΣǿԶ˶񣬳濴ȥ 
ܳҾߣ䲻ܳã 
Ȼ࣬ԣࡢࡢࡢ࣬Ϊʣֲɾӡ 
컯ν֮ʱδ֣ºԣػ壬Ȼȱ䣬˳¡ 
ȡԡ¾վ̳ 
Ůӿǰİɽ 
߻ѽ 
еİɽͻȻѣĪʧܵŮԣزʣΪۻ 
ʮµĴشһ㣬ݺݵûŰɽķ˵ղǲǴ 
ⲿǿʼ 
ı۾һһһģȻ֣ǰɽ̵ƽ֮ͨ 
ʲôΨһʻصԺ 
͵ħᵽħ̵ħ䣬顣ŮӵȻɽ͵ۣ 
ʲô˵һ飿ŮСĵ˵ 
˵ħ鹲岿еһŮӿĿϣʵ 
֪֪ 
ûУ 
ɽʧ˵ŮӲĵʵ 
ú룬ûУɽͷһƬң 
ûУֻǸе֣ƪھ·ﶼߴ˴ܻһ㣬ŵ 
û뵽岿 
ǵȻ˵ɴܻݵɳŮ鲻Խ˵ 
ߣЩ˵Ǵ͵ӹģ㲻˵ĶħΪ֮ҿġɽƵ˵ 
Ůһϣ 
ᰢɽԽԽӦЦ 
ôЩħ̶²ΣȥҲһ¡ 
Ůһʧɫæסɽ󷨾֣С˵ 
ˣߣҪˡɽϸϸһ΢ĽŲ˹ 
ҲˣŮбȻһ£ȥɽæϣ 
ʱͷһ۰ʯĸоʼѹһ˿Ť̾һǰӰããĺڰ֮С 



ڶʮ

       ڰĵˣ·бţ˴ʱԶľͷ΢ 
ҲԽԽ£ɽˡ죬һз·һ㣬Ȼǰһ 
ȻĹ̵İɽæ۾ 
ãɽ۾ԭǰˣΧŲٹľңԶϼգңӳϣ 
صĺһɤ۵ȥɽΪ˵ĸо 
վŸѽﻹȫŮӵ˻ڸпİɽ 
รáæӦڨڨĸȥ 
ڼʮ󣬶ͣŮӿһСϪϲ˹ȥɽһƨ̱ڵأ 
ǿյ»ˮиɽоԴ΢΢裬ñ˯ȥ 
Ŀ΢΢ʪգɽ۾ȫһ˵ˬ 
·ûɹһ㣬ԱһѻðŻǵ̿ͷ˿˿ů⣬ 
Ůӱ۾Աߵϣϴ˵ϸ֬ߵط˿ʪĺۼէһȥȻ־Ķǵ 
Ůӷ·Ҳ˯һ㣬Ľëֿ 
ɽ˵ 
ԶĶ߷˵ǰס 
Ůվ˵ſ˫˸̬ģŮ૵ 
ɽһգŸվȻʵ 
ˣһ֪ʲôأ 
ŮӽڵһЦҲ֪ѽ˵ 
ɽһɫ΢תͷ 
ҽɽ̴Ů 
ҽ˫С˫Ϳˡ 
มɽӦ˵ 
ڴȥС˫ɫһ 
޼ҿɹ飬ñҲ֪ȥ 
ɽһϧ 
ǡšɣҸʦ˵˼һͬġ 
˫˼ӣ 
ֻˣллˡС˫ˮĴ۾˵ɽ΢΢Щִ٣ 
˫òڷСʫü֮䣬ĺԳ֡ 
һ°ɣȥɣɽʦǡɽ˵С˫۾һת 
˵̫ܲãаսҳ̶ȿ֪ͻȻðͷȥʱǵħǾԩˡ 
ɽҲǣ֮м棬Լţµȴһ˲֪ͻȻƱػᡣ 
ɽһʵ 
˵ô죿 
˫ʵûбĵطȥݡ 
ɽϸһ£СʱǲܻˣȻһɵ˵ 
ˡ˫һϲ 
æʵɽЦ˵ 
ʦַħ֮϶ɽǲطɽǰɣ˫΢΢ʧ΢Ը˵ 
ðɣɽĻϲûע⵽˫Ĳԣ˵ 
ȵȣȥЩԵ˫΢΢һ㵣ҪʣɽһͷԱߵĴ֮У 
ú󣬰ɽ̵ұ˻ 
ǣ˫ָŵɫĹʵ 
Ұѽû𣿡ɽ΢в죬 
˫΢Ӳ˵ 
ûԹ 
รɽӦһץҰһֻմҰСϪȥ 
ͦģ㾭˫Ҳ˹ 
Ȼ֡ɽġɽ˵©죬æĿ˵ 
รѽ˫װŵʵ 
Ƿɽѽɽ˵ŵݸһϴõҰ 
ͦóԵġ˫ɵĽ˹ 
û 
ôжҾԵġɽЦԼҲҧһڡ˫˺ǺһЦ 
û뵽㶮ûͦѽ 
Щɽ˶֪ɽΪ˵˫ҧһҰɽĻһЦ 
ǵĻļ룬ٴȼһĻԣɽתеľը죬һ˵ɢ˿ȥ 
˫촽һɽһռѽϵһ𣬵ȴ˵Ǣ 
ǷɽӾǳ𣿡 
ǡɽôУ 
רŵĳģǣСʱѧġɽ˵ 
ร˵أҵʿһ㲻мЩ¡˫˵Ȼ˵Щף 
Цһʵϼѽ 
ѽɽ΢΢ʧ񣬡ҼҶ塣 
Ҷ壿ɽЦ˵ 
㲻֪ģǸСƫƧ 
͡һŽɫߵУɽƿ˵Գˡ 
˵Ŵ˴˺һȼݸ˫˫˹ȥ۴а˺һСͷ 
ɽ΢м˺һȱҧȥ 
úһֻҰͱ˷ֳ꣬ 
ȻôպŻԡ˫ǵмδ˵ɽڨڨһЦ 
֪ôӻ 
ʱѸգԶĶ̫̽ͮͮ¶黬Ҷ⣬ÿһء 
·ҲԤʾһУµĿʼ 
ͷɣɽ𶴣ԭĵʯâ䣬¡֮ڶָʽķڿвϽ֯ҽк֮ҲǴ˷˴ɽҲڱصã 
ɽɳľһٶ࣬طϴ塶ɣԼ·Ϊ֮ףǧ֮ʿۿɣһѹ𶴣 
һ·νңħ̵赲һǵ֮Ҳ޷ذ֣ 
Ѷħ޿ɱ⣬ҵҲȥһ޴ʯǰʮλü룬Ȳվվżӣǰһλ壬 
]ױߵһλ·ƣ˵֮λס 
׹ǣü룬Ȼмɼ֮Ʋ弸֣֮к֮㡮콣š 
üͷʣ˵ħΪ˳¼黫թҵȻռϷ磬ħһħͷ޿ͨħδҿԵƬ̣Էмѽ 
ħսթǻǲΪӮСΪϡһС߽ӿ˵ 
пͣɱӲ۾һߣǾʦͽˣȻ⣬ҵ¼ʮӻǰأ 
˵ʲôʱһվԱߵʯͷ˹ȥɻıǱʦҲͲܶԷʲôˡ 
¡ߵͺһʯͷһ䲻Ը߿ 
ߣĿ𳤣Ұѵѽ켥߱£Է˵ʵ 
ҪۣȻһХһ࣬ 
Ҫˣȥͨħɡ˵·ȥ˷׷׸ϣȻʯ߳һˣסںһλߣ 
ôˣף 
ûҵʦֺͷʦ㷢˷ƵĲȰ棬Ѱȥˡ˵Ǻ֣ 
ص̾ϢһˣСģб䣬һвԣ̺ˡ 
˵곯ʧĶԷ׷ȥ 
ɣɽ֮ϺƷѪڣһɱ̬ħͷȻǶ棬 
һλŮӳֽʤѩ˪֮ħͷҲȻ塣 
ಡƿգŮ߳һŵɷߣһ壬 
սŸոտʼ 



ڶʮ ս

       ʦ壡Ů΢΢ף 
ѩû´˵Ȼ׼ 
ðЩħͷ˰ɣձǵڡȵ 
ߣСϷ֮ʱ㻹ûأ˴󻰣Ҳͷﴫ˹ 
Դŭһӣһɫɽǰһɳȵӿ 
֪ͨħڣʱͻȻħһһλǰһ 
̧յۣǽ֮һȻȲѽ 
һ²۵ӣü¶ϸ壬쳣̶岨·ܹӰһ㣬˵֮ʱֵЦ 
Գϰν֮˿Ϊɫأ 
ҵ˽Կ̽Ѱҵ֮ʿ޲˼Ϊˣ˳ӦΪѭѭɶ֮ΪֶΣ췴˵УѵǾͲ𣿡 
ǽ΢΢һЦȻȵϸԣزʣΪۻԢ֮ⲻڶΪ֮Ǵ֮ 
ס족ߴһ 
ԣնҲڽӡ˵Сӽţ 
һУŶԷӪȥ 
һ֮кȻڳһӰ 
ССţѵǴţձƶҷܿ֡аЦһҡ 
ৡһ´еɽȡ 
ˣҲǰɡЦһǰལâţһ˹ȥ 
Цһӭȥһһųϲ֣׷ɱ˹ȥħħͷսһ 
ײڴУѰǸĳˣ 
̶ЦȻͫһǱ߿ȥԭһĴսһ 
ǴǽΨһĵʯͷֻȫâҫۣŭֱмŭĿյķ緶 
ε֪ԷķԼƣһʼ֮ζ 
ʱʱɫâ͵ϮԿʯͷƴռʵΪ 
ݵò񡣡ŭһ֮Ӷ 
ƥ򣬼ɣЦһΣһ֧ɫСУ 
ֻһҡСӭ˲ǳһ죬֮ʮŮӣ̬вһת˿зŭХ죬ռǰλ 
һ֮ơ 
ǳҵ󡣡˫ֳһ֣ 
˻˻ɫϺȻһɫŨಣಣƿգ֮дܳȫ̵ŮӣüۣͷҲǱ̦ʹһη壬 
¾Ƿѹıˡ 
Щ̿һɳվλָƣļʯͷֻһ 
·йĪ֮ǣסһ㣬֪ٱȫ߶зɽһʱĴɴܣ 
 
ȡԱߵʯͷһƥһ̿ȥʵˣ 
һ֮ʱ̿˫һϾȻץסֱ֮âͻܣŽâȥ 
ʯͷ΢һֱ֮ƹŭһֽħӡʱâ 
·ʵɰ㣬ո˲䱻ѹȥ 
顣һ죬̿ܲݰ㱻ɣ̿·˿δһ㣬µͻȻԾ𣬳ʯͷ 
ᷨ࣬ȻδԲ˶ãʯͷȻ΢·磬ʱȴҲǡ 
֮ϣǽ׶ĿŹâս 
Щ͹ʵѽ΢΢һ̾ź²һվ 
棬ˮĿսǺĵǽ½ѩվһԣ˪Ŀս 
ʱƣһռţС֮е֮࣬οǵĵͣһĲһɳϵľʮ֮ 
γΪλϹһħͷ֮ơ 
ͻȻһֻȸʥƾճ֣һַӡǻײȥ 
䡣һը죬ħûѪɫ֧飬ǸСһѪ 
ǽͫһӺȻƾʧԭأʱ½ѩͬʱصطӶȥ 
ͻȻ֮źסȥ·½ѩһӣһտɫֱ 
䡣һ죬 
֮һƺߣ½ѩһҲһɣʱ 
ǽȻסã½ѩٹâ£ǰź 
񽣹Ȼ鴫С½ѩɣ͵ʹ½ѩɫһһ 
װŪ˵һӣٷŹâӨʵʣԷȥ 
֮˲ҵɬ͵ʹΧɫȻһʱХ֮˺˶Ĥ·޹һ㣬һɫӰӵ·ɳû֮У 
ͻȻһ󷭹ڳһƣһͷɫĹںڶۿ֣Ǻˣ 
ʱǵȻɫͷȻſһҧס 
ͣ͡죬ɫһ´ȥӨĽâҲ˲٣һ֮ʱͷؿкȻһХ 
ΧĺͻȻ總֮ޣ׷׳ȥ½ѩһ䣬 
˲ʱɶء½ѩһѽסĿŰյĺɫͷ 
лɥ½ѩһٴ۽ɫͷ 
һ徲Ŀźƣϱ鸴ӣ΢̾һ 
ʦֺοࣿƽɢһȫںӰ˳ 
֮ҵѹȥߣԹ˭ʦʮ꣬޹ϸΪҲ顣 
ϵǵ׷ɵˣ 
ľ޹ϸ𣿡Ȼ˵ 
ݺģɱħͷ£εȵңڣֻʣҶˣԸڣôԵǵµԡ΢΢һ˵ 
ҵ겻࣬ԸϣɱƺɽҶʫ£Ȼ޺ˡ 
䣬䣬䡣Χľ޴촫˹ɵٿһ±ñ䣬 
ˡҡҡͷ˲ûӣ 
尵̾һֻԺһˡţ 
ȻΧһһƬѸֹ 
СġһſһȺɺ˫ĿͻĻƶˣ 
ӦһϺȣ˱ͻŪһĻ˵׷ħˣæܹ⣬ס 
ʱǰˡ 



ڶʮ 

       ½ѩʶЩкȵ 
Ҫһ𣬽ɽĻ˻ضСЩŭ˺ɱ׷֣ͣһ𣬳ȥ˹ʯߺ 
Ѫûи׷׵ڶĶˣ 
û뵽ЩëײУЩӵˣ̾һմ˲Ѫۣһơ 
ڼʶ࿴ֻ˵콣ųֵȴûмȴǿ۽ 
Щֺ֮࣬η֪Ϊ޺ҵôȥ˵ſ½ѩ 
½ѩķ·ʲôһŷ˵Ŀ⣬亮ϲɹһ˿ůΣ 
⡭λõģЩ˳ʱģֻҵȱɳȥ 
ʱ⣬⣬⡣һŲԭµӸ˹ 
һϢħ̵ӾߵֻһС뼸ħͷ˴ַΪݡ 
׿˿վڵ裬ɫȻ΢΢һ̾ 
ͬһʱ䣬ӵСϪˮϸСԼļ͵͵磬ûдˮ׳˵ߺȣ 
һУдһ˿죬 
᰸ֶѾõأֱԼ̤˽£ͷչ 
վŲٷȵӣһгֽЮ׳ףλøлѽ΢΢һЦϹٲǰһ 
ʦ֣Ǽֻ̳֮һˣҵֱȥɣüͷһ 
˸սʦ֮λãףжлǧ򲻿ðʧ˿ڹ۲أ 
̧ͷ¶ȥ֪ʱǻɵһƬ·Ҳղһ㣬Ϲٲһüͷ壬 
ʮ겻Ϊڰдһʵ 
Цݸ 
ʮǰҹӦý˰ɣԱߵ䭴˵ 
ߣʥʧ֮ãȲ֪ǰұ㲻׷ 
㡭䭸ҪʣЦһ 
ˣˡڰ֮һ 
᰾ֳǰ׻ӣͨһλźµӹ 
żȻȵã˵˵뻤кľ֪ɷʶ 
˻һЮסһ䶯׳귴վȴôùΪ͵ķӣڰ֮һʶ 
廤ƹˡᰵЦһ 
⵹޷ֻǰɡ 
ô֪飿ڰ֮ͻȻʵ 
㲻֪˵һ䣺 
㵹ǻǲ 
ܣڰ֮նһɨһλ׳ͻȻŻ𣬡һҽУ˲ʧԭģһƮŷУ 
Ҫ̫ڰ֮ŭȵŴһ͵͵һƺâ¶УϵİͻȻһ׵Ʋɺ״·ϦĺѪѹȥ 
Ѫ䡣ͫһһ㵭ĻϿգ 
͡Ѫâһഥ㷢˻˻֮˶ĤǺâȴӶȻһݣ˫ֳһϣһɫͻȻܳûѪɫ֮У 
кȻðѪɫŨưʱѪɫƱ֮һ⣬Ҳʧֳεգ 
ٻӣ屻Ϊ̡ 
һ飬𲻴Ӧϵ״һ˿ 
ȥܡڰ֮з·Эһ㣬׹һһģ 
Ҫҡڰ֮һͻȻ·ҲһһĪѹֶ˷׷׷أϵ߶Ų֪׭ģ 
ҪҡƵ·ԸУŭˣȻղǸȻͬ 
׻ӻһηվһǿ񣬵˵ 
ðɡ 
һ䣬һźӷ˳᰿ҲδһסҴҽһ㳯·ȥ 
ϹٲߺεȾ̸ȥ 
¶֮ϺȻһƺâûľУĿһվ 
ɡ˳͸Щƣ 
֮ڣȮ˫۶ǰˣ 
㲻þҵġľǰĺӰ˵ 
Ӣۣˡɵ˹ľһ 
Ӣۣһһ˿ʹ࣬˵ 
֣֮ضΪѽ 
Щ㲻صģѱ˹׷ӡ֮ûбطϹ䲻Ӱŵ˵ 
ҵŮﴫķˣľͻȻʵ 
׷ͨ죬ģ䲩ҲֻͨƤëѡľһ 
ѽ֮λ㲻ù˼ôֻ࣬ϣܺúñ񡣡 
ô¡ɵ΢оȣľ̾һ 
٣Ƿһ㡣 
ǺǣڻصģЩѣ׭ǻǾɢɻ죬οظ֮ܡӰת˺ȻСС׽Ȯصǰʦӣ˿ɫ԰׶ͷȴ 
ŶľӴ𣬴΢΢ĲʳһʼѹǸ⣺ 
˵гٻ˻Ļ֮ڣ 
΢Цס 



ڶʮ 

       ڤһ绯أˮ̫֮ཥԳΣӵ޿ɱȼǻۣ 
ΧĶ׭֣죬ںɱǧǣͨظҺģϹ޺εǿᣬ˻Ļپɽܣ 
Щһһ֮ϹʿҲǺ壬¾壬ֱ󣬺֮гһλӢţ֮ðأȫͷ˳᰻۾ 
䭼æʵ 
ôˡؼһµĹǧͷȫڵĲ֮壬ӡ˰˻ĻɱΪĵһŮ 
Ůģ䭴ʧɫ 
˵·ڻ˼ʲôò΢΢һ̾ 
ѹҵʱı˵졣 
еǸҲѧ˴ŷʵ 
ǵʲôķţ 
˵Ӧˣ˵ǱĹСסȻ̾һ 
ԭֻǴ˵ѣû뵽ĴڣȻһ䣬 
ʮ֮ٹͽǰˣû뵽Ȼɻ 
ô죬ǹ᲻Խŵʵ 
Ӧòᣬͬ᰻ó飬 
ڵ֮һ㵭Ļ룬Цһһ˿ 
գ磬ɽ˫һС˫ϵ·Ȼϴ޳ӣˮף 
էһȥƼӣԽĳˡ 
ȥԵ㶫ɣɽŷҡεľᦣ˫˵ 
ð˫飬΢ЦӦ 
¥֮װιӣһɫĺľΣһֺصظоСۼ⣬һ۱㿴ſڰɽˣ 
λ͹롣СЦ˵ļĵˮ 
ϼƲ˾ͺˡɽ˵ 
รϲʲôɽ˫ʵȫһֻ˫۹˸˵ 
õģλҪҪСơСڵʵɽ˶˫ 
ֵĻֻصߣǧҪŮǰɱȾơɽһ˿Ц˵ 
㵣ǲ 
һɣ˫ͻȻϰɽ˵ɽ㵵Ŀ˫˫ҲЩŵʵ 
ûȹ𣿡ɽͷҡҡͷ 
׻᲻ѽ˫ûʵʱԱͻȻһ 
ӺôܲȾơɽת׿ȥֻһλ볤Ʈ׹Ƿɵߣ϶ԣɽһ죬 
ǰ˵öԣʵҲһ㡣߹һЦ 
ãǸʵغӡ˵ʵڰɽԣѽСֵܣҿԵҿüŨ棬ӡ÷󣬴˷ֹдϲѽҪҸϸϸһԣǰԿȻ 
ɽٸܳʵ 
ҪҪ֡ 
أЩʦõĹ߷ѧϲĹ֮㡣һͦ٩٩˵Ҳмɼ֮ 
ɽﲻɵȻ𾴣˫ǺĶŰһ 
ʱСѽС˹ߺ΢΢һ٣Ҳ⣬¾ƺ˵ 
͹á߿ˣ 
߲Ȱɽһһ£ɽΣһ 
˳ʦ֮ʱһء˵ 
ʦʾɽ˵˫һȤĿŶˣԼҲһˮƣһڣ 
㵣ÿ˿඼ȡһ˵飬ѭѭޱҵϡ΢̾һ 
ɽһֻôĪߣȴ¸𾴣˵ 
Ȼǰν߿һӿɽ̡ģ΢Ц 
ʦܣһɣԺ󡣡˵ƮƮȻվһȥɽתͷȥ 
ԭһѾһŮһжˣŮĽ绨ȴµӣɽȥʱҲÿ˹һ˿죬 
ɽĿ⣬Ȼһ㶣ŮԱߵȴޱȣССۣһͷʵ 
ɽһɸŮ죬Ůӵüͷ΢壬ʱʱ˹ɽջĿ⣬ 
ߣ˫ͻȻʵɽһ㵣 
ҿѽ 
ߣʲôвˣѵ˭л𣿡ɽ˫Ƶ˵ҿŲ鸡Ѫӣʲô޵ʿ 
ɣɽ˲ͷɻʵﵹ˼֣һɿȥ 
Ҳպ߹ɽϸһ۲죬£˫˵ˣʲôǻҪҪΪɽĬĬ˼š 
һϸĶ˰ɽһ׵üͷ΢΢𣬰ɽһ꣬ҪŭҴ 
һ˵ 
Сֵܣҿü⣬˽֮֡˵һ̾ 
üȧ֮΢룬ɥĸ 
ע΢롯һֽͷë֮еһëɫ΢͸˵ǲ֮Ҳǵ;˵Ҳ⡣ 
˵ſ˿ߣ 
ˣ㸸ĸѲˡɽһ£û 
ˣ˵̫ˡɽ˿ѰѸղŶԸ뷨þһȫȻ羴 
һɵһЦӦŵһ̫֮Ϻͻȧǳƽס΢֣֮ˣӶѳضء 
һ˵긧΢Цڰɽ· 
˫Ҳо棬ԼĿ⣬ɽı飬ȴҲ֪˵׼ˣɻĳһһӵȥ 



ʮ С

       ˫ɻĳһһ˿ȥƸ 
ᰢɽĳ羴ĿһɣǸ̾ɽ˵Ĳʿ಻ʤԻ 
һ΢Цƣ̬ѣɽʵ 
ǴʦɷܹԤҺһɸ˵ 
Ȼԣɽһϲ 
ʦͽ̡һɺߺɽһ㶣ŻȻ 
æϵ˳ϸϸһ£Űɽ΢Ծִٵĵ˹ȥ 
ʦ£ʱδҲֻЩˡһɴЦһ 
޷ҿСֵҲˣվͼΪ㲷һԡ 
˵һץɽеӣģһ䣬 
̧ͷʵǷɽ룬ͷ 
һװ˼ӣ 
ңˮˮ˻Ǵȥп½ԻữΪġһ仰 
һɽһ߻Լӣ»ڿ˼ɽ 
үүôƭ˼ҡһɸһ£ 
ԵŮ˵СԱһλҰˣɡ 
ƭˡҽĿɶ㿴ѽ 
һɲΪ⣬ 
ţҲ֪׹ѽµĸ̾һץһֻצȥʱ̬Ȼ޴棬 
ҰҲҶ㡣һɺ 
ߣ˭ȥƺȡҰ 
ѽûĵģ 
үүͲҪˣƿ㶼ȥ˺üˣ᲻ѽСüͷ˵ 
ôѽһЦһ 
ħˣħ̣ʲôõĵġ 
˵ô򵥣ƿ㲻ߵģ϶ΪǵİȫŻЭġСԽԽǣ 
ԭڼǰ´ҵǣ֮ƿ̸Ϣƿ˼ˡ 
УʲôΪǰȫҪΪǰȫͲӦøǣҰܰͷӸɵֻѽһɺߺ 
ǽεεֻҡ 
үүô㻹ǳѽƿҲǲæѽС˵ŻһתС˵ 
ҹ۸ղе֡˵֣һ޷ıģ 
һͻĳЩ飬ӶıģͨʱС֣Ӧµµһ 
üƤ֮ɫģ󲻲֮еġ߱ħ 
һɫ΢䣬ô֪󲻲֮Сû˵˼˵Ǿ涼мصġ 
รԭүүˣѧҲѧᣬȫҹɵŮһɺٺЦ 
٩ˣ󲿲֮֡ħħħ߱ħС̫ܡ֮࣬Щʮѽ⣬Ҳֻͨᡮ㡯һɣС˵вȻֳӰдһ˿롣 
˵ʲôûУ˫һߺͻȻʵ 
ɽãȻҡҡͷ 
ûס 
ҿͦŹֵġ˫δ⣬ 
ŹеŹ֣ոն˵׼ˣӦЩ£Ҳǵвûɽ˼˵ 
ɽ̾һվ 
ˣҲ˰ɣһ·֮˵˴ηսȫʤָʦǶɽˡղЩⷳͨͨԺ󣬰ɽ΢΢Щ 
˫Ҳվ 
ҪռôûѽɽȫⲻҵռȻʵ 
Աˣûζڡ˫˸ıĿ⣬ȻڵһЦ 
СʡС˹ 
Ϊ͹٣һǮӣɣСŰɽ˵ 
ɽʶȥȻɫһתͷǿЦŶС˵ 
λС磬ҵӶղһˣҿɲް졣ûȥǮ 
ɽ˵ţһȥЩҰǡ֪СЦһգֱͦٺ˵ 
ɣ˵ǮǣȻûǮʣŪҲҪ˵һЩѽ 
ʱԱ߼λʳͷ׷ɽɫǵͨ죬Ȼһöݺ 
С㿴𣿡˫ЦһСӣСĽסĵһ£ 
Цջ˵ 
ˣˣҹ 
ˣʣĵǮɡ˫˵Աɫ粻İɽǲЩ̫ˡ 
ɽŵƣּɽӰ涣 
˫Цʵ 
һ㡣ɽʵ˵ 
ӺôôСѽ˫Ц˵ 
ɽ̾ϢһǣЩԼһЩ飬ǰԼĴֲָоܲ 
ร˫΢оȣߺߵ˵ 
㵱ʱ֪ҵռóԣҡ 
㵡ɽһ㶣ûѽûԹô֪ŻȻѹʱıôŹ֣ 
ģ˫Ⱒɽ۾ 
ģҲƭ㡣ɽ˵롮ԭղѽҲԼˡ 
Ǻǣ˵ʵڵģյĺܺóԣϲ˫ȻһЦʱɽȻɽһ 
Ժֻ׼ոҳԣû˫Ц˵ɽЩִٵĵͷʶ˵ 
á 



ʮһ ׺()

       ߹ңչ 
ɽ˫һСʱӡԱߴкȻСĳɽͣסŲ 
ڿޡɽŲԶ΢΢ζĹľ˵ 
ȥɣ˫˵ųȥƬԣԭһССŮڵ 
СãΪʲôޣȥѽΣյģ˫СŮϱγѪۣü΢壬 
СŮȻ·һŲŲ䱸̧ͷ˫ʱ 
һʵ˵ 
ҸɭˣҾȾˡСŮ˵ۿַ⣬ 
˫һ̣ 
Сñޣ߽㣬ʲô֣ȥɭָʲôˣɭʲôطСŮСӣ 
ҼҾҸҸ磬ҽСҸдɽɭ־ǰ治ԶкܶޣΪ˴Ұ޸ҳԣܵɭȥԣһˣû¡ 
С˵ۿһ㵭ˮ˫ͷһۣɽͷ˫΢΢һЦ 
ˣСãǰȥ磬ΣգȻСɡСһϲæ˵ 
ãģҲҪСģ˵Ǻɭкܶޣ˫ͷǺһЦ 
ǲ¹޵ģףȽȥɣҺʹȥ硣˫ָŲԶһ˵ 
ɽһȻԶһ仹Ʈ䶦ʢ 
Ŷ֪ˣһҪմѽС˵ 
İɣǱ֤㡣ɽǰ˵Ŷ˫˵ 
߰ɣൢһ̣ɽͶһΣա˵氢ɽҲ 
ǺǣͦԵݵģһɽһɽ֪˭ɽһ㡣˫٩ 
Ȼɽһ㡣ɽӵ˵ 
Ǻǡ˫ЦһȻЦһգصؿǰɽ֣ 
һɽƺվԶһЩܽȫò۵ףƬȴ죬 
һ˿֮һƬٹʱȻйѹϢĸо 
Ũ˫˵ŴгһѱɫذףɽҲסħ飬֣ʵ 
ʲô˫ɫ΢΢һ䣬Ц˵ 
ڡ𶴡ʱ˳õģҸֽۡ˵һΣɫĶէĵϱ̲תһ֪ǷƷ 
ಡȻһ׹ 
ɽ˫ৡһ¼ܹ⣬䱸ţ׹ţɽʱɵһ㶣Сʫ 
ССʫ˫ɫһƿһССʫƺҲû뵽ﻹڣ㵹󣬵һλŰɽʱϲһ˿ϲɫ 
ǰ˵ϻ㱻ħץȥˣʦ˼òӣرʦӯһкֵĵӣû뵽Ѿӳˣףλǣ˵źɵĿ˫ 
ɽʱ΢΢һ󼤶 
㵣λ˫ҲǱħץȥģ֮ʿɣɽħ˹˼ʱұһӳġɽ˵ 
ŶСʫ˫ɵòԼŮͣƬ̣ 
Ҳμӷħ֮ս𣿺ôˣôͻˣʦǲǻɽˣɽŵʵ 
ûССʫعĿ˵ 
ʦûǰȥǰСưæ⡮С򡯳ʦǰ 
รǸССѽѵɭ֣ɽ˫һۣ˵Сûп 
ӦеģôǻûеأСʫüͷźʵ 
ô 
ɽһЦˡŰżСһһ 
รԭСʫȻ 
ȽȥɣͲˣǺţʱһף˵ûൣһʱһΣա 
Сʫ˵ߵһĿĴǰ 
ӽߣ̳һѳ״ָ֣ٿ¡ơ֡ 
ʱ˫СͻȻɽ֪ȴ˫һ۱ϳʵ 
Ҳ֪񽣣˫û˵ 
ʿ֮мû˵ѽ 
λеذҲѽСʫ˫еķüͷ壬˫˽еذףñǲ࿴вƵ˵ 
ܸǵıѽƾɣ 
ˣˣǿЩȥɡɽûû˵Ӽæ˵ 
ߡŮͬʱһ 
ɽһӻңȴַ𲻵ãƺߺߵԼóħ飬һԲɭȥ 
Сʫ˫һ㶣˭Ҳƣװû 
˫ָǣ֪Լ뿪ɽһ㳯ɽߵķȥ 
СʫҲܺڣ롮ôˣʲôôס 
Ը߰Ҫǲܵġ˫ױӰʱֲȥ 



ʮ ׺()

       𡣡һֻӴ۽߻ܳԣͻȻ˹ɽ̧һħӰһХײ˹ȥ 
Ȼһâ͡һ죬߻ձ룬һѪصڵϣ 
ô£Ұ޷·֣ȵҲС˫üͷ˹ɽҲоɣ 
һ·Ѽǲɱ˶ֻҰˣ 
Щ޺ηȴֲҳɭ֣ʵɡ 
֮࣬ꡭСʫ˵ӺȻһ 
ףиʯɽ˫ѯӿȥȻڲԶǰһڵʯɽ࣬Ѩ֮ܿھĺۼΪ 
ȥɣϾһ˿ϣɽᶨ˵ 
Сʫղ˵Ļ¿С񣬹̴˼ϣãҲҪһ̽ 
ΪǷݳŵһҲΪһ˿Цİá̾һ 
ҲӦСˣȻҲýȥһơ˫˵Ŷ˿һԵСʫ 
ң˴ǷʦǰǲȥҲýȥСʫҲˣһ˽ȥ 
˫һȥɽڨڨĸ档 
ʯ֮ڸʣûһ˿ɭϢɽ˸ԼΧĺڰӿˣ 
⣬⡭΢ĽŲŵĶиô˽صķ 
ȻǰСʫͣסӣ˫밢ɽǰȥԭ·ѵ˾ͷǰһֱ£ 
û·ˡ˫üͷ 
һµĿӭʹ崺磬 
ȥɣӦò¡ɽоʲôһ㣬еķħȻһ̣󣬰âҫۡ 
ôˣ˫˲Ծʵ 
֪ǰûйġɽʩħŽƽҲʼɢһĹâ 
ӱϵһԽϡˡɽͻȻ뵽ʲôһ 
֪ˡ˫Сʫһ 
ৡһתŭۺ߸Ŀɽ֪ڨڨЦ 
û£û¡ȴǼѣסħĴҲʪ 
ȥɣСʫƲ˰ɽһۣһƮȵվ档ȥ 
ͬʱһҫ۵ʯ֮Уʯһ̺Ȼһ 
ྡ֮ߵСת⡣ϵĹ׾ҲǺ 
ף͵͵ľȻһŮͷĺһ˿ɣһ˿ϲɫ 
ޱߵĺڰ΢ɵĹâ׺ΧƸǣ 
סĵطɡڰɽֵĶѨӦɭȻ죬 
ɽһŰ׹СѨȥխĶʢһֲ֪İɫ䣬ĸȻɫʯͷ֮ϣ 
֮ǶϸСµˮĹâӳƻã 
㣬ҲԽŨˡ 
Ҳһְɣ˫˵ţ˫ۣĴѰԴˮŮԽ 
ذţȫȻûʱ뾯裬СʫҲΪĶ뾯ѹеļ¶ 
˫СŮ״ɵһת䱸Χ 
˫ã⣬öԷķʮȤͣŰɽ󿴿ƣСʫһԡ 
ɽȻ֪ŮнᣬҲʲ⣬Ҳǳ˵İֲϰɣɽţ 
ܵΧɾɫиٴ伸ʮ֮ 
СʫҲɵΪ֮ˣ峺۾룬 
ʢΧ˷ףͷˣһӴʯϼ譲ӣ 
Ƿ׺գޱߺ嫵֮У꣬ӭֱ˲ѣ 
̫׳ˡɽ˵ 
û뵽Ȼж죬治֪д˱졣˫˵Сʫһ˲ָ˵ 
Сˣ϶֣ˡƺҲЩҡ 
ɽ˫һָеĿģЩԹҲһ˿£ 
ǵȥЩﵹǺιŹ֡˫˶˵Ԧۡһʯȡ 
ɽСʫȥ 
ףôȣһСʫ㷢˲ͬڵʯڣپȣ΢΢ȣ 
ʲôɽһųɫ˵ʯͷʵ 
ף˫ȵ 
û׾ʲôϡġСʫЦһ 
𣿡˫һ 
ʲôطôĺסСʫһϣȻ󣬵װʯȴټ֮࣬ 
Ӧþɽˡɽ˵ɽȻܶıϷֻδεʯȴûмϸ˵ 
˰ɽĻ˫Сʫһ㵣̱ͨйؽڣ 
ÿӦöͨģҲʲôҶ;ϡɽص˵ 
ﶼףܸ˴󶯾˾ԲСȥ 
ڰɽҪǣɽһ£϶֮ϵ 
¹ɽòŶԴ 
Ů飬Ĭһ볯һתͷʯȥ 
ɽҲ׸ղ˵ǣڣʮָˣŮûӰæĴ󺰵 
㣬ȵѽƨƨߵ׷ȥ 
ʯ֮ػۣԶкڶ֮൹ҲͨԱʯ֮Ȼв֪Ļ䣬ķΡ 
²ߣΧߣżҲȵӭԤʾͷԶ 
ɽ˳֮ƣСĽ䱸Χ 
𡣡ȻһƵСġɽͺһħٿһ·ɵͷһ©ΰɫ֣ 
ϰһ֮󣬰ɽоԦħԽԽӦ֣ϲ֮Էձޣ˿и 
СģǿѾˡɽŲԶҰĺڶ˵ 
ɵһƬ֪Ǵ˵ĿΪ֮Ĺ°ݹһ˿ַ 
˵ķ㽥ŨڱķΣʹֱУ͵͵ͻȻԹŮư̾ 
Сθɣǰǰ滨į˼ɽ 
Թ·ʱĸŮ࣬˳ħĹâ 
ӼӲʯض룬ˣѾһԣ 
䡣 
䡯ɽһ죬ͻȻ֮Ϲķһ㵭Ľâ 
ףڰ֮д͵͵ľ 
ɽһѷסҪµ˫СʫȻԼҲһģò׷סԱߵʯڣ 
жĶǺڰ 
ûȻһλŮӻ˳ 
ҪɽԺʵ 
û뵽һʩʧܡŮӲ˰ɽʣ̾һɽҪŭ壬Ȼǰһ 
һֻϸ۵ӡԼĶͷ˯ɣ𣬰ɽֻͷһΣȫ̱ȥ 
˹ȥ 



ʮ ׺()

       ͵͵ħԶ·ǧȴδߣޱߵջޱߵغڰ 
еǷǣ˵Ŀ̹ǣǻںڰԵķ߾ 
һƺ𣬰ɽȻ۾ 
ӡৡһվ 
ˡɽŷһ޴ʯңΧɫשʯ⣬ʯҷ·һɫ磬ҲǸŮӡ 
㵽ʲôɽǵɫıӰʵ΢΢һȫȻ 
Ȼ·ʲôɽæɨΧһȦ˫СʫԶ֮ʱɵһȻǽ˫ۣɽܸоõûΣգ 
Ա߻һλƤڵ꣬˫ĿգմвѪ 
ǵôˣɽ䱸ŮӳŮȥ 
ǺһֻѿˡŮתͷմһ˿ζʹη֮ġ 
εչƣ۰׵һŰɫӣȻɽ˸ķħ飬 
ɽһа󷨾ɷħȻ˿ 
ûõģʵ˵ɣ㵹״Ӻε֮Ůӷ·͸˼˵ 
˸ġɽɥ˵ 
𣿡ŮӺȻЦһϵһԲ̣ 
ûиʲôɽɫһ䣬ѿڶ 
̡ŮЦһ 
֪ĻͦѽȻԤϣʱɽǼѣŮӵЦϣͻȻȴѱѽпЦ 
ӶԱߺȻ΢ɽһתͷ˫СʫͻȻ𣬵ǰɽʱһ 
û°ɣɽʵ 
˫˵û¡ 
СʫҡҡͷʾԼҲֻüͷ΢΢𣬷·ԼͻȻε 
ΪʲôŮӵȻСʫ˫ȻתͷٿȻķѲϣɵ΢΢ɫ䣬 
ˣСʫʵŮ΢΢һ㶣΢Ц 
ǰɣ 
ץģСʫָŲԶڵϵٴʵ 
ŮӺ󲢲żȤĿСʫ 
ʲô֣Сʫʵ 
βŮӻش 
ǾβСףɡ 
ԱߵİɽһЩţʵȴɽһģһһһЦɤ۵ȥ 
Сʫ˫ɫ䡣ǶȻֱƣھβ᲻֪Ĳɵĵȵף 
Сʫǿ񣬡ʢβһҲմȾѪȣΪȴҪ˺޹˵֣֮СʫҲò 
СЦһŴ˵ҡ 
ҲûбѡˡСʫȻ˵˫ֲâ²֮һգҲ޺ˣ 
Сһ㶣һ 
ʦ½ѩķϣ߰ɣ˵һӣһԵһĨâԷ 
Сʫһ㵣̻عһѽס 
ʶʦ 
ȻʶС˵һӰӹԺѾõķĵһ 
ҲҪߡ˫ָŻڱĿ˯˵С΢΢һ˲ָ 
˵Ҫ𣿡С״óһذף˫ǰѡۡ 
˫һɫ粻 
ذӦħ̡򡭡 
Ǵħ̡𶴡͵ġɽͻȻڵž˵ 
С𣿡Ŀ⡰ৡͶϣоȣңҲء 
ʵɽҲǾһ˼ǲŴ˵ģɽȻӦ£ȥҡɽСףȻ֪ΪʲôסɽĿӦϵ򵥣֮Ȼʮ˽ԷǰһУҪˡ 
˫Сʫȴûй˼̫ࡣ 
㻹֪ѽСЦ˵ﲻٴ⣬ 
ӦʶɣɽչѾõ֣һɫģ׹嵭âҫССĽΧһϼ⣬Ůɴ 
塣Сһ𣬻߹ȥŵ㲻ţĽʰУ 
Ϸ𣿡û˻شΧһз·𶨸һ㣬 
ʱ䣬ţСʫüͷʣоԼʦйأȴҲֻǻ糲࣬ 
˫ĿţһУ·Ԥϵĸã 
Сתӣ 
𣿡ƽ˹Բ 
ɽܺáɽ˵ 
͵͵һ̾ϢЩԥСʵһ𣿡 
ǡɽӦ 
͡СͻȻЦһôˡԳһЦת 
𣿡Сʵ 
ɽͷ 
С΢һʣǺãȥɣȰպá 
˵ߵɽǰ˼䡣˫΢΢ȴʲôûüͷ壬 
ᰢɽҲüͷ΢΢ 
Ҳ߰ɣ硣С׿΢ʧ˵ţ 
ûʲôˣϢ¡㡣˵곯˫׳һӰ˫ϲɫֽס 
СתûҲãɽУ 
עˡѣɽСĵ뻳У 
лл֪ 
лʺðɡСײ˵ 
һġɽ˵ʾ˫СʫŮ⣬ȥɽɽϼ򣬿첽ȥ 
ȵȡͻȻС׵ɽȻףذ׵رӰһ 
ƽ·еƮ˹ 
ɽʮ֡ͳصʯң 
ʯ֮УСʫŵ˫΢΢һЦ 




-- --




ʮ ǽ

       ʮˡ͵͵̾ϢصʯңСվһȻЦһ 
ǸóȥתתˡѾõһ˿ڴ 
ΧǧĹţɽһпû뵽ˣ֮á 
ѹʯͷʧһ룬һս˫֣ȻЩȲˡ 
ĺɭ֣˫СʫҲһ 
ˣСܵȲˡɽЦһ˵¼ӿ첽ӳԶȥСʫ΢һҲ˹ȥ 
磡Ȼһ󺰣ɽ̧ɽ׿ȥſڵСɽ˫۽ʱͻȻСɽ΢Цһ 
ģû£Ҹطú£ͻġ˵űȥ 
СѾͷҲææĸ˹ȥ˫Цһ 
СˤˡһСȻͣסĽе 
лл㡣Сʫʱ΢΢һ㶣СŮƺŶŮСȥ 
Χǽڷų벻õݱ֯ţǽʱְ֮裬 
Сǹɣһץƴڵϣɽ΢΢һЦ棬Сæȥɽ½󣬹֮ 
ɽһԿŸдطĶˣûɵһɣŨĳǼ䣬̧ͷ̧֮ϰڷһСͭƺᣬУĻǣ 
Ȼɽɫһ䣬Ųţ۾͵ٴˣ 
ɵ̺еʯһȻԼԶɽˣֳһɫľ 
һλŨüŭĿֳ޴ִգһŮӣָһ֦׵Ļָ䣬Ƽӡ 
ôܣɽ 
ףʱ˫СʫҲͬһ˽ 
Ҳѹ֣һСǹأСʲôģȴһǣСʫԴҲ벻λľ 
˫ŮеǶ׵Сһ˼ӣ 
˵ֳץ˳ԣλɴｵ֣Դ˾ǵӵ󡣡СͻȻ˵дŵ 
λġ֮ 
ŶԭɽҲµ˸ţ 
ʶǣСʫʵ 
ôᣬǺǣֻǺѡ峺ɽһڣ 
СʫԷ˵ʱҶ֪ж飬ȴֲʣ 
ߡʱԱߺȻƺ֮ 
СϲĻɽ˿˹ȥ 
Űɣ˵ñȽأϢһʱ䡣ɽæֹվĴɽ 
ѽ磬ѽССȰɽ·ʲôһֿ־֮ɫɽʱɫԻͣ 
Ǵ磬ġС۾˵ 
ԣСñޡɽǣǣһ˿Цݣ 
лλ֮ˡ 
ÿ˲ǡɽһǲˣԼҲܾŵɽ̧˫ȥ 
˫һ㶣ЦһɽɵϷ̣˫ߵС˵ 
Сã㻹飬ܾЩš˵Ŵóһӣ 
Сʱ֮Ǯһʱ䱻㶵Ĳ֪룬 
ɡɽͻȻ˵ 
֮δ˶ݡ˫üͷ΢壬᲻֮ͨˣ׵ 
棬ܿС𣿡ɽſԣ֪˫һۺݺݵĵ˻ȥ 
Űɡ˫СУ 
Ժ׬ô࣬ʱٻҡɽ͵̾Ϣһ۾ 
ʱͻȻһӵСʫüͷһ壬תȥɽҲȥ 
׼ӣѾһҰֳλһһţһ˹ 
ɽһǰɫۣӰ֮ɫһȺʴ񣬵ǰһλżɽǵ򳤣 
Ȼ͸λˡ߹˵ 
վſڵСʫʱһ٣ǰλɫһϲû뵽˻֮ؾȻòŮӳ֣ 
һʿǰ΢Цű˵ 
廴ŵ˳֪ѺѽŮİɽʱɫ΢΢һ䣬 
Сʫһ 
ұƵӡе˳һɫɵ΢΢ףҲΣƮ 
û뵽֮졣˳˸һת˵ 
Щҵǰ̴Щӣǵҵ£Ҳֻ֮дӦʱһ벻գ֪㿴Σ 
һ˵ڽҲˮСʫ 
ɭѾ¸һ䣬ǻȥɡ˵ųߵ˵ 
Ժֻ費ɭֱû£ϣҽǡ˵һ٣ 
λȲʱжͬķϣϣܼԹա 
ллˡɽӵ 
Ҵ֮˶ԴΪƣɭ֣һȥأ뷨½λȥһԱ֮˶λĸм֮顣 
СʫɫһҺ⣬ˣɽʵҪ֮£λ¡˵΢΢ף 
ɽᣬתУ˫Ҳ˳ 
߰ɡСʫкһݶ𣬰ɽ˫ȥ׼һ. 
Сǰ 
ʦ֣ô죿ŵâʿʵ 
ô죬ɽ˳˵ת׼һâӰʧʱһӰͻȻܳСѸٵûΧ֡ 
һ,. 
»ˮй£޺˷ɰ׵Ȼ 
֨ѽһذ׵Ӱʩʩгɽ˲ŶΣ 
ˣ½ѩǺЦ 
ã·Сġɽ 
ಡһֱɽ΢΢һЦתͻȻΧͻȻʧɽ֮ 
ɽһ٣Ī 
ɡתӣ¹֮£Ӱƾճ֣վɽʮ֮ 
ҹò֪¡ɽмλӡ 
̵ǽʥŹӱ̸֮λǽĿλӣ 
ҴˣֻԶɽˣ޹ɽ˵˵ 
ǽ΢΢һЦϦƵСΪңȻͶʥ֮УԻȻʥʮǰûҰ־£ϣѪӲҪ׳Уһ 
ɽɫ䣬˵ɽв裬ɴλ㡣˵תӣ 
վסһͻȻǽԱߵû˳ 
ƲͬҰѿɽ˽Ųͣһ 
ѾڴˣΪʲôĸԸ˴һǳơɽһͣЦһ 
ɱѪȾȫŸð֮Ϊ𣿱ˣǲ˽⵱Ǹ֪꣬ʮǰǸɱԼ¡ 
סڡԶɽͺһһ壬 
һ㿴ü˳÷ȥǽͫһѪâǰ 
顣һ죬֮Ȼײ̳,ǽһΣɫ΢䣬ɽ̾һȥ 
㲻ɽ𣿡߳ŭĺȵ˻Ƶɽפڣ 
ɥ֣֮ˣֲñˣֻǺйһ壬䲻ţҲԶȥ¾ɵľŴŵĲϣ 
۾ô죿ǽĿСһۣ 
ߡ 



ʮ ٣

       ֮ڣȣǰΰ̳Ѿʧȡ֮һɫԲʯңＸʮɣͨ죬Ҷ 
Χóɫʯɣ£ǷڵĻɽҽ 
ôܣ쳹ʯң˫΢΢ſ 
ڵ龲Ʈǰһ֮һʼƲɢ 
ôܣٴεзãȻ޶ԣƮţ·ҲڳЦ֪ߡ 
᰺ȻһЦЦһ٣ɫȻֲ 
ɶ壬Ȼӡ֮ 
 
Ϲָã;ѽ̾һͻȻɵĽӰҡҡͷ 
óȥˣ͵͵һ˿̧ףտǿһУãֲɲ⡣ 
ս̿ϼХŴܹңһĲӰ 
һˣȥɽСʫʵ 
Сʫ΢һ˵ɽ 
Ըʦƽ¾ͺãɽ˵ 
˵ȫʤӦʧ󡣡˫˵ 
Сʫ겻üͷ΢΢׳˫ȥƺħ̲޶У֮͸¶ŷ߷߲ƽ 
ʱ˫Ҳÿ˹ߡɽεҡҡͷװûûȤ 
̧ͷޣǺΰˡ 
ˣȥϢһ°ɡԱߺȻ˫ 
ɽҲûеˣѾһ컨壬ת׿Сʫ 
ȥϢƬɽʵ 
СʦͷǴӦˡ 



ʮ ż

       ף΢ 
,ɣֵ֮Ⱥӵӵǰɽڶٳˡ֮ǰȴ˲١ 
һǣڽֱһҿջ 
һ·֮Сʫ˫ľմΧʱһԳȺڵͷۣŮǳĴݣ 
Сʫ̬ׯʥ࣬˲ɱӣ 
˫Ƽ簵ҹ飬νǸзˣ 
ǰɽЩȻ˫ִĿбսսм䣬ò׿һٵĿջ 
⡣ɽî˾Сʫ˫ȥ 
һ£ɽˮһĳһϺߺߵ 
ûõӡ˫ƲһۡϵĲˮŵһڣ 
ʲôʲôǸǲȵġɽıšȴԵöôĲ԰ 
ֻò⣬Сʫȥ 
̹ɽڣֱ֮ܣ֪ɷǽһҲǿ۽硣ɽϣʵ 
ɽڸƽ֮жɽ٣ǰ֮ԣɽֱһȴ޻ᡣСʫһ 
˫üͷһ΢΢һŰ״С 
Сʫüʱɽæ˵ 
ΪѣֻǺѣǺǡЩͻˡ 
ûС 
СʫЦһ֣֮ǸɽҲ֪΢̸Щͨˡ 
รѽɽ˵ʧȴҲ֮С 
ʮǰĿùһɵķɡСʫͻȻ˵ɽһ 
ʮ𣿡ʵСʫ΢в졣 
ѵʱҲĿù 
ûСɽǺһЦǲµġͦá 
СʫӦһ䣬·˻֮УʱһСʦţʱħ̹һ֮ͼɨ£׵壬ʱѾռˣ 
Ⱥףʧ٣ɽҲһʧڴҾ֮ʱȻһֳںɽɹâ̫ 
Сʫ¶һ£ 
ɽ˹ڵ޴شŹƹءںɽ 
СʫȻɫһ̫ʦҲǴѪսɥģ 
һʱ䳡΢ԳšɽһʱҲ֪ӺΰοȻʵ 
ɽĸɽ 
ֻһɽѽСʫ 
ǰħ̹ڵϳʦħ̰Ҳǳɽķȥʮа˾Ҫؽħˡ 
Ŷɽ˼Ӧһ䡣ȴҳһ飬 
ɽħ̣Сףɽ壬վɽߵĶˣһеһекι 
෢ĶͷȻ壬͸ɴ಻ȥ롣Цһʵ 
ʮǰǳսֳɵ˭أ 
˫һüһ棬ϸ΢΢ 
ӦϴʦɡСʫɵ˵ 
ô㵱ʱû𣿡ɽʵ 
ʱһɽеȫΪâΧǰããһƬֳ֮˴ںǷǿĵҲֻܿһһ½˵ 
ң崫Ϣϴʦħ˶ԷҲ;ƿݣšӦòд 
Сʫ˵̾ϢһҲΪǸȲ˵͵͵Ĭ˥ 
ʮ֮ǰǼҲ֪һ㡣 
ʱԱߵ˫ͻȻ˵ɽСʫȵĲͷ˫΢΢һЦ 
ʵ඼̹˵ྶ󣬡 
Сʫһ֪Щ˵ͬɽҲǷǳ棬ߴٵ 
ѽЩͬ˫ڵһЦ֮ˣСʫɫ΢΢һ䣬ɽȴһϲæʵ 
֪˭ѵϴţ˫Сʫ϶˵ 
ȻǣŻһת 
֪̹˵ʮǰһѳƣСʫüͷ壬Сش˫˵ 
˵Ͷħ̹ڣΪ˹ŮѳšۡСʫȻЦһ 
ѵ˵£ͽ־²εȴ˵ôȻܲ³ţ 
˫ЦЦһ˫ص˵ 
ҲǣҲǣϾǴԡʵҲԸֵǵˡߣҥֹߣֻҵǵһ궨ΪħŮ󣬷ŸɳֲҲ֮£ 
ɽ̫֮֮徳緽ҥԸУѨ硣 
ɽ 
ħ˹ؽթһױգ˵˵ȥа̺˲ǳѽɽһ̾ 
˫һᡣ롮ǸʲôɽͿǸҲˣʱô죬ȴǷֱ治ãֻõͷȲ裬 
ʱſںȻһɧһȺ˽ɽת׿ȥͻȻһʦ 



ʮ ʾ

       ֮еһλȻǰɽʦףһ˿泤;ÿ˶ݲɣƣ 
ɽͻȻȣһ㶣ȻعȷԼղõͽɽƣһϲ첽˹ 
ɽû£׹ĵʵ 
ɽĵͷ 
ããá׿һЦ˵á 
Ҿ֪㲻µġʱԱߺȻӯɽתһЦǵȻҵ 
ߣϣ治ͽô㡣 
ӯСһ壬ɿԱߵһۡɽһȣ̧ͷ䣬ӳ 
ɣȴ㲣ɽһǻں䣬Ͷȥģֻһ 
һʼɽȻǼѣԷɵ˫ΣԴɬĵͷ 
˫һûɵһڣ 
ɫ壬С죬˷ǳĺһɵҲóеĲˣǿЦһ 
ôܳģ¿ǵĲ١ 
㵡ɽȻعûвֵĲǣЦһ˵ 
⻰˵ͳˣ̸ɽÿӣڵп˲࣬һпλʱ䣬ɽϸϸһ£ﲻɵһ 
ʱʮ֮ڵĵӡֻʣʮλмλˡսһѽɽ̾һصλϡ 
ף̽ҲλǣӯȻ˹Χĵӷ׷תף 
ŷ밢ɽһĻλŮӣһλȹһεСʫһλȴ 
Ҳһ㶣֮һ˿Īһ˿ҡ 
ɽЦ 
ʵ»ˡŰɽԼ˫ħ̲һܵľһһ˵˳ 
Χһꡣоˡ˵׿˫ 
ɽ֪ȻȴְﲻæϻԼѸձԭ£ʦҪô׾˫ǲ˹ˡ 
׵Ŀ⣬˫ҲΪ򶨣ҲǷѣȻ˫ 
ɽ˵ͷͷǵ˴αܻԴԼľʧ󣬶԰ɽʦﻹЩεġ 
˵Ȼˣ˫ﲻСͣԺɡ 
л˫վӯӯʩһ 
ãʦ֮ɽƽϡ˵ת׳Сʫʵ 
֪̹ôСͽأСʫ΢Ц˵ 
ҷʦǰȥСպɽˣԾͽһͬˡʯĹһΪԼɵϾ˽ûҪ˲ɡ 
ม˲ű֮ģƥçӦ֮ǵ֮ѽ׳ĵ˵ 
ˡ˫Ц˵Цһ 
̹ﲻعǫ˴ηսȫʤһѹħ棬ҷʿžӹΰѽ 
ͬŬĳɹŲڴ߰ˡСʫǫ 
̹ɻɣˣҲ߶ˣʲôʱпȥҷɽһҲñϴ֮Ц˵ 
ʢ飬˴ˣҵûɽʱʦģ´пգСʫһŰݷáСʫ΢Ц˵ 
̸Ц֮УһʳܿȥɽֵǺСҾȻӰӯĻشܵǼʧٵģ 
Ϊˣӯ˵Բ𡣰ɽ仰ӯΣ 
ǵУ˵ȻڼҵأӯҲеʱ˲ƣȫȻˡ 
˷֮䣬ӳĵɽޱȣڲ࣬ɽ㷵תͷ 
ޣ˿ƶôȻĶ 
ĬġҲתͷ⡣ȿˣ 
ϴûУᣬᣬɽ˵ 
ûУԾ˿תͷĳɽıǼ䣬μ䣬 
ʱҺ¡˵ 
ҲΪһزˡɽͷ˵ 
ûкڹҧ촽 
ûСش𡣿峺񡣷һ·ǽеĳ⣬ 
ȻȻһЦǰҪúʦͬңңŮ룬˵һ٣ 
Դ常ԺͻȻЩ㯡·ʧȥĿһ㣬˵ţɽ 
ֱ̧ף 
ҷҵһЩµĶû֣ 
ҵʲôɽʶʵ 
ɵϡͻȻЦһʦ׷ȥһĺٻӰǸ㶷İɽ 
ϲ㡣֪ʲôʱ˫һѪ˵ 
ģɽϲʵü۴˵ı֣ҿʮа˾žˡ˫ϳɵ˵ 
ǲѽɽ˫ȵظ 
Ҳûǵ˵˫ҡҡͷƲ˰ɽһۣɿͷ羰ȥˡɽޱȵϲ֮Уجج罬һ㡣 
ӯڷ跴ʱͿ˲򵥣СŮԸ¼Сɽüȥġ 
۾ʵڵĳ࿴ȥԣһ˿Ȼӯ֪Ǽɽеġ 
ԾĿ˹ȥ˵ɽûµİɡӯԵ˵תͷݲ䣬ȴǳᣬ 
Сӯδ֪ǽӹˡ 
׼С֣ҿɲСˣӯͦͦ΢͹ظ˵ 
ԶǸСŮ˵ 
ߣ۸ˡӯ˵һȻ䣬ӯ·Ҳʶʲô͵һۡûз𣬴׵˵ 
ʵʵҺϲˡ 
ŮķڿУȴĶ֮ 
ʲôתͷǱӯһţæĿ⣬ 
ûûʲô໺תͷ 
絶棬ڸ԰ʱɽˡ 



ʮ Ļ

       ƿţбϦ͸Ի谵Ժµâ 
󣬹ޱȣɽͷ˵ 
ѾˣȻСڡšУȴǽɽԺһ㣬ǲҲ̶ã 
ӰӯϲƽЩڵҲֻз߷ߡ 
·˾һ㣬ڽһ죬ʱ̶һڵӿ̿ⶨ˲Ź棬 
ҽԼһЩʱڣƣ¶Ҫˣ 
زʣΪۻһ䣬˼Ժлȥ 
ȻһŲ˹ɽ̧׿ȥԭӯ̸ЦСӯĻɽһϲæӭȥ 
ҵСʦܣڷɲУĳЩ˿ңδӯЦ֮Ѵ˹Աߵķק֣´ֱĳʲô֮ 
ʦΥѽɽơ΢΢һɽһæ˵ 
ʵȥˣⲻմȥǵԺӣ֪ôˡǺǡɽڨЦһ 
𣿡ӯЦЦĿ 
Ȼô˵ٻɽ˲ͷ迴ȥ 
˫㣬ôҲˡʱӯͻȻһɽת׿ȥ˫ʱ䣬ӯ˫ԸϣȻ޻˵ĺѣӯԽơദ֮죬ɽҲȻ 
֨֨ʱСһһ´ӯմܵɽļϣСצӣ֨֨ƺϲ˫һ㣬 
˫ЦһװûôҾͲ𣡡 
ܣô᲻ܡӯЦתͷװģĸ̾һ 
ѽʲôʱҵСʦܳĿɽ΢⣬˫ҲһȻ 
˵ȥûˣŸϹġ 
ӯҲֲæมǺãȻˣǾһȥ¡ 
ѽɽæ˵ӯ˫ɽȥ谢ɽһۣ벽ȥ 
ϼѪȾ죬ϵƶ˹죬׳ۡ 
£ 
¶Ӱʯϣɽ˵ĵ΢΢һһ˿ȻԺָƽ 
СѾͷԤϵģ°ɽˣӯ˹ȥɽʦֻ𾴵ģ 
£ɽҲһЩ˰̾첻֮⣬Ҳһͬ飬ӯľٶΪѰζ 
ɽţת׳Աߵķ迴ȥ˳棬Ϧ£ 
һ㣬ʥ̳һʱ䣬ɵĿóˡ 
˫ңŷ·ߵգޱȵľ̾ǰֽǣʱõ⼸ķɣ˱һ·ԼӦһ㣬ȥѽ 
̾һɽЦźȻתͷͻȻɫһ˲ 
һƹâʧʣƵĺڰӿϣ˲û¶Ůӡ 
ˡƵ˴İɽ۾һ˿âٿȻȵȣ 
һ𣬰ɽվ֨ѽһֳſڡ 
iСôпǰôӰûһɽʵǿЦһ 
ⲻʦΥɽһϡû뵽Լõĵôͱˡ 
˰ɡɽûÿӣæ˵ 
ʦȥֻģǵڡ󡯡ҵˡ˵첽߿ 
ɽһִٵıӰɽһãЦһ׵鷿ȥ 
ԲˣصȣԶʯ˫Ӱ߳ 
ΰɣɽŶ룬 
ʦɽҾ񻽵 
ãˡ˵ɽ̧ͷȥԭӯڡɻ󣬲ɵĿ衣軺ҡҡͷ֤ҲǸձʲô֪ 
ʱ׿ˣϴηս֮ǰȻɽȡԷ⡣׵Ŀɽһ˿ǫ⣬ִӻóһľϻ 
ɽȥһȻľƳɵľϻǰһȻһ壬һɡ 
ҲɻĶľϻ΢΢һЦϻǽҿóһɫ 
Ļɽһ΢Цһ 
ĻһĻав֮ãɽᵽ˷쳣ʱ֮㣬ʩ֮˵ķǿҶ뻹δܳɹȴǶ಻ʤһ˶Ϸ֮ãԸһɽɵľ 
׽ͷĲ˩ָһĻɵգһɫ⣬γһͼ 
ǹ׻֮£ӯ˹ȥ΢һɣҲȥ 
ɽＤѣȻ֪ʦѲ˿ˣһΣҲӦΡ 
һȥһɽͼ 
ӯ˵ɽȥȻɫĹâŤŤɫĺӴƽ 
ɽָһƬɽе߷˵ɽǷȥȻƬӰӳģġơƬɽƻԭϱУ߻ģνǶ֮ʺ֮Ųԡ 
£ӯԴ˷ܵ˵ 
Ǹ콣ʲôطӯͼбȥ 
ˡ΢Цһ 
ʱ콣Żûڡ 
˵ںɽĺ鴨֮΢΢һŽָź鴨εһӴ 
콣Ȼʮ֮ãʵȴǳġ˵һ١ 
콣һûСɵĵӣɽʱ;鴨żȻõһʲôаܣŻ콣ţƾȻǰǿʢ 
ɣӯ˵ҿԸֵ꣬ɽҲֻƷôַ֮򣡡 
˵Ҷףˣ٣֮ʾˡȻܽȫ˵ 
常˵˵ 
ҷɽɣָסƲԶһɽ 
ףôиαǡɽüͷָ谴סĿһС顣Ȼƿ֣ 
ѽӯһ˹ȥ 
ָڵͼرȽţҲһ˿죬 
¡˵ 
£ͬʱɽҳ򣬻Ǹλã 
ѵʲôǵ£˵ 
治Ǿ޶𣿡ӯ۾ 
ѵʦָµףҲΪȣӦǰɣǿľָŵͼĽϡ 
ϦΣʳ̶˫ʯضĳ󣬻Ϊġ 
ǰɷ֮е֮Ҫ漸Ҫµµȥˡƶ˵ 
ʦΣʵ׻һ 
һ磬Ǽһͬȥһ̽谢ɽ˶һۣ˵ǡ 
ҲŵܴӴ˸ıɣתĿŰеġĻ



ʮ 

       峿ƻãɽԶĵƽϷһ˿ɵĹΣ 
ǬȻظա 
£׸ֶķһ˿ĳ촵׵ĳȻס 
վӯᲦŪСҵë۾ʱʱһԹ࣬ 
ɽǾװڣ͸Ӣ񲪡 
ԾɻɵһƬǰȻҪŨ֣żȻᵴ𼸸ֱɭɭǣ 
׾վţ·һʯһ㣬 
.һƽâִأеĻһ󷭹 
һ㣬ӿȻǰ׳ۣ׳ѽ 
ӯ۾¸ĸС᲻ϲ˫ 
ɽҲ겻ѣǰֻ֪յľû뵽ճʱҲдһҲ΢΢ݣ 
˵ľάֲ꣬ƽԭŨҵɰɫ 
ˣȥˡһһɨһտɫɽƾճ֣һݣȵ棬 
ˡ˵зһ䣬һ·һԲ⻤֣½ȥ 
ɽ˷׷׼ 
֨֨ʱСͻȻһԾݵɽļͷͷֻ͵Ĵһ㵭Ľ߳ۿ 
ˡɽЦһħ黺½ȥ 
ԡڳµ譲Ӷಡһ죬һӰݶŲӰֳ˫Ӱ 
ĿŰɵ¾˫ɫͻȻ·ʲôһ㣬 
׳ԶɭһŹֵƣһΣһѱɫĶУ 
ӨתâǣǾµĶ̱ϺȻӬ׭С֣ն˼ǵŵն˼ذ˫Ϊ¶㽫ۣ 
΢һ˼ն˼Ͷãã 
ͷϻ֮أ߿ĸصںϿգϦæµڷֵϣһƬгȻ 
ǰ֮ҵʧշڣٴͳƺ塣ɽ֮еʮҲƽûԽ׳ذ벽 
µļ̨֮һλ긺ֶڵķӭĵһֿŲȴһ˿صĸо 
Ļľվ󣬡֪뻽ǰкҪ¡ľʵ񣬿ǰѾָˡ 
ڻ˺صʮʿ֮һʱҴϲ٣ԺǽҰɡת˵ 
ľһ࣬ɣְ֮ӦľǶԱǵõı𡣡 
˵ľ΢΢ؼ֡ 
ڻвҵת˵ľƬ˵ 
ֻһ² 
˵ 
ഫطͨ񳹵أǰ˻Ļǲ壬Ϊ˲񡣡ľʵ 
Ŀһۣ 
ȷ壬Ҳһȱݡһعͷųϼƶ䣬΢΢Щɣ 
รľһǡҪʣȻⲻԼƾģͣס 
ΨһĳϣЩ飬Ӧ֪ҵƮľһ촽˶û˵ѾһС 
ܵأ֮ŭ߶صһֻص˼ 
˵һ١ 
սһȫɱȴ޷֤Լ񲻱꼰˵΢΢һ̾ 
ľ𣬡ѵûбİ취𣿡 
Сҿ϶˵ 
׷ֺףħסܵأܻ֮ʱƿأֻǸոܻ׶ѡ̾һ 
ħأľʵ 
Ҳ٣Ӧòüͷ塣һת 
ҽΪ֮ҲǴйϵľһ㵡 
ʾ 
תͷо˸ 
֪ڤʯľɫһ䣬˵ 
жţһѰҴǺãȴǲ֪ĳ̶ȣӦòͬѰ 
ҵͷ˵̫׽˻ĻӡڰУΪ۷ٻĲ֮ʧ֮ܵҲδмأŶ֮еǴѾ٣ԡ 
Ŀ⾼Ŀźľ 
ѵڤʯйأľ˼ʵ 
˵ 
ȻҲС򲻵ѶȻʩչһȴΪʣµģֻСˡ˵һ١ȻЦһ 
ֻ֪һȴ֪ϹʱȱѰһʯôϣ޻ʱػԷһȻΪһ󡣵ڤʯ֪ΪѶȫޡʵΪ󡣡 
ҽɫԺľ˵Ȼ˶࣬ΪҲմȾѪȣҲɽصֻлˣ˴ұϣܹȥһ⣬ٵڤʯع壬񡣡 
ľһ࣬ǡ 
ãСġţ˵׹һľһӣͻȻһɻĿ꣬ 
תȥŰɣʱô͵͵Ʈ˳ 
Ϧţһ˿ʧʱҹִء 



ʮ 

       ǧӰ 
һʲô磬ΧǰɵһƬ,Ŀֻߣһ㡣Ϣ 
Ѿ¼ʮɣȻȵףɽﲻɵЩţɫĻʱʱĴ΢˻˻Χʴ죬 
ۿȥã֮г֮⣬żȻҲγһССУ˹ûһ 
ɽ˶Ա߿ȥƮɣüͷɽĿʱչüü΢΢һЦ 
ɽһȣʱоȴɾģӲɵĳ˿˿ָĬĬ 
£Χ¶Ҳ֮ͣٴ伸ʮɣΧ¶Ѿ亮ˣ 
׼Ҳòķ 
Сˡ׵Ȼ· 
ɽͻ۾һΧȻһ˿̧׿ȥɵᷭ 
·һ֮һ㣬 
ڵµˣɽһ 
ۣԱߺȻһɽæתͷӳһԲɫˮ̶﷽Բʮɣ 
̶ˮƽвٷʯµӳò롣̶ˮһ˿һտ䣬ؾԣ 
ʱӯ˷ܵĴЩʯͷ 
֨֨С԰ɽļһԾ£ܵܵӯԣСצӲʱĿŪŷʯͷ 
֨֨Ľиͣ 
ʦΧһۿɼ쳣֮ҵǿ̶йŹ֡ɽߵ˵ 
̶Ӧָľˮ̶ˡĻ϶˵ʱ 
ЦӯͻȻһʹ׼˼æ߹ȥԭӯڿŪСʯʱָСĴˮ 
䡣ӯһָâһոı㱻ɣָɱɺͨͨģ 
ʲôˮȻ˱ӯµʵ 
ɽҲǾȲѣ׳Ƭ˵ 
ǧ֮ɵˮ 
ʲôˮɽʵ 
ˮڳǰˮ׻˵ 
ˮˮ辪˵ 
Ӧеġ˵һҲٹǧȥˡ 
ô죿ӯüͷʵɫòһ 
Ȼˣ͵ȥһ֮̽ʦ϶ǼȻľϻӾҪŽ⿪ת׶ӯ˵ 
˷ȥޱȣ㷨ԵͣȺɡ 
Сӯæ˵ 
ҵǣͬǰԱ㲻ѽСѾͷ˵ۿ΢΢ˣ 
һ˵ʵһģµͷ˵ 
Ǻãʱм䣬²ɻҡ˵һӣһĻӰͻȻɽȥ 
ӯҸȻһɫ񲼣ȻǡĻԷģ˵ 
ˣעˣ˴ȥޱȣһв̺󳷣عˡ 
һв⣬Ӧ 
ǡȴ֪Ҳìܲѣ˷Ǵһ˽ĵģв⵱ȻҪ£ԼֺγΪš 
̾Ϣһٴγܹ⣬̶Ʈȥ 
һǱ룬Χѹɽоȣзһ䣬ħһ 
˿˿⴩͸ˮ֮ɼһ㣬 
֨֨ϵСͻȻŲŲӣ 
¡ɽ΢Ц˵ڿ̿ϰ֮ĵѷϦ̬֮оϴʦ֣ӦҲʤ֮֡ 
ڵİˮ֮Ź⻪½ΧһƬޣ̬֮ 
֪˶ãȺ̶ף̩ȻѹӿǰɽҲ亹ʪ 
ӯѶ׵Ļ֮УɫģɫЩ΢΢Ĳ԰ףɽһæĻ֮У 
Ԫ΢΢һ΢׵ϵһ˿ůΣ 
иʯһƵȻһ˿΢Цվһɸߵʯǰɽƣ 
ɽ΢΢ʦȻһ̹ȻȻ˲٣ʶǣŷ˹ȥ΢һŪ㴦Ȼˡ 
һȻʯΧʯͷɫ̬죬һκ˷Χѹڼᣬ 
һ΢΢бϵʯҲ𰸾ںڰĲԶ׵ɫأ 
аĻһ䣬ɫĹâӨ֮ɫԶһ·һַ»ںҹ֮С 
ɽһĽѣǡеġůиɻѽ 
ͻȻ׵һϣ˿һԭѵ˾ͷһɫʯڵסȥ· 
ʱΧѹ΢̧ףһ˿ 
Сģˡת׿˼һۣâһգٿӥ㣬ֱϣ 
ɽæϣ죬ڰӰվʵأĹâǿʢΧĺڰ׷˱ܣ 
һޱȵʯΧʯʯľͷһȶĺΰţ֮һƽʯأͷʯβɢ䲻ͬ 
ʯ֮һȾΧʯڻǹ⻬ƽǵ׭֮ӭ 
һʯ۽߷ֿ·۵һ㣬˻߽ 
̤ƽʯأΧ·΢΢һſ壬֮̾ɫʯͷøƽأŭۣ 
Ӿһ𣬲ɵͬʱ˺һ 
񹤣ǹ񹤡˵ɽҲ 
һ׶˶ 
ܼۣǲԩ̧׿ȥ֮󣬺ڰ̾ᣬʲﲻ 
֨֨ʱӺȻСצӳͷŭһ԰ɽļͷݶ£ڿлһӰŴŷɿȥ 
ɽȻعҪƺȣͻȻ䶸ͷ֮ϣֻĿȻһɺѪ˸䣬 
ĵâͬʱֱȡСң 
СġɽæȵСǲǳâϮӼæŲƿ 
䡣һը죬ʱ̳ʯм׷ɡƽ֮ϱըһĴӣ 
Ӵŭ֨֨ͷצӣһģȻմ 
žžһ죬 
໡Хֻ۾âš 
ʱһ죬̾ʯͻȻһ֮ƬһĪѹ 
Ҫʧ󺰣ɽһһѱסҪСңٵ˻ 
صĺһɽԾɡ顱ҵ 
һʱʯٴλָƽɺʧ 
Ϲ׺Ȼ˵û뵽ѽȻ̧ͷͷѱ䣬 
̾һС˵Ϲޣ˴ȴ֮ﶨʱðȻӲ̫ѽŻ׿Ŵݷĺڰ 
ѵҪֹڴ𣿡ŵʧ䣬ЩĲʡ 



ʮһ ڤʯ

       ѵҪֹڴ𣿡׵ŵʧ䣬ЩĲʡ а취ġ˵ٴĻ֮ϵ˫ʯضĳ󣬻Ϊġ 
һһ˿ʣ׷۳ʯΧɨȥͻȻ·𿴵ʲô۾һ 
̧ױȥɽȥԭĽİڷżԲβݵ棬֪Ǻá 
ףӯùеһŲݵشš 
ǰõšɽһ¿϶˵ǰڼʱҲùȻʶ 
·ҲЩʲôɵ迴ȥɽѯʵĿ⣬ס 
𣿲ðѽüͷ˵ 
޷֮ԶǳâϮҲɴݶˡ˵ 
ãص̾Ϣһ 
ðɣ治УҲˣǿ󲻵á 
ĻȻ֪常룬һ̧ȥ 
ʮ֮ʱڰյɺٴ 
һϣŬƽ飬ͷȻһЦ 
ɽסħ飬ĿĶŸ߰סȷ軹Ҫż֡ 
费ŷڵϣȹڣӯӯĹȥ˫ֺʲȥ 
ȻɺĿת֮ɫͬʱ֮ںȻһ̡죬 
޴ĻͻȻǸ嫵ͨ 
ṣ̣̣̌ƵϣĻȼ޴ĻԶٹ 
ͨʱƻͨ˳ɼ 
ȴͣڴ֮⣬˹ҲȻ 
ã 
׳˵ 
ȥɡ˵ȳȥվ΢һ˼˲һ֮ȥ 
һ̤ţΧƺȻһ䣬֮ʧȡ֮ǺȻ 
һɰɫʯɵĿߵʯܲвĻͼԾ׾ת 
էһȥףϸϸ۲췽žνǷ˼ 
棬ɸ֮һԲξ޴Ļ裬ܴڶ˺澿ʲô 
֨֨СһȥʯںĿţʱСצӵǿĵúܣ 
ﵽʲôôǰδšüͷ߿ͼš 
ȷЩڻ׭δأ֮󣬹Ȼ治ѽ˵˵ 
Ҫˣȥǰ浽Ǻʱÿ䡣ɽ˷׷ջĿ⣬ 
常˵Ĳͬؾû֪һ̻ᷢʲô£ɽҲ飬 
ʱҲ˹СɵһԾӯСХ˼бȥ 
Χٺ˵Ļ裬ﶼڰԴ˼ 
Զǰ棬ʲôھĵȴǡ 
֪˶ã˼ʱǰͻȻͣסӡ 
ڵˣɽ輸ǰȥǰľɫ΢΢һ䡣 
һʯңԲʯԣʯ֮䶼ڷһʯʯ̬죬˫ۼͷ˫ǣȵȵȵȣϸ֮£һ֮ȫڣԼ𣬿аȴаȻ֮ 
Щʯһʶ棬һʰ֮еļ̨˷̨֮ȴһɫ⣬ 
ö󴫳Ƣȴ޷֮ 
ʲôôûɽĿٴٹʯ񡣷弸Ҳʣһͬף 
һ֮ʶȻҪĶࡣעҪʧˡҡҡͷΪʦϴδ֮ų̾һһҲñ˷֡ 
Ϊʲôɽʵż̨˵ 
ӦϹŴĺۼӦԶ˯صףѱǻѣǱѽǸǻʱ˵ͻȻˡ 
ʦصģ󣬵δֳֻػȵԵ˵ɣΪҵ뿴澿Ϊ 
΢΢һ㵣Ȼ˵ҲֻˣȡãȻֻкػĪ֮ѡ 
֨֨СͻȻһֻ۵һת 
ಣһӯĻд䣬һĳڵʯȥӯһЩʯٴâæܹȥƤСӲק˻ 
Сĳ̨ȥɽ۾ĴЩ֪ʯ񣬻еͻȻһ 
ȴδ⣬ǲС·֮ʱ˶δһâʮʯһһճ 
վڼ̨̨׵· 
Ȼûɵһˬƺܸоĵ˿˿ĸо 
Ũ辪ȵδţ˫۽Ķż̨֮ϵ⡣ 
ɽ̧׿ȥ֮£ģܹһʯԡУ˶òȴ 
̧ţ̤һ̨סڽŲʱȻһϣһ˿ʧ䣬 
ûջؽŲǴŵң»һտɫȻֽŵףݺݳʯѹȥ 
䣬һ죬׵һΣͰɽæסۿȥʯ֮˿ 
ǲСʧ˵ 
ʱԱߵСҵͻȻһ⡣ӯɵľһɽܹȥһɫ䣬ֻСʹ֮ɫҧá죬 
һŽâӰݣɽһѱСң 
ôˣСңôˣɽʵֻۣһâ 
䣬Ҷըһ󶴣ʱɽͻȻоСҵķ̣ϵĺҲԽԽŨ 
໡һХһ˽ɽƿɡžžһ죬СҵǴĻëһֱɫɭɭ̽ 
໡֮ϣ޴ĺϺâţХ֮˶Ĥ׵ҲɵڶŶܡ 
һɫâԾԳֱ֮嶥̨֮ϵǵңӦ֮ 
ڴʱԳУһöķ͸Сʯתŷ˳ 



ʮ Ϯ

       УһöСͷķСʯ˳Χĺâһ糤ˮһСʯӿȥ 
ֹͣǿһգ 
æȥܹ⣬֨֨СҵĽʱȥ 
Ȼָֻ̬۵һת鶯Ȼ·ղŵһֻǻþһ㡣 
ɽ첽ܹȥһѱСңŵƣҿʱͷһ 
ˡ 
סʲôӯߵСҸղŴĵطʰһ龫µ͸ʯҴš 
ɽ˿˹ȥһãȻ֮ɫɻŽ˹ҹ۲Ƭ̣˵ 
ʯͷʵشδʮ㣬ӦϺõķϣΪʲô䲻أ 
תĿ⿴СһۣŸ 
֨֨ѰɽֱۣڵϻצӣʱָԼСڣˮ״ʱһЩֵĶ 
һʽǰ˻һһ㶵ġ냺׳ɽʵ 
˵ʲôҲͬʱͶɻ񣬰ɽͷƤһ飬ЦһСĵ˵˵ʯͷ³ģ 
أ迴Żëӻڱıʵ 
Сɽ˲ͷԽһ̯ʱû 
ʱӯͻȻ˹˵һֻ񣬻һߡ 
֨֨֨֨ذͷһţһĵͷȻӾ͵һģɿĴܵӯĻ 
ͷɽۣղŵıʮֲ 
ɽ˶ûעһʱҲͷ³ 
ˣҵԵǿ󲻵ãʵ䷴˵һ٣ 
ܾˣµӿˣЩȥɡȻвʣҲð취Χż̨۲һʱȷ޻غ 
һתȥӯЦϿĲѣǿ龫͸СʯطСŮԣ 
ɵԽԽϲȻ·뵽ʲôȡңȡһ±֯һף 
ٽķСʯڻм䣬ڰĲϣСʯ·˿˿һ㡣 
ˬڱջľˡ 
֮ͨͣ£̧ӣͷѱ 
߰ɡкһת 
ȻΧһɽת׿ȥӵĻϨ𡣾֮ڣڰݷţƵĺˮȴűһ졣 
ת¼ܹ⣬ͨһˮ֮С 
꣬ѹ̧ȥ΢Ĺˣ 
֨֨СҺȻ̧ͷֻ۷һ΢Ľâ·͸ˮֱ 
ôˣСңӯḧźĻëʵ֨֨СҲŲŲӣ 
дһ˿ɣһ˿ǡ 
ǺǣòǶӶ˰ɡӯЦ˵СʯͷԾǵӰȥ 
죬վԹı̶ԱߡȻûеõʲô챦ʶģȴǰδеĶ 
ջ񲻴ʵǳЩʯͼ񣬾˼ˡ 
ᷭĻҰипڰɽЩɽʱδ漰ʦ˵ϹĹż 
ʯϵĸ׭һһԺȻ֣Щ˼Լ֮ͨ 
ϸϸһĥ·Ǹأţ༰ˣȥɡ˻ηԴһ 
ƱǼ䣬ֵĿ˹ɽһȣʳ֪ζǣסϸС֣һɨ⡣ 
ĿԣУνӶֻ࣬һ 
ʱ׵˹ˣȥɣ˵żܹɵ֮У 
񽣣âٸȥӯǼɽ軹ŲʱɵһŻЦʧ֮С 
ķ˰ɽһۣɳǵӰգɽץץԴ׷ȥ 
ɵ޴ڣһѹֵ磬ԵǵٻӰһУ·ɫͷһ 
ʱ䣬ʡ֪˶á 
֨֨ٴһԵĽӯﰵģΧȥ 
ǻȻһɫֻе缸˵ĺӰβࡣʲôѽüͷɽȥ 
ѾͷɽͣסʵȻŸղŵ׽Ūӯһ˵ 
ʦ㲻ƽϣʵ 
㿴Сôˡ 
֨֨ӡಡһܵɽϣֻ۽âţͷ治εĻצӣ 
ʧķ 
ɽͷһ˵ 
ãܳˡӯһ㶣ڴʱƺȴ׵ŭ 
ȥɽкһȫħϳȥ 
߳ԶͻȻ洫ɽæתͷֻӰѸٵĽӽӯ 
ѣֻõת֪ԼһתӣͻȻƿ֮зһ䣬ɫ⵲ 
䣬䣬䡱ը죬һɾȻѹɽɵǰɳɣŻ 
һվٿһתӰĬĬվڲԶʮ֮ 
û뵽ССžȻĵӣʧѽмΪһɭȻ˵ȻɽܽһԾС 
ħ̡ɽҧ˵ 
䡭ͻȻը룬ɽһٲ໰ħֱȥ 
ڰգħţΧ׷ɢͻȻһգһöνǰɽһ 
УνƿһļХһ˷ײȥ 
һ󷭹һѺֱðĶ̽ǰ 
䣬һ죬һƺߣһѪ罫ҡҡλεĳȥ 
мΪĿһһα㽫֮˷סɽŲͣȥȴǽ֡ 
Ϊ󣬻һԼӦػŮӣղСССԵһ 
Ȼ󣬵Ԫ֮죬ԾѣԷʶɽ 
ױߵĺǵѡ񲻴âһ䰵ɫ쵶Һâ㡣 
ɽһʱҲ޺ð취ȻԷƵˣʱȴֺãƫƫԼȥʱָǶʮʵͷʹɽ󼱣˼ת 
Ȼһҧһѽסħ飬зգɢĺâٴγһ£ 
һɫ䣬Ҫתӱܣ֪ΧѾνԼȻǱս֮֡ 
ɫҰףȻ·ʲôһ㣬ȻǰķһѪһХơ 
һѪתĵ˲γɣӭֱײȥһʱƾȻ䣬 
䡣һ죬Χһĵɵ˽ɽƳʮɷͣס 
Ҳɴˣ˸ˣĺػȻ䣬ɽٲתȥ 
ȻһӰ߼ײɽһħײȥ䡣һ졣 
Ӱܲݰȥɽһ㶣ſǺӰԼһ˵ˣʱɫµӣײʱȥ֮ˣĵһ 
ڴʱһϢĴӱϮ֨֨СҼһһƳâ䡯һը졣 
ɽһģ˳ԶվΪ׵ĺЦվԶߣħ˾ħˣսթ˵ȻԼͬҲŹ˵оֱ硣ɽЦӰ 
ղת֮ѿӯܹǿӦҲżԻָƽϣ 
֪Ϊֵĺ۹һ۱㿴ɽԪ̵ľ̬οһʼλĶԷᱻ 
Цһʹˣʥ壬ⲻǱˡ 
˵żһֱðĳе͵͵߶ɬΧȻһԭɵ·ԽŨˣ֮էȻΧʱе̹֮УһҺ֮ʱƽлɽ˵ɥȴǳԾС 
˱ȸղŶ˵ĵи߳٣æ񣬴߶еԪħ龯Ľ䱸ţʱһ󷭹 
һâԺдܳɽɿĴȥɽĿһһУһɫǿǰһ֮ 
ͣһ죬âһҺûһӵףʹдһ˿ȻΪޣš 
ףһ㶣ɫһ䡣ЩĹ彣âӲױ𣬵񲻽ҶԷ˿Ӱ졣ľǴδйģҲԳˡ 
ڰɽȴȻɽᵽħа;ħаʥҲжãзħ֮ܣ 
а;кκɽȴû˵Ҳ֪ɡɽﰵ룬 
ҵѻعֻһзãǰĺһӿಡ 
âͻܶХųɽ彫ȥɽǴ󶨣ֽСУ˵Сˣ 
ŽӯȥӯһҲ֧׾ˣһ̧֨֨׿ȥɵľһСӡ 
ڵĹ꣬ɽȻ壬ħãΧγһԲλ֣ײâΪз׷ţ 
ʱԱ߲Զһ߸˺ӵİΧ˵ĺ˺ܿ챻µס 
ɽһϲ޵ǣħʹɫͻȻһգźţһ˿Ԫ˺ȥ 
һһϲȵľһ̣ȴװ֮״ǰֱðķɽӭȥ 
ֻһһƺΧ֮УǸںڽ֮ϵ˷·𱻳ȥһ㣬ħײȥ 
䡣һը죬ɽҡ˳һɿ⣬ˡǰĺڽȥ 
ɽϲ֮ºһת׿ȥԦ߸ɵ¶һ˿΢Ц 
̧ͷ˵֪ʦôˣȻ뵽ԼڶѱˣôʲôʦʦֵĵжԼ 
ŲҡͷʧЦ 
ͻȻһСġȻɽһȻһƿա 
һ亮֮Ϯһ΢Ļܣתӳ 
ͣһ죬Ӧ飬ڵصɽؿϡ 
ˣһѪ˺죬ǰ·飬ӰһԲ̻ 



ʮ 

       ӰһԲ̻¼䣬¶ϲһѽסʱͻȻӰ 
ͣΪ׵ߣ˵ʲô 
߰ɽȫ亮ĴܣȻˣڰ˼Ѫ֪ԣ 
ɽشļ٣ӯæİɽ׷ȥʮ֮ʱס 
ôˣ㲻ҪѽɽؿǵڵӡմѪ۵ӣ˵ 
ȫӲİɽ޷˵ֻǿ۾ʱյķħȻһů⡣ 
ɽͷһ壬ҡվ 
ǡ̡˵۾ĶסԶĺˣ 
ɽ˫һȻЦһ 
㲻ˡ˵ŽһӣԵĶ˿ٳ˹д󼱣ʱŲӣ 
ˣƻϳһߵȻ˵ֺ֧ܿ׾ 
ҧ뵽ⱬǣʱˣ 
Ϣɽ΢Щת 
תͷԼĵӣᶨһЦʱҪʱ䣬ϾǷɽ뵽 
ڴʱӯȻ˹еһˣٸѹ⵹ת֮䣬 
Ϊ׵Ǹ˿ȥȴʲôûСһͻȻһЦ 
ȥɡٻףǱ֮ǰµĺڽڹðХųɽȥȫȻ֪ 
Ҫ輱һӰͻɽֻһĺϣ 
̧ͷǻ׽ǰһ˿΢Цһ˿Ȼ 
飬һ졣˵Ӽ½ˡһѪס硣Ҳģ˫ۣ 
˻һ 
Թ޳ӯȫĵ׳Ѿ˿Ķħ䣬쳤Х 
ħһХѪâǣɱֱ֮Χ˷׷ͣס֣ĿǸ״ӣ 
αȻɢֳεա 
𡣡һͺͻȻһǰȻѪӰһֻ顣һȻײ±ڣʽѻˣ 
һ˻վӯԶǸڷ㶵ĺ˲䱻ħѪâס 
عģֻŤԼʹӣ 
͡˻죬εħ˺ƬѪ 
ӯһתסС첻ͣŻ 
ʱɽĿŤѪ죬ѪȫֱӵĶ 
Ϊ׵ĺһȻعһڣȫȥߵһĺɱ״ɽ׷ϣ 
ڷħ֮£Ļ䡣 
ɽͺȥ׷ʱȻһȡס֡ɽһãȻ̧˫Ѫ˫ۣȥ˼ӿȻһת˹ȥ 
УǵŵӰߵķȻ䡣ȻһȰӰӹӶ 
౧Űɽߵǰʦ޾ɭȻ֮ 
ײ׿һ£ͷһȻȥɣ 
ޱߺڰ֮У־סʲôĵźǵɫٻӰƮǰһ˿΢Ц 
ȴͻȻŤЩԼħµĹ꣬Х׹ǣޱߵãȻ̧ͷһ͵͵ƶϣɣٰɣԼֻſЩ̹֮ʹҲֻſ 
վǰһ̤ޱߵĺڰС 
ɽǰѷȻ³˱̵ݣɽ紵Ӱҡ꣬ɽдеɽͷ֮һ 
ɽ֮ʱƵĻʯһĵӽæµȻĹڣȴѱɰˣ 
ȻӰɿЩӷ׷ױʩЩδͣЪʯȥ 
ĵϰΪȺߺ󣬸ʲôļʲôȻһƿգһâ˲估âһɢ 
ֳһǹĹĵ֪װк 
ڵһٴʩ񣬿йĻߺá 
ȻãЦ˵ 
λˡ˵ջн׳ꡮġȥǼȸֱ£ɫ˲Ұס 
г죬ЦųʯȥǵΧһȺӼƤֱ 
ʯڣ䣬ǽֶһ˹Ĵվں棬˺Ȼ͵Ϯһ˵ȵĺˣ 
ãǽʵ 
˫ϻ𣿡 
ǣС˵òȡášΣʱ˳ǰĸ׷ˡ˻ص 
ǽ̾һôĹִһת 
Ǵ˴ж̫ðʧԹδɢһɣ֪СΪдһߣ 
²֪˹Сֻҵ£Ĳδ˵ֻСĿһȥѰСнǾһʹӷϵһ 
ɽǽͫһתǿɷɹ 
˵ͷҲ˵ŴӻóһŻҲסӲ˫У 
ǽӹͻȻоâһ 
ˣȥС㣬½СġһвԣȲϧκδ̻ƽ 
ǡ˳Ӧ 
ǽĿǰĻҲʱֽҲĻ⿪ 
ůɢһԲ̳ǰԾ̻ܲ׭Сתѭĳֹ켣£ȴδйײ 
г֮·ңӦ˷󺣵ˣ½棬 
ǽɣȻԱߴһšǽһȻͷһ 
ʦʶһӰ֪ʱվԣδǵвʦĺӰ˵ 
ǽȻ̾ȻشﲩȻܳ˵˵治֪Ǵ˵еǺεȷɡ֮һ˿ڴһ˿ȡ 
ʦĿǰһۣٴνĿͶԲ̣һ˿ͬ 
סĵط𣿡һصʯѷǽ 
ôʲôһӣ¡һűߵʯըɷ飬м 
ȿȿȣϹĸҹȥѽɲŷһ䲻СʯңΧǽǵʯҵɾֻſڵǼʯͨĵӻδò 
ϵڵϣһΧ˵ 
治֪ĹôŪôĶġ 
ߣǻǰ֮¡˵ʵ 
ֳȥ°ˣ 
·ʲô˷ܣ 
ʮһʮ֮ʮɷħ󣬽ʱֵܿĿ¾ֻɽˡ˵ձЦ 
ߣ°ЩʿС㣬ͲˡЦһϣ 
°ĵȷǵе΢ŮӣΪвŮһ㶼ǳȺߣҲһɷۣõļ˵ 
ߣҲܽЩǸʰ 
รϻ˭Ǹͷϼ򵥵ĴӸһġѵõĵ٩ 
ԭϴħ֮սʯͷֶԻħʱһʯͷ˼޴󰭣ȴΪܴ裬ҵ˵һзβŭ 
պһ 
ãӰһΣһâȥԤϣâһΧĺڰ֮У̵Ľ谭ڸղôĵط䡱һը죬ոõʯǽըһ 
Ժÿ޺޵˵һתȻһɵĻмƮɢ 
⵹ӳԻ谵ʯڡ˿˿Ϯ͸תԼĿȥ 
£һģӰһ֮ϡ 



ʮ 

       ӰһԲ̻¼䣬¶ϲһѽסʱͻȻӰ 
ͣΪ׵ߣ˵ʲô 
߰ɽȫ亮ĴܣȻˣڰ˼Ѫ֪ԣ 
ɽشļ٣ӯæİɽ׷ȥʮ֮ʱס 
ôˣ㲻ҪѽɽؿǵڵӡմѪ۵ӣ˵ 
ȫӲİɽ޷˵ֻǿ۾ʱյķħȻһů⡣ 
ɽͷһ壬ҡվ 
ǡ̡˵۾ĶסԶĺˣ 
ɽ˫һȻЦһ 
㲻ˡ˵ŽһӣԵĶ˿ٳ˹д󼱣ʱŲӣ 
ˣƻϳһߵȻ˵ֺ֧ܿ׾ 
ҧ뵽ⱬǣʱˣ 
Ϣɽ΢Щת 
תͷԼĵӣᶨһЦʱҪʱ䣬ϾǷɽ뵽 
ڴʱӯȻ˹еһˣٸѹ⵹ת֮䣬 
Ϊ׵Ǹ˿ȥȴʲôûСһͻȻһЦ 
ȥɡٻףǱ֮ǰµĺڽڹðХųɽȥȫȻ֪ 
Ҫ輱һӰͻɽֻһĺϣ 
̧ͷǻ׽ǰһ˿΢Цһ˿Ȼ 
飬һ졣˵Ӽ½ˡһѪס硣Ҳģ˫ۣ 
˻һ 
Թ޳ӯȫĵ׳Ѿ˿Ķħ䣬쳤Х 
ħһХѪâǣɱֱ֮Χ˷׷ͣס֣ĿǸ״ӣ 
αȻɢֳεա 
𡣡һͺͻȻһǰȻѪӰһֻ顣һȻײ±ڣʽѻˣ 
һ˻վӯԶǸڷ㶵ĺ˲䱻ħѪâס 
عģֻŤԼʹӣ 
͡˻죬εħ˺ƬѪ 
ӯһתסС첻ͣŻ 
ʱɽĿŤѪ죬ѪȫֱӵĶ 
Ϊ׵ĺһȻعһڣȫȥߵһĺɱ״ɽ׷ϣ 
ڷħ֮£Ļ䡣 
ɽͺȥ׷ʱȻһȡס֡ɽһãȻ̧˫Ѫ˫ۣȥ˼ӿȻһת˹ȥ 
УǵŵӰߵķȻ䡣ȻһȰӰӹӶ 
౧Űɽߵǰʦ޾ɭȻ֮ 
ײ׿һ£ͷһȻȥɣ 
ޱߺڰ֮У־סʲôĵźǵɫٻӰƮǰһ˿΢Ц 
ȴͻȻŤЩԼħµĹ꣬Х׹ǣޱߵãȻ̧ͷһ͵͵ƶϣɣٰɣԼֻſЩ̹֮ʹҲֻſ 
վǰһ̤ޱߵĺڰС 
ɽǰѷȻ³˱̵ݣɽ紵Ӱҡ꣬ɽдеɽͷ֮һ 
ɽ֮ʱƵĻʯһĵӽæµȻĹڣȴѱɰˣ 
ȻӰɿЩӷ׷ױʩЩδͣЪʯȥ 
ĵϰΪȺߺ󣬸ʲôļʲôȻһƿգһâ˲估âһɢ 
ֳһǹĹĵ֪װк 
ڵһٴʩ񣬿йĻߺá 
ȻãЦ˵ 
λˡ˵ջн׳ꡮġȥǼȸֱ£ɫ˲Ұס 
г죬ЦųʯȥǵΧһȺӼƤֱ 
ʯڣ䣬ǽֶһ˹Ĵվں棬˺Ȼ͵Ϯһ˵ȵĺˣ 
ãǽʵ 
˫ϻ𣿡 
ǣС˵òȡášΣʱ˳ǰĸ׷ˡ˻ص 
ǽ̾һôĹִһת 
Ǵ˴ж̫ðʧԹδɢһɣ֪СΪдһߣ 
²֪˹Сֻҵ£Ĳδ˵ֻСĿһȥѰСнǾһʹӷϵһ 
ɽǽͫһתǿɷɹ 
˵ͷҲ˵ŴӻóһŻҲסӲ˫У 
ǽӹͻȻоâһ 
ˣȥС㣬½СġһвԣȲϧκδ̻ƽ 
ǡ˳Ӧ 
ǽĿǰĻҲʱֽҲĻ⿪ 
ůɢһԲ̳ǰԾ̻ܲ׭Сתѭĳֹ켣£ȴδйײ 
г֮·ңӦ˷󺣵ˣ½棬 
ǽɣȻԱߴһšǽһȻͷһ 
ʦʶһӰ֪ʱվԣδǵвʦĺӰ˵ 
ǽȻ̾ȻشﲩȻܳ˵˵治֪Ǵ˵еǺεȷɡ֮һ˿ڴһ˿ȡ 
ʦĿǰһۣٴνĿͶԲ̣һ˿ͬ 
סĵط𣿡һصʯѷǽ 
ôʲôһӣ¡һűߵʯըɷ飬м 
ȿȿȣϹĸҹȥѽɲŷһ䲻СʯңΧǽǵʯҵɾֻſڵǼʯͨĵӻδò 
ϵڵϣһΧ˵ 
治֪ĹôŪôĶġ 
ߣǻǰ֮¡˵ʵ 
ֳȥ°ˣ 
·ʲô˷ܣ 
ʮһʮ֮ʮɷħ󣬽ʱֵܿĿ¾ֻɽˡ˵ձЦ 
ߣ°ЩʿС㣬ͲˡЦһϣ 
°ĵȷǵе΢ŮӣΪвŮһ㶼ǳȺߣҲһɷۣõļ˵ 
ߣҲܽЩǸʰ 
รϻ˭Ǹͷϼ򵥵ĴӸһġѵõĵ٩ 
ԭϴħ֮սʯͷֶԻħʱһʯͷ˼޴󰭣ȴΪܴ裬ҵ˵һзβŭ 
պһ 
ãӰһΣһâȥԤϣâһΧĺڰ֮У̵Ľ谭ڸղôĵط䡱һը죬ոõʯǽըһ 
Ժÿ޺޵˵һתȻһɵĻмƮɢ 
⵹ӳԻ谵ʯڡ˿˿Ϯ͸תԼĿȥ 
£һģӰһ֮ϡ 



ʮ ã

       ɵ£ܹһɫӰһ̨֮ϣɫ 
Σһ㵭ɫĹܳǰŻǸĿȥ˿˿亮͸͵ĹϮ͸ 
붴ڣվϢӭǵӰҲԽˣ 
˶䱸˹ȥ 
̵ȹڣ˫۽գȻһɫŮӣһ˫˰׵Сڸ·ʲôϸһȴκ 
һ㶣Ȼ¶ϲڱԣ֣ϸָ׻ŮӰĲ 
·һƷһ㣬ȻһסŮӵ˫֣ϸϸĹ۲֮壬֮巨ȫҲסҲԵĲĿЦ쳹ʯþòƽϢ 
ĸоӯȫڰУһ¶Ӱţ·ڽ£ȴ֪ͨη 
·𲢲ƽЩţҲֻЩ˼Ųᾪѣ 
Ҳֻһн 
ȻΧһ̧ͷԭ֪ѻصСˣ¸Ĳש˶Ѿݣ 
Сɹ̫£ԼǸСéҡԡů֮С˵᲻ʱ 
ϤķȻëСҡͷε˹ 
ơɽڻţŲͣĲСȣģǺɣ 
ɽ¶һ˿΢ЦһͻȻ𡣰ɽ̧ͷԶɽվſڿ 
ǵģɽ壡߹ȥòĻص˴ζЩʲôɽʵ 
ɽ˵糿ʱڶɽɱһֻ׻ڻʱɱһͷѩС󽫴һֻţɱˡæֲ 
Ұֻһֻѩˡ˵ĵͷ 
ô˵ɽ˵ʵ 
֪ҷ¾ˡɽͷøˡɽ̾һ 
һֻѪܵʮͷţĲɽϲ̧ͷɽ˽˵ 
ΪʲôҪأ£ǲԣΪ˴ԭףƾ˵һ٣һһ˵ 
ҪʲôҪԣȥеǷΡİãɽ˵Ļһף 
ݺݵըԼʣԣеΣ 
̧ͷɽ˵׽ģ 
糱ˮٴνû͵͵˻쳹ڰ˺ĵʹӿ࣬ӯסһ׻ιǰ 
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農Ŀʧڰ 
֪˶ãһƳĺ֮ǵӰվǸˡͳ 
ƸٻӰʴԺУ˫ۣϤݶӳȴһ˿ɫʣ 
Ȼؿڴһʹɽɵᡮšһ 
ѽͻȻһӯæ˹ɽվæֹ 
ȱ𶯣˵˵ͦأЪϢܸԭ 
ˣɽݶ˵ 
Ѿ˯ˡӯС˵ɽһ˿Ȼ 
޷ǰº͵ʦǰǸħϵˡɽȻƽʵôˣ 
ӯۿһ죬Ѿɳȫɽĵȥˣڻ 
ˡ뾲һɽͻȻ˵ı˫ۡ 
ӯ̾һȥˣһţ˫߹ʵ 
ѣӯʧ˵ม˫Ӧһ˿ӵɫ 
ȻӯһѽסأˣҲˣҲң£ĺ¡֮飬£ȴ˵Ĵ 
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𣿡Ǹġʦ֡ǰŮǸȴּꡣһж𣿡һ˿ӿؿڡ͵͵̾ϢƮš 
ɵ֮УһӰٵĴУĺ·ޣζֲѰǸͨĳڣ 
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¾Բʮ¼涾಻ĿΣ֮ԶԤ 
ˣûҵǵٻӰԼʣ 
ؿڵһѹԽԽأҲԽԽ 
ڣںľһ˿ԪһӰ³𣬡ͨһصھʯ֮ϣ 
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µһʱȻûȻһˣһȣǰ̬һɨ⣬ 
ԭտĹ׭ֺ󣬻ȥļѧ˼򣬾Ȼǳ 
ţ㽫ľ˶Ĵڸµӣʱ䲻ãЩҲԵĸоĲͬ 
µӵжһ̨סͽܵĸı䣬Ҳϻοĵ׵һ˿ʹҲЩ 
£ϼѪӳ죬Ϧâߣڣΰ 
һӰĬĬĿھʯ֮ϣ£ĿԶգɽһӰ˹ȥ 
ʲô˫ԣϦϼ֮£ԽĶĿ 
ûʲôɽ˵˫üͷ΢Ȼ뵽ʲôһ˿ΣǿЦһ˵ 
ʦ㼪࣬϶ûµġɽͻȻתͷ˵ 
£ᣬֻʧٶѡݣ˫ζ 
µģ˵ 
϶¡ԶϦ·Ҳӱʲô 
˾ĿԶ 
ǿҪɽһΣԱߴ˫ 
ʲô£ɽתͷ 
£˫ڵһЦɽվĳһ 
˵¶˾Υһ˿Цݡ 
˫ǺһЦһΪľͷأɫ˵ 
ûְɣʦΪţķϤµӣʦǸʦǼ̫죬ҡڣǹɽһʱ䣬ĥԣҲ 
תͷʵ 
ȥ𣿡ɽһ㶣һ˿ӵɫſЦһ 
Ȼȥˣʦܶʧ͸ˣȥԼԭ²Լˡҡҡͷﲻɵĵһ̾ 
Ǻǣͨͨ˾ͺãһʦѾˣҲһʲĻҾû˵ˣ˫Ц˵ 
ͨˣɽЦһ 
ҲʦʧΪ˾ңҸܶԲħ֮䣬׿岻˵ݶԹǲ졣ӿҲ΢΢Ĳ 
˫Цһһ˿ɬǡ 
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ԶΣɽ΢Цתͷ˫˵ 
лл㣬ûˣʱǵ֪ͨҡ˵곯ȥǵڰӰ 
˫ɫָƽҶĦ涣ɳɳ죬ҹУһ͵͵̾Ϣ 
պǰ֮ϣϡ졯ĸâ¶Ĵ֣ɽﲻ̾һ 
ѿһˣ£ѽǲ۵ǽĥ 
ڼҲֻܽĨʹĵףΪкܶµԼȥɣ 
һ֨֨ӵĽ˹СҴӯĻɿϰɽļ 
СצڰɽͷϲͣķʲôǵĻ龰ͬһ˷Ц 
Χ˿ĿɻǸħľԼʦ 
Ȼʦ˵ʱǱħ͵Ϯ߻ħ·ʦҲᵽ߻ħһֱ񣬱ǷʧΪˡ 
ǰСʦܲûз񲣬һۿȥԽԨƺĥˣô£ 
СʦҲԽԽء 
ʱ˫ӯվڲԶ˼鶯ӯ۵һ˿죬 
ת׼享ֵӰӳ΢Բ԰׵ʾ⼸·𲢲˫˵ȣʱҲ̧ͷ 
ɽһ˿ӵɫżıĿ⣬ɽҲƫĿ⣬ 
ʱӰһʶ֮ʱ 
ʦˣˡɽ̧׿ȥ 
Ȼ΢Цƫ˹磬ŲӣȻá 
ףĿѲһܣɽʱ΢΢һ㵣һ˿Ȼ 
˶΢Ц˵ 
شҶ֪ҽټǰΪˣһٵ˷ܣǶǳҲǴ޲ңɱǧ֮⣬ 
һ˵ЩȲˡдο˵ 
ǰսӵ롮˵Ǹйûҷɽ룬˵һ٣˵ 
ŵ֮ˣ֮ڶǲͽ׻һȦ 
ħҵ˷֮£ٴǰȥطΪԻҵϡ 
ǣʦԸ˻ص׸˵ 
ãǼסħֽй֮˴γУϣǲҪ֮ӣ 
ǡٴӦ׺Ȼź˵ 
漮ɣǣʦ΢΢ӦҲڵżˡ 
Ǻã˴㶨ȻϤ̧׶һ곤ĵ˵ 
ǵĶʦ֣һɵǰȥмнɴ⡣ĵӱӦ 
ǣʦģһᶪŵ档 
á˵ת׶ʵ 
ЩԸʦȥ򣿡ڵһ֪ǺֵԵãֺһЩϵģ 
࣬˫ӯɽվŲ⣬ڵӾȻȫǱ߿ȥ 
ʼʱɽҲԥһ뵽Լ뺫ĹϵվŲ 
׷·𲢲д˾棬˵СʦСʦǰɣ 
ǣҲҪȥӯȻ˵ᶨװ̾һ 
ðɣҺտһ˵ͻȻһͣ˵һܴ⣬λںﴦ롮鴨ΣҲǡ콣šʺϽ֮ƣҷɽ̫Զɲż· 
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ڴ֮ϣӯһֱСӣһһǺ«ʱȡһȥ 
Ǻ«ȻÿôóѽӯԳһҲԵڶˡСӡ֨֨ЦһţʱָԼɣ 
Եġܡ 
ǸСӳԵģ㿴ôǣˡ˫߹˵ 
֨֨ӳ˫צӣŭ״ٴҧһűǺ«Ҳһˣ 
˫˸ûȤҲйҶƽϣɵߵһߡӯ΢΢Σ˫һЦ 
˵ⶫԶ˾;úóԵģСҴСͳɡ 
รҲϲԱǺ«ѽ˫Ȼɽ˵ 
ʲôɽٸĪ 
ߣ㲻ιôᰮǸ˫ߺߵ˵ 
ʲôʲô˵ԱǺ«дСʱԶûĳأɽû˵ 
ûߣҵĴаɡ˫˵ɽһϣɴ൱ûתͷͷ羰ȥˡ 
ǱǹȥЪЪɡɽͻȻԶһջ 
΢һ˵ 
ðɡתͷӯ˫ġӯ˫˵ͷʾͬ⣬ 
ˣһ˱¥ȥյſڵСӭջǿżˣЩ塣 
ɽһſλˣ 
λԷסꣿСʵɽһ̧ۣͷ˵ 
ԷϼƲˣร̳þơɽ˺һ۸Ŀ˵ 
С΢΢һ㶣ָ˵ 
õģ͹Եȣϵʱ⼸˿ܺȡСߺ˫ͶȵĿ⣬ 
Ҫôľȵ𣿡 
ǺǣͲ֪˰ɣӯȻӿ˵ָС˵ 
ľأ̳ѽأ 
⵹û뵽ѽ˫ȤĿɽɽĵˣɴͷ 
˫ٸûͷӯС 
ѽСֵܣԵѽʱͻȻһ̾ɽתͷȥ 
һλ󸹣Ƿɵ߳󣬴˲һ˭ 
ǰɽ 
ףСңʱԱִһɽĿȥһһŮȵĿӯĺӡ 
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       ʶСңɽȵʵʱСҲСС֨֨ 
ȻӯĻܵıСĻУ 
ôСȻɽΪȣſٵĻһܣûǸϤӰ֣һ˿ʧ䡣 
Ȼʲô̧ͷɽǸһЦ 
Բ𣬶ʧˣСʶֻǶ겻һʱԽˡʵ 
֪ʲôϵ 
£˵һԵһȲ˵ 
ɽ̻عŮӿ϶ʶɽ壬æ˵ 
ġС˶ӯɽһȥɽŷǸƹĵʿҲں棬æֶһӡ 
ͽܣһСʵɽ֪ʣлص 
ǣҽ塣 
รûбѽСʧ˵ 
ãӯ˫㶵һߣǵ̸ǲ֪Ȼֻ˫Ի¶һ˿ڴ 
ɽʲôϵʱɽʵ 
ǶѰɣСЦһû뵽ˡ 
˵Сѽ˶ҷ̳صƣȻһʱﲻɵһϲЦٴʵ 
λҪҪһЩҪһɴ˵ 
รλ˻ҪЩʲôСЦջһЦеķ˷׵ĳ룬ѵ˵ 
㣬һֻ죬룬һݴбưɡ 
รõġõģλ͹ԵƬ̡С˵ȥ 
عСɵΣһһۣЦ˵ 
ǡһˣɽܺáֻɽЦŻص 
ôŮʵСƣĪǡɽﲻɵԽ 
ɽ嵱ʶ˻治٣ŮӾӶ࣬ɽвɵĻιеŮӵ 
มС΢в죬Ӧһͷ˼ʲô 
ɽתһʵ֪ǰ˴ȥηѽһƮĺһЦ˵ 
˾޶˼ģԽԵ֮ΪԸԴ˴λδȥηæ˵ 
Сֵܳμ֪ٴѽСֵ㸣Ե˵һƣͷһüչ̹ 
ǰԵݻǲǳɽԵ˵ 
ӿɽ̣ӿɽ̡һɴЦüɣҲмɼ֮ 
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ɽ˼ĻصǾǰˣһɺǺһЦ 
ããز䡣˵ڰɫﵷһ£öʽĲ 
ΪСֵ⡮ǬһԣǴʮųεѽ׼Ԥ֪ʮ֮ˡһЦݿɾе˵ 
ʱСȻعӯ˫˳Բ׼һɵĽŮȻĺܡ 
ƽˣүүĹݵҲˣԼǸ˹ϵǳô˼Ū˵һΣŪڶΡ 
æһɴɫ֪һɷ·˼Ҫɽһ㣬ǰͷװû 
ֻ˫΢УдʣǡǬҲǷȻƮ˰գ 
ŵݰһתΧĿϾ䣬 
һɴг죬۾бһԱߵҰˣҰ˰Ϸµķһա 
պһͣסУöбϵȥȻӡ֨֨һУٿһմ 
Ȼöоסһһ㶣ŲȻŭ 
ӣ۸˼ҡ 
֨֨ӻһ˫צһ⣬ֻ⡱һ룬һɿе㻯Ϊأ 
һԵİɽæСңޡ·뵽ʲôæĿڵ죬ù֪Ӹ⡱µҲز۳Ŀ顣 
һһվܻ˵ 
ѽӣǲ֪ô졭ȻӰٷڷ쭵һɴ֮æȥ 
ˣ죬һźӰϣһźɲɵĴϣ 
۵һֱԭӰǰϵġǬ 
ҸûꡣһɫͨĳǸָ·ͣĳСȥ֪һһصĲȵ˵ڵĴǵǬ 
ʹһģòײվȻڵأǱӣĻʲôɼ֮ 
֨֨֨֨һ֣Сɵڵϱȥʱ˫צأֽӯһ˿Цãû뵽ӻǡǿɰӯòײ 
ҪˣɽӺһæһɷãŸȥǸͣ 
һһâȻɽлɽæһѽסͽһУ 
ɽ΢΢ЩⲻȥںѾСУԼҲöˣֻ˵ 
ǰǶԲˣӺҹܣеԭ¡ʧöﲻ֪֪ 
ɽ˵ŲЩΪѣǱȻ÷ԼʱͻȻС 
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ţɽλҴʦ࣬ʦӯʦ˫ɽ˵รСһ˿ʣ 
֪ܷ񽫸ղǿŽһɽһһ˿裬Ȼʲô 
ֽ˹ȥСӹģֺϣ۾ 
ʱӯҲ˹ɻĿɽɽҡҡͷʾԼҲȴСģһָоԤ 
۾СȻʵ 
ʲôˣ 
ĸɽЩԺСҡҡ촫ȥöʮ֣ 
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       ƿĻصϣһֱΪһŮӡģ·Ҳʲôˣ긡ס 
ɽȴɻѣóʱɽ彫佻Լʱǳǰ᲻ָоԴӷ뿪Լ 
Ȼ䣬ָоȴ˵ʹ࣬ᣬǷʹ裬 
ԼѾ 
ѵסɽİˣΪʲôҪأɽҲأ 
һԵ˫Ȼ״ſСɵĶ˼ɻ󣬼Ȥ 
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ܲܽųɽʵڹһ;˽ⲻ࣬ɽҲûйһļţԽȻգȴ֪лһ˵ꡣ 
ܣų̻֮ҰǱʹץؾģɢ֮䡣Сع˵ 
ʵ𣿡 
ɽص 
ǿɲԽȻɽٴʵȻ⻰Щ࣬а취ɽһԡ 
ȻԣֻҪҵǵʩչػС˵ 
ػɽüͷ 
¼ģ̱ħԼƱٶΪ˽£ 
ȻܽոմŴȥǸûһˡɽ 
ʱûʲôС㷵ʵ 
㵣ûСɽ˵ֲɽֻǽҸ˵ӵ 
รСһ˵𣿡 
ɽɵĿСһۣͷ˵ 
ɽġСɫ΢죬ɵƫͷȥ 
ɽȴûзСĲǣȻһС˵ 
ҿ뻳չơһɢͰ׹ڰɽ֮ϡ 
ϸͻᷢ͵İ׹Χʼ˿˿ѪӰ總֮ޣȻƣȴֻ֮ȥ 
ǺιŹ֣ɽʵ 
Ϳħ䣬Ҹʱʦ˴ɽæʱ䲻ֻǰСˣóǰλȻ䲻󣬵ḻҪɽΪѣ԰ɽҲ˼̫ࡣ 
СɻĿŷħ顣ģƽ͵ɫ 
냺һ˵²֮֮п֮˵һ٣ 
Ա䣬̫ԣӦһΪһԣãĪѽ̾ɽͶȥʵĿ⡣ 
ɽɫһһＸǰΪħ뷨ء˫һתŷħ 
Ҳ𣿡СʵǡɽͶȥɻĿ⣬֪Ϊдһʣ 
ӦöӰɣ 
ɽ˵Сħ顯аҪҺʹáɽ˵ 
С˼аĪʱɱа񶾣аʱɻأ˵鼴ɷħɷֻƾʩΪһ֮ѡ 
˵һ١ 
ħΧ˿˿ѪȻ޳Թĵ׳ŵӶӰʹıóſ壬ȥһ꣬ٶһѪ顣 
ɽɫһ䣬뵽ħ֮ϴ֮йأ˿Сôһ˵иǿ϶ˡѪ顣ɽһ 
ദôãһЩƴ֮ȻţѪȻҲ֪һ㣬 
ԱڴõҰһ𣬿ŷ㶵ɽһ˿ӵɫԱ߱ž̳Сң̾һٴͷ 
обķħ飬ɽڽʵ 
ûʲô취֮ 
취ССЦһ 
֮˴ȴֻ֮轫ڷʮռɡ 
еѡɽЦһ˵ 
ΪѡֻܶԵʱСˣֻ֮ҪĴȻޱ˿֮ʱȴǶȥ١ 
Сɽһϲ˵ 
лͽ̣֪ôˣ 
ɽû˵ôѽʱӯչʵ 
ŲɣҲǺɽвɵС֪飬Էħ̸Ǻ档 
ߣƭˣ֪װءӯСһ߳˫ȥ 
֪˭װأɽСֹ 
һپƷڰɽĵѯĶȹһɵǳԵüƮ·ǰĲ·δһ㣬 
Ұ̸ֻ࣬ǵͷƳԣżҲòɽ˵̸ 
ȻЩĲ죬ͬܺϲСӯܿĿһˣ˫ĻҲ࣬ 
ǲʱľٱһɾƣֵһŮ֪񣬲ĳЩĳЩˣֻ֪ԼвˣҲ˭ġ˵żæҰϵĶȽȥ 
֪Ұзһһץסȹǣ˻ĴһһѽƵԼǰ 
ͷһ׵ȴֻʣһ߸ɾĹǼˡ 
֮ϣػεɽһ˲ߣ 
СҿǺܾûСˣһֱϣСν֪ˣСֲͣĶŻеĺӣӯҲһֵġֱЦ 
ЦСȻʲôִóһСֽĽչʺεıǺ«˳ 
СһŷŵСҵצϣԼҲһܵ˱ 
Աߵӯһ㶣תͷ˫Сͷ֮˫Ҳһ㵣ԱߵİɽһۣСһʲô 
Ǵȥ𣿡СȻʵɽһ㶣Ѿͷ˵İɣŵͷ˵ 
˵ʦǰȥС΢΢һЦ 
һСĺɽɣˮɫˮеʯͷҲǺɫˮϺΪɫΧƵСȡȡˮϺȴ޲졣 
รȻд¡ɽ΢ȣ 
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ɽҲɵĵͷЦԸɡ 
ʱһɴչ˵СֵܣҿԵʵǲǳ˽վһŻ 
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ɽʣҲö˵м 
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һɺЦͷԵԵɢǹɶǿ󣬴˷ʹ˱Ե֮ʱԻٴ 
СҲͣסӣ 
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ȥҪ˵ǸԱǺ«СŮ˵Сɫ 
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˷֮䣬֮£ڵĺèͫɢһħ䣬С࣬ 
ȥɡ࿴ŲԶС˵ 
ɽ˷׷׵ͷһС߳ɽΧƣɽϣ洦ɼʱҲһҴҵĻιԣ 
ԴԵľ뽹ɽʱżҲ¶ȵı顣 
ȷЩԾɽüͷ˵Сҷ·Ҳʲôһ㣬ֻ۵ﲻͣĳΧȥ̬ɻ 
˵Ƚȥ˵ɽ˫һۣӿŲ·ͷȥ 
ֻӯʲô¶δһ㣬ʱĶŪСҡһ˿ 
߳Զͷܽӳľᣬ˫̣к׺дС׾֣ 
߽˱ֳᷢ·紵µපѺ洦ɼȻҲɣˡ 
в룬༷̾಻ʤƲ󣬵ͨǣǬǣΪؾ֮أҲ쳣ԭɣģ£һпЩ 
ԣһֳֽ飬ʱЩ͸غĻԳƵĴϣƾ˼ 
Χʱȣۿȥ·ߵϹһûõ㣬ЩɫɫΪ졣 
С˵Ĳѽ˶һֻۣ˫Ʈ۾ǲʱŵȥ 
һȺˣǹȥӯȻ˵ɽ̧׿ȥȻԶһۼʮ곤ˡ 
ȥ˵ųǷȥǰ˲ŷԭǼһ׺˵ʲô 
Լ׺ȰοϵҲԽԽˡֻһ߳˵ 
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˵ЩҪʲôʱܵȥϵ˷ǵðǨˡ 
׺ӱͷ 
֪֪״ҵѴ 
׺ӱ˵ǰЩұǲǰȥ롮콣šĸˣԳæϾǣֻǰȥ֮ġšˣŵѾӦǰˣԴɡ 
ֻˣΧȻĵͷϵ 
ɽͷһ졭 
ʦܡȻסɽһ㶣ѽʲôΪҪأ 
ɽЦһûˡӦһ׺ȥ 
Ǿŵӣʦǰ࿪żɽ˵ڵ۵߷׷תͷ 
ȵĿŰɽһˣɻΣҲлɣ 
˵ǾŵĸˣеһλɻʵȻ˵Ŀеĸྶ̫ 
Ҳ˵̧͵һţꡱһɫĽʯϼȭͷѷԿüٶȷɿĳһôӶȥ 
¡һĿȻأһƳǼλ곤ĿɿڴĿǼѷ죬 
Żعոճ۷ʵεĵǸ˵ 
ǶԲͷʹЩʹдĪҪ֡ 
޷˵ڨڨ˵һԡ׺ӱ߹˵Ц˵ 
û뵽λ˵֮ˣҴڸлǵĵˡ 
˵ȥΧȻһƬԭղŵĵܱߵ񶼾ˣ˱ԼϾõȵĸˣ֮ڶֵսС֮ϵ񻯽ΣȻ׶¶˾ΥЦݣ 
ÿˣħҵ˷֮£ҵȺˡӯæ׺ӱµ΢Ц˵ 
ʱɽҲǾȲˣСıˣ 
ΪΪֻҪλܰǳȥٴΪ׺ӱ˵ǼҲǽѣ 
ӯǷĸ飬΢΢Щᣬʲôһ߳ס֮ѹΣ 
䣬·ҲоԼɽҲһݲжΡ׺ӱҽܵ 
Ǳı£λ۩ָŸոǸ˵ת˵ 
ѾҿԷĵĻȥ˯ȾˣҶɢ˰ɣո׼ʲôľҪ׼ã򳤰šˣɢ˰ɡ˵ǿµҲչ 
Ǵʲôʱʼġɽڲˮʵ 
õĿջ˼ҸǸûʣƤ̴̺ľΣǽڷ߻Թ۾һ֪طǷƷ¯ 
磬ȴů㣬޵ˣɽҲ֮ʵδ 
黹ôϸ˵һ÷ѩ(ﶬ)ͻȻ֪ô£һֻһֻʧ٣տʼΪҰΪ˴ѩ֮ʳ͵Ҳδϣ 
˵һ٣ΪҲй·һֿܼɣɺ֪ô£ˣĪʧʶ˲ԡ㽫ߵϤˣûгʧٵ 
˵һ裬ǱΪԹ֪Ȼֳˡɽ˾ţֻСҲţֻ۵һת 
˵˽һͨæʱͣӱҪ;˵أϵȵءʼ;ĪʧºٿĻ̻̣ÿ߶ǲɶ˱һã̾һ 
򳤲ڵǸʱֻʣ»ˣ˺ȫƾʧһ㣬Ϊûд򶷵ĺۼǲΪԵġ˵λ򳤲ʱĵͷƣҲʮηʲ. 
ֻᷢϣ򳤲 
ûһ𣿡˫ʵûСصҡҡͷ 
ܱ߳ɽӰ࣬վ;һ㶼ڰ·ҹϰߣҲȻ󣬵Ҳԭ򡣡 
ʱ˶һ̲ʱڣ磬󻹷 
ҡز㡯ȡ߻ʮĸʱطѪֱˣʮϣζλһ׸ɡ 
ǺЦ 
ȥԲ͵ĺһɫĴ㣬ǰɽʱ·߿ġ㡯 



ʮ ()

       ЦǺǵĽܵɽ˻ڳʱԱߵץӼһݲӣ 
ɽ˫ԷʱСҵӯȻЦһ 
СʦСʦú󲻸ҳѽ˵ҲӼɽ˫һۣɫЩȻ 
ǺǣȻʳʺպɫʲпڸмã޲ͷǻҩõļֵϷ¿ӻ˵ 
ݱأԴǧǰĶŭʱдˮ䣬ٷԲǨ˵ء 
ǸˮôǺɫأɽ˵ŽɫУٸ㻬ڣڵðɽ㽫ͷȥ 
㣬Ե̾ 
ǺǡһЦµûмأǧѾϰˣûпȥ֤ˮôڵġǺһ˵ 
รʲô˵ӯιСһƺʵ 
ϺĿ˺Сһ˵ 
ഫʺ·˼䣬˼֪ھĵ֮ȣʺ򱻷ؽǧꡣ 
˵ǳһơ 
أ˫۾ʵ 
ʺӳ콫͵͵·Īɽʯֱĵ֮ȣȻµĵعȼʱ㱻׷ϡ 
ôˣӯʵ 
񽫲ʺӹΣ׼þ׽ 
һʼô֪ѽ˫Ȼߺߵ˵ɽһ㶣Ųɵתͷ˫ 
ʱ·ҲԼʧ̬΢оĿ򶨵ʵ 
ôˡϻĵһЦ 
񼴽ʱ֮ʥĸ񣬼߲ƮȻֹ˼ʥлͷʺ˽·֮ԭΣ书Բ֮ʱ𻯣ʺӱʱպǸ֮С 
ɫˮǺػʺĿӯӿ˵ 
Ϊػʺӣ֮ɫ΢Ц˵ 
øѽ˫˵ 
Ǻǣ˵ѣںﲶһ㣬ûһĺˮûм׵ʵЦ˵ 
Ѿ֪ˣҵȱȥ֣гʲô£ʲôǶ벽Ȼվ˵ 
úãЩǶ⣬ܳʲôҾ벽վᶨ˵ 
áӦһ˿ȥɽ˻⣬׷վ 
ɡ˵ųȥɽ˸ȥ 
֨֨߳ԶʱСͻȻأӯһ㶣 
 
֨֨֨֨Сһ󻶽Уֻһצһ״ɾƺ·ʱڣưź죬 
ӯһЦѽֻ֪ԡ˵ЦǺǵĽ 
֨֨ӲΪ⣬һڡһڡǵһ 
ʦ֣ȥ°ɽʵ࿴ɫƬ˵ 
ȥͷ򡣡ɽһ㶣ŻȻɭ֮ǲǷڰҲҲһնϹЧʵʣ 
꣬ѹɫ谵ХʱҶ˵֦֨¡죬 
ԵӰ㿣ݷĶޣļ£ 
ߵϣֻѩ׵СɲĻţ֪η庮䣬ηĪˣ 
ĵӰں棬ɽһõޣžһһֻתͷ򡰰ļһʵʵתӡ 
Ǵһ͵ģǮ֪һ˵;գ˺󻹶ͷɽҲ 
ԭļƻֻСŵɺþЩ޺СһֵҰɽҴܣðɽ֪ʲôطһޣ³Щװֵ򷽲ʵ 
˵Ϲ𣿡ɽʵеԽԽ˳֣һһƯı޻ŵǰƨǰȥ 
ʲôˡӯ˵ɰСѽ۵ĿЩ׻С򣬺ݺݵĵɽһۡ 
ɽڨڨջرӣԱߵ˫٩ 
û뵽ʦֻǸѽƬ̱Щѱķġ 
ɽ죬ȻԼ޻˵ȥûǿػǱᣬֻתͷû 
ؽɣ磬ͣˣΧżιһֻ޴ֹ죬 
ˣǾȥǱ߰ɣָŲԶһյ˵ 
˹ȥһ鷽ԭʮɵĿأΧʱԿӣȻǰڴפ 
Ƕɽ÷סֱʵ 
һΧȻͷһ̧׿ȥ¶ϲɫ 
ĺѹúֻܵͣҪסâѱ˷֣ 
취á˫̾һݣ𵭵ĳâʱûããвӰˡ 
ɽ˫ӯŷϡ 
ķڻɫ֮ϣĺƶߣɽȻŲŲӣԱߵ˫ȴδ˫һգգĿźڰе䡰׻ 
˵ǻ᲻µ塣ɽʵ 
ôأǷʱѾˡ˫תͷЦ˵ 
Ǻǣ˵Ķԡɽ˵žȵתͷ 
Լ˺꣬˫иӲѣһ޷أ֪࣬ǵһɱԼİɡ 
ԼѾûѡˡµ̾һɽĿһ˿ǻ 
ãƳ˿˿Ϯ͸ѾʱˣɽﰵֹĪɭ̫Ǽһûְɡ 
ֱһԾĿţʼնûжһ˿·һʯһ㡣 
ɽһ·ãϸĹ۲Ķ֨֨СҺȻһ 
ֻ۷𵭵ĽâλĲԶףӯת׾ɵĿһƮɭ֮ϵĺ 
ΧͬźâӰʱɽҲ˲ԣ 
һ뾯ĳһźȥУʱ׼ͻϮ 
СˡͺһǺȻ˵·һ亮ֱֶ֮ϣ 
Ϊ簢ɽҲо˿˿Ϯڴʱ֮ӳһ׹⣬ֱȡǴĸ 
顣ɽͬʱԼͬģһ 
ʲô˫ӯʵ࿴ɽһ˵ 
Ұ޻һй꣬˴֮΢ɼ⣬켫ɢһաû뵽Ȼۼ֮ࡣҲ΢΢ȡ 



ʮ ()

       ôûзǱʩסأ˫ǵɫιеһֻɻʵ 
ֻһû˼鱾ˡɽһ˵ 
һǱܵȥĳЩ飬Ǵûдɻ 
˵࿴ȥҲÿ˹˫ܸܵԷɻ 
ڴʱһŰ׹ȻеһֻСסźȻ׹һιӰɻƣ 
ȥƲûҪСӡ 
֮ϵİɽɫ΢΢һ䣬ʦ֣󲻶ԾҶȺʩչķһֻܿȹ̣һжӦѾõˡ 
ܾۼһ𣬱Щڲͬˡһ˵֮ΧûŨĵطЩ鵹أüͷ˵ 
ҪˣӯСѵ 
ɽӿȥ׻ѾŰ׹ӰĻ·ȥ 
ڸô죿˫ʵ˵ 
Щ鲶ץȺȻΪԼʳǱ϶ҪЩȺĴڡ 
ǣҪӯӿЦ˵Ƕ˶¶һ˿ȻЦݡ 
ˣǸȥɡɽ˵ƮƮĳ׷ȥҲǺ治ѣǰĲ֪ʲôھĵȴǡ 
ķķߣЩʪɽһ˾ĸϿգ 
ͳƳΪõΣѾȥʱˣŻƮ֮ϣʱĴдܳһֻ飬ϵҰ޾ȥ 
ɽ֣ץĶһ㶼ԽϸߵҰޣһ·а֮࣬ҲǴ˲٣ 
ΪʱҪȫԪһ·Ҳ΢ƣ 
ǻҪץʲôʱѽ˫СֹɽЦЦ˵ģ໹вʱǾͻȥˡ 
̧ͷңԶٶɵһƬķ 
Ǻǣû뵽Сʦ֪ͦѽӯźЦ˵ 
ǻ˵ŷѽɽһߵ˵ 
ۣŷСʦܵƤǣӯҲЦɽһϣɻʵ 
ҾСߴߴ˵ѵ˵Ļ 
֨֨ųɽһצӣȻܲ 
ʲôߴߴѽӯһۣЦŵ 
ǲСѽʲôѽɽװм˵ 
Сһʲôڿ죬ǳ㣬һͲأ 
֨֨Сŭ߸һֻۺȻſŵӯϽס 
˺ˣԺǸûĵˡӯ˵ǴЦɽһۣǵ⡣ 
СģԱߵȻ˵ 
ʲôζ˫һķȻķΡ 
ɽҲǾȲѣΧȥȻһ㶣 
ʲôָŲԶ˵ĻһԲŨɫĵ̺֮⡣ 
ںӯüͷ˵ 
Ǻ϶˵ԭ֪һѾˡںһǡ 
һĺ꣬Բʮ֮㣬Ӵȴխ쳣Χǲд䡣 
ڰյĻѷ⴦꣬˭֪һǲ 
źԽԽ嵭ķŨˣȴȻû֮С 
⵹ʲôζɽ૵ı۾˿˿ĸо·ֻص֮µǸ̨֮ԡ 
͵۾оĪʦ֣ô£ôоζƣŨˮ 
üͷ壬Ȼ̾һҲû˵㣬Ҵ񣬲Ҫˡ 
˫ӯҲǾޱȣ˵ĿһͣפߵŻǣ·Ҳڵȴʲô 
һֻֻץҰ޲ϵĵں֮ϣˣˣˡƵ죬·һشôŰм˵ķ 
ƵĵȴУ¸¡Щвϴ˷ܵĻҹ຿ 
֪˶ãɽɬ̧ͷԶ߷һɰ׵Ĺâڵˣһ 
׿ȥʱЩ·Ҳоʲôϣ鲻ʱܳ 
⣬Աߵ£ȴٳٲȥ 
ʲôǸԸðɢΣնȴˡͻȻͺһһס񽣣 
˷ۿȥƽ羵ˮϺȻһ򰶱ߣ˰һһȻγһ޴ѣ 
ˮ¡¡ϮļХֱ޹ 
ɽ˵Ľɤϣ˫ĶǵݵУȻһһ޴ġڳˮ棬ֱߵҰޡ 
˫âһҪ͵һѰסȥȻķǡȻû۾ڣ 
˾ʱǡһһֻҰ޷ɿĳˮȥ 
󷡣ɽɫ䡣 
Ҳɫһ䣬˻棬صʵ 
Ӧôˡɽһ˶˵ 
Ϲġħ־塷ƪأ󷣺Ϲػޣ̫֮飬ȫԴ޹ǣĿ޿ڡȫڡΪ֮Ļޡ 
ʲôޣ˫ʵ£кȻͷ 
ɽ˵˵֮֡ڼ֮ءĪ֮ǧ꣬ǧ꿪ǧɹʵ׺Բʳߡ 
ʱкȻ¡һֻɵĴٿȻ±㽫ߵҰϤ 
һڵĹͷˮ棬ɽȵķǹͷȻʮ֮⻬ͷϴŰֻ۾ 
ޡͺһͷһȻѿһĴڣȻռͷֻ֮ǼһӣʮֻҰޡȫУ׽Żϴ졣 
¸¡ʱЩµХŷ󷣬 
·֪ƺһȻſ죬һŨڵ罫亮ֱ֮е˲ɵһ 
Ƿ·Υʳһ㣬׷׻˽ȥ 
ڴǣһгâǣһɽֱնȥ 
ͣâһ㷢ˮ 
Щежûüһ˲ûããӰ֮С໡ˮеŭһмľͷ䡱һȥษ׷ʱӿĺˮмּܶϣ͡һ죬һְضϣһѪͨһˮУҲ֮˻ȥ 
һжڵʯ֮䣬ɽ˳ȥ˻



ʮһ ()

       ô죿򡣡ӯվڰ֮ϣ 
ڶӿĺš󷡯ĳָƽеķҷղŵĴҲԽŨˣ 
ѵ֮˫Сĵʵ 
ȻǴ˵ζ·Ҳֻ𰸲ܽͰɡɽ˵Ҳ΢΢㷣޵ĻӦϾͻ˰ɡ 
ʱӯ·Ҳ뵽һ㡣 
㲻ܳڴڡĪСʦܿеҪ˰ɡӯʵĿɽ 
ɽһ˵ˮСޡֵ֮Ļʮڱ죬ܽͣΪʲô󷱾ԸĻȴ˵»رãȻֻ΢˺һ½˵ʵħ־еġƪԡޡмأ޳֮ʱʮƮ㣬ףػǧѡ 
ʵ棿˫зʵ 
ʱȻ˵ޣ丹ԩ겻֪ҵ˱Ҳѣʵ񣬳Ȼ֪ 
ɽ˲ͷ˵ʦ˵˵ٶǲ룬ȹһһȻˡ 
ˮﲻǸô죿ӯüͷʵ⵹Ǹ⣬ܲµˮȥɡɽų࿴ȥ 
ʱҲüͷ壬ȻʱҲûʲôõİ취 
˫ӵ˺һܣ 
ѹظգּ䣬˳¶Ҷ΢ΧĵһƬ 
͸¶˲ĺгǱǰɲתͷ·ʲôشľһ㣬 
˫˵ 
ʦ֣֪ɲ԰ﵽǡִȹȡһĽɫ·Ĳ˹ȥ 
ɻĽӵУĲϸ΢ġɳɳԲ³װС 
ǸµĻᣬеȥȻһ˲롣 
ɽһۿȥֻβָɫСԲУ 
Ǻųƻ԰ġ롯 
ɽʵȴδȣ 
Ƿ롣һ϶˵ 
ʱ˫ȻǷ룿Ͼǲ˼飬 
㲻ʶüͷʵ 
Ҳ֪ѽ˫޹˵ 
ԴӺͰɽӳ֮һֱûŪʲô 
ɽתͷɽȥɽҲһ㶣Ҫ˵ʲôֻ˫˵ 
ôϴӳ𶴡ʱҴȥǸʯûķҼذƯ˳˳˵ 
û뵽װľȻǡ롯 
รɽȻ˵ﾡħ˽Ӷķһڵʱûء 
һϸһ˿Цݡ 
롯ˡšǰĪ󹦳֪ٵǿħˣ̫ݣڳΪɺ󣬷ȹ㽫ʣµķ̳У˱Ϊ޴û뵽ħ֮оȻ֮ࡣ 
ҡҡӣ²жʮ֮ࡣ 
ħҲʶأӯЦ˵Ҳɡද˶ǣ 
ҲʦĽżȻģ뼫ƣֻз֮֮衣ȻЩ󣬵Ҳ䲻Զˡ 
ǽͰˮɣʱǡ󷡯㡣˫һ˵ǡ롯ǵǽĻı𴩣ֻЩĻбΪĽ֮Узһűܻ顣 
ɽЦ˵ǵᣬ⡮󷡯ϹޣСֻջռϷ磬Żرܣ˵һŷܽ伤ˮ档ģʵȴ˵෴ 
ͳŷ룬˫۽ź棬Ȼָһųɫ黮һӰȥˮ֮ʱ 
зһ͡һȻȼһɫĻѸٵĳΧӶȥ 
ڰɽ䱸󷡯͵ϮʱƽˮϺȻ˿˿ӵĻͻȻһϣ 
ĻĻҲЩ 
ô¡ɽȵĿŻĻ档Ȼʲôæ˵ 
ã⡮󷡯̫֮壬亮֮²ȷĻ 
âһȻˣǿ֧Ŷá֮á 
˵һӡʮӰɽҪѡȻʦ˵ĲﵽǷ֪Ϊħ̶ѣǰʹãϳ鷳ĲС 
ڴʱǶʮŷȻ棬ֻǵһת͵һ 
ɽֻǰһһɳȵֱϣӿ͵ֱ˶ʮɷͣ¡ 
عİɽŷ༸ҲԲԶȻҲ˺ܴӰ죬׿ȥ 
ڵĺȻĻ治ʱһɫĺ⣬γһССУ죬־ 
䶸Ȼϣ֮ԶɽȻܹоĵһӭϮ 
ΧĲҲһȼձĿԶխɫĺˮԿüٶȳⷽӿ 
ޣͳĺ͸ػ洫󷡯ǷŭˣɽһͻʱɫĻȻһ 
һƵľ޴ͻȻ̳ˮ棬һѺڵһƳһŵɫ룬þòȫ£ 
һҲ˲䱻סʱΪһ޴ĻʧޣʱиĴִӸղŵȱһ££ɫĻ汻ֳС飬 
ģɫˮٴγУѪ紵󷡯ľͷˮ档 
սŸոտʼ 



ʮ ȸ()

       ˿̵ġ󷡯ȻǱŭ쳣ˣǷֲͷİֻ۳Ѫɫŭеİɽˣ 
໡ſѪŭһΧĺһ󷭹һ㣬 
šಣಣಡļͨ졣һˮͰֵĺɫհ㳯Ϯȥ 
Զɽ˷Ǵ֮ȻҲǳǵ 
ֻЩڿյĴֺȻһ䣬һһ㳯˺ݺݵĳȥٶ֮죬ΧĿһХ 
Էӿɽæ󷡯Ĵ࣬ҲޱȣԶ 
ҲǴ˲٣һɽħҫ⳯Щֻȥ 
Ҳ̼ʱ䣬Ϻݺᡣ 
һȻռݵ֮ţϵǣЩʼһϵĽȻͬ 
֮ǿֱ˼ġ񽣡˫ġۡܶ˺⣬ɽӯķһ㶼Ǳأ 
ӯȻãСĻԼŲ⣬ϵĺСҳʱʱļһâɨĴִһСͨĽȻǿϲ١ 
ɽġħ顯˵ķķħԲֻ̬֮ͨܺӲײԺѶ̫˺ 
䡣һ졣޴ķ֮ɽƳʮɷͣ¡ 
عİɽĿɨս˫֮㣬һֱϣ 
ǵҲޱȡռϷ磬Ҳǲ˿иΪɫĺʱʱֻּ磬ݺݵĳɨ˲뵽ɫĺˮе׻жٵĴƴ 
ȻǶôĴ֣ˮϵġ󷡯·ҲûܶӰһ㣬ľ첻ʱȻǷŭ 
֪Ҫϵ£͵ϮͷӦشɡɽһתҿ˿ȻԶȥгһʱɿïܵȥ 
ɽƣɽһɿԽšֵ࣬ЩŲݵѾˣȣߡ 
ǱСҲǲʶãͷϴĺ¡죬ס 
һضУƵŭ𽥽ɽһþ֮Դ 
󷡯ֻŭŰգΧˮ淭ϣ 
˿˿߲ϼ⣬ֻǸһ֣˲ͱɫ亮֮ڸǣ 
ɽһѹ֣ղգûˮϼ˵ˣ 
ţɽһȣ 
໣ʱһƺͻȻɽһ͵ȥֻ졯ſŭ 
֮һؾ޴Ĵֵͨһ죬һʮˮĻպõɽⷽ 
ˮĻڣ簵ڡɽдϲ֮ݶȥ 
ͣһ죬ɫӰڵˮĻ󷡯׳ǰ 
ɽڰմһָӣಣಣಣ֮һХʮɫĽâͬʱ 
ͣһ֮Сͺһסħһâ˲伴 
һҰɫνеȥֱȡ󷣬 
ɽĳֱͳϣҡСٶ֮ĪֶĽâ 
󷱾ܵĳˮǱȥʱһٶȻΪʱꡱһ죬һɫѪŭ 
໣ҺһеĴֺȻƳһźɫɽ 
ǲ˰յļˣһɱ͵Ϯˡ 
յĴѹɽҲһţΪղһܽɱģȴû뵽׺ 
Ҳ볯ˮȥͨһɽֻǰһڣ׹ѣˮ䳹裬ǿˮǱȥ 
ֻ֪Ҫൢһʱ󷡯֮֮ա䣬ͷ֮ϴһ졣 
ɽһҲҳŶܣ۾ֱһСʽȥ 
ڰ䣬¼ţޱߵĿ־񣬸ܵԽԽĺˮɽһ 
һУ𣿺ȻһһɫٻӰУ΢Ц 
˶ľǣĵһ۾ 
ڰһϼȻֶɽһ壬ΧѹӿˣȥԪ 
߾һȻһ֣ӳŹľͷӶȥ 
һ߲ʵĹ򣬳ޱߵĺڰ֮УʥӦ߾Ӿ֮ϣȴֱһڵľֻǷ϶֮ǿĵֿš 
ˣɽ΢΢뵽ĴȻ֮мͲˡ 
һ߶šħ顯ٳȥɽҪǸ߲ʹʱŽĴȻһ 
ɫġˮߡŷٳɽ 
ϹޣڿŴ󣬰ɽͷƤһըԭ̽ɣ 
ȻʱѲ룬Ѿæ֮һҧݰת 
һ˫ͷ׶̰㳯ȥͣͣ죬ɽ˳Ĵһ֣Ѫɽ 
ȴŹĵڶ֣һɡ̾һۣ 
ȥͣͣͣ첻ϣȻ䰢ɽֻһᣬۣԭԼѾ˹֮Уӯȴޱȵ 
̧׿ȥΧڹϵĴȥһܽΧסȻԸ 
ɽоȣղô£оԼӦѽʱΧȻһ 
æջ¿ȥŷһƽʵأƽма˿ʯΧһԲȦ 
һ˸ɫľУ֦ȳƣҶ̣ϲóȻɫĹʵԲӨ㴵 
֮ɽɴ۾˵ 
ˡȻһԱߵİ˿שһȥĹâֱϣ 
䣬һ졣߲ϼϱߵĺɫˮɢŨֳε 
ɽ̧׿ȥհ֮ʹ֮ɫ֪Ϊ˻Ϊ֮ʹΧδֺ 
ֱʱɽſϹ֮޵ԭΣǧ̽ڸߴʮɣ 
Ǹͷ޵ֻ̬֮۱ϹֻʣµҲѪ 
ƽͷҲ˺ۣһ࣬Ķܹ֮ߵɭɭݣ˷˺ҲʹϹԴʮֻͷúΧֻ¶ֻ۾Źе֮ɫ֮ 
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ʱһƽԾֶ֮ש֮еСһҡڣһƬҶ´֮ɫȥ 
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ǽȻĪѹӸ£ǰС֮У֪ǹֵֻܲܵɽſգ 
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ʱѾ֮һҶˣΧȻﵽһ˼ĳ̶ȣ 
ɽоǧëһֱ֮ȻȥմѪ۵˿ھȻϡ 
ô᣿оϲ֣ɫ䣬̧׿ȥ˿Ҳϣ 
˿·Ҳһ㣬໣޺һֱðĴַɿĳ 
źݺݵĴʵΧ߲ʹǵȲˣ䡣һ죬߲ʹһ 
ȴ÷飬Ѫ䣬մȾѪ۵ط߲ʹâһȴûע⣬ 
۵Ȼ⣬ಡ죬Ϊ׳Ĵڿ 
߰ڿлһ켣ٴκݺݵʹȥ䡣 
ըΧٴѪ󣬰ɽ䱸ȥȻһִѪɽɽͫһ 
ħ黯ĻǰʱȻǰһ 
ϵ˫ͻȻһɽתͷȥԭǴֲ֪ʱƵ󣬷ɿĳϵĹʵȥ 
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պײһʵ֮ϣ⡱һ죬ȺɫĹʵһ˿Ȼµȥ 
ม󷡯ŭһɫĴٴһɿĽĹʵסʱɽѾֻ˫ַã 
ħһһεâɿγɣ˫Ŀһɣһնĵâȥ 
˲׷Ϻ˵Ĵ֡ꡣһ졣ŵĴӦϣǾٴµȥ 
ɽۼֿһѽסĹʵӨ󣬰ɽϲ 
Ȼ䣬ɫһ·ʧȥάһ㣬ԸʧʣһƤʧ¶澧ӨĹ 
ɽһӲ죬ժữΪ֮ʧءַɿɽԼʡǡħ־塷صԭ 
ʱеĹʵֻʣ֮ˣе·ʵһŨϢ 
ɽҲƤһڽµĹʵһ¡˿˿ֱθͷо 
Ȼдһ˿ʧһ󷡯ۼѼӷˣȻһ໡ 
Χǽһʶ˶Ĵַɿĳȥ 
ݵò񡣡ָһ񽣡âǣ 
ڴʱ䶸һźͻȻԱߵַɳ˲䳯ͷȥ 
䡣һ죬ҲΪ֮һޡޡ󷡯ҺһȦס߲ʹĴ͵һգ 
ͨһȥɫĺˮһ󷭹ģڵĺٴιƽ 
߲ʹȻͲҫ죬Χĺˮȴֻǻڻ֮⣬ô֣˸ߵСҲʱĴ̣ΧҶѾȫ㣬ֻʣƬʴҶӹԣʣһӹʵɢ⣬ 
һУȴǵĿ⡣ûС󷡯вɽԦħ˷ȥ 
첻ʱɽصĶʮ֮һź֨֨Сҽһӯļ 
һɲõԤͷ˫ӵ˺һеն˼էɢɵĹâ 
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Ũü̧֮һ֮ʹһη 
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ǽɬ˵̹֮ǵĳޣԱߵɽҲһ 
طԹٴĴ֣ʱȻؿһȣŸдһ׶֮ʹ 
İɽʹһ˫͵Ļ򸹲飬һ죬ȥֱ۷ǿķأ 
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ǽĿ⴩ս˫ϵһ˿οſԱߵӯСң΢΢üͷ 
ƿСѾͷ˰ɡ 
ǣ常߳һΪŶɫȹŮӣüҶһһʹ⣬˼ħʯ񣬿νĵ 
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ƿ˵ȹ𵭵ɫâӳӯȥӯ֪ˣһҧ˵ 
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ӯ˵ԷֻʱѣԷʱȻʱɬУ 
ССһ룬 
֨֨ʱСͻȻһӯС䡱һ˲ָ 
ƿޱȵءû뵽ѽӯϵĺʱ΢΢ľȺƿָ򶨣ɺЦ绨 
֨֨СҶ޺øУŭֻͻȻһâƿһ 
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֨֨ӼצӳǸһӣӯ룬һ࣬յĶ˿ȥ 
ףƿһЦ 
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ߡӯһҲ໰нշɫɽٴιȥ 
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䣬һ죬ٿȻת 
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磬ȴȷѪ쳣 
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Сʫ˫ӯͬʱ 
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ҾͲǲ˵âгСʫȥʱâӰݣȻâռϷ硣 
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Ĳ
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       ž䴫ӯȻ۾ʱġڤʯûеʱģˣ 
ϸСѪ˿紥ְ棬էһȥѪ꣬͸һ޵ 
⡭ӯ㶵Ŀɫʯ 
ȻģתͷŲԶĺʵ 
СңѵЩȫģ֨֨֨֨ӻצһĵͷôôᡭ˫͵źš 
ΪʲôʹָоǰûйġҸô죬ѵѾĺȻһ 
ģҸǲһˣһǻ֪ġתͷӯɽ˫ۣ۵дĳ죬 
ղţҲȻĽԼƿâ 
˫תͷеһ˿ϵľȻȡ 
ԭŮһΡһվеն˼ 
Ȼһִֻļϡ˫ȿǰŮ 
ӯ˰жļ˵̾һ˵Է̫࣬ȥҲڲѽ 
Թô֪οǳŲ˶ѽ˫üͷ˵ 
ʱ䲻ˡӯ˵˫üͷ壬Ҫ˵ 
ӯȻᶨ˵˫㣬һһ취Ҳһԡ 
˫һ㶣һɹĸоϮͷȻԼúԶ 
ʲô취ðѽ˫ĵ˵ 
ҹܲôˣ˫㣬һӯһ˵ֳ꣬һ̧˫ֿ̧ȥһöѪɫʯ𣬽ţӯ˫ֳһŹӡ 
ϸü֮ˣһ죬һ֮ȻԱߵ˫Ϣ˼ʮɣ 
оǲ˼飬ӯ۾ĬЩԼ 
ƽѪʯһһХϸСķʯ͵Ǵ󣬳ܷӶȥγһԭʮɵľ޴ʯ̨ 
һѪӹճ˸޴ͼѪ죬һɾֱ֮ 
жļ˾ͣһԣĿǸСŮ 
ӯӻƮģ԰׵ϸϷһϸܵĺ飬еķȻһ䣬 
˫ſһĶ 
ʱϥӯ˫۽滤磬 
ʱʮָ£񷣬ϵĲ񣬸ҾӡȻΧƵ趯 
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ʦ֣ôˣֵͣɽȵʵ 
໺ҡͷ֪۾һգգĿʯ̨֮еӯ 
ȻתɻĿ˫˫Цһ 
Ҳ֪˵취ؾ棬Ȱʩˡ 
Ũҵ֮ԱߵСʫȻ˵ӯĪѡɫ΢䣬Сʫһۺתͷȥû˵ 
֪СŮôѧģǿʯ亱šǸǹھ¡ʦɫƽ˵ 
ǽ˫ĵͷ˵֮һС󡯣ȴһ󡣡˵˼ʱ˵治֪СѾͷôģǿʹֻ˼ùССġšܸ˾ϲѽ˵ֻЦһ 
ľۣȻĳǰȥ 
а棬µһٴγɽ˹ȥɽһۣ׷׼ӭϡ 
ʱּͻȻܳʮӰǰһλݴϦħѪϴ(ɡ) 
ǿٿʱڤʯ֮ˡŰ˵Ӱڳʯ̨͵һ 
ӯԶһʯͻȻݣ¶ĺڵĶ𡣡һԶľ޺ 
ոտϴһ𣬽뽫ĿͶǸڵĶڣ𡣡һ޺ 
һɳȵ˺ȻԶӿĺ˸Уʱ 
ɭĺڶȻһһֻͷʨȫȼܴĹ޷ݶ 
룡յĵǽͫһɬ 
û뵽еĻ޾Ȼɻ롣 
֨֨ȻҲһ㶡ץԴһ 
𰡣ŭһŵͷ­΢΢һתɻĿԶ 
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ĿСңȻ䣬дһɻĿԶǸԼϥǸߵСŮ 
ʱ·Эһ㣬벻ʵĵͺһһӰצĳΧĺȥ 
ϴ˼ǸȫȼȻﳯԼ׷׺߸żȥ䣬ҵը쳹֣â̳ʱ㽫û 
ϴ˽䱸ĶŲԶϷ̳𡣡һŭ̳֮Ӱһ 
˫ķݶһħ̵̼䱻ҧסһҽ˲ûܵĻ֮С 
Χعħ̵ӴҴҼ𷨱ٴιȥʱɫĽâХųľȥ 
䡣һǾǹȥķأ뾱ƬȴǷֺδˣ 
ֻһƫ˷ɽıһ˺ۣ˿ 
ûƬĵطϴɴۺ 
ʱмħ̵ɥצʣµĬķֿԶɽݺᣬ 
ʱϱֶ˺ۣʺѪҺ̡ 
𰡡˵Ʋ䷴ſѪŭһһųɫ漲 
һվյħ̵Ӻǰһֻ顱һ죬ɫܲݰ㵹ɳȥѪڿն𣬼ŵ顣 
֨֨Сҿһɵӷɿһôеһħ̵һݣ 
žžһλħ̵ӾĿһͷԳ̩ɽ֮ѹԼ 
ʱ䲻ˡǽһ߲ʹеġ֮˵˫ļ룬Сʫ䴦·磬ʱ䲻Σա 
ǵɫӰǽ̾һתͷλһսɡ 
֮һ󷭹ãвɻ߳ʱغȻһ 
ǽɫһ䣬̧׿ȥһɫתİӡհѹʢϢ 
̫ӡ֮֮һȣڳ˾ɫ䡣ǽͺһѪâǣĲʦȻס 
ʧɡ˵ԽǽϷȥ 
ʦһվԻȡһ׹ɫӨ۹Ӳۣϻ֮ 
̡ 
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H}ۣܶUAʦһοɬ 
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㡣ʦ֣Ȼ䣬״ĹâȻɢɵףһͼ 
ᣬͷȻɽ֮ʮʯ 
ͬʱɽеġħ顯Ҳ״ͻԣֳյ̷ȥʩ򶨣 
գתġ̫Ȼѹ䡣 
䡭ع 
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һ˿Ѫǣ·ûзһ㣬ֻ̧ͷĿգһ˿ҷǣдһ˿ 
УһѪ꣬һɫӰǽһȰĽסȴĶŰգ 
磬̳Ϣ֮ϣһλӸֶһ˿ڷб΢׵޽ǣԲɣ 
ΪλҪҵ֮£ǽʵ 
ԵȴǿȡôӲңӶۡӵ˵ 
֮ӿ 
ɽ塣ɽϲĻ 



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       ֮ɽϲĺɽ塣 
Զɽ˿΢΢ףȻһ顱촫Զɽתͷȥ 
ԭƿĳСʫȥеġâСȶԷġ񽣡֮࣬ 
֮ʤ֮Է֪âнѾãʹСʫȻǵ֡ 
ԷˣƿͻȻ֮⣬ĵȻȣҲûзֵ˼ 
Ϊһˡ 
顣һ죬ɫĽâݺݵײ֮ϡ޴˽Сʫȥ 
еƺһһ˿ʹӣԶɽ˼æ߷̫ԶֻĿһɫâɽѹȥ 
ѹĽâСʫп̾һ˴콣֮лѽ 
Ŀ䣬з䣬󶨸񽣡 
ʤַ֮·ǰҡΣƿĹһ˿΢Ц 
ڴʱһɫĻȻ£ŷ֮Ƴƿȥ֮ΧĿһХ 
ƿɫ΢䣬СʫĽͷһתϳâײȥ䡣һը죬 
âƿ޴ĳƵˣֱʮ֮ʱվ޵΢΢ף 
һ˿̧ײ񷣬 
һλ޵ŮʤѩٲȻ˿֮⡣ 
½ѩƿһ˿ãã 
֪ʱЩԼΪ൱˱˸Īˡ 
ʦСʫϲĻɫһ 
ͽиʦʦ𷣣½ѩ˽ƿһ˵ 
Ϧħ̡â֮߳Уѵˡ 
˵Ŀ⳯Զɽ˿ȥ綬ѩڣԶԶǵӰ 
Сʫ΢΢һ㶣۴ɻĳǸİ˿ȥ 
Ϲİɽ˼ͻȻҴСʫʦɵͬʱܹµλ޵ŮӾС½ѩ 
ȴû뵽Ȼ˵ᣬдŸ׾̳֮ѽɽš 
ǽʵԥ֮롮ħ顯ۿҪˣֵ˽̴ϡã 
Ʊǿѽµ̾һ̧ͷԶɽ˵ 
ȻˣУϣܺú˼̵Ĵ󡭡 
߰ɣеԶɽ˴ͻȻ˵Ϲİɽɻѵɽʶǡ 
ǽĿ˹һۣתߣ 
šһͻȻǽһĿŲԶ½ѩɱһ 
½ѩ䣬׳Զɽ˿һ۵ 
Ȱһ䣬ǱıݣҪǵ 
ǽһңɽһ 
ĳסˣԺһŰݷã࣬ƣš 
˵ȥת֮ʣɿһ۲Զ˫֮͸ŨŨĵ֮ɫ 
ħ뿪ϺȻֻʣŨķƮ 
֨֨֨֨ʱӵĽȻɽתͷȥԭӯѾ˰ 
˫סɫ԰΢΢ӣȻղءСҲ֪ʱѾɽ˵ļ 
ˡȻһе߲ʹϵһƬҶƮԡ 
ǿΨһĹʵȻ֮ɫģһ죬ȫĹʵ֦ͷ 
һֻ˰׵͸عĻסͬʱû˹谭Χɫĺˮһӵϣ˲佫Ůû 
ɽ˾վڰգ۾һգգĿź棬 
ֻ˫СʫƮʱĴԱߵԶɽˣԶɽδ㶵Ķź棬·ڳ˼ʲô 
һˮ죬½ѩɫļƶϣһǽʣǿ֮ 
½ѩ۾ԶɽˣѯʣҲ˿ 
ŰɡԶɽ˺˵ 
ȻԶңԶʣΡɽģм߷ٸ 
Ҹˡ½ѩ˵ŵʧ䣬 
ɡ½ѩ΢΢Ц 
Զɽ˵̾һ˵ưӿ뽫δ֮һһ˽ᣬʱһٻСݵģ̇ͷ˫ĬĬĿ½ѩ 
Ҫߡ½ѩ΢Ц۵һ˿ң 
Զɽ˵̫õġ 
½ѩӦһ˵Сݵ㡣 
˷ҲԶƣҪƽһʵˡ 
ԶɽղŵֵԼǸһ˿õԤСǸƵģԼֵṆ̀Ǹӯȥķɫʯľǰ 
ôˡ½ѩüͷ΢Ȼ·ʲô˵ 
ħ̴ǰȥ̽ 
Զɽ˵дƾʮǳսԪϡ˵΢΢һ 
Ȼָ˲٣겻󣬷â㡣ѹס˲࣬ܰϲٵæ 
½ѩ˵Сˡ 
ϸ΢ƿԶɽ˵˵ͷ 
ҲءСɣԶء 
˵תͷɽ˵߰ɡ˵ųźǵķȥɽȻأ 
Ҳüʣɽ˽ԶӰ𡮷ħ顯ȸȥ 
ϤӰʧ½ѩ¶һ˿΢ЦʦСʫ 
ӡУʦδйһ˿ЦݣȻʱЩԼʦ֪ЦΪ졭 
һۻڳ½ѩȻһ̧׿ȥɽǵӰѾʧˡкȻһ˿ڴ 
С½ѩһȻСʫ˵ȥˡ˵ųƷȥĺһʵ 
Сڻˡ 



ʮ 뿪

       һɽ꣬ɽСϪˮΧ곤дУ 
żȻҲֻܳɫҰãĲŪŵϷƵҰݡѰŶȹѩҹʳ 
һƿͻȻŵҰͷƵĳֱȥһֻСһ 
Ȼһͷײһضѵ׮ϣһ˹ȥ 
СĿֻιȥӣ֪ЩʲôϵСҺһת֨֨֨֨Ļм 
ӡಡһմ𣬳ײεӱȥ 
ɽҲǶипǵֻӲСײ˵ĻʱԼ˵ڼأ 
ɽһ¡Сͷɽ˵ŻСϪȥ 
ɽ˱ǸһЦ˹ȥ 
ɽ塣СıӰ 
СӦһʵǡ̡ǲһʼħУ 
ǡɽȻ˵ 
ŶС΢вת 
ɽЦһ˵ʼǳСϡ 
СףС΢оȣԺ֮вɵĻιǵذ׵ӰôһɲǣҲ΢΢ʧ 
ģСʵ 
ɽͷ˵ҳֺˡšΪħܣ˫һӡ𶴡˳·ϾһСС򡯵С 
ȥ֮⣬ɽһ·¾˵˳ 
䷢֪֮ħ˴󵨾ɽ㼰ʱϵҪȻ 
ħ˵صȷΡСɨһ۲Զ༸˵ 
˲Ҳѭŵ˿ҵ˵һ١ǰɽ¶һ˿ο 
ʲ֮ʱףо֮ҶеȲ⣬ƾ磬ʱѾﵽھŲ㣬磬ҲѾǵǷ켫ˡ 
ɽһϲܵõɽĳޱΣ侲Ѱ˼ţ 
ԼĵԼȻٳ˿̿⣬ǵһĲ 
Ȼһ¶ͷС 
ɽ壬ʵ֮ţһδҼʱʧˡ 
Сһ㶣΢Ц˵ԭҵղſ̫֮ǰвΪ֮ˣ̫֮֮֮δδ죬ʳ֮ȻĪЧ⵹Եˡ 
˵ﰵ̾꼶Ҳֻ뾪֮ˡ 
ȴ֪ɽԵ֮ʣȴֻɽ֮ΪĹ£Ҳûٻˡ 
ɽ壬֮ô죿ɽŽеķħ˹ȥ 
СŰɽеķħ飬֮һ˿ȣ˹ȥ 
ȻнţһġeԻָħ飬 
ɽȵ 
Ҳͬʱ˹һ˿ӹֻ˫˸֪Щʲô 
Сû˵ҫ۵ĽâȻһգɽȥڷħ֮ϵһѪѾʧ 
Өİâ²Ȼص˴ǰӣ 
ŰɣСֳ̧ɽȥ 
֮㲻زˣȻѾ֪ħ֣֮а취ء 
ɽһҪһȥħ̣ 
Щ㲻صģа취С˵ɽĵеһ˿ϸ΢ 
ǽأɽʵ 
Сһƽһ˿ãȻһ˿ڣһ˿ʹࡣʱ 
̾һɣǰô˵ǡ 
ɽԵӣСüͷ˵ 
ˣԺ·ôԼաԾڴˣΪ֮ 
˵½Ӱƿնȥ 
»ڷ㶵ɽ֨֨֨֨Сһӵеӣŵǵצһ󼱽С 
ãعɽӱ𣬳ȥ 
ʦ֣ȥɽʧʵ 
࿴»谵ɫüͷ˵Ҷˣڴ˵عҹɡӯѾָ˲٣бкܶʣɽǸʧӣûǰš 
ĻĺĺХŲʱߣɽܷ磬еҲ˲١ 
꣬һ죬ĻƮƮɽӯ˫˾ڻԣ߲ʱһˮ죬һڰӰСϪԣ֪Щʲô 
⡱һ죬ɽΪصĿ֦У֮һ࣡ը죬Ļٴ 
ɽĻ簵ҹ飬ҡڲӳɽӺ 
˫ӯ˷·ϰ߲գʱ̸СӯζĳһʺıǺ«ֻ۲ʱĳ㶵İɽȥ 
ڶŮɽʱɽͻȻվ֮ǰĳһɨ⣬ 
΢ЦŶ˫˵û£ܶҲŪٸǡ 
˵겻ȶ˿ڣ̳Ϫϵȥ˫ӯ˫˫һۣ֮ڱ 
һˮ죬ཫƤģ̳ˮ棬ٴγһƬճŵƤȥ 
ʦ֣ɡɽ߹Ȼ˵΢΢һ㶣Ž˺ۡҰõ˹ȥ 
ɽĽ˹ 
ʱֻɫ͸Ұú˻ͷ֮ϡ 
Ĭ֮䣬ƵҰñ˷ʳϣɽ΢Цų˵ϢڲԶ˯ 
Ҷ֮ʱȵĺһ죬ƣˣɽ˯ţ˷׷׺¶˯ 
ҹϰϰ˿֪˶áһƬɿݵҶĿıĻ֮ϣ 
ͣһ죬ҡڵĻͷһ˿ǻ 
ҹ֣ͬʱһ˫۾ͬʱ 
ɽ̾һվӻͳһֽ˿ʯѹԣģļӰĬĬ˵ 
Ҳܿɽ嵥ðգˣһ̣һٻģء 
˵תɽȥɽʪգɽţһĻĻ֣ 
裬࣬ףӯ֣Сʫ˫ɽҶϷ򸾡ЩһһУ 
ܿվˣǣԼʲôأã̧ͷİҹ޴棬 
Χľ٣ңԶ콥һ֮һˡ̾һߵӺȻһϡ 
ɵĳУһģӰңԶɽЦһ˹ȥ 
ô֪ġɫӰعףЦһ 
ҵȻ֪ˣǵСס˭ѽ˫ 
ɽüͷ˵ȥɣҲúġ 
ҪһأʵʦҲˣֻǹ˼ûڵʱס㡣Ҫһأ 
˫û˵ɽһ㶣Ȼһжһ뵽ԼҪȥĵط﷢㷣˵ 
ˣȥɣ²ءţ˽֮Իȥġ 
˫ߺ˵ʲôвŵ£㲻ܿգѵܿվܣɽһϣб΢΢£ 
ȥ֮ħϳҡ 
ˣˣ˵ôģҾˡ 
˫ͷĻ˻ֳǰȥ 
ɽŵûɵһȣ˫ҪʧӰæ׷ȥ 



ʮ 

       ̩Զ򣬡ܱȺɽΧƣһɽᴩ 
ʱХ亮ɽɢɢżӺ׵̿ͣǴǹĹĵĲຮǵϣɣ͸һ˿Σ 
С򣬹Ϣһɨ⣬ߺʱǾ࡮ɽһС 
ǰĹڸγɵһС 
ջǴһ˵ȴãר;̴ͨĵط 
ˮƷǮߣϲʱֳ죬Сߺ˷ 
һ˿嵭١һװڿߵλϣʱĶǰȲǳһڣ 
ʱڿǽڷ㶣Ҳ֪ЩʲôСҲǼֲˣ 
Ъŵƣʲôûӳ˼˵ҲĶк 
ʱȻΧƿһʶһŰ߰ӣݴĴվ 
Ƕһţš顱һصķϣ߷ߵĴ˵ 
̵ģûˣ缸øˡٴζһ͹࣬ 
ߵļ󺺸ͷһûɵӡʱȺһ 
ϻҲӲ׮ѽƿת׿ȥһСڵ̿ЦЦĿǸ󺺣 
ߣӲݸһ˵صصϡ 
̾˵δҵķܶˡ 
˵ɽǿ𣡡һüͷʵ 
ǻ˭ѽ 
ôɽǿ̾᣿ݸӼʵȻղŵĵ٩ֻΪȡֶѣĹϵҺʱҲΪ֮ġ 
Ӧòɡһ̬̿ͳɵ˵ 
ǰҴﾭʱҲû̫ΪѽֻǶҪЩ˵Ҫʲôš 
һֺ˼ӵǰ̵ĵӣС˵ 
Ҳħѽ 
ħ̣һɫף 
ӦþȺЩɱˡšϻĺӹ˿ھƷ 
˵޶ɱ˲գۣרץĹСʱǿܸոյҴĵĸɻ£ȹһʱ䡭ߺߡ 
ϻӡ࡯һžһˤ飬 
Χŵʳ;ɫ䣬һŷ·ʲôͷĿŰգ 
ֵĴóİϻʹķй֮Ҳ̹˲٣۾ɵӣЩ΢΢ˣ 
˲˵һ 
¸ʲôǻûǿʱ߸⣬Щô 
ร𣿡һͻȻ 
ϻһ壬ߵļڵվĴȴûΧ˶Լͷʱ 
æ̧ͷֻһѺֱðɽ֪ʲôʱֺ֮䡣ϻɫ䡣ŴĶſڣ 
λ̨ѽӳſڣ 
ǰһλɫĿŴϻϻ۾һʹԾĵͷ 
ô˫Ҳ£ 
ЦһȻ̨ȥһˣǲ˵Ǹӡϻһ 
ʱԱߺȻ⡯һ죬ԭǸһʼ٩ϻǸСĺСĵĳȥ 
֪ôһֻţѱ֣СӲٹ˼ɣŲУźűȥȻٶ죬ۼҪСʱ 
ȻŸһ飬ȶʧȥ֪һģˤڵϡСʹһ 
һѪСȼعæİСȣвͣţ 
ӣһ˰׵Ƹеĺڽһ˿Ѫ뽣֮У 
ԶӺȻ΢΢һһ˿âӹһţ 
ܾûѪ˰ɣӿǰĺڽ˷ܵ˵ 
ˡȻһȣϻź˵ 
Ҹߣ 
аЦʵ·ЦͬҲ͵͵ļЦ 
ˡζĿŴϻ·ǺèŪŽһ㣬еĺڽһ֮һݺӴȥΧĲ̵ı۾ 
ۣһ죬ģȻûвҽ̿۾ȥֻϻŭĿԲץסɫɽĽУ 
ǾȻѪǺڽϲâʢֻϻʹ֮ɫ 
һˣҵķɰɣҲ·顭 
ʱ䶸ֻ̿顱һڴЦĺܲݰ㵹ɳȥѪذ壬 
ɫ䣬ҴҵĻһܣæ׷˳ȥ 
һ촫˻ڷ㶵̿ǣ˻׿ȥǱϻеĺڽȻΪأ 
ƵĺٵȥʱʣڵĶڵϡ 
ϻҲǡžһ̱ڵأĺգȴ·ûиоһ㣬 
Χ̿ͼˣ׷׽ˣʱŵĿͼֻʣһˣ 
ϻζлˡعݸӸм 
лʲôˡϻڴ˵ȻдһʹѪ˿ָ졣 
ϻʹ˷£ƵӺ󣬿ǲܰˣϻţղŵת̫ͻȻҲû˼룬׬ˣվ 
Ҳ뿪ɣϻ˵ 
⻹˵ĲУ۶㵽ƽȥǻҲŽźŻſȥ 
ıӰϻ̾һʱһͻȻ 
пҽȥһ°ɡϻתͷȥһλһײԼ 
ãллˡϻл˹ 
Ҳ˵ϻӳſȥ 
Ĵ˿˿⡣ϻȵתſڿȥӵӰѾʧ 
ңԶġɽСһ 
УԶġɽǰѾһˡһӰһֱ棬ʲôأ 
֮ѽ͵͵̾ϢƮţ 
ɪɪ˽ǷޣӰʧããҹɫ֮С



ʮ ϻ

       ɽ 
ؽɣĺ粻ʱХɽ忴ɭ˲١ 
ģĺӰڱʯ䲻ʱһ͵͵Ľ̸صС 
İɽ֮ûľˣһɫʯסˣ 
ɽͻأһԲʮɵʯֱ߲ƶˣ 
һӰȥʱʧŨ֮У 
оΧĻҰӶűʯСš֪˶ãΧȻһ 
̧׿ȥǳɻԡʯĶ˺Ȼһֻľצʯ·ֱһ㣬 
ĶצХ죬ɷӭǹǴӾצ֮д 
Ӷ˶צȥ 
ӷʯצ֮УµȴһָоñһĹ㳡 
Χ߸ߵ޴ĺɫʯһ֮Ϲ׭ɵĿ֣ 
 
㳡дһɸߵļ̨ʮŰɫԸ߸ߵĽΧסӯӯ 
һӰվڼ̳֮ϣϸһ˺ȻϴСԾ˵Ĳʦ 
ʱȻָƽŵµİ׳죬һԲ̾Ưͷ֮ 
Ųʦ˫裬Բ֮кֱ⣬ΧӸߵʮҲ 
Լ䣬֮ҵķһһһ˼ 
һ˿㳯צӿΧʮ֮У 
ȥЩγһŹֵΣ֡ 
ջĿ⹧ 
̳Եĵǽᡰһʵôˡ 
СĵĻص⼸ŲûʲôӦҲûʲĶһǰһ޶ 
ǽȻһνҲˡ 
ṰˣʦͻȻ 
ǽɫ˴ǹ֣Ұһͳָտɴ 
ʦҲͻȻ۾ģ˴ζԹһҪ 
˵һ٣ɫͣԤϲϹеġ̡롮ħ顯ΪһԣϹǿոܻ֮ʮ࣬ʶС޴֮ƣаɡħ顯 
˵һ֮̾۵ʮʧħ顯СߵǸУһжʦ˵оâ 
ϴҴ߶ȫԪǿд߶޴󣬿ɺǹʵڸ߾ȻȫˡǽźȻһЦ 
⵹棬岿δҽʥȻ֮ǹԵõڲͬʸ֮أٸߣҽҲֻǡǽŲʦֶپ˵ 
ֻ⡮޴󡯿ɷƵġɽ󡯡 
ʦһһ˿ܡ 
ͷ̩Զʮ֮˿̷ƵΥִ̫أԭ糿˼ů⣬ 
Ĺŵɽ˫ţ˵ؾħϳǲԶΪ˶ĿǶѡͽȥ 
ĸɫҴҵٴδɽɻתͷ˫˵ 
ӦòǵļŸϰɣ 
˫ͷͨĻȫô 
ԭѾһ·ĵɫҴҵˣ 
߿ɣǰ浹׷ʲô¡ɽüͷ˵ŽŲᣬ˫ٵ·ľͷȥ 
߳ԶԶּȻһҽУɽ˫æͣסӣ˫˫һۺ 
ٵĳҽеȥ 
ʱֵİɽ˫ͣסһŨѪζӭ͵͵ںϡ 
ɽ˷ŲĿ˹ȥ֦䣬ӰӳǵĽѪģʬ壬 
ǵǰԶһĿĺڵϲͣţȫԡѪӣȻѾˣȴǺ˹Ϊ֮ 
ֻϵĴ󺺴ħ̵ĲǶԭ޹ɱӵֵʲû㣬־ͳ 
˲ǱˣСȵĴϻȻǵʱеλӡ 
ϻľԵĺѽױߵĺҡͷаЦ˵зɽһһĽâϻĴȴȥ 
ͣһ죬ϻҧƺһûг 
ЦȻ˻УҵССʦĳ˱°Իأͷֻͷȥˡ 
ޡϻһѪˮױߺ˵ϡ 
ŭһҪȡϻʱȻһ 
˻δüתֻһɴȻײ顱һ죬˵ӹϻصˤһôϡˡһѪ۷׵ӣȻǲˣ 
ʣµĺϻȵŲԶ֣ͬ־֮ɫ 
Ӱ߳ɽ˫ŭǸĺˣһһȻŴ죬С 
Ȼǰһ㵵ȻֹŴ۾ͷһСɵذ׾ûĲԼؿڡ 
ͨһ״СΪʲôɱ 
˫ɱˣɽæߵϻʵ 
λ׳ʿôˡ 
û£Ƥˡϻҡҡλεվ 
˫ߵǰ˲ԶİɽһۣĽ˫ĿϣĬĬĳն˼̾һɽȥ 
ģȥɡɽ˵ 
Ҿ͹һûңϻ˵źȻͨһȥ 
Ϊͽ 
ɽһ˵ȥ 
֪ϻһǲɽ¼ƣҲ̫ 
ϻ˵ҴСĸȫޣǴĶ֪ò׽˼λֵܣȴЩħ̵ӸɱˡңҸɴˣҲǣˡ 
ɽЦһԼͽأȻ˵ 
ɣȥҡɽ˵ȥģղͿ컯ˡ 
ϻͷվãҾġҪһȥһҲ·ϻɵ˵ 
˵ĲᣬȷɡһԵ˫ݹһŵҩ˵ϻ˫΢΢һ㶣Ŷһ죬ԾִٵĽ˹ȥ 
ϻµҩɽ˵ǴлҪҪ죬ܴ㣬 
Ȼʵôħ̵ˣ 
ϻɤ˵ҽ½ѡҲ·ѡ˼˶ҡϻ뼸ֵܡϻջ˵һ顣 
֮󣬰ɽ˫һۣܿԷеľ 
仹ɽ˵ĲԻѽɽﰵ 
ʱɽɫ˴ҪȥʮΣգֻҪȥǴһ֪ġֻԼȥˡ 
ϻͷ˼ʵҲ֪ǲ˳ɽ񡭡 
ǲȥɽϻͻȻʵ 
ɽ΢оȣô֪ġϻЦһµġ 
˫ͷ˵ȥɽ 
ϻɵ˵֪һصͨɽײӦû˷ֵˡ 
ʲôɽ΢оȡ 
ϻ˼˵ǰ·ˣʱɽǰħ̵ĳѨȻħϳ߿϶мֵƵأ 
ΪڶֵֻһѰڣںɽһ֮Ѱһɽ߽ȥȻж죬󵽴ﾡͷǷ־Ȼ˺ɽ룬һ½˵ 
˼죬ûҵǲ㱻ڽȥʱʿ˼ŷƽ 
ɽ΢һ˵֣ܲȻá˫ĵ˵ͷ 
ãĻҾڡ̩Զ򡯵ǰɡϻ˵ 
˵ϰɽҲٻؾܣ˵ 
ڡ̩Զ˰ɣ֮ûпǻԼȥɽɡ 



ʮ ص

       ֮ǻǰɽɡɽ֣ص˵ 
ϻӦããһΪ 
ɽ˽ϻͬã 
˫ħ̵ҲһˡɽɻĿʱ͵ 
ʬҰײͨգȥٴĹԭ£ǻ°ɡ 
ɽҲڲԶ˸ӽħ̵һˣ 
½ɫȴû˵ɽҲ˵ 
һ̧֮бâƥԶһĽߣɻԡ 
߰ɡɽ˵ 
ϻɫصĴԷͷվ˫һԵͷ˼Ҳ֪Щʲô 
ɽ볯ϻʵ˵Ǹʲô򣿡 
㵣ƫһͣߵĻϹܹ½˵ 
ɽüͷ΢壬ϵܼСֵĻᡣʱҴɡ 
ſԶգ˫˵ 
֮ǰǱȥܹҵãʵڲܵĻ棬ɽжʱҲӦ 
˫ǿЦһðɽɻĿһۣ 
ôصӣﲻ𡣡 
㵣ûУЩŶѡ˫Ц˵ 
ɽ˵ɣ㡭 
ȰˣҲµġ˫˵ 
ᶨףɽж֮⣬ȻһĸоЩʷϲ 
ãá߰ɡɽĿƮ˵ 
תͷɽķȥϻץԴһ 
ԭҲẦѽں˫΢΢һ٣ŲԶǵƵӰĵ̾һ 
ɽʱ˼ɽסϻѡϡ򳦹ŵͿշٵǰȥ 
˫۽ɪɪ½죬ɽԼɽ֮⣬Ҳᶨ˴˴ΰľģ 
һ¸ڶԱ鲼Ұںڰͻͻ֣˲ʱɣŲԶĺɽ 
ɽ˫ΣϻӦ˾ĸоۣȻѾľ 
ֳ֮ɽɽָȥɽᣬת׿˫һۺ 
½ŲݶȥһĻʯɽľʯĴɢ䣬 
һСϪʯ֮У֮вʱǵĳХֺɭ 
½һ˵ǰ棬ʱĹֻݸ˴ʯ죬ɽ˫ĸ 
䱸ΧոʵľʯҲϻΪ˽ǮҵִҲʵ˵á 
֪ãΧϢı䣬һ͸ǵĺǰĴϻͶ¸ͣ 
ǰûôѽ߱߹˵ 
ɽǰסļ򣬻ĶԪ½мĿһۣŷſֽȫǰ߶ȥ 
ʱվһʯǰˣϻϲɫָʯ˵ǰ뿪ʱЩʯͷסûб˷֡˵ǰŲʯһԲζֱֳӿɭ产ˡ 
áɽһһ 
֮ƽʱһš 
½ͷЦáҾ̩ԶŶλˡ˵ᳵĳ·ȥʱʧӰˡ 
ʱɽ˫ǽȥɡ˫ʯᡰһ 
ɽ˵Һ棬һвԣ̺ˣҡ˵Ų˫شʯȥ 
˫ӵĸȥһ룬ΧȻһ˵ҲֻĿɣ͵͵ĺʱ˷ 
ڰĴ֣ӵ뻳С룬粻ʱѡȴϢ 
ɽףֻϰħ˲ܷ磬½첢û˵ԶıȻħ̵ϳ 
ȴԼģɵ޾ĺߡ 
صǰȥȴȻ塣 
ɽСɽ 
¹ˣһɫٻӰͣפϣߵ 
·Хѩ½裬貨ӣֱ˷ȥ 
㻹ˡ͵͵һ̾Ϣ½ѩ״ŵʧ䣬ϤڲǻԺ 
ģȴڡ 
ʦһͻ½ѩƮɢ˼ʵ 
ʲô£ 
Сʫ˶˵ٴѯ¡Ѿǻȥˣҿǲûġ 
ม½ѩü.ͷƬתԼĵʵ 
˵Ҹòøǣ 
Сʫһ㶣˵Ϊ֮ͨףˡشҲӦ֪Ӳʦ⼸Ҳδйκδǰʱħ֮սҲʢһʱѹɲ٣ӲʦΪΡΪΡ˵СʫҲԥ 
Ϊ䲻أԲǰɡ½ѩ˵ 
ǡûУӲҡСʫ˵ 
½ѩ̾һתͷ۾ɵԶ 
ʱСʫ̧ͷǰʦȻߣĸоȴǺӣ 
ǰΪ˽ʦģȴ෴ 
һеĸı䶼Դڼǰһޡ֮İӣʦ΢ЦķһеһлΪɴԭʦΧƮ׽ 
̫ɻͷͷʧķ֣Լ˽ʦ 
һжֻԼΪǰˣ뵽⣬СʫɵĿЦһ½ѩҲ롣 
죬ŵƤǺȻ˳һһΧһ࣬ȤĿԡԼ⻪֮µʦͽˣ 
ã½ѩת˵ٴλָĮ 
˵ĲһжΪʦˡ˵㳯²Լʯȥһһǰȥͨ塣Ʈ 
Сʫ㵵Ŀ½ѩıӰʧ²࣬һ˿ϲɫӣ 
ȻַǰǸʦֻˡ 



ʮ 

       ʯ޼ 
ʯͻأѷʯǶ಻ʤ̬֣ĵطֻһͨȻⲻ˹ʯȻγɵġ 
ʱȥˣɲӰ͵͵ĽŲѹֵߵԵø̶ 
ѵĺڰעֵŮ 
ڣɽ˫ͣס˽Ųǰһѵѡ 
һֲھǰһƽȥһб£ 
ɽ֣ƽӶȥһʯԵĲ̣ۼǴϻһΪһʯұأ˿ȶĺۼ 
һɽתͷʵ 
˵أ˫˻ 
ɽƬ˵½ֱߵǰĺɽϳģʱѾħ̾ˣǲϤߵΣðȻȥ϶ױ֣ԡ 
һɡ˫Ц˵ 
ɽͷб죬ܵӦħ̵ײֵĿԾС˺ܶ࣬Ц߲ͨĻʱ۽Ҳһ 
е˫ͬ 
ã߰ɡɽ˵תµʯȥ 
ߵ˫ƽʯһۣſ첽ȥ 
ȥɽȻķֵʱ粻֪ʲôʱѾʧ 
սħ顯̽ȥ 
֪˶ãԶĺڰ֮Уֵĳţɽתͷ˫һۣ 
˫ն˼΢΢һЦɽһɣӰĳͷǱȥǺڰΨһĹ⻪ǿΧÿһ˿ڰֻˣȴһʯĵס 
ɽĴյʯ߳⿴ȥһʯʯϲһȼյĻѣ 
ʱķһžը죬ǸŵʯȥЩ 
ǱߺûˣɽջĿ˵ 
˫̽׿һµͷʾͬ 
ɽ˵ȥɣ˻ 
˫ͷҲֻˡЦҪȻ淭죬˵Ҳ֪ 
ɽЦָտĽâֶ 
ɡ˫Ȼ˵ 
ɽһ㶣ŻȻ 
˫ն˼ʯϻһԲȦ 
⡣һ죬ȦеʯȻһ 
ɽæһѷסƿһԲοֳ 
˫СĴӿд˹ȥɽŷǿԲʯϡ 
էһȥ治׷ɽĳ˫һЦˡųױָ£ 
˫⣬Ŷŵĳǰ̽ȥ߳Զһڰǰɽѡмһǰȥ 
ŲϵǰߣɽȵķȻ确𶴡һʯػؽ棬Ҳʯס 
ΧҲʱͨħ̵߹˾оյıܹ 
ʱһڰǰɽȴˡЦһ˫˵ 
ǲǰˣʱҲ·ˡ 
˫ʯü˼Ƭ˵ȻԵƽϰɡ 
ɽͷӦ 
˵תȻӰһһͨħ̵ӲԶһʯ 
պöתɽˣɽһ㶣ﲻɵһͨҲһ㶣˫ʱæ˵ 
󡭡֪³ӣɽѾ˫ǰ˹ȥ 
顣һ죬һҺĺ˵ɶءصײڰɫʯϡ 
ôˣҵĽŲȻ 
һֵɽ룬ץ˫С֣ſŲ·ɱȥ 
ŴӺ洫ԽԽƿɽĶɤȻһ࣬·ʲôһ㣬 
кͻħ顯Ȼһݣ 
һƿХħ顯Ŷ˵ӵȥ 
ģӵƽϢɽŷ˫Ѿʪ͸ˣ 
ѽתͷǿЦһ˫ɵġһǰĶֱ㶣 
ɽתعͷС⡱һĵˡ 
Զĸħ̵ӽȻѾɽˡ˹ 
ɽһģ˽˫С֣ɫ˹ȥ 
ĻƮյ 
žһ죬Ļ涸Ȼ 
λħ̵վסǻһڻһɲǣ 
ɽеġħ顯âǣ΢Ի谵ߵ͵һѾõġСٿĻӳ 
飬һ죬ʯһ 
ϸСʯмŻԣɽǿһ˫һãã̳֮У 
 
׷ 
ƿٴ֮ҲԽԽˣ˫عͷһۣ 
Χĺڶве⻪ХҲѣ 
ףڡ֮ʱԼӦ뿪ˣɹʹԼ 
ԼֻӶѣԼҵɣ񡭡ŲϴŴɽбյ֣ 
ȻһĸоģģֻǻǷµծѣ۾ҡҡͷŬԼȥ׷ס 
һȻԱߵĺڶм̶˫һն˼â£ 
һնϣҲһЩһͬϿ 
냺ɳеİɽȻͣ˫۾Ŀ˫΢׵ϴһ˿Ц⣬ 
صԶˣҵסǣߡ˵Žͨȥ 
ħ顯У׵Ϸһİâ 
ҪһߣҴӦʦҪȥġ˫ɽĻն˼ 
ˡɽͻȻһٵġ 
˫һ𣬾Ө˫۶ɽ˵Ҳ 
һɽתƽ˵㲻ͬҵһȥˡӵƿս˫ȻĪһ 
žǿ˵ɣҵҲһĹ𣿡 
ݵƽɽȻ̾һû취˵˫ֽ͵һ壬飬Ӳʯѳ 
ɽʮ֮ˡƽȥһҪŹ淣ʦ֮֮صʯȻħ̵׷ϣ·˲١ 
ѽ˫ǹЦ˵˼˵ҺǷ˴ʦ֮µġ 
ɽһϣŲ˵֪ǲǷʦֶġ 
󲻶ϴ߸ɽһصϵǶԲʯ飬ɵ̾һ 
ֻӲͷƤʯľͷȥһƿպȻ 
ɽһܣʯһߣ䣬һ죬ըʯĴ䣬 
ɽʩңʱһξ룬 
Χʯвʱħ͵ϮģߵĵֻĿסˡɽת 
ʱΧĺȻһԭԱߵʯѾûлˣ 
ХŵѪζ 
ɽһһɲõԤϮͷ˿̵ĵ룬̧ͷȥ 
ԶľͷѪɫ𰵷ڰſѪ죬ЦĿŰӰ˹ 
ΨһĳڣɽϢŷɱ롣 
ڡĴͻȻɽ 
һ̣һһĻһ޴ԲʯۣһȺޱȵѪ̾УѪɫڣϣ 
ʱֳһŲͬףˣ׳ʿʹģġͬȴɷ죬 
Թ顣ɽһ˫ɫҲǲ԰ޱȣ 
ͬʱӿѪƺȻһͣһ׳ȥ 
ţһХȻͬͬʱЦɫѪһ󷭹Ѫ촥ȻŰеɽ˾ȥ 
ɽ˫ͺһհɡһѽסԪȫ߶ 
˫һ԰׵׷һĨκ죬Ƭ̱۾ɽҶ룬תдһ̫ꡱ 
ţ˵ݰתµġħ顯תһźţһ㽫˰УһɫĲųѪȥ 
䣬䣬䣬Ƶľվڡڡ֮ħ̵һЦ 
һλ󺺼Ц˵ˣҵһֽšԱ߳һλݸӺ˵ 
ϴ˵Ĳ⡮ڡסԹ鶼ǰѪĵӲ飬Թ󣬺ϳһϸ䶾ֻ֣ƾѡ 
ȻϴЦһɫ΢˵ʥæڡ֮£ϾǰЩԹ飬ҵʱٶץһЩʱʥһˣٲ˴ҵĺô 
ǡΧĵЦӦ 
°ɣͲñˣ˼ҷġϴڰ˵ 
ΧĵΨΨȥ 



ʮ 

       ϴ̧ͷɫĿŰɫʯϣâ¶֣ 
ڡҧһٿȻգ¶ 
ʱԼҲһ֮ޣȻսû䣬ԼһסѪ飬ѪϦ 
ԸΥѪ顯Ȼǰȴڵ̵֣֮ǣաѪ顯ӾǸѪõˣ 
˭ܵ裬ÿι֮ʱԼܻŽڽµһĻ 
ƱǿԼҲòĴܶԷļƻˡϴ󽥽ɿƣһ˿ 
Χĺڰһ󸡶һղŷʲô£ϴ·Ѿ֪˭ 
ת˵֪ļһѾɱˡ 
˵һ٣ףļƻûãҪʱܴɡװ׵Ĵ˴ҵ 
ףֻ 
ģĳʮɰվԲðȻʵʩŷɶЩϲģǽһ롮顯̤صʵա 
ʱתʵǽĶطʪӡ롮顯˶٣ 
ϴ˵ʪáĵӼٸ˵룬һǿؼϣʱʱչ 
ߣȻǶطвϷ֮ƿЦ˳ 
顯и绢ҿǻİɡ 
׵ЦһĪǵǽŮ˸Ů֮ɡ 
˻һΧĿȻһ䣬ϴһɣͲСͫ·Ҳı 
ƿΪЦһߣֻһˡ 
˵ڣΧĺڰ֮С 
ŽƿʧӰ׵Ц׽䣬֮һ˿âͻ 
ɽЩ۾Ѫճӿֱĵ 
𣿡ɽ㶵ĿŲϷѪƣȥļ佥ָ 
Ӧǰɡ˶촽ȴûз 
кȻһ˿ʧ䣬ֻϤûг֣תһ²ӣ 
ͻȻӰһĵĶڸպöԼ˶ɭɭ 
ɽһȴȻûƶ 
ʱһȻ̡عİɽ׿ȥסԼľȻźۣ 
˫۾ӳϤеӣ΢ЦŽ˽ֱۣٴĺ 
ȻϵЦһС͵Ĵ򿪣 
ѽһ쳹ʯûعɽѱص˦ɣ 
顣һ죬صİɽʹһˤˡ 
˫Ժ˼ɽá 
Ȼз·ʲô΢׵׺ϼƮɣ 
ɽ֪ڨڨ˵Ȼ˫һ 
ѽʲôɽһڵ޹ǰɣ 
ʲôҰôѽ˫ߵɽԱߣ 
֪ɽͷѪü˵ 
˫Ҳ̧ͷЩԹôأ 
ɽ٩ϣѽ 
ʲôѽ˫һֶֻۣѡ 
ɽ˵ǱֵסˣʱӦòΣˡ 
˫Ӧһ䳯ΧȥһԲʮɵʯͰܶǰɫʯµʯȻҲʺֺɫʮֹ죬 
·ֻһڣǸôţ˫üͷ 
ûĳˣɽ˵ 
ϴõһʽʲôţɲʩչѽ˫ĿڼĿɽ 
ˡɽȻ˵һʽɽҸȡС̫ꡯһʽԪ̫󣬴ʱǿʹãܻûȥ㱻ЩԹˡ 
˫·ʲô˷ܵ˵ﻹҩ˵Ŵӻģȥʱһ״ƿУ 
Ȼɫһɽۿȥ˫СУһűɫ農УƿǿտҲˣ 
ɽʶֻһͨ˵ҩ˶á 
취ɣɽο 
˫ǿЦһ԰ɣ˵ԡ˵Žҩ˹ȥ 
ɽһ΢Ц˵áͷһ£ 
˫һЦȴûɽͷһ˲䣬һӰɿ֮У 
ʱݵĵϢɽ۾˫һԾĿɽЦһ 
ˣ취ɡվһѹǼܣɭɫĺΧΪ߳ʻ״ 
ΧɢƬէһȥ·һɫĴ߷ڵϣֺˡ 
˫Աߴ 
ɽ­ǰ˵Ӧɡ 
˫һ 
ɽͷ͵ֻںӵ֮УӱŰҪצ롣ȻŹмצ­ǰȻ롣Ӧ 
˵ŰɽԼҲ΢΢һԱߵ˫ԭأǽŶѹ̫˰ɣԷɺ󣬲ʱ˯˹ȥ 
ɽ̾ſһۣҲصϣĿͷѪơ 
ͬʱɽʮ֮һɽϣϷǣȻ谵һƬ·ϵֻǻþһ㣬 
ľͷվһʯ֮ϣĺХȴû˿Ķһϵʯ񣬾š 
֪˶ãջĿ⣬ƽ 
ĺȥˣŶز𡣡 
ȻǼһûٽ㶫ˬͻȻ᰻߳ 
ȵĺ췢ȴڸǲеı䣬ᰵЦ˵û뵽ôͼˡ 
û뵽ľ˵δ˵ 
ͬڣˣ֪ڻ˴γΪѽ 
ľһû˵ϵЦʧĥҪҪ¶Էʱ 
ľͻȻˣ֪ΪΣָ졣 
᰾һС̧ͷɻıȻɫ䣬ɬ 
ʲô˰Ե֮ڵ**Ȼ·ʲôȵó 
ȥ֪ˡľЦһ˵ 
źɫӳ𣬳źɽķȥʱããҹɫ֮Уᰵͷ˼Ƭ̣Ҳȥ 
ƿսţҰɽٴλָХ 
ʱְӰ֮УһٻӰȳʧİЦһǾβСף 
ֻͷ֮һ˿ɻ󣬽һ˿Ȼ 
СƽֵȴŨŨĵǡ 



ʮһ ս(һ)

       ԺУɽ۾Ѫ˹ãʹΨһǣҿȥ 
Աߵ˫ȻʱĶͷϵѪƣԿն 
ɽһζ 
㶵˫ȻһŶ亰 
ҲģҲġʧ˫ 
ɽȻ˵Բ㡣 
˭ˣ˫һ䣬ŷ˵ 
ֻǲĲ׵սĻķڷ 
˵̾˿ 
ʵĵ׸ᣬǧ㣬ȴû뵽˼ȴһֻ̤ŹأԼĸȴ֪飬 
ʱǵ˫ƽԱߵͷɽʵӣ˵ǻ᲻ѽ 
ɽ̧ͷƽ˵ᣬŷʵ²¡ 
£ҵȻ˫ߺߵĵһ˵㣬ҪȻС಻㡣 
ˡɽ̾һ˵ 
˫һʱΧİѪƷ˻˻ɭɭĺӳɻԣ 
ʯһϢζ˫˫ýɽһ£ 
ʲô˵ѽ 
ɽЦ˵ʦʦ֣ӯ 
ม˫Ӧһ˸ķ·Ҳ˳˼ 
ʵ԰һʱ䣬һжȹֵʱ⣬ǰΪԼõˣȴ֪ҵʱ뷨Ƕôɡ 
˵˵ţ˫¶һ˿ζЦݣ 
ɽЦΪʱѽȻһɻĳ˫ȥ 
ʱ˫·Ҳʶ˸ղŵĲԣǿЦһ˵㻹ûʲôԸ 
֮ԼȻһƣˣȴҪװȥΪġֻǸһõӡɡ 
ĿŰɽסԸɽһ䣬йûˡ 
˫΢΢һȻûйϣżһ񣬶¶Ǹ˵˼ 
֪Լʵôأ˫ţһĪĿֻźȻϮͷ 
ĴֲɵĿ̾һҲõĽɡ˿Χš 
ʱĿ־廯ΪȻķ 
ŵʱţŽ˯˫ɽվΧһĿȻ 
ϸɳ͸ŸϢ˰ɣɽ̾һûˮٹˡ 
ɽ뵽һ˿ϣͷǾɽ˴ħ̣ʱҲһ 
Ҹ˫˵Ϊ̫ܻĵʱ򲻽ϣ˵ʧ 
⣬ȴɽҪģߵǾ֮ǰɽ˶­ͷ 
ˡյĴ֤һ޴棬ΧΧһ˿鶯һ 
ͬʱʮ֮ǲҲһѪһӿ 
ɽȴֻߵһ㵺㲻ٺ棬Ϊ 
ĻȻΧ뿪ȴ޶һʲ֮֮ 
ţֳԱߵĺȥ 
ڷ˴ɽһƨɳϣǰ޴κͷ 
ɽϣĳһͷȥˡһƴ 
ɽٴ˻ͬǣǵѾˣ 
ôͷ͸ž 
ʱΧȻһ󼱴ٵĴϢҪ͵͵ 
Ŀɽ˫͵һӻȻվ𣬳˫ȥ 
ֻ˫˫Ŀգɫ԰ٵ߽ʱʱҪɽ 
ɽһץסС֣οûµģµġ˵ԼҲԼˡ 
˫ƽϢȥֻɣĿѡݵƽ 
ɽȻһɲõԤУɬƳ˫Ķͷȥȸдģ 
ɽ΢΢һ𣬡ˮˮỺ߽ٴδ֮ݺݵôŰɽķ 
̧ͷȥͷᶨĿⶨԼֱ֮ϡ 
ϮֱۡɽһϾó֮ǰ˫Լĵҩ 
⿪׵촽ĽΨһϣι˽ȥ 
ɣ̧ɵĿ·𴩹ʯֱ 
ͬʱľ֮ϣľצţƯʮű֮ǰһ࣬ 
Ѿ״ˡʦׯ̬ϣµĵֻ̣ռ㣬صϢ 
һ׭𣬽ΧĹȥ 
ǽĿĿһ֮ܵ˿ӿ֮Уһ̩ȻȻ·ɽӾһ㣬֮ԡ 
ӿġ޴󡯣ʦǧŲ¹ŵݣҲǽ滺 
ʱŰյĵǽȻתףĿĿžצ֮ǿա 
¹£һɫӰţΧ·Ϊһ壬Ħ壬 
ʱˡǽЦһɫЮŷ֮Ƴ 
֮£Сš˵û뵽ǾȻ̡֮أΥ˵ϣȴһ档 
ǽ˵ϦչȥˣôҲЩЩµһ޶ˡ 
Сӡ̡ջĿ⣬ŵǽΪ˵ 
˵ĿֻΪ˵һָ̡ 
ǽɫһǾȹһذɡ 
áСͷһ˿ħ̵ǽ֮ͨһأȴԸˡ 
ߣǽһǴ˵ϰ岿顯ˣҵҪжı¡ 



ʮ ս()

       áСͷһ˿ħ̵ǽ֮ͨһأȴԸˡ 
ߣǽһǴ˵ϰ岿顯ˣҵҪжı¡ 
˵ǽͫѪâǣܷӿȥһѶ೤ںɫ䵶ѪӰгɷ֮ӯأ 
ħСһɫ 
ҲʲôһƽâüĻȻţϮѪâˮһᡰ˻ 
ͣסСʮ֮ 
ǽ˵ѵҪҶԵУšȻꡯа֮ħһȸ°ɡ 
СΪ˵ʱԻ֮Էġ 
ߣǽһһɨ 
ħϢѪзȥ 
Сſᡮħӡǰֻˡһ̣ 
һԡeתָɳǰ֮ 
ƵġħȻҫ۵Ľâ˿ֹǰĽŲ 
ͣһ죬ħݺݵĶ֮ϣںڵĵض룬ŵǽϴ֣߳ħ룬 
С΢΢һһϤ֮ӭͺһ˳һӡٴһ䣬 
ָᡮӡɫĹâٴ𣬳಻һׯϵѸսâʵʣ 
һŻתħһǰĲӻ 
ʱħ޳ĵѹ룬 
ǽ˵ŵصѪâ˿ΪŵĶšħ 
ָҲãħɻʱǽݺȻһ 
еָȻֻǰһŵϥ¹ȥϵħ 
һǡħһХХɷ֮ʤǰɭâΪأ޳ĵϺӿ 
һƺâһ㳯ԡeȥʱҫ۵Ա㱻ʴһ飬 
Сɫ΢䣬ռӣһԲ̫ͼ˲γɣſٵĳŷصȥ 
ʡһ̫˫ŷһתʱ󣬽ڣţʥҵһ㣬 
ʴָʱġħѾͣסǰĽŲâĲ 
ħ֮һ˻˻֮ǽɫҲǸһ䣬 
ԭΧĽâһ˿˿ĳȥȻƬ̱㱻ɣɫľâɳӿ渽ȥ 
ǽһħһͬʱСҲһȣ֮âںϣ 
ġħ·һѾõԺݺݵķ˻ȥ 
һХħŷ֮ƵɶأŨѪâһĺڵþòܱպϣ 
ʽȻѱˣǵǽһʱҲ䲻ˣ 
Ȼġħǽɫٱ䣬ָʩѪһ𷭹 
Ȼ䣬һѪ͵𣬳ŷħȥڰգѪһѪ 
צ̬֡䡣һ죬ѪɫȻըһ٣ħҲǻһ£ǽǰһѽץס 
ּ䣬һɻĺȻϮϣǽһݷ֮ӭѶϣ 
ˣֱһʱҲ쳣ӲѶˡ 
ʱʦǵͳͻȻ۾Сġ 
ǽȻ̧ͷһѪѹ֮󣬽ɫĹâ糱ˮӿ 
ɶ񣬡ǽߺһֻһӣۼ籩ǣʱγѪӰһߴĲǽ 
䡣һ죬ҵ˳ϮȥǽǱĵʮȻ̧ף 
Сվڽâ֮пߣ̬޳к΢΢ָȻ¸ղǾһҲôɵġ 
ѪƲϵĻûһİףɽ㶵ͷ΢׵κα飬Щʲô 
̡һ߽˫û𣡡 
ͷȴоһжָ˲٣ôܱɽ۴Ц˵ɽ֮ײɵһ˿ϲá 
ʲôѽ˫ĵһۣų˼ŵͷ 
̧׿ɽƽʵǿŵҩûǲǣ 
ɽǿЦһû˵Ϊ֪ô˵ȴ֪ġ 
˫ͷ̾Ϣһ˴ʱ̫ɵʱأͷ 
ɽͷһʱҲ޻˵˫ԹԵ˵ţȻһɵѪζ˹˵˿̲ŷְɣ 
ģŵļٴѣ˫ɫùŹ 
ɽþò˵ʵôˣ𣿡 
˫һ˿ЦʵҺʲô 
ɽһ㶣͵˫һۺ󣬽ӳΧһۣ̾˵Ѫ 
ݵƽһкȻ𣬡 
ɽãȻ̧ͷ˫ӭɽһƵڵأ˫СȭͷһҴ 
ͷͷҺѪˡˡ˵£Ҵ 
ˣˣ˭ҵѽ˭ôáء͵͵ʺȻɽǸȻ̧ͷ 
֪ʲôʱ˫ѾſԼϣϸʶš 
˭ҪҵġٴСϸȭɽĽס˫̧ͷɵ۾¶Σ 
ֻɺѪĴ֣ʵʹ𣿡 
ɽЦЦ˵ûˣСˡ 
˫ͷС˵Ժ׼ɶˣ֪𣿡 
ɽҿ˿Ӧһ 
һʱΧʱ侲ԣ˫˶ȽţȴȻķԼСֻɽ֮УˮԴĵͷ 
ȵĸоӿӽΣķ¶ɲǡ˼ 
PSŹѽô죩 
˵ǽͫѪâǣܷӿȥһѶ೤ںɫ䵶ѪӰгɷ֮ӯأ 
ħСһɫ 
ҲʲôһƽâüĻȻţϮѪâˮһᡰ˻ 
ͣסСʮ֮ 
ǽ˵ѵҪҶԵУšȻꡯа֮ħһȸ°ɡ 
СΪ˵ʱԻ֮Էġ 
ߣǽһһɨ 
ħϢѪзȥ 
Сſᡮħӡǰֻˡһ̣ 
һԡeתָɳǰ֮ 
ƵġħȻҫ۵Ľâ˿ֹǰĽŲ 
ͣһ죬ħݺݵĶ֮ϣںڵĵض룬ŵǽϴ֣߳ħ룬 
С΢΢һһϤ֮ӭͺһ˳һӡٴһ䣬 
ָᡮӡɫĹâٴ𣬳಻һׯϵѸսâʵʣ 
һŻתħһǰĲӻ 
ʱħ޳ĵѹ룬 
ǽ˵ŵصѪâ˿ΪŵĶšħ 
ָҲãħɻʱǽݺȻһ 
еָȻֻǰһŵϥ¹ȥϵħ 
һǡħһХХɷ֮ʤǰɭâΪأ޳ĵϺӿ 
һƺâһ㳯ԡeȥʱҫ۵Ա㱻ʴһ飬 
Сɫ΢䣬ռӣһԲ̫ͼ˲γɣſٵĳŷصȥ 
ʡһ̫˫ŷһתʱ󣬽ڣţʥҵһ㣬 
ʴָʱġħѾͣסǰĽŲâĲ 
ħ֮һ˻˻֮ǽɫҲǸһ䣬 
ԭΧĽâһ˿˿ĳȥȻƬ̱㱻ɣɫľâɳӿ渽ȥ 
ǽһħһͬʱСҲһȣ֮âںϣ 
ġħ·һѾõԺݺݵķ˻ȥ 
һХħŷ֮ƵɶأŨѪâһĺڵþòܱպϣ 
ʽȻѱˣǵǽһʱҲ䲻ˣ 
Ȼġħǽɫٱ䣬ָʩѪһ𷭹 
Ȼ䣬һѪ͵𣬳ŷħȥڰգѪһѪ 
צ̬֡䡣һ죬ѪɫȻըһ٣ħҲǻһ£ǽǰһѽץס 
ּ䣬һɻĺȻϮϣǽһݷ֮ӭѶϣ 
ˣֱһʱҲ쳣ӲѶˡ 
ʱʦǵͳͻȻ۾Сġ 
ǽȻ̧ͷһѪѹ֮󣬽ɫĹâ糱ˮӿ 
ɶ񣬡ǽߺһֻһӣۼ籩ǣʱγѪӰһߴĲǽ 
䡣һ죬ҵ˳ϮȥǽǱĵʮȻ̧ף 
Сվڽâ֮пߣ̬޳к΢΢ָȻ¸ղǾһҲôɵġ 
ѪƲϵĻûһİףɽ㶵ͷ΢׵κα飬Щʲô 
̡һ߽˫û𣡡 
ͷȴоһжָ˲٣ôܱɽ۴Ц˵ɽ֮ײɵһ˿ϲá 
ʲôѽ˫ĵһۣų˼ŵͷ 
̧׿ɽƽʵǿŵҩûǲǣ 
ɽǿЦһû˵Ϊ֪ô˵ȴ֪ġ 
˫ͷ̾Ϣһ˴ʱ̫ɵʱأͷ 
ɽͷһʱҲ޻˵˫ԹԵ˵ţȻһɵѪζ˹˵˿̲ŷְɣ 
ģŵļٴѣ˫ɫùŹ 
ɽþò˵ʵôˣ𣿡 
˫һ˿ЦʵҺʲô 
ɽһ㶣͵˫һۺ󣬽ӳΧһۣ̾˵Ѫ 
ݵƽһкȻ𣬡 
ɽãȻ̧ͷ˫ӭɽһƵڵأ˫СȭͷһҴ 
ͷͷҺѪˡˡ˵£Ҵ 
ˣˣ˭ҵѽ˭ôáء͵͵ʺȻɽǸȻ̧ͷ 
֪ʲôʱ˫ѾſԼϣϸʶš 
˭ҪҵġٴСϸȭɽĽס˫̧ͷɵ۾¶Σ 
ֻɺѪĴ֣ʵʹ𣿡 
ɽЦЦ˵ûˣСˡ 
˫ͷС˵Ժ׼ɶˣ֪𣿡 
ɽҿ˿Ӧһ 
һʱΧʱ侲ԣ˫˶ȽţȴȻķԼСֻɽ֮УˮԴĵͷ 
ȵĸоӿӽΣķ¶ɲǡ˼ 



ʮ ս()

       ֪˶ã·ǺӦ˵ĳţɽŲŲӣ 
׼˵ʱŷнյϸС֣һ˵Ȼ˿ǣǿ 
㵹εɿƣ˫ɽһۣĬĬջС֣ƽһ˿ʧ䡣 
ʵ㻹 
ɽɫһ롣ô 
ʲôʱ룿˫ͷʵ 
侲ʱ򡣡ɽ˵ 
˫Ȼ̧ͷ͸Щԥҧݵʵ 
Ҳô죿 
ɽɫһȥ˫һ񽥽ɣ 
תӡѹֵϢٴֶˣƲɢ֪˶ã 
һƳ̾ϢµʧɽЦһ˵Ƕӣ˵Щֻͽ˻һ 
˵ʵһֱһ˰ˣԶܻˡ 
ŵİˡֻҲԶѣΪҷ޷һ̡ 
أ˫Ȼתͷʵ֮һ˿ϣ 
˫Ƕˮ۾ɽȻıĿ⣬˵ΪܷһУȻϣҺúõĻţһӻ֮УȪ֪ҲĿˡ 
룿˫һǺЦʵ 
ɽͷ˫һԣǰŮȻԼвȱٵһˡ 
Ȼڿѹţݸûб䵭ֱɽָ֮оҲԽˡ 
Ľ⿪ǷѹѾõĸҲڱŪˣ߳ȴ 
ɽһһܣ̾һôأֻսѡ 
˫ͻȻƽ˵ȻһЦݵվ 
ſ˫֣ͻȻһУ·ǽеĲ췢йȥһ㣬ųĺһı۾浾滺ЦݻδйĹʡ 
ɽһԾĿţһɨ⣬·һУôˡ 
ʱ˫Ȼ۾Сܵɽֳʯȥɽһ۶˽յ˫֣΢Цȥ 
һ˵Ȼʯǰ˫˵ֿȥ 
ɽһۣ֪⣬ȴҲʣֱʯڣָ滮ȥ 
ɳɳɳƵʱ 
ǽ֮ʯмȥʱɽ˻ 
ֲڵʯϣֳʼʯ֣ɽ 
˫ȸõĳն˼ 
ڡɽԣϸɾĿ˫ʯ֣էһȥɽִַŻ 
β̷¶˫ȴǽ磬֮⣬ɽӳãһ֮⡣ 
˫ΪһЦתͷ԰ɽʵʲô֣ 
ɽһڵڡ 
˫ֱһϣջءն˼ɻתһܣ 
ɽʵҲѪ󣿡 
˫ͷŻ㱴ָЩ׹˵֪Щʲôˡ 
ɽʵʲôʱʱɽ˶ѪĲ࣬Ҳֻ֪ǰħôһ 
˫ָΰ׹˵Ӧǡĺˡ 
ߵɽڳ­ǰһָһչ˫ǵ­˵ӦþǴ˵еţ 
ţɽһ˫ߵһ״ͷǵ­ǰ˵Ӧǵҩػߡ񡯡 
ɽһз·ץһЩʲôϸһ룬ȴֺ޷֡ 
˫ͣһ­沼ĸۿ­֮ǰӦþǡ֮ӡеġѡˡ 
һԵİɽ㶵ĿЩ׹ǣʼղһԣ 
˫þò˵ɻתͷŷɽʵôˣ 
ɽδţ 
˫һţŵ˵ɱѽֳĶͷȥ 
Ȼ䰢ɽһץס˫ֱۣ˵о 
˫㶵ĿʧɽȻûع 
ɽԹԵ˵غ֮ʱ֮УľˮԪศɣõ˵ķ̫֮֮ŷܡ 
˵һ٣ع˫˵ 
ţþǧ֮£ˮ˾ͣڡ֮ϣػš۱⡯ľԡޣþƵصףΪԣѡԸ꣬Ϲޣŭʱ确סԡ 
Ȼ˵Ϲ޺֮࣬еġѪۣľˮ֮в֮ 
ڸô˫ε˵ 
ȲõģֻȫָС̧ͷŲϷѪ˸ 
ɰڴһˡ 
֮ϣСĿŲԶĵǽâͣĳΧţ 
ǽĿĶСֵĲѾȥ˲٣ĵ׵ʹʧ 
ŽƵСǽ˵ܱ֮õ죬Ҳǧŵһˡ 
С˵ħ֮û뵽Ҳˡ 
ħСʡ֮һûҪ裬񡣡 
СΪ׶֪ʱΧѾΧħ̸ˡ 
侲ǿ£һź簵ҹ飬ϵķš 
Сȴ˿壬ͷԵǽ˵㱾޶Թֻ轫̡ɡ 
ǽЦһԲѣΪ㻹ܵĵ𡣡 
˫ֳצ͵ſ͡һХǽԺȻֳһģһӰѸٵĽСΧм䣬 
ΧӰһһŹֶ˫ֳ죬棬ָϱţŶȻֿ 
һ죬ЩӰѪӰӿ˲㽫ЩӰû 
һ޴ѪֽСΧм䣬 



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       һ죬ЩӰѪӰӿ˲㽫ЩӰû 
һ޴ѪֽСΧм䣬Ȼֻһ죬һֻѪצѪ֮̽ 
šĲϷѪ֮оצ裬֮ٴѣĴ֣ 
һֻֻΧСʱһˡͻȻ·õʲôһ㣬 
ѪצһХ볯ǰȥ̬֮־ 
ʱСҲˣֻ˫һץһɨ 
ΧĽâ·˿һתƵٴǽŭ֮ǰǿһֹ 
һ̣СӰ׳ûڽɫ֮С 
ʱǷ˶ѪצȻ̶͡Ѫצһ 
㱻ɫӿѪצ֮࣬һǽɫĹâʧããѪ֮У 
ΧԹ۵ħһ۾ǷϵѪצ 
ʱ֮оֲֵ˾Ѫ֮С 
ٴʩչȻϣǸ֪ߵغڴˡʵԸΥǵʱϳһ㡣 
ˣһȻ 
Ѫ֮һҫ۵Ľɫ𣬽һͷ˽ȥԭѪɫľצ޵ 
ɫѪþòϡƾǽɫȥ 
ʱһƺѪȻ𣬾צ֮ϵѪâȻһľצٴ 
ͬʱâ֮һͺȣˡɫ 
΢âֳСӰ 
ʱȻеء 
âѪ֮еľצδ׷ȥѭһĹ켣̽ 
һŹֵħӡݡѪģԶŵͼڣ£Ī 
ƳһϢСֽӡԡeٴ𣬽ֻռӣ 
һ̫ͼѸٳУ 
ı۾͸̫ͼӡȥ 
·Ѫ䣬ɫ۵ĵǽ֪ʱѳѪ֮ˣ˫ſµĿŲħԣ 
˿ͷǧ֮СšݡԲϵ𣬵ǽɫó죬 
Ȼ䡰ݡһĨٿȻ 
ǽŭĿһͺһѪʪ̡ܡ 
̡һ죬ħԶȻŴһؼΪ֮һΧĿ·һ㣬 
Ѫɫ̼֮ϣΧĿХ 
ʱСҲ˫Ŀһһ˿ 
üĴͻȻܳһϸСĺŵûǰݵŹΡ̫ͼͬʱһ 
һ 
֮ٿһºȻʧһɻҰ֮ƾճͷ֮С˫ִ󿪻Ȼ 
Ұ֮Ȼһǣһ޸ǣ˫ǣҰ֮˲һŹֵͼΣ 
زԻԣƶף޸ǣأˮ磬һеһУ 
С˫סϵѪʪֱѹ¡ 
ӡһϺȣ 
ͼֶ 
䡭 
֮ʼһӿľâΧŰУΧħһæܹ⣬ 
ˣ޴ľǽƳ﷽Ŷסħ볯ŲڵĻȥ 
ǽ˿ɲʦס԰׵ϴһ˿ţĶСͣλã 
ϸĺ΢΢ħһסĳм俿ȥ 
紵ƵĻ˿˿ᣬƮţ 
˻˻˻ͳȻȥһŽ콻ͣפգ 
ѪӰ֮нɫĹâ˸˻˻˶Ĥ 
ʦתͷɻʵʥô£ 
ǽҡҡͷʱһϸСĳâ粨η˿һŤųȥƻȴ˲估 
ħ˷֮ʱǳâȻ롣 
͡һ˲伴ţȻһϣ 
һƺͻȻǽɫĹâȻѪɫ֮ӿϣ׽âû 
Ȼ䣬ΧİˣͳһϢĸо 
һ죬ѪȻǣһɾĳŰȥħ˾׷˺ 
ʱǽأ򶨵ĳԶ˵ôãǸó˰ɡ 
ƿչ 
ľֳľȴǽᰱżʮɵľ룬ǽ˶һû˵ 
Ѫڵ񾼾Ŀ˲ʦеһۣ֮һ˿ײϲ 
Ų׳СѪƿȥ 
Ȼ䣬һЦͻȻѪֿ 
ֳСʱɫĿѪ죬Ķ䣬 
һںɫİӴͷðɷ֮ʤǰ 
ȻСĳȻꡯȴ֪ʱѱڡ 
ֻ״ĴЦͳͳȥɣ 
Ӱһ˲һħ̵֮ǰȻꡯ֮£ 
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ųȥڰգСЦһᰡ 
ȻҰ֮ͻһӡѸγɣ 
֪ӣȷһС˫ĸָڿ٣ȼ֮״ 
һɫȻ𣬵ǰ֮ 
䡣һ죬ɷӭ 
ȫľѪΪ֮һ侪ţŲμ˼˾롣 
СЦһٽһʽ 
˵ȻһХ뺿һѪóֹɭȻ֮粪 
âһ˫һʱСͻȻת 
䡣һը죬ͼ͵Ϯħõɶأһ룬Χħ̸Ҳ׷׼롣 
Ҳǲʼįļ׷ΧȥСЦ 
ȻħţХ֮ڶޱ֮У 
䣬䣬䡭ҵϣ 
֮иɫݡ 
䡣һը춸Ȼ𣬽֮ƺߵ͵ʹΧħ̸ַ׷׺Ȼˡ 
Ѫâ֮Сģ˹ֻŤĶͷһݡκӡĶ֣ 
ǽУĪʱͻȻһ 
ǽ㵵ĽħóУʱġħѣϵֱֶɣ 
ǽ֮ʩŽ䶨סȻǽһ 
ţ񳯡ħ޳ĵȥһϸС׭ƽĵ͹ԣ 
ͻУһΧڵĵģȻԼĶطеǸͼݡ 
ǽ̧ͷ˫ƽĶѪӿСȻ״Цһ 
ҲΧ֮˷׷ͶȥɻĿ⣬ȴ˿Ϊ⡣ 
ľʱ֪Ѿ̽ս棬ڷȡ֮ķǡڤʯ 
һֱ˼ôȫˣպõʱñСǣס˵ٺòˡ 
ĿǰڷעԼ 
ٿһתڴʱȻǰһһӰպԸţ 
Ŀд󺧣ʶľеһĻ漤 
ԭһԵСǰȥֹС׹ħۿʱѽעᰶƵСϣ 
һʱΪľֻͨħ̵Ӷѡ 
Ļ滮ǿճС׷ȥȴͣǹϵϣصһ˿ϲ 
ֻ˱ڣָȻצİ׹סֱֻۣβĵ㳯ľȥ 
͡һ죬ĽζƮţʱСѾ˺ľԣ 
ľͻ䣬ܵķ֮ΪԷֵܻͣ 
֪Էǿͻ룬عȻĵĴʹͻȻϮסֱֻٿʧȥ֪ 
֮£ľƽ׿ȥ 
һ޾׵İŮĽԼһѽסųѪâеǸӷȥ 
ľɫ䣬˿̵Сڰ֮ˡ 
ѪâеǸӣһ˭뵽ʮ֮ٴʱ˾档 
̾һѸٵջ˼һӨɫâСȥ 
ʱС·Ҳʲôһ㣬ȻתȻħȻУ 
͵Ϯ֮˺С׺Ȼһһɲǣ 
Сš㳯Сؿӡȥ飬һ죬Сͷ 
ؿڵһ˿ʹӣѪâˮȻꡯȥ 
Ҳı۾滺ϴŵȻ 
һֻ˰СֻʣС׷Χ˿һۣ⳯ң֮ȥ 
ǽ᰸˼Ȼһ˳衣Ǻľ˼Ƭ̣һȥ 
ʧľβˣЦһģĿƵʦС 



ʮ 

       ͬʱڡ֮ף 
ľ߰׹ǳһ֮ưڷţ֪Ǵɻ˵⣬ɽڳͷǷŻȥʱ 
ֳλһģһҪȻ⽫ЩЩͺڳҲܵˣ 
ɽЦŶ˫˵Ҳڰأ 
ǰ˫¶һ˿Цݣü֮ȴŵʧ 
ʲôɽʵ 
㵣ûûʲô˫һ˵ֻ³ڵʱ֮֡ 
ɽԲɵһǰǲһɵأϸһȴֺɽֻԼ̫ˡ 
΢Ц˵㲻õģֻֻʣ׹ˣ֮ɵġ̫ӡӦò̫ 
ЦһܽЩԹȥӣʱˡڡЩԹӦûܿĲǡ 
˫۾һʱǳҾͿܳȥˡ 
ɽЦͷŲϳֵ˵ʼ߲գǳԼµĿˡ 
ǳȥô죿˫ɵʵ 
ȥ˵ɣɽһջĿ˫˵˵ȥһ㣬ʩ˵ˡ 
˫Ӧһ䳯ʯȥʵĵУ˫΢ͷʯϵġɽ롮˫ĸ壬ɵ̾һ 
ɽġţĺԣ 
ϥĳ죬΢۹۱ǣǹģ 
ΧȻҲͷѪҲֹͣ˷һɻĳȥ 
֪˶ãһ죬ͷ֮ϺȻһƵɫ 
ʮ֮ʱȻͣ£ͬʱĿİɽſ˫ָ֣չǰ˿ĻһԲȦ 
ĪϢͷһ˿ҲתβĻһԲιΣ 
һƺɫԡѡͷǵɫĹ֮У 
һɫ𣬽ֻ 
һɫ˿ƽʮ֮ž޴Ĺ֮У 
һĲϱ䵭ͷһŹθʵˣһҰ׵Բ̲ϵת 
ңתٶҲ죬ˮУ˳԰Σ 
԰׵ϣĺŰɽһһʪ·ϡ 
˫ĶǵӰϸܵĺ鲻֪ʱѾĶͷµСգ԰׵ɫֱ 
Ȼһ˿촵ķ˿ 
̧ͷ 
תĹ첻ϴšһϺȣɽ˫Ŀ͵ͷĹĶȻһ 
ǵֿ壬ŨŨĻһ̫˫㲻䣬 
ΧĹҲ仯ɰ֮Σʱһ̫ӡͷŰ 
ơһ𣬰ɽ˫ȻϾ٣̫ӡһХŷ֮ƳѪײȥ 
䣬һ죬Χʯһ˫ն˼ɽæϳȥ 
˽ŸʱľߺɻҰ嬷Уء 
ãУɽ˫ڣΧʱеܹĹʯлص 
߸֮ɽ˫һۣͬʱһ 
߰ɣǻûعɽЦ˵ 
˫ͷ 
ɽ˫һݣѭż䳯ʱ·̽ȥ 
Хڵɽвʱը죬ܶȳ죬 
оյʱǸصڣһ·ϺЩԹ鲢Ϊǣ 
żļħ̵Ҳɸ㶨ǰԲοɽΪ˵ĸо 
Ľںϣɽ˫߰ɡ˫΢Цŵ˵ͷŶ˲糯ȥĺڰ 
ɽվڳڴľʯ֮˿ 
ϼϮӹˣԶ 
ŲԶĺɽɽ̾û뵽ѽ 
û뵽ʲô 
ӭϼ˫΢˫ſϦ²дһ˿ʥ࣬Ķ 
Ա߾þû˫۾ɻĳɽȥöɽʧ۾ 
Ư𣿡˫ǴЦʵ 
ƯƯعİɽȻĵ΢΢˵ 
˫ȻһЦʵղ˵ʲôû뵽ѽ 
ɽЦ˵û뵽ǻܻųңδ𡣡 
˫ݸһЦʲôš 
ɽӿڵѲС 
ʱȻɫ䣬æ˫ɭȥ 
˫Ҫ˵ȻһЦС޶ܡ 
˫зӰ 
ʱɱİɽͻȻͣԭѾǰ 
ɽҿ˿ֻǷһˣԷģ 
尢ɽ֮󣬷ЦһӴСֵܺѽûܵѽ 
źٺЦȻˣҰˣѾſɹˡ 
ʲôɽһ𣬵´һħӣݵúԡ 
վڰɽ˫꣬ҲһһʱҲѣ 
ʱֻһЦʦϴ۵ø󣬼ȻҲţǱʦͳȫǣȥ޵ظǵʦȥɡ 
˵ŷһâ֮һС콥𣬺ȻǷĵⷨ졯 
ڰɽ䱸ʱֻಡƿ֮ϣ 
ɫӰٵվһλã 
ɽУɵľһ󣬡Ǿ鶯 
֮ǰĻҲɵ˼֣ 
£Щ̿δȫվæ˫ȥ 
ȻǰӰͻæ֮аɽֻ÷˫𡮷ħ顯ײȥ 
䣬һը죬ɽ˺һ 
ȥһڷ۵ŮվڲԶ֮ͷȴż죬ɱŰ飬һɫ컨֮ϣ 
ɽһоǲţ 
ΪǰŮСеŮһģһ⵹ô¡ 
ɽһҡڴʱһͻȻ 
ԭΧ̿Ȼƣ˫˲ʱжã 
ۼ˫ƣɽһħ顯âҫ죬أ 
һΧѹɽ确ް㡯һ糯˫ȥ 
֪ѳ߳εոչס˫ɽҲһ𣬽ų׹ȥ䳹 
֮ɵһֲ󣬼֮ʵʣĮη쳣 
ɽڡڡк̫࣬Ԫã 
ò˵Сƽ֮еǡ̫ꡯףʵϰɽҲǰԲ䣬 
Ҳ跨֧֣ʱİɽҲֻܰ̾Ϣˡ 
ˣЩ 
ͬʱڡ֮ף 
ľ߰׹ǳһ֮ưڷţ֪Ǵɻ˵⣬ɽڳͷǷŻȥʱ 
ֳλһģһҪȻ⽫ЩЩͺڳҲܵˣ 
ɽЦŶ˫˵Ҳڰأ 
ǰ˫¶һ˿Цݣü֮ȴŵʧ 
ʲôɽʵ 
㵣ûûʲô˫һ˵ֻ³ڵʱ֮֡ 
ɽԲɵһǰǲһɵأϸһȴֺɽֻԼ̫ˡ 
΢Ц˵㲻õģֻֻʣ׹ˣ֮ɵġ̫ӡӦò̫ 
ЦһܽЩԹȥӣʱˡڡЩԹӦûܿĲǡ 
˫۾һʱǳҾͿܳȥˡ 
ɽЦͷŲϳֵ˵ʼ߲գǳԼµĿˡ 
ǳȥô죿˫ɵʵ 
ȥ˵ɣɽһջĿ˫˵˵ȥһ㣬ʩ˵ˡ 
˫Ӧһ䳯ʯȥʵĵУ˫΢ͷʯϵġɽ롮˫ĸ壬ɵ̾һ 
ɽġţĺԣ 
ϥĳ죬΢۹۱ǣǹģ 
ΧȻҲͷѪҲֹͣ˷һɻĳȥ 
֪˶ãһ죬ͷ֮ϺȻһƵɫ 
ʮ֮ʱȻͣ£ͬʱĿİɽſ˫ָ֣չǰ˿ĻһԲȦ 
ĪϢͷһ˿ҲתβĻһԲιΣ 
һƺɫԡѡͷǵɫĹ֮У 
һɫ𣬽ֻ 
һɫ˿ƽʮ֮ž޴Ĺ֮У 
һĲϱ䵭ͷһŹθʵˣһҰ׵Բ̲ϵת 
ңתٶҲ죬ˮУ˳԰Σ 
԰׵ϣĺŰɽһһʪ·ϡ 
˫ĶǵӰϸܵĺ鲻֪ʱѾĶͷµСգ԰׵ɫֱ 
Ȼһ˿촵ķ˿ 
̧ͷ 
תĹ첻ϴšһϺȣɽ˫Ŀ͵ͷĹĶȻһ 
ǵֿ壬ŨŨĻһ̫˫㲻䣬 
ΧĹҲ仯ɰ֮Σʱһ̫ӡͷŰ 
ơһ𣬰ɽ˫ȻϾ٣̫ӡһХŷ֮ƳѪײȥ 
䣬һ죬Χʯһ˫ն˼ɽæϳȥ 
˽ŸʱľߺɻҰ嬷Уء 
ãУɽ˫ڣΧʱеܹĹʯлص 
߸֮ɽ˫һۣͬʱһ 
߰ɣǻûعɽЦ˵ 
˫ͷ 
ɽ˫һݣѭż䳯ʱ·̽ȥ 
Хڵɽвʱը죬ܶȳ죬 
оյʱǸصڣһ·ϺЩԹ鲢Ϊǣ 
żļħ̵Ҳɸ㶨ǰԲοɽΪ˵ĸо 
Ľںϣɽ˫߰ɡ˫΢Цŵ˵ͷŶ˲糯ȥĺڰ 
ɽվڳڴľʯ֮˿ 
ϼϮӹˣԶ 
ŲԶĺɽɽ̾û뵽ѽ 
û뵽ʲô 
ӭϼ˫΢˫ſϦ²дһ˿ʥ࣬Ķ 
Ա߾þû˫۾ɻĳɽȥöɽʧ۾ 
Ư𣿡˫ǴЦʵ 
ƯƯعİɽȻĵ΢΢˵ 
˫ȻһЦʵղ˵ʲôû뵽ѽ 
ɽЦ˵û뵽ǻܻųңδ𡣡 
˫ݸһЦʲôš 
ɽӿڵѲС 
ʱȻɫ䣬æ˫ɭȥ 
˫Ҫ˵ȻһЦС޶ܡ 
˫зӰ 
ʱɱİɽͻȻͣԭѾǰ 
ɽҿ˿ֻǷһˣԷģ 
尢ɽ֮󣬷ЦһӴСֵܺѽûܵѽ 
źٺЦȻˣҰˣѾſɹˡ 
ʲôɽһ𣬵´һħӣݵúԡ 
վڰɽ˫꣬ҲһһʱҲѣ 
ʱֻһЦʦϴ۵ø󣬼ȻҲţǱʦͳȫǣȥ޵ظǵʦȥɡ 
˵ŷһâ֮һС콥𣬺ȻǷĵⷨ졯 
ڰɽ䱸ʱֻಡƿ֮ϣ 
ɫӰٵվһλã 
ɽУɵľһ󣬡Ǿ鶯 
֮ǰĻҲɵ˼֣ 
£Щ̿δȫվæ˫ȥ 
ȻǰӰͻæ֮аɽֻ÷˫𡮷ħ顯ײȥ 
䣬һը죬ɽ˺һ 
ȥһڷ۵ŮվڲԶ֮ͷȴż죬ɱŰ飬һɫ컨֮ϣ 
ɽһоǲţ 
ΪǰŮСеŮһģһ⵹ô¡ 
ɽһҡڴʱһͻȻ 
ԭΧ̿Ȼƣ˫˲ʱжã 
ۼ˫ƣɽһħ顯âҫ죬أ 
һΧѹɽ确ް㡯һ糯˫ȥ 
֪ѳ߳εոչס˫ɽҲһ𣬽ų׹ȥ䳹 
֮ɵһֲ󣬼֮ʵʣĮη쳣 
ɽڡڡк̫࣬Ԫã 
ò˵Сƽ֮еǡ̫ꡯףʵϰɽҲǰԲ䣬 
Ҳ跨֧֣ʱİɽҲֻܰ̾ϢˡˣЩ 
ͬʱڡ֮ף 
ľ߰׹ǳһ֮ưڷţ֪Ǵɻ˵⣬ɽڳͷǷŻȥʱ 
ֳλһģһҪȻ⽫ЩЩͺڳҲܵˣ 
ɽЦŶ˫˵Ҳڰأ 
ǰ˫¶һ˿Цݣü֮ȴŵʧ 
ʲôɽʵ 
㵣ûûʲô˫һ˵ֻ³ڵʱ֮֡ 
ɽԲɵһǰǲһɵأϸһȴֺɽֻԼ̫ˡ 
΢Ц˵㲻õģֻֻʣ׹ˣ֮ɵġ̫ӡӦò̫ 
ЦһܽЩԹȥӣʱˡڡЩԹӦûܿĲǡ 
˫۾һʱǳҾͿܳȥˡ 
ɽЦͷŲϳֵ˵ʼ߲գǳԼµĿˡ 
ǳȥô죿˫ɵʵ 
ȥ˵ɣɽһջĿ˫˵˵ȥһ㣬ʩ˵ˡ 
˫Ӧһ䳯ʯȥʵĵУ˫΢ͷʯϵġɽ롮˫ĸ壬ɵ̾һ 
ɽġţĺԣ 
ϥĳ죬΢۹۱ǣǹģ 
ΧȻҲͷѪҲֹͣ˷һɻĳȥ 
֪˶ãһ죬ͷ֮ϺȻһƵɫ 
ʮ֮ʱȻͣ£ͬʱĿİɽſ˫ָ֣չǰ˿ĻһԲȦ 
ĪϢͷһ˿ҲתβĻһԲιΣ 
һƺɫԡѡͷǵɫĹ֮У 
һɫ𣬽ֻ 
һɫ˿ƽʮ֮ž޴Ĺ֮У 
һĲϱ䵭ͷһŹθʵˣһҰ׵Բ̲ϵת 
ңתٶҲ죬ˮУ˳԰Σ 
԰׵ϣĺŰɽһһʪ·ϡ 
˫ĶǵӰϸܵĺ鲻֪ʱѾĶͷµСգ԰׵ɫֱ 
Ȼһ˿촵ķ˿ 
̧ͷ 
תĹ첻ϴšһϺȣɽ˫Ŀ͵ͷĹĶȻһ 
ǵֿ壬ŨŨĻһ̫˫㲻䣬 
ΧĹҲ仯ɰ֮Σʱһ̫ӡͷŰ 
ơһ𣬰ɽ˫ȻϾ٣̫ӡһХŷ֮ƳѪײȥ 
䣬һ죬Χʯһ˫ն˼ɽæϳȥ 
˽ŸʱľߺɻҰ嬷Уء 
ãУɽ˫ڣΧʱеܹĹʯлص 
߸֮ɽ˫һۣͬʱһ 
߰ɣǻûعɽЦ˵ 
˫ͷ 
ɽ˫һݣѭż䳯ʱ·̽ȥ 
Хڵɽвʱը죬ܶȳ죬 
оյʱǸصڣһ·ϺЩԹ鲢Ϊǣ 
żļħ̵Ҳɸ㶨ǰԲοɽΪ˵ĸо 
Ľںϣɽ˫߰ɡ˫΢Цŵ˵ͷŶ˲糯ȥĺڰ 
ɽվڳڴľʯ֮˿ 
ϼϮӹˣԶ 
ŲԶĺɽɽ̾û뵽ѽ 
û뵽ʲô 
ӭϼ˫΢˫ſϦ²дһ˿ʥ࣬Ķ 
Ա߾þû˫۾ɻĳɽȥöɽʧ۾ 
Ư𣿡˫ǴЦʵ 
ƯƯعİɽȻĵ΢΢˵ 
˫ȻһЦʵղ˵ʲôû뵽ѽ 
ɽЦ˵û뵽ǻܻųңδ𡣡 
˫ݸһЦʲôš 
ɽӿڵѲС 
ʱȻɫ䣬æ˫ɭȥ 
˫Ҫ˵ȻһЦС޶ܡ 
˫зӰ 
ʱɱİɽͻȻͣԭѾǰ 
ɽҿ˿ֻǷһˣԷģ 
尢ɽ֮󣬷ЦһӴСֵܺѽûܵѽ 
źٺЦȻˣҰˣѾſɹˡ 
ʲôɽһ𣬵´һħӣݵúԡ 
վڰɽ˫꣬ҲһһʱҲѣ 
ʱֻһЦʦϴ۵ø󣬼ȻҲţǱʦͳȫǣȥ޵ظǵʦȥɡ 
˵ŷһâ֮һС콥𣬺ȻǷĵⷨ졯 
ڰɽ䱸ʱֻಡƿ֮ϣ 
ɫӰٵվһλã 
ɽУɵľһ󣬡Ǿ鶯 
֮ǰĻҲɵ˼֣ 
£Щ̿δȫվæ˫ȥ 
ȻǰӰͻæ֮аɽֻ÷˫𡮷ħ顯ײȥ 
䣬һը죬ɽ˺һ 
ȥһڷ۵ŮվڲԶ֮ͷȴż죬ɱŰ飬һɫ컨֮ϣ 
ɽһоǲţ 
ΪǰŮСеŮһģһ⵹ô¡ 
ɽһҡڴʱһͻȻ 
ԭΧ̿Ȼƣ˫˲ʱжã 
ۼ˫ƣɽһħ顯âҫ죬أ 
һΧѹɽ确ް㡯һ糯˫ȥ 
֪ѳ߳εոչס˫ɽҲһ𣬽ų׹ȥ䳹 
֮ɵһֲ󣬼֮ʵʣĮη쳣 
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ò˵Сƽ֮еǡ̫ꡯףʵϰɽҲǰԲ䣬 
Ҳ跨֧֣ʱİɽҲֻܰ̾Ϣˡ 
ˣЩ 
ڴʱղ赲ɽǸٵʮָƳɽظӡȥ 
飬һ죬޴ĳɽӸ߸һֺ 
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ɽȻм֮ڰգؼʹϮı۾ӳ죬ȴزڴˣ˭вʣ 
ŵ˫ȥһʹ˫ɫҵĺţ 
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Χʮһͣסɱӿˡ 
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ŵ㳯˫ȥʧȥ˫ɽ 
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ڰգɽɫĻͷǸڴһۣĳЩ·ˡ 
罥ĴʮλŮӡ 
Զȥ⣬δ׷ߵΪ׵ԣһ˿ɻ 
ת׳ɽʧķȥ˵ 
û뵽ѽ͵͵Цƻһ˿ʧأ 
ҹ֡ 
ɽͨ壬е룬һţλվһԣĿȴ볯λÿȥ 
ʥϵġǰڷһľյһʵУɢžӨι⣬ 
Ȼǲ䡮֮ƽҹ׶ʩ 
ʱҹתӢ׽֮سԣ۾λ£ 
΢ЦŶС½ѩ˵˴λ½ʦɺϸȻħãոƽֽһȷѪˡ 
½ѩ΢Ź 
ҹ΢΢һЦʵʱħͨħҲ𣿡 
½ѩص 
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ҹһЦ½ʦöˣʦл֮ģֻͨħշһѱħͷȻ֮½ʦ˵Щܽͨħ˾ܣʵ̫ǣǿ 
˻һϣΧλͷ鲻ôˣȴһ飬ΪǲģҲŮǰûȤ 
ҹһٴΰʱ 
½ѩ˵Χٹħ̸ðգҵȷֶߣкβ𣿡 
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˵վӳȥСʫȥ½ѩҪ̤ʱ 
ҹͻȻǲ˸ͨħ 
½ѩһͣס˽Ų 
ڵļλɫһɻڴһ˿ϲҹĿ½ѩıӰһۣϣʦݣҪʦֵΪѡ 
ݵƽСʫͻȻһΧĿ·ǧʯһѹɱ֮ǰŮϹӿ 
̩Ȼҹ͵͵˵½ʦߺá 
꣬ΧĿȻһᣬСʫȻ̧ףǰǸɫӰ֪ʱȥԶˡ 



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       ̩Զ򣬳ɽУӰٵĴ 
УһĲӰͻȻһӰͻȻͣסˡһѪɽ 
˫סɽӣеʵˣû£ʹʹ 
ɽȥǵѪǿЦû£Ѫѣˡ 
˵ֱһ絭ķޣ̩Զããϡɼˡ 
СԶȥЪϢɣȻϻɽɽ˵ 
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ɽ˵Ҫȥ鿴½ûСһ˵ɷģᱻħ˷ֵģڰСӦӦò¡ 
˫ͷðɣǵǱĺãɽ²ؼһʱȻָһӣȥŪԵġ 
һ˵δʳɽٸимꤲѣͬƣ֮һӿ 
ȻʦİΣ˿ҲʲôֻĬĬˡ 
ͷ˵ðɣСĵ㣬ס뿪̫Զⱻħ̷֡ 
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ɽջĿ⣬һһܺһСϪ˿ƽ̹ʵ 
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죬죬ϼӰбĻ٣ʱ侲ʶµŵʪգ 
ɽ۾ʼ֮ɣ࣬Ȼޱѽ̾һջس˼ 
ĳӰӳԶ˫ΧڻרĵĵŪʲôɽ˹ȥ 
ѽ˫عͷ˵ȻЦҲŪ 
˵׳һӰɽһѽס׿ȥԭһֻʴġɽꡯ˿ɽϵëƤѪģ˫εһ֣ʣµȴ֪ˡ 
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ҹʱ֣ɽ˫Ϣ̽롮̩Զ򡯣䰵֮мյеƹڴһԣҹ֮ҡ겻ԽԵ 
̩˿ջСΨһס޵Ŀջյ֮ǣŵҹһ˿ů 
СתһȦ󣬰ɽ˫ٴפڿջ⣬ 
ֻһҡɽ˫˵˫ĵ˵ͷ˵ȥɡ 
ɽӦһ˲糯ȥһů 
򾲾ȼţĴڼžĮȻ¯ʱһ죬 
̨֮ϷһλͷñߣӦþջƹˣɽ߹ȥһ°̨ 
ƹ񵹻м־վɽʱ΢΢һڨЦλǳԷסţ 
ɽ˵סꡣʵ֪ûסһλ½ĺӣ 
ƹ˼ɽֲŽСϻ 
ƹ߻ȻЦร˵ǡϻѽס죬ǰѾˡ 
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ɽ΢΢һ㶣ȻħҲ϶ԴˡʱɽļƽЩˣ 
˵ǸǿϷɣ 
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ʱŮҲɽˣС¶һ˿Цݣˣô 
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С˵鷳ƹһˮٸǿɣ 
ƹǣǣˮ͵ԵƬ̡˵תƫȥ 
ɣС˵¥ȥ 
ɽ˫һ̧ۣȥ 
ߵһǰ֨ѽһСŶ룬 
ɽ̶룬һ룬ɽͻȻһ𣬾ȵĿŴŵӣɽ壬һ 
ʱС˫ĿգһԲγɫ龲ؿڣµâС 
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СˣµġСüͷϵ 
ʵô 
ɽ룬㽫֮һһһ飬 
냺С΢Ц㵹ˣûѽɽ΢΢ЩȣС׿˫һۣʱͣɽϣ˼˼Ц˵ 
ڴȥѽɽ˵ձ̻ɽʵɽأ 
С׿С˵ڻߣȹҴɽ°ɡ 
֪Ǹط𣿡ɽʵ 
С΢΢Щʧ˵Ȼ֪ġ 
ɽȻһ뻳óһʵסǲɽĻǣ 
СһĿɽн壬·ޱߵĻ֮С 
ЦһſС˵Ƕǿţ 
ɽһɣȻѽ̧׿ɫƽСĬĬ˵֮޷أģҲǰˡ 
һɽС˵ǾͲ߶ˣУʱٻֿɽˡ 
С׷·ûһվţɽ˫һۣĴϷ˳ȥ 
գɽͬС״Ǳ󣬴ҴɽķȥŽʧ⣬ 
СĻعͷɣ˿ϲŭ 
һӰߵתǴ߳ǡ塯ľԴԡ֮һֱСΧ 
κС״粽ǸӣһʱҲ֪ôˣʵС׵й֮Ե 
ֻδѣֻΪľβЩɵ˿ˣ 
ڶ˴δԹ˲١ǰŮӣľ˵ʥ𡭡 
СֽľϣСü 
ľһ𣬴µգСδΧĿ·סһ㣬ѹֵϢ 
С׵̾һˣˣ廹мķϣָȡɡ 
ľɿƣԥվԭأСһᷳתȥԾǵӰ˳ 
֮ȡʱ䲻Ҫǰ 
ǸµӰͣԭأãľ˶ӣȥ 
ɴ飬СڴͷĿűĿСԹ˰ɣҪǹ㲻Ҫˡ̾һüۣ˵û뵽Ȼ˰Եѽ 
̧⣬Ѿϣ֪ʱѾ׺Щ̰ˣơ 
׸ôأ͵͵̾ϢԶСתӣкȻһ˿ʣ 



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       պɽ˫˵ǣʱж˳˱ҪϢʱ䶼ǽŲմصһ·С 
˷֮䣬ɽƽʹϤĽֵӳҲ˿Ļϲ 
߰ɣɽ˫кһ㳯ɽķȥɽҴҵӰ˫̾һȥ 
ãжԣɽ˫ɽţ̧׼䣬ǧ겻ĺ격 
šֲ֪ʲôʱѾ΢΢ˡ 
紵˿˿ңɽȴһƬŵϢһ˿ӰȻͷ 
ɽɫһҴҵк˫һæɽȥȴǿյʲôûУ 
污ĻҲԤʾһʱûפˡɽ⡯һŵ㳯׵鷿ȥ 
ļŵȣɹɺԵļɽ󡯵ܽӰ¿ɼˡ 
ԾһתʱһͻȻ 
֨֨֨֨ɽһϲûļ˵Ӱӳ 
ѾͷɽĻȻһ 
½죿ôô͵ˣԭӯĴǡϻ½졣 
ǰɽʱӯһ˿ϲɫϻҲϲɫֻΪܿƽɡ 
ʱ˫Ҳ˹ӯ¶һ˿Цݣû¾ͺã 
֨֨СӯͷԾ£ɿԾɽļСצӲͣĲŪͷ 
ɽǺЦģģƤëþòˣɽԵúðɡ 
֨֨һҲ֪ûС 
ʱɽȻΧЩԣת׶ӯʵʦأʦǻûУ 
ӯɫһĴףɽһͻ̧ͷ½쿴ȥ½Ժҡҡͷ 
ɽһץסӯ֣˵ѽ׷ʲô£ 
Ȼֱ΢΢һһȻ䡣 
ɽһɿӯ˷ƵĳȥѵһϵľʹһȻķֿߣ 
һڻ谵ɣƲ·ڻӭŹӣ 
ѵһɽޱߵĻ谵֮УϵľŻչ顱һеĹ׸ 
ڰУ˭Ĳŷ֮ŭޱߵԹޣȼ˿Ѿõ 
ڰ֮¶͵͵ףɱֱ֮ 
˫˾һ𣬱ϢεĽǲţɢѪĿ 
½Ұֱ£ӯŸ¥̾һ½ļͷһģ 
½һ𣬲Ұ׵ѸٻָѪɫűĸ¥гη 
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˫һʱֻ֨ѽһϵľٴλ򿪣ɽˮ˳ 
ӯƽʵʦǰ˵ʲô 
ӯȻ˵ҺͽʱѾˡֻҵֽ֪ǱħоǴ֮λڽ򡣡 
ɽͷһȻ 
ʵʦֵǻû𣿡 
ǻˡӯһ˿ʧ䣬 
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ӯͷ˵ҪҳʦſϻɽӲͣҲɽֻˡ 
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ӯӦһ˵ԼĲ²⣬ɽǸŵӻǽ˻ȥ 
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ӯü˵µǸرѾкüûˡ 
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ȵҡ˫ͻȻ 
ɽһ˵ðɣҲûҪƽôˣ°̾һ̧ͷӯ 
ɣǰҰѽͺˡӯǿЦһ˵ 
õġɽͷ˫һɽȥ 
ɽʯеǽֶ 
һӹĴһԣô˵͸Щƣǽת 
΢΢һ𣬽Ź˵ص۾С²˿© 
ǽû˵ʯкȻӶ΢΢ȴֲҶֺ 
ǽһɽƽϲȴдһ˵ѹ 
Ӷº˵µʱҲȰС㡣á 
ǽȻЦһ޷°ɡ 
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ᰣǽЦһǱˡ 
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ףǽоâһ 
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˷֮䣬ɽƽʹϤĽֵӳҲ˿Ļϲ 
߰ɣɽ˫кһ㳯ɽķȥɽҴҵӰ˫̾һȥ 
ãжԣɽ˫ɽţ̧׼䣬ǧ겻ĺ격 
šֲ֪ʲôʱѾ΢΢ˡ 
紵˿˿ңɽȴһƬŵϢһ˿ӰȻͷ 
ɽɫһҴҵк˫һæɽȥȴǿյʲôûУ 
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֨֨֨֨ɽһϲûļ˵Ӱӳ 
ѾͷɽĻȻһ 
½죿ôô͵ˣԭӯĴǡϻ½졣 
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ʱɽȻΧЩԣת׶ӯʵʦأʦǻûУ 
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ڰУ˭Ĳŷ֮ŭޱߵԹޣȼ˿Ѿõ 
ڰ֮¶͵͵ףɱֱ֮ 
˫˾һ𣬱ϢεĽǲţɢѪĿ 
½Ұֱ£ӯŸ¥̾һ½ļͷһģ 
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ӯȻ˵ҺͽʱѾˡֻҵֽ֪ǱħоǴ֮λڽ򡣡 
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ʵʦֵǻû𣿡 
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ȵҡ˫ͻȻ 
ɽһ˵ðɣҲûҪƽôˣ°̾һ̧ͷӯ 
ɣǰҰѽͺˡӯǿЦһ˵ 
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΢΢һ𣬽Ź˵ص۾С²˿© 
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ᰣǽЦһǱˡ 
ŵ͵ģĪΪҽû취 
ӺȻ˵˴ʲô˵һס 
ףǽоâһ 



ʮ 

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ƽˮ棬ɽа̾һ΢΢ʧĶ˫˵ˮҪˡ 
˫ЦһӦװʵ𣿡 
ɽ΢ָ˫ϲɵһ˿Ǹ⣺档 
ɽ΢Цһ˫Сֳˮȥˮ䣬˫΢üͷչ 
ޱߵĺڰУ鶯ţ͵͵ĹУĦĶˡ 
ŵ̶ײٹº 
ֻ̡һ죬Ӱˮ 
ɽ˫ȥΰľſţκǰԵСֵһᣬ 
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ɽһס΢ЦҪ£ûµġ 
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ɽ̾һӦǷˡ 
˫һǴʦ֡ 
ᡣɽЦһһԵȥ 
ʱɽ˹ 
ʲôã˫ɻĴӰɽнӹһţ 
ɽصһЦã˵ųȥʮ֮ʱ 
ΧȻһͷ֮Ͽն˫Ŀȼɽһסǰߵ˫ 
ŽеŷڵϣϵĹȥ˫һ£Ҳ¡ 
ݵΧȻһһѸٵĳȥ 
߰ɣɽ˫˵šಡһ𡮷ħ顯 
ع˫һЦ㵣á 
żն˼밢ɽʯͷȥ 
ٺˣ˫Ĵš 
ʱ˱ߵʮʯĴ 
ʮе޵ӳʱɽ΢΢һһ㣬ϸϸһȴֺ޷֣ 
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ȴһӰУããеһƺ̣¶ԵøĴۣ 
ɽ˫˹ȥಢû۾ΧİâһϸСУΧƲɢ 
Ϊµ诣ǿûΰ룬ȡߵ 
ƽɹΪ֮ͻ߻ħ 
ɽ΢΢˼ȴʲߣʱԱߵȻһƺӲϲţɫ̼ĲҰף 
ĺ䣬ɽһȻ뵽ħ顯ħ֮Чæħȥ 
ˡһħ顯һУӨİ׹壬Χɢ 
ʱҲƽҰ׵ָѪɫӨˡ 
ɽһ 
ǻˡ൭˵ǵģǸոջɽɽ˵ͻȻһ󲻺õĸо 
һ̾ϢȻ͵͵˵߰ɣšѲˡ 
վǱŵӰԵޱȵĹ䡣 
֪ʱǸѷҲ˲ɣˡ 
ɽһŵ˵ʦ֣ԸʦѪѽ 
ô죿͵͵̾µѾ߹⣬Եñʲôȥʦ 
ʲôɽһʦǿУʦĴҲؼһʱһһ뷥֮ھʹùģ 
һǰȥħͶԵסʦֻģ·Ȼߣǻˣˣӯô죿ѵϣϴһɣ 
ɽһץסļ򣺡ӱûˣһ𽫡šȥɡŶԵסȥˡǶõĻرɽſļ 
ã˫Ŀǰʯ侲ɽвɵЩ㷣ղһѿڶ 
Щ˼飬°ʦǰû˵ڶ顣 
ǣΧİһվţŵϢ 
ɽ˫һۣ˶ܴӶԷпΣʱΧͻȻһ䣬 
ɽ΢𣬲׿ȥãٴλָϬ͸ǰδйļᶨ 
˵Ĳ˵һ˵ʦ֮Ӱ̫ҿܿң粻ȻԼԭ²Լ 
ɽЦһ˵ͨͺãġš뿪㣬Ժһġ 
ͷתȥɣӯ϶ˡ 
ɽ¶ϲɫĿ˫һֻۣĳԭ·ȥ 
ãɽһ˸󡯣͵͵Ľ̸ȻչݽǣһϤӰӳ 
Сʫɽ㵵һŮתǡС塯Сʫ 
ɽСʫعͷ΢Ц 
ڿˡӯܵԵ˵දǣḧһͷ 
ųСʫȥ֪̹кá 
Сʫ˵֮һˣ¡ 
̹ھΣԩͷծ㡣˵ 
Сʫ̾һɽһۣɫ˴Ƿ֮ǰġ 
˵Ŵӻͳһźݸ࣬ 
ޱĽ˹򿪣ʱཫϣһ˿ʡ 



ʮ 

       ɻĿСʫ⡮֮ᡯΪΣ 
Сʫ΢Цһϴ֮սżġ֪֮ô˲֮ӦΪԵ˵֮԰֮ʿƣѣʤ߽Ϊ֮ˣ 
һԵİɽһģҲ³еˣʵý֮ó 
һЩˣ 
ɽ֮СʫΪ裬΢Ц˵źԸߵ̺֮֮ЧǿȻãȴҶŲߡ 
һ΢ʵ޹֮Ч 
Сʫ͸˲֪Ϊдһʣųɵ˵С֮л֮ܣѵһǼȴ޴ӿ 
ʱɽ˵ŵȷˣżҲᣬӦòǡ 
ɫһŶСʦ˵ԹΪһ֮ѡλţ 
Сʫһ̣Ҳ޿κΣֻó˵κ˶ܲμӡ 
ãл̹棬Žʱһá˵ 
СʦЦãʱƹλ 
˵곯Ժȥ 
㣡ӯЦŸȥСʦת΢΢Цŵͷӯȥ 
Ŷ˵ıӰɽ˵ʦ֣οܡ 
㲻˵ˡϵŴ˷ȫգ˳Ļá֮ҲȻٴδʢһܺ 
˵̾һҲܿŻװֻ֮ܵһҲһԡ 
áɽᶨ˵Ǿ;һƴ˵漣֡ 
ͷ¶һ˿΢Ц 
ʱ֣ӰбνʵƶӳĶʣҹĻƻֳе͡ 
գۼ䣬Хϳİɫɫʡ 
ƺɽӰӵѵɽ·һӰţ͵͵ĳʱ˹ɽ֪֮ʱѾ˵ 
ҹݷĻҹפǸ¹ŵ·ϣ̧ͷĻ¶ҽ֣ 
ѽɡ͵͵̾ϢƮҹ֮Уҹתһ·ȥ 
ĻҹߣʱӰݽǷȻ͵͵ġɳɳ 
ҹɫһ࣬¼첽ǰȥȻǰһ壬ʯƺʦþĬţ 
˸ڣƵɫǧķϴʹΰĵòɣ͸żѹֶı 
ƽ̹ʯϣһӳ޳ýüĿӢ 
͸̩Ȼءɳɳ֮ҲԴ 
Ӵʱ·Ҳҹ̧峺Ŀһ˿ϲɫ 
ʦܣˡҹ΢Ц˹ȥ˲ǱˣǵСһƵ־ 
&amp;lt;ɡ&amp;gt; 
ʦˣ־Цһ׷ʦִսʢȻģҴ˵ң徲ʵв֮ѡأڴ˵ػӦʡ 
ҹǺһЦʦػƶصȻĲ 
ų̾һʱ죬һξʮˡ 
ѽʮˡ־֮дŵͷ̾ɣ 
һʱ䣬˶µĻζȥˡ 
ҹЦһ㿴ôˣֻ֪̾꣬ٵǶˡֻ㲻ңڡĽ 
־ɫ˵ʦԹˡһ֮ı֮ϵ£ҵȲա 
ҹһ㶣ŴЦһˣ˵Щ秵Ŀˡ 
˵ҵһʱûˡ˵ųļȥ 
־΢΢һЦɨһԣ˹ȥ 
谵ļ̨ǰҹٺ㹧ķȥ͵͵ĵ֮Уɢ 
ʱҹֱǰã̺󼸸С֣ƵʮĴŵ֮λҹĿһۣ 
תȥ˴ǰ̣һҹȻ˵ 
־΢΢һЦʵҲҪ˵ 
ҹЦ˵ǰżȻõһš֮ 
־ɫ΢䣬ĵ˵ȥҹһ۽˵˹ħʱżãѾȫ֪Ҵ㡭 
ҹԼ뷨˵˳־˵ʦִ˷Ϊϲߡѵʲôף 
ҹ΢΢һЦûʲôסʦܹμӡ 
־һŵͷɫ˸ 
ҹʵ֪ʦкҪ 
־̾һɽһˣϣʦɼǰһ 
รҹһȥ 
־ϻġ 
ϻģҹɻĿ־ 
ȥѰһַ־˵Ŀģ 
ҹĿһǺη 
־˵ȸղȴǴ˼֡ 
ҹĿһۣͷ˼ 
̧꣬ͷ΢΢һЦʦܷģС£ұ㰲ŵӹ 
˵֮»ʦܶ˼˷ŵҲɼϣʦܹ½⡣˵곯·ȥ 
絭촵ҹһ̾־𻺲ۻڡ 
Ө׵ƻãӯʯбµصף־һһţ 
ȴǻ˼Ÿղŵ⣬ůӯΧŮ֣ĸӣ 
˿˿֪ʱΧȻΪһɫ磬Өı̹ǵɭðȻһߵ 
־ȴ޶ãɵʧĳǰȥ֪˶ã 
һıңΧǾӨı飬߻ڷһžµıһӡ 
ҵмȴڷһ޴ıɫı־ڱ֮ϣѣ 
ã̾һǰ˵𣿡 
̧޴ɫӳ̾ֳһģӰ 



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       Ժļšʣÿնǰ¡̷֮ǳˮ̬֮ 
Ǹ̽ž½죬ڿ̿£ҲͻƵǰΣܹΪâնˡ 
ɽ˾͸˵ˣһ̥һ㣬յķԭŨҲϡ糣ˣ 
ͬʱɷ׷ӿһ볯ɽȥ 
ƴ˾ٿνһʯǧˣСɷǰȥᱦǰҲ 
־Ƕ᲻ɵӡ֮Ҳ֮ˣ˴ֻϢ֮ڵİ취ѣ 
յӮҿ϶Լǻ̲סһӿƣΪģֻΪһ۽磬֮ںδ 
ϣڱܹÿŵķ˵ĪҲ˵Ͼ֮׵Ųǽгġ 
һΪ˼ӿƵɸǶ಻ʤܶҲǲϣ 
ͨȻӵǿͣǵ˶ϣҲȰ˻أֻӲͷƤĵӰĿ֮С 
Сȴ⣬ΪȫסŮԵӡҹ˵½ѩҲղӰԾ徲ˡ 
¡˳֮ˣֻɳǰȥأҲܵˣ 
ȴǡȡδһǰȻܿЩĲǣҲ̫ϡֻ֮Ϣ 
պΪ׵ʽš 
ϰƣɽƽӣĳƷȥ½δﾳ磬ʱɽţ 
أƳͻȻĿһ壬̧׿ȥɫ纣ȺɽԶ 
ɽ΢΢һԭ֪ʱѾ֮ˣƾż¿ȥ 
ʱĿⶨһɫУ˻ζܹƬéݡ 
ôˣ˫ʵ 
ɽ΢Цû¡ 
ǲڵѽ˫Ц˵ 
ɽһ˵ɣڵҲûá 
ǵҲǣ˫ͷ˴ƾɴˣµʱҲƲ˾档 
ɽЦǿɾˣǧ֮ 
Цһ¶⣬ȴ 
˫ЦӦ 
ʱͻȻɽ̧׿ȥ֮£һΰɽֱʣ 
ҫ۵ɽϮɽҲַǷ 
֮ףͨ塣 
ƽ֮һȺѾۼ˲ˣ༸Ҳ⣬ 
ԾɸĸģֻĿⲻʱ˫ӯ 
ɽаȣǰɽɢر˶ĵ߶񲻸ʤʱһͻȻ𣬡ˣѽ༸ת׿ȥ 
һλŮӻǡС塯Сʫ߻żλŮλӡ 
ǵΧӵĿˢˢĿ˹ 
òӦ̹ 
ףⲻŵĵôûǵţһӵȻ 
ɽ̧ͷһԭ˵֮ǡơҹĵܵɡ 
˻һϿһСʫεĻͷһۣųǸһЦ 
ʱȻ˵ʦѾţĳݴ֮λǰμᡣ 
รѽɻȻ˵ 
΢΢һһ˿â֨֨ӯϵСͻȻһ 
˵ǰһæɽǰ 
⣬һ죬˺һ 
żɽ֮ϿȥһźεıǺ«ճԼĽ֮ϣɲȻŭ 
ԶצǴǺ«ʱ߷ѵ 
ӣĵɸڽϵİһɽȻ 
ס֡ʱСʫȻһ 
һתͷһΧĵӣһвջطɽ 
۾ȴĶźӣκκСұһֻۣյſ༸ҲԽԽ˳ˡ 
СʫЦһ˵ٿλһ·ͶϢƬ̰ɣȻٴǰȥʦ塣 
˵̹ﰲţ 
СʫӦһͷǼλŮ˵лȥлɽ 
ǡλŮӦ 
Сʦɽһ˵ڴ˴ǰ֮˳Ԥֻ֮֮ͨüλ嶥ˡɽͷʾ⡣ 
Сʫ΢Цһ򳤿ȥ 
༸˷׷׼ȥ 
Ƶ˿棬Сʫ˵ղǶԲˡ 
ӯֱЦܹ̽㣬̫Űˡ 
Сʫҡҡͷ޵֮·̫ƽ̹ŻĸԴؽխ 
˫һҲŹ޽̰ɣ 
Сʫ΢㶣ɫһ䣬ɽһæʵ֪˶ɣ 
Сʫһ˵ƲʮкܶɵɢҲ֣Ҳֻһһˡ 
˵ĻҲеΡ 
ǱԹأɽʵ 
Сʫ΢ЦԹ򲻱䣬ǵĿֻһ֮ѣҲ֪֪˵СʫȻһɫЩȻ 
༸˵Ҳɵһ˿ǸΡ 
ɽСʫܶ˵ǼΪѵãӴҲԿ 
һЩȻˣһʱҲ֪˵Щʲôã΢΢ЩĳΡ 
ӯһ΢æ˵ǴʱǸɽأ 
壡СʫЦ˵ 



ʮһ ǰϦ

       ӯǺЦ:֮һС塯һ塯Ȥѽ 
Сʫһ㶣Ȼǰû̫һɽ֮м仹ɺϡ΢Ц˵ţ޵֮ʿ֮оӶר־ҡС塯ɽزһɫϸ͹¶Σէһȥһ㣬ν񡯣ϸɽҲǵôӴɣ 
һ˵⡮塯֮ɺζҾͲö֪ˡ 
ɽ׷֮ͬеȷ׾һɢʿѰΪ֮ 
šɽҲһƬС֣̫ϡƽһҲǰ˼ 
 
СʫŲԶȻ˵ˡ 
ɽ̧׿ȥһԡɽϼеɽӳûСͨ塯ǰͦΣɽƽдŵͣƽ 
µʱɽ֮ǰպӭһλŮӣ 
ȪüԶɽǺЦݣɫȹԳ֮ζ 
ʦôѽһŮСʫæǰ 
ǡ塯δʵЦ˵ԶͿɽǰâҹӦˣǰ 
Сʫֶɽ˵λǡ塯ᷢ 
ɽ˵ͷ⡣ 
Ц˵λͬμİɣ 
˵߶Źɽˡ 
ĻЦÿӣȽɣ 
֨֨֨֨ʱӯϵĺСͻȻлһ 
һ𣬵ʱɫ΢΢ıЩȻ˫ĿҺ·Ѱʲô 
ʦ壿Сʦɻỽһ 
˲ع΢Цһû£ɣ 
˵תʧȥɽϸüһɽ΢Īĸȥ 
ɽڣԲƽؾáһ徲Ȼĸо 
ʱһ뵽ڣк£΢ЦŵȥλԺƬ̣ 
˵ͷ 
תƫСʫüܲȻΧкܶԼ֪ 
һеĿʼϴǸʦ΢Цӳֶġ˭ 
СʫɻĿɽʱİɽҲ׹ԸղǸŮʶСң 
ӶҲӦʶɽ壬ŮǲԸǵʲôϵ 
ɽԽüͷԽȻ̾һɴͲˡת׿Сҵӯ 
ֻ˫Ϊƽ·һжȻһ㣬ĵ״ʱ 
һֵͻȻɽһϤͻأ 
ɴ۾ſȥһӰ룬֨֨֨֨СһһӯĻУ 
ԾϻӰıϣһ˫СצӲͣıϲŪţ 
ƣɽŵĻƹʱҲɽ 
ͣҡͷβСߵɽűߡ˶ԴͣĲСȣ 
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ƳŴŷ˼·˵ʲôһ㣬ɽʵûŪף 
󹷰һӷɿĳȥȻǲˡ 
عİɽ׷ȥȻ˼ҵɽԺɵ˻ 
š֨֨ĲϼСȥԶˡ 
˫һɻĿɽֻװûʱһˬɵЦͻȻ 
øλõˣһŨü۵˳ 
ؾǴδˣջ˼ɽ뵽 
վ˵Ժˣҵȶͷˡ 
޷޷δʺǺЦʱɨһԵӯϣ˴ιܹͶǰĪңϷ֮˵ 
˵ɫһࣺɼǰҡơѴǣֻδϵħ˴󵨣ʦ⣬ʵѴѽ˵ŵһ̾ 
Ժˣ˵ħ֮йѲ⣬ˡħ̲죬ʱ̹ɳ濹֮ 
Ȼħ˵ö֮ȻԸһٴ˵ 
źλһ·ϢƬ̰ɣλס 
ͷ鷳ˡ 
δ׳⻽ϡ 
ڣʦһĵӿ 
δȥԺϢɣʱٽʳȥ 
ǡϵæӦ΢ЦŶɽ˵λɡ 
༸˷׷վ 
ʱδͻȻֶһ£˵˽̣ȥɣ 
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̽æɣùǵġӯ΢Цתƫȥ 
԰ӵ΢΢谵۶ 
̧׼䣬˸ݼƽӷ̣֮Ͽ̹ƻ֮̾ԺȻ 
һ·ϰɽΣϣܿƵӰźһ·ûпǵӰ 
ǽﵹǵǵİȫСҵıһЩ֪ģֻеɻ̫࣬ѹϲڡ 
߳ԶΧ֮кȻ͵͵Ľ̸֮ 
ǴҲס˱ɵ𣿡˫Ȼʵ 
Ծִٵ˵ˡС塯֮⣬ɽٶɵס 
̸Ѿ˼СԺΧɶɽ 
ǡ塯жٵѽ˫·ͦȤʵ 
ЩȻ˵λʦ壬ֻͨӡ 
ôѽӯȵȻ·뵽ʲôСͷû˵ˡ 
˵ʦƽɽʦҲ׼յӣԲŻᵼ˶ 
˫źǺһЦרһͽܺù˲βȫգӵܵĺá 
ϺǺһЦҲǲ֪˵ʲôĺá 
ʱԱߵķͻȻ죬֨֨ء 
Сҡɽһ͵ƿԱߵķš 
ǰɫһ䣬żɡ 



ʮ 

       Сҡɽһ͵ƿԱߵķš 
ǰɫһ䣬żɡ 
ɽѾŶ룬 
׿ȥһͨķ䣬ǽϹһɫֽдһ޴ġְ֡ 
Ա߰һԲӣ߾һſǽõľͨԼªĵطſǽľϣ 
Сңơɽ 
ڴֵСһת׿˹֨֨֨֨ӻܵɽߣ±ļ 
򲻼ĸں档û£ɽҲǳһ 
ʱ߹æ˵λѣɽֹһ䣬ǻǳȥɡ 
㵣ãáعİɽæ 
ɽ˳ںƷŹĺţ 
ⰢɽСҵԴǸ˵³ͻȻʧ̬ˣǶԲ𣡡 
ɻĿСһЦû£ֻҪλʦ忴ͺá 
ҿǷͨѽôֹ˳أɽһʵ 
˫Ҳ棬һԾš 
΢Ц˵ʵҲ̫ףɽʱʦʦ彻ͨӲý˷䣬ֻʦԶÿսɨ 
˵ϺȻͣסɫЩŹ֣ԭɽͨӳԶϷ·ֻԼһˣòֻԼԼһˣ 
뵽ɫЩȻȻɽ˲û뵽һ㣬ϲ˵ 
ɽʳһֱ˼ɻ󣺡ƹ𣡡 
Ҳ̫ףӦǰɣϿЦһ 
ŴƵһ˿ηΣǰȻֺɽʦʦǿǳģǰ߶ˣֻ˰ɣ˵ 
һԵĴ󹷺Ȼһͺɫһ䣬ɵɽŲŲ 
һʮֵ⣬ҡŴͷ­ԱߵͰвʱĴͻȥȴ 
ɽɻʵе㺦ӣ 
ɫ˵֮ʦҪչĻʳֻ֪ʳþˣһģûгԱܵʦҷͣǱʦûãִ򲻵ãжˡ 
ɽһݸָոʱԼҪңһˣɵĶøС 
̸һԺ䣬ľ㣬촰ֵ̾£֮顣 
ͣ½ŲƿţźЦ˵סɣһ㻹շ 
ͷлСֵˡ 
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˵˳ȥ 
Χɽͷ˼ 
ӯ˶ĹȥԽԽǺ棬ȴֲʣ 
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һɽ˵ʵҲ֪ݣֻǸоӦħԹҲйϸ𡣡 
˵һ˵ֻǲλɻѹ֡סںδȴǲ˵ˣϣܹ⡣ 
̾һʵ㲻˵ģ㱻ץǴΣʦͲ㵱ˣĳȻк棬ζı֮塣 
ѽӯЦ˵ǸɽȻΪͽȻҲΪ룬ĹȥӰ㣬Բ˭ı䲻Сʦܵʵ 
ȻɽȻһЦһ 
ҹϸͨţμӵĸ֮¡ 
壬˸ؾڣδ۴ЦĿһԴֲͣСƣ 
һԣ˵ǲ뿪ˣʵ 
δ΢ЦӦǰɣȻҲ 
ʵǸССʲôϵ 
ƳһۣδʸЦһϰˣ֪߲֣֪߲֡ 
ѽҪڸûꡣ˵СʫһɽĵɽӦþͽˡ 
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˵̾һб˵ģΪƣΪô£ѵֲĴ𣿡 
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ûĵһۣȻ˱ԼϵҲǣŲҲˣҲȻ׼½ʦþȻҲ棬벻ͨͲ󡭡 
δʺȻϵŵ̾һŹ˼ûдЩԼ̸Ϊ˵ 
֪һ۽˵֪ûʲôõĶԲߣ˲żüãرǡ콣šһǸǵĵӣ֮СҪʱıɶȥ 
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Ȥ˵ҵǺڴߵͽܴϲ 
ϲ㲻˵а𣿡Ц˵ 
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һ㶣ʧЦ컬 
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գɽ˸磬һϴԺУǱԵĵһ죬ǵҲǼѣ 
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ͷ 
ʱһˬʵȻ𣬡ѽת׿ȥ 
һ»ƿ۵δ΢Ц첽 
ͷԺǰߴ٣ʵڱǸ˵ 
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˵ųɨһܣӹɽʱвɵһ˿ʡ 
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ͷӦʡ 
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ΪӣҲ곤׵ߣ֮еǰɡ 
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Ժ 
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ʱʯֶ֮ʮˡ 
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ڣʱ̵ˡ 
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ŵӼҲ׷׼ƿնϣɽ༸Ҳ׷ȥһʱ֮⼲ 
ҹ꣬һİԶ 



ʮ ʼ

       úδΪ׵һ˵ͨ壬ţǰľ󲻽Ϊ֮һ 
嫡ƺ֮ϲ֪ʱѾ˰̨̫֮ơΧΧ˸ʽŵӣһۿȥߣ 
ľԱһкֽġʯǰ 
ʱᵽеǴ˴αԵ淽ʽн 
ҲһŶԾţеʤ߶Ծĺŵʤߡھǰĺŵڶֵʤ߶Ծ嵽˺ŵڶֵʤߣıԾԴƣ 
ÿһֱһ죬ǰʱΪһһֱһ 
ǵһ֣ɽ뵽 
ȥͷ˵һ΢΢飬뵽ʯǰӿ˺֮С 
˫ӯŮһԴҲֻվȺ֮ͽ̾κˡ˽ǼλŽ롮С 
ȴʱģ˫ӯĵĳΧĿɨţ½ԼǸƺ«ʦǰֲܱʧ̬ѵãҳʵĻˣ 
̧׼䣬Ʒϣɷϣ˳ӿġƺô񶯣 
ת׼䣬˫ɫȻһһ˿ɻٴγƺһƫƧ̨ȥߵӿ߹·һƲֵĺӰֻǻþһ㡣 
ôˡ˫΢ʵüͷӯɻʵ 
ûû¡˫Ц˵ĵԼ̫˰ɡʧЦҡҡͷĿ⿴ɽʧĵط 
ʱɽЦݵļȺ˫æӭȥ 
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ɽһЦȻˣ˫һֶһϿµĵӡ 
˵ſӯĶһΡ 
Լأ˫æʵ 
ѽɽǺһЦҵĶֽ;Ҳ֪ɵġ 
أӯʵ 
ɽɫʦֵĶз־Զ 
มӯӦһ䣬 
ʱ˫Ц˵ǻ׼ɣӦÿ쿪ʼˣȻǵһ֣Ҳ˵׼һġ 
˫˵òɽ׵رӯǸǧڱԵʱʹã̫أͲˡɽ˵꿴һӯǰǷʯ 
סӯͷ 
냺Χʯ֮ǰĵӽɢһϱ鲻һڴиˣҲʧ䡣 
Ƶɢ֪ʱĳѾԣ͵Ĺâҫ 
֮ʱһȻ𣬡 
ں嫵ƺ֮ϻصһͣפףŷ׷ת׳ȥ 
һȺüǵʿһ벽һλӢü֮䷽̧׿粽֮һ֮ǡơҹˡ 
һλ׹ߣһͷ׷һ˿ͷɷ٣ǡ콣š 
ҲھˣױλУҲ£ձ۶΢һԵƽ棬 
ڳ֮ȷһСΪºܳλӣšħ飬졯֮ơΪһĺ㣬˴ȴԡ 
ٱϴ඼ǳߣһü裬мֵõ˵ӣ 
Ƕһ֮˴αҲǴĪĸϸ 
ҲһţǾǺ뼰ͷٵߣе۵ģ 
Ȼվλòôۣƺ֮ϵĵӺ֮࣬Ƭ̱㷢ǸȺӣ 
Ĵ඼Ǿȣ棬ҲۼЦߡ 
ߵǸ̨ʱҹ΢Цͣסӣƺ֮ϵ˻Ŀ˹ȥ 
һ٣ҹ˵λͬԶǧҸɽҹڴ˳л 
˻һƺ֮ϵĽ̸ƽϢһڵӾǾ۾Ĳҹ΢΢һЦ 
ʵٴδ˴η˴ηɰλǰǰЩӱżȻħжһöŷǱ㴫˵еϹŲ䡪֮ 
˵껺óһһ߼ĽɫľУƺ֮ϵĵһʶǧٵĿˢˢĿҹеľС 
ԵһҲͻȻסĿ޲̽ľкϡãһɹ֮ݡ 
ҹ۾΢΢𣬿еľУ˿˿âʱ۵ףɫľ 
ΧͻȻһƬţƺ֮ϵĵҲһס˺Ŀ˷ҹУ 
׵֮ϾİһźӨĹʵιΧƲ 
㲻֪ʱѾӯƺһ۱飬ҹӢǲɵṴ 
š֮ҩͨ컯ؼ֮䡣ҹ٩٩øӻϣ 
һƳĺƺ͵ʹӽȥȡ֮ȴǷĳȣ 
ҹŵԵ֮ʿħ캦ͼȡ֮Һñɷֶء 
ҹȻһᣬüᶨȻδ;ҡơȻΪУټɻһͨչ 
˻һƺ֮ϡһ̸ٵһԾԾԵӣ 
ɽ˾һۣüʱҹһڵٴΰ 
΢ЦŵԵĹѾλʦҪ˵Ǳ֮ʱ˼಻ɳͱˡ 
ǡƺ֮һȣ 
ˣԿʼףλˣҹ΢Цתӣ 
кһ㳯ȥһŸŽ 
ȴԼµ֮ΪϾͽʼ 



ʮ (һ)

       ޴̨Բ֪ʱѾΧ۵ĵӣ˳һСУ˫ıڡ̨ϣ 
ɽ˵ıԻҪں֣ǶһǰΪ˫ʹΧ۵࣬Ե˻רŽ 
ɽҲͲطȥȺƼˣ̨ǲŷΧ۵ĵӱĻҪ࣬ 
Ĳ˿϶һۿȥǺѹѹһƬʶģһڼԴ 
ɽ֮̾Ҳɵİܸ˫һ·ĽȻɽ෢ͷƤ 
ʵûԼô֮նĳ嵽ǰԱߵҲüͷ΢壬ҲûϵȻ֮ĵӲμӣ 
½һݼӣ˳ĸо̫˰ɣҪȥ϶վվȣ½ȻСһ䣬 
ʲôɽʵ 
ûûʲôϻץץԴ͵ 
ʱ˫ȻʵǸϿµĻ᲻ѽ 
ɽ΢ЦϿµʵǻ޷֪ġ֮ۡԿȡʤ 
˫ĵ˵ͷ·ĸȾ˫һֱҲĻ 
ʱһȻΧĵİ˫ǰһɴǸŵİϵվ 
֪Ǵ˴αԵĲУֻк˵̨һڿʼ롮š˫롮ڡϿ̨׼ 
˻һΧĵӷ׷̸ֹͣĴѰǶˡ 
ȥɣ£ɽɿ˫С΢Цŵ 
˫ȻһЦŵأ̤ϣƼչȵ̨֮ϣ 
Χһ̾ǧٵĿˢˢĿ̨ǸŮӣ 
˫дһ͸ҵ֮ǰǸӵеģֻ׵ǷݾøȫǷֿ֮ʱǷ鶯񷽲¶ 
ԿʼͻȻһȽЩεĵӻ˻֪ʱǸ˺Ѿվ̨֮ˣ 
еͺһ˻ȥűĿǰıԲһ㣬 
˵̨ϡ 
վ˫ԶһλӣݻӢһЦȻһ崺ĸоҲΪ 
¡ڡϿ£áӺЦ˵ 
ꡭ˻һ̾һƬӲмĺߵα 
ֱӺ 
ͷ˫治һԣֻһն˼У̹תذէâ 
ԶϿû뵽̨²ϴͱɵɫһһץ 
һɫɽСϿȻ˵ľͽ̡ 
˵зһ䣬ľɽâǣϿ·һâƵġľХųŮӴȥ 
̨һ󾪺űڶɫ˫дذһ 
ɫڵǰ䣬䡣ը죬ǰӦ飬ɫɽƲͣЪײڵ֮ϣ 
顣һ죬̨ȥɫĹĻɫɽϲţƾϿ֣߳ȴɽ÷ֺ 
Աߵɽһ 
˫Ҳд󶨡˫ַһ䣬ָڰβָָ 
ˡһأǰġն˼ţ 
ľ۳ɽ֮״â̬֮ʵʡ 
Ͽһ䣬ֽסٻġľͻȻš´̣ͣɽû 
ľƵ̨Ȼ͵һ·̨̾ͽɢһ㣬˫Ȼεض 
ɷԲ̨Ȼһ˶ľȻշ𣬱һ֮һѾ޴ľ 
߶ް㳯˫Ƕȥ̨֮ϵϿͷ󺹣ֻ˫ַ仯 
еľȻ̹ţŷ֮ƳǵӰ׷ȥ 
ۼѲ˾޽ľ˫ɫһһץסǰδȫ۵ĽŽľľȥ 
䡣һը죬Ӱą̂µһסŰյһâ 
УһĨ̷˻أϿ²԰һѽס˵Ľ鲻ϰ 
Ӧ£Ҳ˲塣 
˳У͵͵˿ȥ˻ڷ㶵ˡǵɫӰǲ 
Ŷ֪˭һ̨µܻȻ죬һЦ·Լɵʤһ㡣 
紵˫Ӱ̨Ц̨²ԶǸӰ 
ʤ򵥵󣬰ɻĿ⳯˫Ƽ俴ȥն˼ѲӰ 
˫һӯ㻶 
ôɽ΢Цʵ 
˫˵ĵвܾͰڷ֮ϡ 
ҲȻͻȻ˵ķ߳㷨൱Ҳ䶨ˡ 
˫һ죬΢Ц˵ллʦֿ佱 
ͷ˵ıҪСģѡ˵ſӯɽ 
סͬʱӦ 
ıЩɣΪ˶ͬһСϱԣ 
ܿ죬㵽˱Եʱ䣬ˣɽ˫Զġ̨ 
½ȥΪӯˣʱҲЩΪѣΪġɽ̫ЩǾЩˡ 
˸̨ʱǵСֱˣ˵ʸУΧ̨Թۿĵӱ֮տʼЩ 
һ۱ԵĵӴڡɽ˫һ۳̨ȥĶѾվ̨֮ˣǸ;ĵӡ 
һ죬ŲеһԿʼ 
Χİ;һԴĵӣŵɫĲʾӿ϶ٵɣ 
ŵӣͽ̡ɽòİ˸ʽ 
ͽɫ˵롣˵гһɫɽ 
ɽȥһͨĽȴֱذҪɽʽ޻һۿȥͨ 
ɽɫеġħ顯Ʈؿڣɢɹ⣬ 
;˵ɽ˫ֺȻһƣǱɫɽٳɽȥ 
ɽĿһ࣬ǰġħ顯ӭȥҪײ֮ʱ 
󷽵;͵һţɽɫһ䣬̳ 
¡һ죬ɽղվĵطͻأɸߵʯ̣ɲ 
䣬һը죬ħ顯ɶأΪղŶĵش̶ţһʱ䡮ħ顯Ȼ·硣 
ӿĶɫɽնɽˮֻ˫һָ֣ϷȻչ 
ǰġħ顯ţһصİɫǰ 
䡣һ죬ɫ˵Ϯȥ֮ǿɽҲʮɷվΣ 
һֱռϷɫɽҲɶءէһɽ·磬סɶɽ;Ҳüͷ΢壬 
ȻԷķӳҲǳԼԤϡ 
һɽѸٵƽԪ 
ħ顯ˡһذɫĺâ̼۳һɫɽһŰɫâ£ڰգ 
ɽͻȻһ䣬ֻһӣһɫâֶĳ;ȥ 
̨µȻʱյɽ£ 
ಡâһʽһʽ 
ͣһ죬Ľâ̼ǰһâ֮ϣ 
Сɽһȣеķħ鼤 
ꡱһûͣڰյǵâνһХתų;ٵײȥ 
ڵһâͣס֮ʱ;ȫ׼Сƻ΢䣬 
һͺȣ;£зգ 
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ʯڰεض𣬿ǰ 
䣬䡭Ȼ춸Ȼν˳Ĵ͸ǰʯڣ 
֮ײʯڣ䡣һ죬 
ӲʯǽȻ飬νȻߣΪą̂ 
ǡšž𣿡;͸ػâ˹ 
ɽһݣȴû뵽ԼһʼҪվ 
˫˫ĿⵣǵĿɽ΢Ļ˿˿ὥԶȥ 
;ֳֻɫɽĶŰյɽ 
ɽҲ˿ʾеġħ顯â£綾ţֱ˶ɡ 
Ȼ䣬̨֮ϵ;ĿһɣһĨâֻ͵һ壬ոճŵĻҳٴ 
ɲǼס̨翵Ļâ·һ㲻ϵɫĽâʱ˸У·ʲô̥һ㣬 
ɽĿһħ顯ҫ⣬ΪϽԼС 
ʱ̨֮ϺȻһͳƺ𣬲ϷĻâͻȻһϣ糤ˮһٻ 
̨µһƬԭ֪ʲôʱ̨֮ѾƯʮ޴ʯ̣ʯϺɫâƲݣ 
֮ǰ͵Ϯɽʯȣǿʮֹ;Ҳû˵ĴݣϽıò԰ס 
ֻһͺȣػش 
ƯʯһһХֵ̬ʯ̼ŷ֮ϣֱȡеǵӰ֮ǿΧĿһХ̨µһ󾪺 
˫۾ĶǰɫĹţ˰׵ϲ֪ʱѾһѱС 



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       ̧׼䣬ʮ޴ʯ̺ݺݵײڰɫ֮ϡ 
䣬䣬䡭ը첻ϣĻɫӿϣľâΧ 
һͺȣ˫ִһУһ㵭ą̂µϿգ 
ҵĻɫ֮ϣߣߡ֮ڶŻ̳š 
ٿ̨֮ϣ;ɫ԰ףԽפأĲţĶŰŲĻ 
˻˻ʱĴдΧ̨¾ó棬һɵӾǵɴ۾ĶŰŲϷĻâ 
ʱ䣬ţ˫ͷɵ˫ۿƽȴ֪ѹŶٷݵҡ 
֪˶ã˥̾һջĿ⣬ 
̨֮ʱΧͻȻһ꣬˫͵̧ͷĻԽӿˣ 
㱼䣬һưâǻɫĺвϵҡҷڰ֮׵һ˿⣬Ͷǿ 
ڣȥ˺ڰҫ۵Ĺֻ 
˻һ죬ɫĻâ˺룬һν 
;԰׵һƬң̾һĿ⣬ 
Ȼ齣еķɽ֪ʱѾǰ 
飬һ죬ɫӰɳȥδأһȰӰͻȻס 
һڷţȻ;ĳԼܣߵɫҲѿ۹˸ĿŰǵӰ 
ʱԶּ߰λĵӣΧڳԣĲʱȥ 
Ȼߵ˵˼ʲôЩӷ׷תףһӵȺ֮ȥ 
šɽʤ˹˵ 
ȻһӰٵĴ̨ɽһѱסˡ˫͵͵૵ 
΢ĻʾŮȻ˵Ĵ 
ˣûˡɽ΢Цļ򣬼ŵܰƣ 
ʱһʵȻ춯СӵиȴֲΪʵѵá 
ع˫ɿɽӣɫκվһԣ 
ɽ׿ȥЦǺǵĿԼ 
ǰ佱ˡɽǫ 
ʱԱߺȻһ̾ԭڶм˷ָղӵɽǸвľŮӣ 
һʱ俴ŰɽĿĽв˼ּʣΧȶַ߷Ŀһɽٸâ̱ 
æ԰߹ֵǰæиˡ 
˵˫СֳȥһƫƧλʱɽȻͣסű˴Ϣ 
ôˣ𣿡˫񽹼ʵ 
ɽʹһ˵ģֻԪ̫޴󰭣ϢƬ̱ˡ 
Ȼش˰ɣʦҵʱȥ˵˫ 
ɽͷھȥʦǣ 
˫ӦһֳԶ̨ȥ 
߹һξʱԱߵ̨ͻȻһ޴ĺɽ̧׿ȥ롯̨ϣ 
һλĿӾפϣĶ̨²֪ٵӼҴҵΧ˹ȥ 
ȴû˿ʤϲ֮ɫʵüżֽ㣬뵭Ρ 
ɽ࿴һ۱㳯Զȥ 
׷֡веȥԶˡ 
ӿȺϤӰȻӳ 
ʦ֣ӯɽһæ 
ʱҲ˫ɽӯһһЦǺǵ˵ôҵСʦܣûͨ 
ȻͨˡɽҲźǺһЦ֪ʦûбִƨƨѽ 
ߡӯһŬšƳһ۵ûûС֪˫ϲ 
˵һѽ˫ֱ۳˳ɽֱۡ 
֨֨֨֨ʱСҵĽȻ 
ɽ׿ȥ½촹һʺıǺ«СϳԵ 
һǸߴ͵󲻽ЩЦˣ߹ĵҲǲɵĳ࿴ۣȥǲмļЦ 
Сңɽֽëӱ뻳У˳ļ򡣿ɴŲͣЪ 
ʱ˫Ȼ˵ȻȥɣɽղűʱЩˣҪһʱ䡣 
รһ࣬ɽ 
û˵ôأֻԪѡɽǿЦһ 
࿴һ˵߰ɣȥת㳯ƺ֮ȥ 
ɽһ۸ȥ 
ò˵ءơƺƴ˷ڰ֮ϣΧĵӣɽҲǰ̾̾ڡơĺ߾ǡ֮ջ 
ãһ˻ص塯һǱ㿴ɽ֮ۼʮڽ̸ʲô 
ӦǱϻĵӣɽǲ죬ȻȥڨǼ˸Ҫɽ֮ʱ 
ͻȻһʵλͬ 
ɽȻתף˵һӣϼЦݣһḡĸо 
ɽ֣糿ʱԼЩӵһиǺ档 
֪Ѻ£ɽòʵ 
ӹһЦűĽܵˡ塯Ӷű飬ʵǷԪ 
һԷǴӣɽɫһȻ֪ԷΪдһʣʵĻص 
űµĵͷŴճһ״ɻСƿ˹ȥ 
ǱҩţαԿɱʧˡ 
˵㳯ԶһѵȥͷԵĻɽһĪеĴƿ˫ɻף 
Цҡҡͷ˵ңʵҸһ 
΢΢ףȻˡ 
ű㳯ɽȥ뷿䣬ɽߵľ֮ϣϥĬѭŴ֮طĽľ硣 
âǰķħһ׵ɢİ׻ԣķü֮ɢӳɻԣһһһһ֮Ȼһ塣 
֪˶ãɽ۾Ԩ嫵죬 
һжٽһƬģһĻĻǰ 
ɻĴӻճǸű͸İ״ƿȴȻĺȻɽӰ 
αԲҪʧűĻٴλصСüͷ΢Ľҿƿǣһ͸εĵ㴫˳ 
ɫƵĵҩɽһ֪ǷƷ˫ʱԼõĺɫҩǿʮֹԼεúöԷ˿֮ 
ͻȻ΢΢һ᫵ĵ·Ȼʣ 
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̾һվһеɻʵѾдˣ 
Ѱһͣ£ΨһĴ𰸡 
ΨһĴѾԶˣţԼȥǸжű֤һУԷԼ 
ӦÿĵΪʲôе뺦أƿ 
ӭЩʪ⣬嫵ҹǹ㣬ĵ·ѷ֡ 



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һ㣬߳ɽ֮ʱǿʵ֮ɢɢľۼһʮˣһıԽٶԵĵֻʤһˣ 
ɽЩ̸ĵӷ׷ͣסŹֵĴɽˣɽ֣ 
ЩĿ඼ǾۼϣɻԵĳŪɽ΢һ͸ 
ʵЩ׼ȻΪ˼еǷִҲͲ˵Ŀˡ 
꣬ɽһٴεͨ塯ƺ֮ò֣඼ȺвЦ̸ 
֮죬˷ݽ뽹ǣȻ͵ıŨһųӣɽҲ 
ĳ£һУһõĿʼ 
ʱţɽٴڡƺ֮ϣɽԻ˳ӯڵֱܣ˫Ǹոհ¡Ķһпԭӡ 
˫ͷӣɽ΢ЦŰο⣬أ 
ûû¡˫̧ͷǿЦһˮ۾ĳҷٵĻһȦ֮һ˿ײĵǣ 
ѽ˫㣬ѹˡӯֱ˵ 
һ˫΢Ц˵Ǻǣû¡ˡ 
࿴˵ͷ˵ȥɣǰԿ϶ôס 
ɽɫӦҲᣬӮҲôһ㡣 
Ǵ뿪ʱһӰȻӳ 
ӯĵĺ̽㣡 
ԶСʫһ΢Ц˹ҲѽûУСʫЦʵ 
ոձꡣɽ˵ 
̽Ϊͣ˵ܵõһӯЦ˵ 
СʫЦһϣŹֵɽʵ͡޼šӵ˳Եô 
ӮһаʽɽʵĿСʫȻһſЦʵԵĶֲɡ 
СʫͬĿЦһǵġ 
ӯҲɫһżһ仰Ե 
ո˵Ͼͺˣ͵͵ĳ˫ȥͷ˼ʲô飬ղŵĻ·ûһ㣬 
ˣСŮظ 
ԾΪɣɽòٽȥ˱˵ 
ŵ֪νǰ˵ļλ 
СʫһЦǰλС콣šǣšͨ塯Զ廪ɡӿԭšͽ㣬׷塯־𣬻оҡ 
һ䣬һŵͻȻ𣬡ѽѽѽš˴λѽ 
һЦ˹رǡšŴһɵӴˮ硣 
ǵΧһĿСʫżʱ׷Χ£ 
Ϊģֻ˴αдͷУλ˫Сʫò޾֣֪öĵΪ֮㵹 
ɽķͷȫĵһԣʵԼ֪Ǹ;ΪԼ˴Ӱ죬 
;ɽɡӣ⣬СɶǣϵҲǼã 
˴αԵȻԸμȤıԣʦΥҲ˳֮֮ˡ 
ҲԼ֪жڹעıԣֻʱǵһԣΧ۵ĵ̫ڶ࣬ҲûȥϸϸƷζ˵ıˡ 
ȻȻȫĶ֣Ǹˣɽ 
Ĵʦʷαз˼ϵȻԵĹûƣûĸɵŻɵԼȥμӱԣ 
Ȼ֮ջ󣬵ûдɥʧǵĵزһܣ 
ɨز˵ԼнӵҲֻܷɽˡ 
οֻҪһμӣɥʧˡκһӵгλŶܲĴ 
Դ˴в֪ж˫۾ſšĺϷˡ 
һΧ£ڶҲɫһˣжСʫ˫òĳԣɽɻ󣬻оǶĲмֻ 
ʦ֣ô˵Сʫ˵ 
Це˵ʦôЩ˻һ𡭡 
ʦأСʫɫһ䡣 
ɽһˮǰСʫǾ㲻Ҳˣ 
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һɣ˸ƸҪȻһϤĽ֨֨֨֨һͻʶȴһ󲽣 
šಣһǰ 
ȻԤϵĺɫǹûг֣ΧڶͻȻһȻЦȻЩڼѹšǲϲ˫ʾ̵úεࡣ 
ЦΪǸ֪ǰӡӾǡơŵĵܵܡЦÿ޼ɵ 
ӯͷֻϳԼüŪ۵ĻëΧһŤЦ 
бŭӢҲŤ 
ӡŭ߸һɽʱâǣɽ˷ 
ĿŶǸҪӡ 
ס֡Сʫһ 
ʱýȥֻŭĿ죬ָãǰɽƾȻһʱ 
ʱԶĵҲߵ״һȺȺٵ˹վԱߵġͨ塯ӴʱҲ˲ԣ 
ǰֹ˼ɣһʱȻ֪ôźá 
ˣһȶȻȫʢǰĺΪһ壬˽һԶӯײȥ 
ۿսһͻȻһͺȣס֡ 
ȥĽâͻȻͣ£ĺѸٵȥɫ׵ĿŰ˵󡭡ţǡ 
ס죡ƽ˵ǡơҹ 
ɲ׺ݵĿ˺һۣȻĵͷ 
ʱѾպõķһ뾲ĿաɺЦŶ˵µ֮Űһ 
Ȼˣǡ˵ɽһƺ֮ȥ 
ҹĿһ۶˵ɡŷȥ 
ĸں棬ת׼䣬ȻʧĵطЦһ 
һҹ޻ڶ죬嫵ġƺǰ̨Ѿʧȡ֮ӿ̨ 
ֱԱС˿̵̨¿˵ɽ˺ˣļԼҳ̶ȿ֪ڵȻŹȳ۽Ļᣡ 
ΧӳǸ̨֮ϵһ֮λһ棬ѳ 
ƸҲ֮У඼ᣬ̬صӣ塯δҲǺȻڣ 
һλѩ˪Сʫʦ½ѩǵĿⶼʱʱšڵǸȥ˿˿С 
ĶŲ㡣ڵڶ֣Ҳӯһۿɽıԣʱˣɽ˫˵ģȥˣ 
ɲҪ᲻ѽ˫Ķһ仰 
ɽЦһģһᾡ֣ 
ʱ 
ɽͶȥһĵ񣬽ų༸ͷת̨ȥ 
ĵףСʫԲ̨ΪѰõˣʦֵԸ꣬ԼôԵɽʦ 
вԸҲܾʹͣ£ģҲֻĵͽ̾κˡ 
һڽΧĵҲİ 



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       һͣΧĵİǧ˫۾һ볯̨϶˿ȥ 
ɽϮ񣬸һֵƮݵĸо 
Сʫʤѩףּ̧һʥϢ˲ɱӣ鶯Ӣ 
û뵽ѽɽЦ˵ 
СʫҲɬȷ 
ˣ˻һ䣬̨һƬȻһǵĹϵֱ۴߷ߵĿɽƺ޲̽˺һ㡣 
Сʫףŷɿ̨֮Ͽһ˵˵ǸԾɡ 
˵귴ְγǺһ޳Ľâ 
ƽϢ͵͵ʱǵĿһ뿴СʫеĳǴ˵е 
Ҳֻˡɽɫ΢˵ 
еġħ顯𣬾Өİ׹ܷ⳯ӿȥ 
Сʫһ񽣳Է̶ȥħ顯Ȼӭȥ 
䣬ȻײľâĴҷɣ̨̼㱻һ޴Ŀ 
ɽСʫԺһͬʱҲǾȲѣ 
ɽǡš˵ãδֹԡħ顯ǺĵģȴֻǶ൱ 
СʫΪȣơһһȻԼĽ˴Ǹ׷塯־ܹɽ 
ƾĴȻõǾŵİšڡšֻ࿴Լǿ֣ 
ɽҲϸĹ۲εļսУֶԷĵвԼŶԼӦܹʤȴȫԼԤϣ֮ҲͬʱԼĺʤ֮ġ 
ʵȴ֪ɽĵŷȷûߣϰˡ顯ˮƽҪһء 
էһֺϣɽ̾񽣹Ȼ鴫 
СʫЦһĵҲǳѽ 
˵ǰġٴ𣬳ɽ̶ֱȥ 
䡣һ죬էϼ֣һһ̨Ϻ¡ը಻ϣľм׷ɣ 
̨Ϊ֮ɫ䣬 
ħ顯ⱬǣâ죬ɫνֱԷʮ£ɽ 
»Ȼûдﵽǵĳ̶ȣԼе͵˻ܹ 
Сʫеġâ£ҫʱŽӰԼ룬סԷǿġС 
κԼĽâԷжɫĽâ޻һ 
ֱƹԲ¹̨֮ϣһ֡ҧڹꡪ޴¿ڡĸоƲѣ 
˰ԼֵԷв֪Ҫٱ 
ȥԼԪ϶ȺĹ⣬Ҳǿ϶ˡ 
뵽СʫһҧһץסǰġӰ֮飬 
䣬СʫֽġС󣬺Ȼ 
СâǣâšԲ¡ȥȻ͹ˡ 
䣬䣬䡭ҵը쾪춯ءٵͷŴͣþòѡû뵽˵սȻ˵ļҡ 
䣬һը죬һâʧ 
ֻһ죬Բ¡Ӧƣֳɽ΢ǱӰ 
ʱ䣬ֻɢâٵĳȥʱһʮɳɫ޽ 
֮ϱɫתݣСʫһɽп̾ɫһ࣬зòϣ 
ħһХŰ׹ǣâƥ̼һ޴İɫܣ˿˿粻˸У 
ƽ棬ʵ粨ΰâأʱɫ޽Ѿѹ 
䡣һ죬հâ 
̨ŵһŵĶŰգ˫ǣյ˫ֲ֪ʱѱˮʪ 
ʱһڵٵ䡣 
ΧһƬ 
УɽҡĿɶŰâ 
֮ϣСʫɫ԰ųֽ˰յҲ˫ߣ 
ô죡Сʫ԰׵һ˿ã׿ȥӭ½ѩƽĿ⣬ 
Ҳ䣡ƽСʫĿ㣬 
С 
̨µĵҵѻعСʫ¼һɵľ𣬷׷ײ²˷Ե˭ʤ 
ɽҲһ㵣ٶȥ϶ܾˣǧ㣬ȴû뵽Լĺ˵ĺǿ 
֮Сʫɫԣһ˿ɫʣȻȻһЦһУܹס䣡 
Цݴ˿˿Ǹ⣬Ҳ޷ղʱҪĽ֣ȻѾһкܾˣ 
л̻̣ȻԸֵģ֤ԼⲻǼˣ 
ãɽӦеķħٴİ׹ż״ŵЦݣ 
СʫЦһգɫ쳣£·ĸ٣ΧķҲƽϢ 
ֲݵһڵҲͻȻ֮һƬţʱкȻһԭ֪ʱصƲѽǳȵ̫ȫס 
ɵĹ⻪СʫԽ죬߲е 
ɲ 
ף 
ͻ 
Խ֮ 
ƷӿֹžؼͻȻ¡¡ƱԵеɱֱ֮ˡ 
̨µӡৡһȫվ羴ĿŰգ 
ɽɷ 
ٴ졣̨֮ϵһҲɫ΢ѣ 
ȻǾȵʩᣬ 
˵šߣ˫ӯǽĿ̨ǸӣֻСʫͻȻ۾Ͽ˿ɽĵǣ 
¡һ죬ոڣѹƲлһ޴Сħſľ죬˼䡣 
ʱֻ̨֮һ׹ɽؼʱڶˣȷӲһУ 
˵һʽҲ޷μıˣòɶ 
ŷɱɽСʫɫһ˿ǼϣòˡԷһֹͽ͡ģֻӲˡ 
Ȼڿʮ֮ʱɽӺȻһϣ·һεǽסһ㣬 
ϲûо㵵ı飬·Ȼһ㣬Ȼֻ˫ֺ£ʮָ㣬 
ʱⴿ̫ͼУֻ˫ǰһƣ˸̫ͼȻһ֣ 
˻һ죬ɽĵѾʧԭء 



ʮ  ()

       ̨һȻ̨֮ϵڶҲһŴ죬Ȼܿɽ뻤֮ڵģһȻΪǽܣ 
šλɫвһط塯롮塯δһۣɫŹ֣Ҳ֮ɫС塯½ѩƽֻ˫۷˵ɡ 
УСʫֻǰһϤ׳ǰ 
ҵֵˣҲ䣡˵ɽһ 
зħǣڰ֮ڶ̫һ㣬ĺɫϣ 
һɫѸװ㱼ڶ¡ 
䡣һը죬ͨ·Ҳһ֮һŻɵϷĵâʱĴܳ 
֮־׶ˣһɫȦ£Сʫɫķɽ̨֮ϣ 
ˣһͣסɽͻȻһѪ԰׵ҲԽɫˡ 
ʱһӰͻȻһѷһֻ֣ 
˵û£˫ŵʵĿСʫӯҲ˹ô˷Ҳ֪˵ʲôˣһʱȻЩΡ 
Сʫ˼ˣ·Ҳûз˫Ŀһ㣬ɿɽ֣Żĳȥʱһʵ 
ɽʤΧĵмŵĳ棬˵Ŀһ뿴Ǹʯ̨֮ȥŮӣ 
ɽǵѪĿǵɫٻӰ 
ʦԲ𣡡Сʫ˵½ѩʹĿ⿴Լȹ񣬷·ûһ㣬 
׵½֮ϣһֻģѪɫӡ֡ 
ҹһ˻ص壬 
ɽƽأıصˣ 
ȷ˵ñȽأֻԶԿ׶ 
ȻɽЦһ 
ָģؿڴʹϮһҲɵƺһ΢׵Ķͷһϸܵĺ飬 
ԤϵĻҪѽ¿̾һ 
ɽ˼صƽ֮жģƽ⣬ƽ⡯ضǶΪϤ 
ԴƽȻҲܴŵĹƳ˻ܴӴıĿЩɽҲʩΪ 
ķεȾԳرԷ٣ȻעȥԷ 
յԼƵĴʵʵ̫ԶʱСʫΪֵסһ־ܰ¶ȫˣ 
ˣ˵Ҳѿٻָ㲻ѽ̾һ۾ 
Ȼһſ۾ȥʱһƵСƿУ 
ǸԳƶűġ塮͸ģʱûϣβһԣ 
ɽ۾һŵŻƳγεĵҩС 



ʮ ̸

       ãɽվƿţ 
ʪӭΪ֮һ壬ǵҩȻ棬ڼʱĵϢ󣬾Ȼָ߳ɣ 
һյıҲһսˣʤȴǼãѽ̾һԺУ 
»ˮ˪ǿɽһС¥̧׼嶼һȫòСҲ֪ܵȥˣ 
ǵĳСԺҲԵЩ徲ţԼķ·Ҳһ㣬 
߳СԺΧһǽһ·ҲĪϤУɽ˵ӰٴγԺ 
ıԼ˵ӣԼѾ޷ĨȥˣԼܰģҲֻǼˣ 
ɫٻӰԼʣıüᶨȻǡħ̡֮һϲҰԼߣֻҪСĺںɽ֮⣬µȲ 
뵽ﰢɽһɣ˴αһٶڵĻƾ֮˵ʹʦ 
ֻǡšûаţֻʣˣ콣šǣšǸ־ĵӣ 
ˣ־ĳˣһʲôأɽк治ѣǸӢеУ䲢̫ŵӵĶԻеϤǷ·ҲϤ־ĵӣ 
֮ͣ˾˲ĬĬţ⵹ǲÿɷ񣬲ҲֻƵĴˡ 
ȻǲԻѽɽµ̾һ 
ǧֹ¶ˮ֮ʯкȻɽ˵Ǿ仰Ҳ𵭵Ĺ⣬ 
һͻȻ𣺡СֵܣûϢѽɽһת׿ȥ 
塯δ΢ЦųԼ˹ 
˯ţߣɽص 
ŷ֣ԭԼ֪Ѿ߳ԶˣδʺЦסô 
ܺãлԺˣɽЦ˵ 
ŶǾͺãδʵЦһЦݣɫŷ·˼ʲôһ㣬 
ɽһʱҲ֪˵ʲôˣӰ´µּķһһпʶ翣 
ʱţƬ֮δͻȻʵʦ 
ɽ΢΢һ㵣˲ָˣʱδʷ·Ҳʲô΢̾ʵƺʲô 
ɽص壡 
δʵ۴ЦĿ 
ɽɵ˵뿪֮ʱ彻κ͸¶٣ 
δһ㶣ʧЦһ桭 
ɽһʱδʺȻֹֻͣһתʵڻðɣ 
ܺãɽӦ 
аɽʱӦûָ˰ɣһʵǰǡ塯ĵ𣿡 
δ΢΢һ㵣̾һǣǡ 
˵Сʦܣߣ˶ȴõһرУɽΨһһǰĵġ 
˵˵ţδʵĿ⽥ƮԶɽĿ˿Ũޱȵ飬ͷ·Լɽ˵ĸһ㣬 
֪˶ãδ˺Ȼʵʲô˲Ǻˡ 
ɽһ㵣Ȼ⣬Ƭ֮˵ԶˣԾԣıǡ 
δʺЦŵͷʵأ 
ɽﰵѣ˶£ѲǸˣҪ֮סšԺǰǷǾЩȻ 
ʱδʷ·ҲĹ˼ɣǺЦҲ常ʲô˵⡣ 
ЩĪǸɽйأɽһſ˵˳ǿΪ䣬֮ʿ֮Уջʹ£־˱֮߻ӣɷ֮ҲʱаҲ֮ 
δʺȻЦһ˵úã߻ûô˼ɣУǺĽѽ 
รɽɻĿδҲͣĿ⾼Ŀɽֱ˵ɱܶˡ 
ɽһǻˣ 
Ǹ֮ˣδʳ˵ 
รɽΪ֮һɣ 
ֽСȴһ֣δʳɵ˵ 
ʲô֣ɽʵ 
δ˺Ȼ̾һЩԺȻ֪ҲԼʣ 
ŶɽҲ׷ʣ˴֪ѾˣҲˡ 
Ψһ׵ľ˰һΪʲôڡơҲڶֵԭɣЩѾҪˣаţ 
δʿ˿ɫ˵ˣȥϢɣ컹Ҫԣиˡ 
ãɽͷӦת֮ʱδʺȻ˵Ǹʦ֣ձʱҪСˣʦܵ߾á֮СĲҪǿˡ˵̾һ 
ɽҲһµǸ־˱ضȴû뵽δʶҲƳˡɽ˼ʱ 
δͻȻЦ˵ʦܸ㻹ЩԨԴֻô֪뿪ûСɽɻ̧ͷУδʵӰȥԶˡ 
գͨ壬գƺ֮˳ӵһ򣬻ȥ֮ǰ죬ĵӾģ 
ǿ۵Ĵ඼ǹڡš飬һ֮μӱѾò˾ˣ 
С֮еĵӾȻƳΪķ 
˾֮Ȼ˲˵ȤŵҲǷ߷쳣ȻһСɵĵƳԼɽ 
ֻǶԷɻʩߵʱвãһֵ뿴Цһ뱼Ǭ̨Ҳƺ֮ϵΨһ̨ 
־ԶΧӲ˵رԣҹҲһʯ̨֮ϣ 
ʱƽ͵Ŀ̨Ҳ֪Щʲô 



ڰʮ ޻þ

       ǦȾԭ両 
̨֮ϣ־ĬĬԣһֹͣ 
־𵭵˵: 
˵ұѡ񣬲ҲԹô֪֮͸ż㣬 
ǰԻĿ񽣡 
ȷǱѡ񣡡־Ŀ˵Ŀһĳ󸺽 
ںһ޳Ľ΢΢ˮĽϱ̹ת 
ն̨֮ϺȻһ͵͵ϳžȵĿ־ǰХĵ 
ĻԻվȴѡ 
ʱͺһսͽ̣˵ɽâǣȵ˳ܷȥһɫĳâ֮ϣ 
෨һսŷ֮װ㳯Ӵȥ 
ĳ棬־̩ɽ̨µӲ²εֵ֮ʱֻһ 
־˲ûããĻ֮Уͻأĳ̨֮ϵһҲľѣ 
̨֮ϵȴޱȣĻ𺣣з䣬Ȼֻһƺ 
һĻԻڿն𣬽̨֮ХֹƵҲΪƴ 
ɽҲǴѣ˫һգգĶŻģԲ־ʹܣ 
Ǹ塯̾ѵ˲ã 
Ȼ·ڻӦɽһ㣬֮һХҫĻһɫâХ 
ΧĻâһ󷭹ŷ·һ׷׳âȥκǱâʤһ޶ϻһ㱻ɢޣ 
𡱣һˣյĻһžβһڣצĸ£ǵལâҧȥ 
䣡һը죬ĻӦ飬̨꣬µ֮ʱ 
֮СơһХһâֱȡն࣬ 
ɽУɫৡĴ䣬û뵽ͨһȻƣ 
Ҳ˵ãâݣ͵Ĵһ񽣡ٷŹâֶӭն 
š䡱һ죬񽣡ڿлһ̶ⷴأ 
ʹһʱȻܿƣƽΪ֮ɫʱ񽣡ѽ 
Ŀһ䣬ͻȻһҫ۵ĺ⣬˲һԲİһ㣬 
񽣡༡һ֮ϣŷ·һɿĳһԻȥ 
Уһֻ԰׵ĴֺȻӰâ̽һסķɽ 
˪ճֽеĳֹȻղһȻ˵顣 
̨֮ϣ־ˮնüǰУ·ֻһ㣬 
ȫȻ߿֮ϵࡣ̨µɽ˾ļѣӸղһȻˣ 
ӯüĿգ޴СֲʱǰǷʯ֮ 
ɽҲüͷ壬Űյ࣬һɲõԤȻͷ 
ΧĵҲԼͬİǧ֮۾ڶ֮ɨ 
ȻеһšˡһһѪеġսȴƽ 
ͬʱ־ĿҲպôӡնƿ 
㱼䣬̨֮ϵ͵͵һƳļ́ͷյǸӣ 
ǵѪ־ǰѱ̹תɽɬն𣿡 
־һ˿죬ͷ˵вͣҵĶ֡ 
ȷһϲûзŭ֮ɫ 
һʱ˶ 
ãĿٴλָᶨ̧ɽ˵һУҲҸһУӦսɡ 
˵̨µһȻղŵĻҲƶǶȻǰٴξǵ·Ҳһ 
ֻСšɫرӯڿѪ֮ʱ̲סҪȥˣ˫ס 
ɽҲһƣõԤԽԽˡ 
̨֮ϣ־ɫ䣬ȴǶ־·ľն̹ⱬǣһ밺죬 
֮£أֻһٽ죬߲͵͵ٴ쳹Ͽգ 
ɲ 
ף 
ͻ 
Խ֮εնȻһͬʱ 
ͨҹͨӣһֵĿգѽ 
û뵽ȻʹһУ˵ɽƳ˷һɺϣǴ˷ǺݺݵƵһƣ 
ҹ֮ɫ࣬һơ˴αȻˣһСУ 
ĳšλÿȥɽɫĸѿȻ÷ĺĹעԱߣ 
ĿĶŰǸ΢΢ĺӰ̨֮ϣɫĹâѾʧ־ɫ㯵Ŀգ 
â֮ܶ£ӲϲصƲѾת 
ڴʱ䶸ԭ谵պȻһ 
ƺ֮ͻȻһ޺ 
𡣡ҹĿһʱ̨µ֮кȻҽУţ 
顱첻ϣѪʱ 
Сġ̨֮ҹһâǣʱΧҲ׷׼ܹ⣬ 
УһЩĿŤķУ·𿴵ʲôֲһ㣬äĿΧĵɱȥ 
Щǽ׼Լ顯һ߲ȱʬ塣 
ԣЩǷԵ͵ĵӣŵĲϺƣĵӱס 
ĵӶļܹ⣬˵ʱʱ죬һжڵʯ֮䣬 
˴֮ʱɫĻͻȻɺƣһҽٴ𡣡 
ħˡҹŴȵλСģԹɡ 
κΧ谵һƬߵħ˱ɱͷִһһʱŵĹ㳡һƬ 
ɵΣ֪Χǵѣʱӷ𣬸⡣ 
Ψһƽģȴ̨֮ϣ־ĿգŨĺ֮Уһ䵶פķֶȥ·Ҫһ㡣 
޻þħ죬־ɬ 
ͬʱ̨֮ͻȻһţӷ𡣡šħ֮Ƶֽܵӡ 
һɫĹȦڶ𣬴ͻȻǴһƴĽֳǱħȥ 
⣬һ죬ɫֺȻһϣħΧĺ߰㳯ӵȥһΪŴڵ 
ϸ΢ġ˻˻ϣɫ֮࣬Ƭ֮Ľֱ 
ܵ̾һзӡһ䡣ĽٷŹâްĺ˲ַ·Ҳвõӣȥ㵹ɶأ 
һѽסɿУ۾͵͵ʲô 
ʱԵĸߴġ졯ԶȻſ۾ 



ڰʮһ ?

       λΪߴһҲǴϣšԶ 
˿ܡ˻أ˫Ŀ͵һɣŭĿգ 
űһơ 
Ҳʲô֮ͻȻһһֻ޴ķӡ̩ɽ㳯ħѹȥ 
䡣һ죬ɫƺȻ飬 
ħҲһָ̱ԭģ̨֮ϵվԶͻȻƺһɫৡһ³죬ŵˣ 
ʱһӰȻš顯֮Ƶһѽסŵһţӷ𡣡 
һĨâָȻţΧĺӿˣʱɫĹâס㳡 
ЩڿԶԿ޻þĵĻظһŤ׽滺·Ŵħ̷һ㣬 
ͻ䣬ѾصšڵĵطðȻʩҲǺ࣬һ 
Χ϶ħ̵ӣɽɫȻļ뵽ս֮Уħ̵ĳޣ˭ܼǡ 
ֱ̽룬ɫ֮УһһĨâĶħϵȺشѰ˲ο 
ֻ˫ǸŮӣ˿̵ɫһֱĬĬɽ󣬾ĿǸйŭӣɫصĲ֪Щʲô 
ʱҵĹ㳡УĽһƬԷӳΨһĻᴭϢʱ 
ħͻȻܳʮµӣٵĳ̨֮ϵȥȻҲĹؼ̽ɱ 
ʱ̨֮ϺȻһߣ 
а־Ȼγնӭݶħ̵ӣ顣һ죬һλ˱âϰգ 
ɺѪҺڽɫĹâڶ־һֲͣЪеġնâҫ죬 
ӵ룬䣬䣬䡭âը첻ʮ֮Ѫɡ 
ΧĵӿһѪڣ׷߸ȳзХϣһҪĳħ̵ӹȥ 
䡣һ죬һħ̵ӱ룬ܲݰԶ 
־Ŀ̧ͷ谵İգ̨֮ϵ麹档ȻǳŲ˶ˡ 
ʱסڰһ죬ʮӰ㳯Ǹֽȥ־𻺻ջĿ⣬֮ٴޱߵս⣬ 
ˣնһɫâľųӰײȥ顭Ƶٴ 
һӰٺˣ־Χ̲ת磬װ㳯ħ̵Ϯɱȥ 
УһХȻ־һס費ϵնٿӥ 
ն񡣡һϺȣ 
ˣնȻХһɫâšħֱնȥ 
·ӦƣħʢһΪ̬ħǱâץȥ 
͡һ죬ŨĺΪ룬 
âƥ˿ĳħնȥںһ죬 
âʧħһ˶ȥ 
ʱΧͻȻһΥٴ֣Ĵһ˿ݣղŵһз·ֻǻþһ㣬 
ȻΧİ߰Ѫ֫ϺѵǸղŵսǶôĲңңսŸոտʼ 
ƺ֮ϵڶݵ֮ٴ߸ųħ̵ӹȥءᡯ˲ем 
ơȻʢȴ޽ˣ 
˲֪ԼȴĺܣʮǰһսѺĵǵĴʵʮʱһ˵ʲô 
ĻԻͲǶʱָܻˣ˿ơʢһʱʵȴǿиɣ 
һվʮλţҹɷǽ˺ȵħӣȻҷƣձǶȵڡ 
ร𣿡ǽ͵ЦϮǼƽ϶ʱˣȻ뽫Ϧճһ 
Ӽ·ʲô۴Ц΢΢˵û뵽Ҳѽ 
һ㶣ŷ׷ת׿ȥԭѾսվһԵߣ 
һ˫۾ȴǶŵǽǸӣɻĿʱҲ΢΢һ㵣һʱ仹û׶Է֮⣬ 
ֻ˫ɫЩѿһ˫۾Ҷʲô 
û𣿡ǽ˿ʵеЦȴǸŨˣ 
ɽһ𣬼ѿڶ벻£Щħ̰࣬ξ͵װɣ 
รħ̣ǽЦһ 
ʱ˫͵̧ͷǰĿǰ 
δȴ䣬ֶپ˵ѵûֽСҲй. 
˻һΧ˾ɫһ䣬һĿĿɽˣ²ԾŲŲ 
ż۴ȴﲻæֻܲ׵̾־һ𣬿ɽĿⲻ˸ 
˫ʱɫףȻ̧ͷĿһҹ˺󣬽ĬĬĿǰӡ 
ɽȴһ㯣СǸϤٴδӱ˵Ŀȴ˿ů⣬ɷþ֣ 
ȻĶδ˵Ļʵ⻹һ֣뻹Լźʣ 
ѵ㯵̨ͷΧĿⲻ֪ʱѾİ 
ֻĵůεĿⲻ뿪ĬĬĿ࣬ 
ʱǽʰٴ𣺡ʥйšѪӡ֮Ƶġơͽѽ 



ڰʮ 

       ɽкһ죬ɴ˫۵ 
ͻȻ˻ߵĺܣ˵ 
Ц˵ɱܶˣЩǸ֮ˡδʵȻ 
ѽɱĶǸ֮ˣûΪʲôҪ£ɽ 
ΪʲôҪħء 
Ϊʲô 
ѵѵв˵Ŀ𡭡 
һһġһġ 
ʱͻȻһȣħˣװ 
ɽãȻתһĽâӭģϹ𵭵аЦ 
ոջعֹȻ֮âǸӷ·ʯһ㣬Ҳ 
㶵ĿǵԼĺ⣬ 
飬һ죬ɫӰ 
㱼䣬ɽоԼ·Ҫɳһ㣬ȻųһԵǳȥ 
ˣڰգɽ͵һѪ 
ߵĳԶȥϡ䣬˫ĺ˲ûޱߵ߸У 
Ŭ۾ȴһƬѪ죬 
Ҫ𣡡Ȼһɵꡣ 
Ҫʧȥ֪һɲǣһϤĵǼ䣬 
Сʫͷʱ׵Ļ˹ȥ 
˫Ų˼ն˼Ӱʧķ׷ȥȴǱ죬 
ӯҴҴ½׷ȥšмλĳǸȥȴܶ˵ʲô 
ֻ־ڿ˫ʱ֮һ˿⣬ 
ٺٺٺ٣ȥСϡɡŽʱȫʬʱǽ͵Ц 
ת׼䣬˫ʧķϺȻһ˿ 
ͨħݵòͷȻڳԡȺŭȵعŷ׷׸ȣһŭĿԷ 
Ȼղžɱšӵˣ 
ˣǾͱҲˡǽ͵ǰһ֣ 
а桯롮һħͷ׷׳ɱȥ 
һҲԦӭȥͨ塯֮һʱ䡮䡯ɫâش󣬻ȴǴѪĿ⣬ 
Գϣûػءɽһգǽսʵ۾ȴǶŲϳɱ־֮ 
վһȫںߣǰ׷塯ˣ 
ǽĻһ𣬽ųԴ뿪ơĳûٻ 
รǽ۴ЦĿһۣ˵ɽԴ˸أ 
һĪĿսһ˵ǲĳԲѣšǧȺ㣬صʵСйŽɡɽһٽѰ쵽 
ǽ͵ЦųԣԦ֮˱̫ΪҿġơȻ߳»ûܹԦɡǸΪɣ 
ɱĿǽ˵źȻĿһ߾㡮ơмԦɡ֮ˣȴҲ¡ 
͵ſ۾ڲɫ粻ȷ;Ĺ죬ħƴִټ͵Ϯֹɡܹܣ 
˴νȴѡƼơʱһħ̽ʣҲûˣ 
Ϊʲô³ȵĽˡ³ç˵ȡơĻ 
ɻĳǽȥǰӣкأ˼ŵɵüͷ 
ᣬսת򼺷ҹд󶨣˴ΡšνƼм 
ɵžǵвڶ࣬ս̺ħ̵Ʊ㱻ѹƣȥƶȴǼΪ 
ȻɶԷΪѡڴʱϮһ˿˲䱻ȫħ̵ĺ 
ʦ֣ҾƺЩԾط塯鿴սüͷ壬 
ЩԾɫصĵ 
ҹͨħ۸ڶսͼȾָҡơȴҵε֮ɻ 
ˣǰѵδʵ̾һ˻۹ȻԱǸŮӣ 
Ȼ½ѩ·δĿһ㣬˫ĿС塮Ǹ򣬷·˼ʲô 
ǳʼǵӰʧĵط 



ڰʮ 

       ɽкһ죬ɴ˫۵ 
ͻȻ˻ߵĺܣ˵ 
Ц˵ɱܶˣЩǸ֮ˡδʵȻ 
ѽɱĶǸ֮ˣûΪʲôҪ£ɽ 
ΪʲôҪħء 
Ϊʲô 
ѵѵв˵Ŀ𡭡 
һһġһġ 
ʱͻȻһȣħˣװ 
ɽãȻתһĽâӭģϹ𵭵аЦ 
ոջعֹȻ֮âǸӷ·ʯһ㣬Ҳ 
㶵ĿǵԼĺ⣬ 
飬һ죬ɫӰ 
㱼䣬ɽоԼ·Ҫɳһ㣬ȻųһԵǳȥ 
ˣڰգɽ͵һѪ 
ߵĳԶȥϡ䣬˫ĺ˲ûޱߵ߸У 
Ŭ۾ȴһƬѪ죬 
Ҫ𣡡Ȼһɵꡣ 
Ҫʧȥ֪һɲǣһϤĵǼ䣬 
Сʫͷʱ׵Ļ˹ȥ 
˫Ų˼ն˼Ӱʧķ׷ȥȴǱ죬 
ӯҴҴ½׷ȥšмλĳǸȥȴܶ˵ʲô 
ֻ־ڿ˫ʱ֮һ˿⣬ 
ٺٺٺ٣ȥСϡɡŽʱȫʬʱǽ͵Ц 
ת׼䣬˫ʧķϺȻһ˿ 
ͨħݵòͷȻڳԡȺŭȵعŷ׷׸ȣһŭĿԷ 
Ȼղžɱšӵˣ 
ˣǾͱҲˡǽ͵ǰһ֣ 
а桯롮һħͷ׷׳ɱȥ 
һҲԦӭȥͨ塯֮һʱ䡮䡯ɫâش󣬻ȴǴѪĿ⣬ 
Գϣûػءɽһգǽսʵ۾ȴǶŲϳɱ־֮ 
վһȫںߣǰ׷塯ˣ 
ǽĻһ𣬽ųԴ뿪ơĳûٻ 
รǽ۴ЦĿһۣ˵ɽԴ˸أ 
һĪĿսһ˵ǲĳԲѣšǧȺ㣬صʵСйŽɡɽһٽѰ쵽 
ǽ͵ЦųԣԦ֮˱̫ΪҿġơȻ߳»ûܹԦɡǸΪɣ 
ɱĿǽ˵źȻĿһ߾㡮ơмԦɡ֮ˣȴҲ¡ 
͵ſ۾ڲɫ粻ȷ;Ĺ죬ħƴִټ͵Ϯֹɡܹܣ 
˴νȴѡƼơʱһħ̽ʣҲûˣ 
Ϊʲô³ȵĽˡ³ç˵ȡơĻ 
ɻĳǽȥǰӣкأ˼ŵɵüͷ 
ᣬսת򼺷ҹд󶨣˴ΡšνƼм 
ɵžǵвڶ࣬ս̺ħ̵Ʊ㱻ѹƣȥƶȴǼΪ 
ȻɶԷΪѡڴʱϮһ˿˲䱻ȫħ̵ĺ 
ʦ֣ҾƺЩԾط塯鿴սüͷ壬 
ЩԾɫصĵ 
ҹͨħ۸ڶսͼȾָҡơȴҵε֮ɻ 
ˣǰѵδʵ̾һ˻۹ȻԱǸŮӣ 
Ȼ½ѩ·δĿһ㣬˫ĿС塮Ǹ򣬷·˼ʲô 
ǳʼǵӰʧĵط 



ڰʮ ս

       û뵽ƿҲ˳ħ̣鿴սһ˵ 
СŶ裬һжȻ·磬ÿʩʱоյĶ 
ʱлңȴǳˮֱ˻ǲǹԳԻԷԼˡ 
ٿƿĴȻ׵һģһ 
һߵġҲֻζѣԺȻҲʩչȻ⣬Щȴǲ֪ˡ 
Ļ껳˵ħͷҲʢһʱΪմӼΪ߰治֪ôظ֮¡ 
δһ˿üͷ˵ЩѲҪƾ˱ӦòѿȥǱذܣȴɲڴˣʵΪѽ 
껰ͷˣκҹ˼Ҳַֻʽȥ 
ǵĿķ·ûʲôãҹ˵ʦִԲӣꡮš롮ϻɡ±Ƕ˽ҵѣȴֻ֮ñǵϳͨħռ˳ȻҲֻܹˡ 
ҹ˵ȻһʱҲ޴ӳˡ 
ʱֻһ죬䡣еķаź˰ɣ 
Ȼպ˵ǽԣԵеλƮɵϵ˿̵ҲǱһ˵֮ϸѪ߰ߣ 
ȻǱаˣ 
ʥ̫࣬Ϊλ󡣡а洭Ϣ˵ղȻԷķУСɽȡҲ󰭡 
ǽҪ˵ȻһˬʵЦͨħȰܾѶɡҹվڲԶЦſ˹ 
ٺ٣𣿡ǽŭЦоǷ̣ 
ҹдŭɫ˵١ʱΧȻһ 
ɹƺа׷װֶţһɻ̨ͷȥ 
»ˮ죬ʱշ·Ѿ죬ǹԤʾҹˡ 
ϸϸһ˪꣬˿ĳͬһƮţ·ǹ꣬ãֱ˳ 
𡣡һڵ֮ʱĩȻһӺȻѣ 
׿ȥ֮ʮɫٽգۼͣפͨϿգ 
ſЩ׹ⶼǰ֮ߵĹޣһֻֻ죬 
˿ΧشȴûбգʮΧסһҫ۵Ĺ 
벻ʱһ׭壬һһ֣һһƽŲغӦ 
ȻԶҹȻܹ֮µǸӰ˺ΰĴȻУħŲʦ 
ҾΪ׼һݺϣܹ£αƵǽЦڿնһ̶Цص 
𡭡𡭡ͬʱеʮɫһ˻ 
ع֮է磬˷׷׼ܹ⣬ȻĿգ 
ǰɫ޶ˣȻ޺ȴǽӲ쳣ˣѾ㹻ˡ 
ʱ䣬ǻһ˿˿ϸߣĻһ⣬գظ 
ʱ˿Ѿʧȡ֮һˮתâ 
ֻˡһ죬й£ƺϵӱڶȥΧĿХ֮ 
ƺ֮ϵɫ䣬һæ𷨱ǵĵȴһƬ 
ʱͨ塯ʮ֮ͻȻֳһ㲨ת߲ϣ 
䡣һ죬һâӦ飬߲ȴδֺ 
ڶâ 
䣬䡭ը첻ϣâΪ߲Ҳ˵ãǧâȻ䲻 
Ȼ֮ʼյѻٵ֮ 
ݵ󣬡ƺϲ֪˭һ󡭡 
ȺһƬȻһ¶Цݣǿնɱ롮ޡľǵУϣٴȼ 
ʯ̨֮ȴǼžһƬҹĬĬջĿ⣬ 
ǰһȻ˵˼ܡѳŲ˶ãţǡһʱҲ֪˵ʲôˡ 
𣿡ҹȻ˵ɫã 
ΧɫЩѿʱж䣬ԭڶµâͻȻס 
ʦеһ̡֮ϵĹͻȻһһġآַ˳ȥ 
˲Χһֻͷǣ˫ڣһͺ𣬽˫һ㳯ܡȥ 
Ҫܡ֮ʱͻȻܻ棬ɫĺ˲ɻâŷ֮Ƴײȥ 
䡱һ죬ɫ޺Ȼ顣Ļ·԰ĳܡȥȴٿȻɢ 
ܡҲһűչĵط¶һʮɷԲĴ󶴡 



ڰʮ ()

       ˡͬʱ֮µĲʦͻȻһѪӦʣµʮһҲһĹâȻɢ˲١ 
ΡޡϾܡƳһ޴ȱڡ 
Ӽաһɫ䣬ʱЩͣڸ߿֮ϵɫ·ܵʲôǣһ㣬 
׷׵תǸӴĿȥһ£Ʊ֮ǰ滹Ҫ֣ 
ûˡܡ赲Ⱥ 
ֻ䡱һ죬׵壬һλܵĶܹӦ飬ɫҲٿȻʧ 
λӻңڶæλæǰ 
䣬䣬䡭ӴըϣھĹʱ 
ķ͡һصĻؿϣ޴ĳֱӽᴩ 
㽫˺룬ʱΧҲʱҽУ 
һâ·ٻƺ֮ѪڣֻеԸߵĵֵܹƬ̣ 
Ҳֻм֮ȴ޻֮ȥǿ϶˵ģ 
ĵˣڼʶâǷ׷ܡûʧĵطȥ 
һǵûܵʲôˣأʱ߿֮ϵġ߲ܡǸķʧ 
ûü¶Цݵһڵɫৡһ¾Ұףһǿɾ޿ˡ 
ͷβһ˴δ˹Ǿҹ 
λ˷ǰһĻལ֣һһǰ֮ 
ʱƣ˵ɫҲ΢΢ˣ 
ʦ֣ô죿ǳŲ˶ˣٲ취ˡ껽Ĵ󺰵 
½ѩ˫ľҲʱɵüһ۲Զҹһ˿ӣ 
ҹ̾һ 
òϣʱ 
һߵδͻȻһæջطΪսϾ˺Ľ̫㣬ԵҲͱظâ 
Уҹżââһ 
ͻȻԱߴһȣƱâնϣ䡭һ鱬죬 
µΪ֮һ裬ҹ΢΢һ㵣ת׿ȥ־ݶ 
ʦֿߣӦֻڰСնһ󼲻ӣһɫâͻܶϣ 
صĴ򷨣ΧһľϣȻһ˿ƣ̬֮еޱߵĳ㣬 
ˣˣҹɫ£ų˵ȥɣ 
ţһæ˹ 
Ҳһ˿ȻʵѼԦɷȥ 
áҹȻϣѵɡһ֮ƲԦ 
ǺֵƬ̡˵ɨսһۣתȥ 
ҹʧıӰоǵ֮ɫ 
֮ϣǽȵĿѪɵġƺѾõԸʵ֣ 
ŵġšڼ֣һʱҲԽˡ 
ơУУһˣǽЦ 
ͻȻԶһƳĿХһལâ·Խ˿ռľ룬˲ڲʦʮ֮ 
Ҫ̵ʦϵʱǵལâȻͣڰա 
˻һ졣ɫâͻȻʧһ޳೤ڰգ̲תĽϲס 
ɽ÷ֺ 
Σ·һ㡣೤Ȼأ 
Զİоһλɫϵߣ˿̵ֳɽصĿž֮ϵʮһޡ 
ƺ֮ϵһæСġ 
ǡط塯壬ڱչͻȻһ꣬ǰǰ̽ 
պÿȴֹ֮ˣƺϲʱĲҽ 
ɫһ£䡯ԵâԱ˲飬 
µƺ֮ʱǰһУҲɫˡ 
˿̵ġƺϿòҲ̶ݣƴĹ㳡ʯǼѪĭ֫ǣ 
ɫʯѳɰ죬ٵӶҵñԵֵ 
濴Ʋңʵȴ࣬඼ģ 
껵ڷֵܹ⿿˹ȥʵ 
ȥˡæ˵ 
üͷ壬תƺɽȥԹɣ·ŤתǬһ㣬 
̾һΧڵ˵ǰȥɽλͬٷ֧Ƭ̣׷ 
ǡǡڵӻȻӦɫƣĵӷ׷״˾ 
УΨһϣҲϣ߶ĵǱصÿһ˿ 
һЩĽҲ˻ƺ֮һʱȻвҽ֮߿֮ϵĵǽһ 
һԤĸоͻȻϮͻȻתףƬдеɽ뿴ȥ 
ƺɽ 
¶ 
һīɫ۵ӾţһֺԲ¸߹ͷµɻԣǰԶƮһѹӲнҰ׵Ľʯ 
Ϻ֮ǷȴҲʵ޻ֻн֮ȴָĿɣ 
ǧĹŽ޵̬֮·һɣߣȴĳߡ 
ɣص 
ҹı۾ɫʱ̾һ۾֮ü 
̧֣ȡһɫľУŻ򿪡 
 
У˭ڵ͵͵̾Ϣ·ǳ˯ǧħע䡣 
ƺ֮ϵӴʱѵΣյʱ̣ģǱ 
Щֲ˶ãʱƣڵǵϣȷ 
ȻյѾ࣬ȴѾֵˣ 
ڡһλܷˡͽֿ͡Ȼջط⼫̵ʱһ޾ƣѹһ˿浾档 
顱һ졣޴ĽϻصףѪֱײġ 
һλĴһһͻȻĽִȥ 
λٿȻѣɫɵĺȻ䣬æٻɽһסǰڴʱ 
ͻȻһȣǰɽ·ֿƵһŵתָ֮ 
λӰ̾һ۾һɲǣϤʹвûдеķԽ㯵ſ۾ 
̧ͷһ߲ʻֲ֪ʱѵڰգ˸֮֮Ȼǿϲ٣ͬʱ 
պȻһѹ˷׷תףһҫ۵Ĺâԡơɽ𣬷·̫һ㽫ɽڡ 
ɰͷһϿϲǡ 



ڰʮ ()

       ɡɽƺ֮ϵĵӷ׷׻ ĵȴֱ̱ڵϣؿھҵţ¶˾ΥЦݡ 
ɡһħá 
ս֮ѾõĹŽٲȻΪĿеĲܵ 
׺˹ҲԶҡе 
𣬡ƺ֮ı̶һ޺ˮХڿն𣬰֮ϣҫ۵ĺˮϡ 
ãҹ氺ף˿̵ɫ࣬սһɫнأɢҫ۵İâ 
Ȼһסǰнǰһ 
ٽ졣 
ˡؼȻ 
һɫԡɽϻȻֱ֮Ʋ񷡣 
ͬʱңԶļɽȺɫʱһмİɫ 
ֻǰɫâһХȻǴ֮ûɫʸ 
ƴĽΧϷһϸСĽâ˻˻֮˶Ĥ 
𣿡ʦǴغĽâ˵ 
ǽݳ࣬Σ˵˴ɷ죬֮֮컯ֱ֮ϧǵġ޴δԲȻߣ 
˵һоͻҲ֪Щʲô 
ҲȻʦš۹˸˵޴δԲ⡮󡯺βǲȱ֮壬ʤ֮硣 
˵ɫһָ硣ڡ̡֮м£췱ǺȻһ 
ҹе֮·ܵʲôǣһ㳯֮ϵĹӿȥΧʮһʱŹâ 
ֻƳֶֻܵҲֳȴǴˣ˷Ҫǳ֮Ǻεȵľ޴ 
ƺ֮ϵĵ׿ȥ֪ǲǴϵǳ·ͻȻ˼֣ 
ʱͻȻһȡƴĽתͷΧȻͳ֮ 
·˺һХȻһСɫž֮ǸС̡ĺӴȥ 
ʦȴΪصĶŹ֮Ĺ׾塣·ûпǼ̶Ľâһ㣬 
ƺ֮ϵһڵӸס˫۶Űգ 
ʱ˲Ϣɫâʱһ˫ͷĹͻȻ𡣡 
һžӴɫâŭЮ֮Ƴâײȥ䡣һ죬 
âⷭϣľĳܷɣ 
ʼһ̽Ȼ൱ 
ƺ֮ϲٵЦݣɫŵĶŰգ 
ҹһŵĽһһ޴ĳɫâ 
ž̶ϣΧĿռһŤལ֮׹֮ղ֪̽˶ٱ 
ʦҵæһμɬС 
̸ֳ֮һ׭壬⡣ 
岢ûһָʧֻշɳһ۵Ĺӡȥ 
͡һ죬׭ʧ 
ͬʱͻȻһŸХ໡ 
һɺ˲ⳡУƺ֮ϵĵΪ֮ɫ䡣 
ǹ޿һ֮Ȼ³㣬ųɫâ£ 
⡭̤ʯأ 
ϸ֮£ǹ޾Ȼʮ㡣ɱ֮Ȼ 
ۿųལҪ̵֮ʱǹҡһ䣬ɫĹâ˲֮ɫ 
ɭ亮֮⳹ǽ裬ʱǹͻȻǴʮ 
޴͵ſɫâһ̶ȥ 
͡һ죬 
ɫâͻȻʧǾ޴Ĺ˰ȴֹס֮ƣӴϵ 
̵żһ˿޺ĳâ˲㱻㱻ӿâû 
ˣֵĳâԽԽ࣬ɫâͼĩ̬ˣ 
ڣɫ޻ָԭС֮ʱһĨĳɫâͷ̳ǹһ𣬻ΪâʧС 
ǵâȻǿŲʦȥ 
ڰУһڵ䵶ͻȻնһ졣 
âӦۣŻΪ죬Ų 
ᣬǽֳ֡ħһ˿ 
ۼ²ΪԱߵĲʦͻȻ뻳 
ʱһųɫĵҩУ 
ʦأǽüͷ˵ȻǵҩǼɵ 
˲ôˡʦ˵һ£΢΢׵˲óѪҹͬǣеаĳš 
һɹϢܻӶȥǽɫص˺һ 
ʦ·˸һ㡣ֻޱĶһ󼲵㣬һ׾ڿն𣬾Ȼ֮࣬ 
һѳΧĸιӡȥֻϵĹâȻһ·ֻȫһ㣬ήȥ 
ֻ͡ϵĹâȻһ·ȫһ㣬ήȥ 
ͻȻ 
ѣ·˯ǧǰ֮ 
໡ֻ˻𣬺Ƶأ 
ƺ֮ΪԵ͵ĵӵѪιȥ 
ֻ޲δֹͣһһűڶ 
ҹɫ֮У¡ʱըлɳ졭Īܻ֮ʼ 
һۿȥһŹĵݵľ֮С 
˹ֱ֮л֮ 
ҹ£ֻһһɫһϸСĽâϣ 
ɫ̶ȥ 
֮в̶ХΧĿռ·Ҳƣ֮ɼһߡ 
𣬡â֮һ 
šǡһһҫ۵Ծâбڶ£ɫȥ 
䡯â 
֮ʱһתϽâƿضϣ 
ƺ֮һȻǸ̨֮ϵһҲɵһ 
УɫƲǰղŵֻһϸСĽâ 
˵Ǹʲô 
֮ϣɫ޽žâΧʱԭĽâͻȻһ 
·һ룬ͬʱľâͻȻһϣ 
ųӿˣֳֻߴĹޣ 
֮ǰͬǣֻޱȻûΡȻƻɽˮϲ٣ 
ǵҫ۵İɫâȡ֮һɫ͵ۼ׻Ƥë 
Ƥף߲ۡɫʸ죬ͷ­֮Ͻʵ 
رһ˫˫ɱ˻Զźģֱ֮⡣ 
𡣡һֻọ̈̄ͷĹ޸ 
žβһڣܶ£ 
ڰգǹȻſѪ죬ཡһ 
һɫıӭɫײȥ 
飬 
һ졣ɫӦ飬ɫ޽ͻȻһΧĿռ·סһ㣬 
ͬʱµɫҡһ䣬ɱħɫͷ­ɫֱײȥ 
䡭âȻ飬âӰϣͨ塯ҲΪ֮һ 
ƺ֮һڵӾ棬 
ͬʱֻ֮һ˻⸩£ 
ףţֻ˲䴩âԲڣҹΧм䣬ƼΪˡ 
û뵽ͷ˵Ũڵüëһţ 
ǺЦģ󷨿϶û 
㶮ʲôŭһɣ 
ŵòһҳˡ 
ɸֵѵΪһҪ̩ȻأԲôѵûѧ᣿ 
֪ˣӦȴһ˿ϲɫ 
Ҳֻڸǰܸеɣĵܻᱻ֮Ȼ嵭Ǳѵһкη 
ʱ·ҲоʲôתΧһۣûעղŵĺȳ⣬²ɵһ 
ŵͷһȴ΢Ц״ϻο 
֮ϣʦɫףȻƽ޲΢΢ʾһǿ֮ĩˣԭ۷·˼֣ 
ǽһ۽ŽĿеĽȥ 
Х׹ֻΧŽɿıţ 
⡭֮ڶֻҲ 
˰ԽԽ죬ֻܿɫʸĹâΧҹٵתšΧĿҲһת 
γһ⵹תķХϴϸСâһ㱻ǿķ˺飬 
֮ƺ֮ϵһզ࣬ 
ҹɫôõսѴӡ֮Чл 
˿̵к죬ڲס˸䴦ȴȻ塣 
ʱΧ䣬תġͻȻܳһɫӰĽײȥ 
䡣һ 
һɫâȻ飬ǻɫӰٵһԣ˲Χķ֮Сʧ 
ͬʱһһɫĲӰֻ䡱һը죬ɢӰûΧķ֮У 
˵ʵ죬һжڵʯ֮䣬 
һ㣬âϵĳײȥ 
䡭 
֮첻ͣһâȻ飬ŵĽ󲻶ϵСţеļҲΪ֮ 
ҹбƣȥʤҲ澡ʧһˣһȻһת 
ΧϸСâ׷뿪˷ȥ 
ԶңơϿշ·ʢһ޴Ľ 
֮Уһâһ̳˲㱻񱩵ķʳĭ 
ɫâ֮࣬ĵڶâȻӿڽ岦֮ 
ΧķڻʣµĽâҲǲˣ 
Ÿӿ룬ַ֮һؽâЩâҹǣͣЪĳΧķնȥ 
ǿķ뽣âĥݣ 
̶죬һۿȥΧķȥ 
Ȼ֧뻺ͼ𣬵âóѣҹһ 
һɫ֮Ƴšһâնȥ 
𡣡һֻצͷ޴ܳ 
ҡһ䣬ϼͻȻһҰ׹Ǵ̣Ҳͻһɫʣһۿȥ·һֻ޴Ĺռˣ 
䡣У޽âͬʱʧ񱩵ľĴ䣬 
Ӧϣˮ롯Ҳǵ˰ɣ 
һͣ£һХһֻͷ๵Ĺ޳ҹ˶ȥ 
ֻҲȥ 
ħаҹâ֣΢׵ͻȻһ󳱺졣 
ֻ˫սеɽһΧϸСâͻȻȥʣļֻͻȻǵɫȥ 
ɫ͵Ǵһҫ۵İâ 
ʱŵĽֻ֮һա 
𡭡 
ֻͬʱһֻֻɽҹȥ 
ɡնؼһȣ 
ɫâȻѹȥͣһֻ˹˲䱻Ϊ룬ŵıɵǹſУ 
ɽȻ漸ֻޣ 
ͣ͡䡣 
ҹӢŤһֻʱɽڻ׵ĽâҲ˲٣ 
һֻȫ׵ƵĹޣΪǿ 
㱼䣬һҫ۵İ׹ߣڴâ֮ܶն̡֮ϵǵ 
ûоҵ죬׽âն֮ʱֻ͡һ죬 
âض룬һѹȥ 
֮£ʦ㱣벻һ˿ȻĶͷɥ㲻֪ 
ڼɽ󣬵ǽɫ䣬 
š̡֮ϲϲĹɫò 
˼еȻɫһʦָצ֮ϣʦͻȻһʹ࣬ 
ƵĺϺ·һŤҷϸС˻˻ 
ͷ֮ϵĹҲԽԽˣ 
ɽߡ 
ʱʦĺͻȻһ࡯죬۵һ³һӰǽҲ 
ֱһնأͬʱʦãȻһ壬˿ĺ³ĺӰѾʧ 
ʱһϺ͵Ĵҹļɡȫնȥ 
ʦɫһ԰׵ͻȻһ˿Ȼصĳ֮еȥ 
 
һ죬 
ʧɽȻѹ䣬 
ʱɫҰ׵ĲʦȻ̡һѪ 
һһСɵʯıѪ֮ɫһѪɫȻڶ 
ӭֱնµġɡ 
䡣һ죬âȻˡ 
ؼͻȻһҫ۵̫ɢĹâڶ 
ƺ֮ϵʱɫӰѾʧʣ 
ٿΧħһ֪ʱѾܵӰˡ 
ѲһڵӾɫСħ̶񻹲Ǽβܡ˼ 
Уơæĳɽȥ 
ҹµĵط 



ڰʮ ֮

       ɽ 
С 
һӸ죬ɫ 
ΣعʱȻһõ:ꡮҲǰڴ֮£ɽȻǾ˫ѽ 
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ȷӵ˵ 
С 
ʱ˵֮ˣûй³ 
С΢΢һ㵣ЦȻˣ 
ҲɣСתϴһ˿΢Ц 
ʮû˰ɡǰŮ˵ 
Сһ㱣˵ʮˣ 
С̾سǰһû䡣 
һƯС۴ЦĿ 
Сͷ 
СЦݣǰ˫޷׵ӣвɵһ˿šʵ㡭ʮȹ 
СӦȴûбʺҵĵطˡ˵üͷȻһ壬 
ʵȥɽ𣿡 
ûУС׳˵ԣҵСɽʮҲδ̤һСϲǣұ㽫Ҷϲӣ 
˵ֳһ˿ЦΧ·ҲڵĻ֮У 
罥һ˿Է޼䣬ֳһݶе浾֮⡣ȻչһЦ㿴ʮûˣͲҪ̸Щȥˡ 
ͻȻʵо𣿡 
С΢΢һ㶣΢ЦСҡҡͷһ˺Ȱɣ 
С׺ЦſԶһ֣оȵ˵ร˲ĻǾֻ˷ƿ 
СɫȻ۾СһǴأ 
΢Ӱҡ꣬ƮɢŵĳƣʱһͻȻ 
̧֨֨֨֨׿ȥԶӰһζ 
һӰٵϵ˹СңС΢ 
ǻӰѾǰ֨֨ӰһѸٵļ 
һֱӯġСң 
ȴ֪Ϊλ˵أҲҲˡ 
ǺǣؿԺȸˣС׵ͻȻ 
Сֻ۵һתһܣ䵽С׵ĻСһźһѡȻΪģ 
㲻Ǹɽһ𣿡С׸Դ˵ 
СһУ֨֨֨֨㵸˵𡮺 
Сüͷ΢Ŷǰ˵Ρƻ䡯šҲȥˣɽ˱˽ߣ 
С΢΢һһ˿ӵɫ 
㲻ȥСʵ 
С̾һҲϣǣ̫ࡣ 
ΪľС׳ɵʵ 
ǡСɽ⺢ӱȴּҵһֻ֪ӰǣĻܻԱӶٲʵҲΪͽԭ֮һ 
˰ɣС΢Ц˵ҿɽͦģǷǷЩţһ 
С˵Щ̸Լ·Ѿѡ߲ߵùͿԼˡ 
ʵϴκľô֡ɽ 
Сü΢壺ЩҲ̫뿪С򡯲ú󣬱㷢һ𣬺һֱǣֱڡɽ㡣 
˵С׵һ˿ 
Сأ˵һֱõ֮ءȫľΪ񲯡 
С׿һ۵ͷľҲᵽġϻ岿ѾϲΪһȡ壡 
Сɫһ΢΢ȵʵ˭ôıϡϻ岿 
ᣬϷ岢ǵܹƿصģܷڵȴҲɱǣǲͳǡ 
û˵С׵ЦһҲܲµ˭ 
รС΢죬 
Сȴش˫ۺЦĿС˵벻ϻġһ⣡ 
СͷΣãһǷ롯һ飬˷ǰȥܲܳһ 
ôˣСЦһͣ 
Сת׳̾һ֮ǰһȥһط 
̧ͷ·𴩹ɽһ翵ɽ֮ϡ 
С塣 
ֻɺ׻ 
һȻ 
һۿȥɽȻ͸¶ż浾ƮȻ 
һ 
ɽ۾Χһз·ֹһ㣬Ҳһ˫ն۾ 
һȻʯΧʯͻأֻмһɷԲĿյأϱյ֮ϵһŲݵϣ 
ٹΧʯδδ𡯵ĵŵͷʯڸһڣһ߳㣬Ȼʯĳڡ 
֪˶ãΧȻһ⡯ĽŲڴӰ 
ʱһӰ˽ 
Сʫٵ˹ȥ۾ɽ΢ЦҸղųȥ˵ԵģûУ 
ϵӶҲһԱ߱ʯ 
ΧһӰδδ𡱣Өˮڹֲۿݵʯͷϣˮ 
СʫЦݽϡӣĴеķҶöʯٴ𣺡̫࣡ǲĴ 
ʱȻԼʦǸӵĹϵСʫһ޴룬в˵ҲҲҲ 
ûᶨͻȻ 
Сʫɫһϲһ˫۾ʱǸոյĻ˻ȥ 
ͬʱҲΪղԼǸͷһľ 
һʱ䣬Χٴ˼ž֮УֻеƮڿ֮У˸ա 
ΪʲôҪңɽı۾ 
㡣Сʫ˵һսҲħˣ 
ħ˵ͽܣɽԳ˵ 
Сʫһͣ˵ǲĴû캦£ѵ˵ĺֻ𣿶 
ǻˣɽ͵۾ӸͻȻؿһʹ 
ߣƺһɤȻһȣ۵һ³һѪ 
ɽ岻ǻˡϢȻͣ 
Ѫˮȴ˿δ 
Сʫɫŵİοáãǻˣǻˡ˵úأű𶯡 
ͳһɫɾµѪ 
ԱǼ䣬ɽϢű۾ 
ƽʵ˫ʦôˣ 
ҽˣİɣǲµġСʫ½˵ 
ɽƽ˵лл㣬ˡ 
ðɣСʫ̾һʦչصĵطʱ㰲Ϣɣҵʱ㡣 
˵СʫվĿӣɫ 
ʱķ˿ȥ 
ˮµµϸƶУ 
ſ۾һͷ 
ɽˣ¶ѧ꣬ 
ΰıӰɣݣ 
УǵӰ֪ѵһεľأԳһ㣬̸дһ˿ 
Ȼδһɫ䵭ɸĸʧİɽܹӱ˲֮е⾳ˣ 
ѧƺΪʦд󵨵Ľ壬ҹоǷݾΥ顣 
һжˣԼֵƶѾģԼ··ֵһµڣ 
ȥδѡ֮㱼䣬ȴ޴ѡ 
еħͷ֮ͽħеɱκһϣԼ죬 
ô죿 
Ҹô죿ô졭 
ͻȻһ̱۾ 
ͷ̨˲˳Լӡ顯ġľĽ֮ 
ﲻ 
ڤģ 
 
 
ﲻ 
ڤģ 
 
ʱţתۼȥգ 
ɽ۾صĺһ 
վѺ˽һ룬ŬĲԼȥЩյ£һпձͷָȻѸ쳣 
СʫҲǳйɽڴ½ģҲ໰ֻǾĿһŷճʳ뿪 
ɽܾǷ̫࣬뿪 
ɢڣһпû뵽ԡ綼ˡ 
תףĿ⾲ĿһĺڵĶڣ˼ǧ 
ʱͻȻһ¶㱵ŲǸʯȥݵĺڰº͵ɹϣһ乤ķʯңΧ˸֮˶ҹ飬ɢĹâ 
ͻȻ䣬ɽƽ͵һ𣬽ŷ·ʯһվ 
ǰһƽʯϣɷĵʮ޴Ĺ׭ 
زʣΪۻ 
 
 
ѽ 
ʯлص 



88

       ǰżˣͿԻؼңڼ̫ԶǼһҲȫŵռϴҼ£ˣؼҵһ·С 
й˵ⱾҲֻ죬ģһὫ½еףھԺ 
оǻشһλѵĻʵⱾ֮ǰҾдһˣֻǱܹעû飬ҹڲ̫ȫ棬ԾûмȥǱѾ˼ϣһ岿еˣⱾܹ˳걾Ļ岿Բôʧ 
ˣллһ·֧֡ţ֣ 



ڰʮ 

       顭ѽɽţ 
۾ĶǶ±ʯڣ 
㱼䣬ǰĵַ·һѰѺףΪһԶ֮ţ 
ĿȴҲƲˡ 
֪˶ãתӣĺڰ֮С 
⡭ϤĽŲͻȻ 
ɽ̧ͷڰӰСʫ˽ӭɽĿʱһ˿죬źЦ˵ѽоõûУ 
õòˣɽ˶ֱ˵ 
ͬʱﰵ⼸Сʱĸı䣬 
Ŷô죡Сʫһ˿ϲɫԵ㶫ɣ 
΢Цŷе˳ζСˣһཱུСͷߺһɫ໨ƺ 
ɽһԳ⣬Цһץƺͷ 
þƣһɽ˵ 
ǺǣԵ˰ɣСʫ΢Цŵݹһ˫ӡ 
ɽмллʵôƹˣ 
Сʫһ˿Ȼ˸˵ʦ͵ģ 
ɽӦһҲ룬δĻλͷ˺þƣԺûˣ 
˵һ 
Ժ󻹿ùѽСʫ˫˵ 
Ȼɫһɽպôѻָòˣٴȥ˻ǡС塯ģݶѾΪٶĻҿܳܲˡ 
ĿĿǰŮӣȻĪһ 
Сʫ΢΢ףáðɣ 
Ȼ̧ͷʵȥ 
ɽһſЦһ 
Сʫæ˵Ҳǡ 
ûй㣡ɽϵŵ̾һʵûΪʦǣ 
СʫûУֻǳơšҲܡġ 
ҵԻɣɽĵƮһ˿˲㱻ᶨĿ档 
˵ҲãûɽŻҵһҲǲеˡ 
Сʫһ˿ɫοǲġ 
֪Ʊǿ 
 
ɽֹȰСʫų˵㲻õģ֪Ѻôˣ 
СʫȻףʵʲôʱߡ 
ڡɽ˵վĺһ 
ðɣСʫǿЦվŶɽ 
ɽӦһϣȻװʵǱ߶ʲô 
֪ҴûнȥСʫ΢΢Щʧ 
Ըв죺ҲʡһĺڵʯСʫǰȥ 
ů磬ͷ߹ңʱֵ죬С塯һƬ͵ϼ֮У 
ƷӰĦ涣촵ԶϷ𲨲ΡԶ 
˵ľɫĽ 
Ǿǡ񡯣СʫŲԶ˵ 
ɽ̾꣬Էѣһһģѽ 
รСʫȵתͷ 
ɽ΢΢һЦԡ 
Сʫ͵˵صģ˳ϡ 
˵ת±ߵȥ 
ǻܼ𣿡Сʫͣסӣ 
С岻Զһɽ֮أΧʯ졣ʮΣڰշɹҲһܹɽ֮ء 
Ӧܰɣɽ˵ſЦһǵˡ 
Сʫɫã˵ѵֻ𣿡 
ɽɫӣĵͻȻһֲĸоתӣƽĴҽǷ֮һһұལ̹ﲻ飬ܷʩΪǡ 
ֹһӰٵûããУ 
Сʫ͵ĻعɽӰѾʧˣ 
磬ڴͣפĬĬḧŮӣĻһ𣿡߽Уһ̾Ϣţ 
ɽ̣ͨʯУӵͷţżļ̸ҲԵ 
ŵܲһɳϢζ 
һʯ֮УǽüͷǰڷһѪԲ̣ѪɫС鲻ͣԲ֮ƶ 
֮ϲʱһ֣ʯһɵѪζ 
ʦôһ£ǽתʵ 
ʦɫ׵ǰ˫λµӷסȻϴ֮ս˵ĺδָ 
̡аˡʦ૵ı۾ 
·ڼĻ˼ʲô飬 
ã۾֮һ˿ɣ 
ҵĹȥ㲻һֱ֪𣿡͵ʵ 
ǽ˫۾Ŀ֮Ԥ 
ʦ˵֮紾ӣʦǿҽտһϢ߱ؿɻ죬С޴󡯻ӱ壬˸ҷҲ塣 
˵΢΢һ٣һ˿ԺǽĪȻʣѯ 
ɺˣʦ̾һɿλ˵֣ʯ֮ϣ 
ǽλӡ 
ʦ˵һϲӣҲѡʦͽˣұѡˣһĻһˣСī 
ܴһˣΪ˶ΪѧзҲʮѶҽҶΪΪ´ʦɵ˺ȴа; 
͵͵̾Ϣ޾ϧصʯ֮У 
ҡҷţһ΢죬ʹĵ͵Ǹߣڲʦϣ·Ҳһ˿ʡ 
Ǻ˺ѣǳҪõ֣гϸҽĳƺţǽʦҫܿģҲΪģһжıһ죬 
ʦ۹Ŀǰ 
켸̧һ˱ˣȵīϵʱѾڼλ˴֮ʱīȻסǣһ춯ص顣 
˵ŲʦкȻȼһ𣬳ȵĸоǽҲΪ֮һ㵡 
֮˷ڵϣԼѪһѪ󣬽ٻǸߵ꣬󸴻λˣ 
ʦδɹĺҵɴˣҲǷʧг޲󣬱Ϊʹ˳٣֪ȴ͵͵һЩɸ˵顣緢ֵģҡ 
ʦı۾óԵĸߵʱͻȻһҰĽŶ룬ÿƯڰһֻҰ޵꣬ҽҲǾ㵲ѣΪʲôô˵û취ֻһӴڴϵſధҲҪ߳ϣҪӴ˲ҪӦˡɺ̲סˡ 
ʦƤȻһ䶯ƽ۽ǼȴǾӨ˸ٴηʱңҺǡҽΪʲôҪ˵ʲôƨҽԼҽãҪұҽ 
еʱսǴʦԭˣұԲֻǽϳ塣ⲻҪģرǿī˫Ҹڡ 
ƽһʱҽ˱ʦǶΪǼȥˣֻĵǲδֻ뿪ʱ˫񡣡 
ʦ۾֪ʲô𣿡ǰͻȻʵ 
ǽȻֻ֮ҪԶš岿顯ٵ֡ 
ˡʦ˵ 
ȡȡȡ 
ǣƣ˵ 
ʦָ̣ǽ۹˸˵ 
ʦһ˵֮Ȼ޴ȴ޵УϦյġڡȻÿ֮ȴΪۣȫΪ顯ĿܣĻ޵֡ 
ǽͫһ飿 
ǡ顯ʦ 
飬ص޳˵ɣϹ䣬֮ĸ侫ۣ۹ʥ֮ˡ飡 
˵һ٣ǡȻа֮ꡯ֮Ѫ顯ʵ飬ǹá顯ѹơ顯Ȼ޷ 
أǽʵ 



ڰʮ 

       ǡ顯ʲôأǽʵ 
飡ʦһĿʯ֮ϵǸѪɫԲ̣ 
ġ顯 
รǽɻĿѪ̡üͷøˡ 
ʦ̾һ˵ġ̡ǰһɵİɫеģû˼ĿʦҲҵȴʶԭ򡣡 
˵һ٣ʦ³һޱߵĻ֮УʢʮʦʨŰ׹⣬ġԤʦʱǡãؼ֮Դ˭ܵõسͬ٣Ϥ£һ˿һ˼ȴĵĪȻԶɢʨʦΪ顯 
ǽĬȴǻȻʣʦͳĻٴ𣺡ڡ顯ס̣ƽ˵ȽԲܿвδ̰֮ˣԴδ˳Խ顯̷ֿΨһһȴ⡣ 
īǽâͻ 
ʦ˵һҵĿԣȡȡҲǲѣ 
ǽͷһʦ͵ֱ 
мĿ˵ǽһ˵ǰµī㿪ʼ޴ˣε´ʦԵʦûֹۡ壬Ҳˡĵջˡʦ̾һһ˿ʹ࣬ 
һԲ֮ҹǻկǽ֮ϣʱڰͻȻһɫ䣬ΪֻһңǾīտʱΣʱо鲻ô򵥡 
ģǽɻʵ 
˵ġʦ˵Ը߰Ȼġ 
ʣ˱ʿΧˣһ˶ܲһλŰµĽͣһһҲСԼΧǺ޾ɫ 
īûеõҪĴ𰸣峤ȳ˽ѧҴ͵벿壬Ҫ֪ƽ˵ȸãȴϢǱ˽ȻīԴ˽ǳϤˣҴǱ룬棬ˡ 
īܺڣܿȰϣȴ޴ӲԺܿǾʹīس֮ˣıߣȻأˡ 
ʱĳǸǴˣǴڲСīˣرǸ½ͣб㽫ʿȫ̲У֮ƥ֮ˣҲī߹иʲôǴεķǺˣĽȻǳܽܵģԡ 
ʦתͷĬĬĿѪɫԲ̡ 
ǱҪȥ޴󡯣ұѡ񣬴һ˹ȻУȻ˳ȥ 
ɣǽ˵ 
ʦ𻰣˵ߺץסһλŮӣһƯŮӣ֪ͨСļʦ¶һ˿ʣ 
ʲôڡʥеġȸǽ㵵˵ 
ʦصǵ֪ǸīǸ½Ͷģ֪󣬱ˣһѩǰܣҺܷԣûãƻĵʵˣҲŽٲ֮ء 
ʦصĿǰʯڣΧȻ 
⡭ͻȻ𣬵ǽüͷת 
ʲô£ſڴĺ˹˵ 
۾Сոջˣ 
ʲôǽһӺȳһȺΪʲôС£ 
һ󡭡Сذף˼λӡ 
Ŷǽ죬ʵСЩʲô 
Сûڡơ֮ս°ӡ 
žδ䣬ǽסʯһȻѿ 
һɽǽЦһȴǺâǡ 
΢²Ծĺһ 
ǽ˵ȥɡ 
ʥһ¡ 
˵ǽ 
ȡź 
ִӻͳһݺɫǽ۹˸Ľ˹Űڰ֣˹ȥ 
รϻġǽɻŽźϣŰɫʯƮ 
ͻȻŲʦʵʦ֪⡮Ѫ̡á 
ʦع㯵񽥽ƽ˵֪ 
ʲôǽʵ 
ʦ۹˸˵Ѫ̡ɿ޴󡯣Ǿۼ֮ǵ꾫Ѫҳħ顯 
ǽ۹һųʵʲôá 
ˣ 
٣ 
ԽԽá 
ǡԶʮ֮أ 
ů磬аƶ䣬ؼһƬƮ⣬ɽĴ֮䣬 
ԼĵطѱңԶɼˣɽˣҲʱȥ˫ 
ܿˣ̾һ̧ͷɽ޽ǣһƳǰȴڵס˫۾ 
ɽ˵ԸұԶ߸߷ɡ˫һһЦС 
ǵһ˿΢ЦһĲӰԶ 
ǡǾþɣĳ¥ɼˡ 
ӵӵĽֵϣ˼ֽܶ뻹֯һ֧ӵȺϿգþòɢ 
ɽȴǲвͬǾΥܰ 
¥һҲĿջشڳǺϣԶһűԶ޹ǵ֦봹ĵ׺ĺ棬 
һˬޱȵĸо 
ɽ˽ȥĿѾ˲ʳͣС˼˽æӭȥ 
Žһſϣ 
͹ԷסţС˲˲Ϊһ裬 
ɽԷɣϼƲˣƣ 
Ŷ߷͹ԵȣСЦǺǵȥ 
ɽ˼νɱϵ໨豭һڡ 
ȻһϤĴΧ𣬡š 
ѽ 
ŵɷˡ 
 
ɽת׿ȥԶʳţ̸ݱǼǰš֮ս 
ɲҲǵ;˵ɽЦҡҡͷջ˼ 



ڰʮ 

       ʱſںȻһһʵ˹ 
ѽСֵܣּˡɽȻ̧ף 
ǰλЦ⣬׷üɣһȻ𾴡 
ɽһɡȻǸдСָ·ͰᦣҲмѡ 
ǰɽȵվ 
ĿӹļˣͻȻһ΢Ц˲̣ 
ɱܷ֮Ӷȥһʳ;ı֮ͣţ 
һĪĿ⿴ǸվӣɽĿȴĶһСĶŮӣ 
ħŮɬ͵ 
һɫŵæӣƿʱҲɽĵЦȻӴֹӿǸѽȥ 
ŮɽһƷתһžӨů׵Ӹ֮ϣ 
ľֱ˶ȥƿɫ΢䣬˲ָƽȻ 
ʱһӰͻȻм䣬СɫεĶɽ˵ 
ᣬᡣ 
ɽɫһ㶣Ż͵ʵôħΪ飡 
ƿЦһֹ֪һɵѵСŮأ 
ҡɽſȻɫһ䣬 
ŵ͵ɣⲢа֣֮Ϊһ¡ 
ջءħ顯ƽĿСʵô 
ѽСֵʢ⣬⣡һæЦǺǵ˵ 
ģһġ˵ųСۣɽ 
Сü΢ŽƿҰĮҲ£ 
СֵܣǿǸԴѽոһɫƮݵ˵ 
ȷɽͷɫ̹Ȼ 
ôûСأСɻʵ 
ɽɽ 
รСӦһ䣬 
ŵȻʱɽľƲѾ˹ 
һɳڣֵʮƲˣԱߵһüæͷһЦòޱȡ 
ããٱ֪ϣԺɾͱضһ˫ϻο˵ 
һ¾ƣŵһþƣþơ̾ 
ʵ֪Сֵܴ˴δѽ 
ɽɽ˽ƿһ˵ 
รǿħϳѽ;Ī⣬ϷΪһΣһµ˵ 
ȥ϶ʧ飡ƿɫȻ˵ 
ɽ΢ŭҪֻһܻ˵ħŮˡ²ֻ֪ԣ񻹡˼ҵĺ£ǡǡ 
үүСæסҪߵһɣɫζΡ 
һһŭ棺ߣҪǸӣ͡ 
ƿĿһɣɷĿ˹ȥ 
һһƱϣ㡭ˣˡ 
СæܵƿߣеĹȰţʱһһƣɫ޷޵һͷԱĵʳ֮С 
ɽЦҡҡͷһʱȻ˲١ 
һˮƣͷһĿİݣҲźˡ 
а̾ 
ʵƿΪǲħ̵ģСͻȻ 
ɽ΢죬ȴû뵽ǹһ磬̧׿ȥòһĽƿ·Ҳ˳۶ˡ 
ôʶģɽЦʵ 
С΢΢һ㶣һ۸ʳʹȻһɣһʱȻ˵ 
ɽһȻĵǻԵݡʵӦҲ֪Ĺȥɡ 
֪ˣСʵ 
ɽͷӦ 
ǱƵģҲûɱһˣ㲻Ҫ˺˵ѽС 
ԱߵҰһץƺһţ 
ɽһǱƣ 
С̾һΧȥڷûעʱ˵ 
ǡƵӡΪֱ߳ɺŪˣħڡ֮Ů֮Уڡơ 
˰㣬СԼ˵һ渵 
ɽипû뵽˵ĿԼЩʲô 
Цҡҡͷɫ˵ģȻƾһ֮ʶҶɽҲֻо⡣ 
Сɫ΢ɽʵ֪Ǵȥη 
֮أСɵ˵ 
ɽЦãиǣԵԻ 
ãСͷ 
ɽ΢Цվ̨ȥ 



ھʮ ̽

       ƿ㣬ҪҪСֵıӰʵ ƿЦôˣҿɰСѽ 
˵Сװ˵ 
İɣƿһ¾ƵֻЩ·ѣʱ򻹲ǻȥƽ 
ŶСӦһ 
źʵֵĵطʲô 
ƿЦΪѽˣƾ˵Щôܲµõأа׷״ϡƽرʿ׷ǰʱһȻ֪ 
ʲôСʵ 
ƿɵ˵ԣڿһʯɽʱһЩʯ붾ˣûмʩ֮ˡ 
˵ʲôأСʵһԵҰҲ 
ƿȻʵ֪֪ħ־졷еġƪ 
żһЩС˵ 
ƿ˼ϼأϹһСа񡯵ˣܱ߻еκƳһ׺ĿܣȻǿȴ˸ 
ŶүүᵽǹˣС˵ 
ףүүƿĿһΧʳһɣкȻһֹĸо 
˶˵ݼأ⡮аϲ͵ɵ챦֪ɶһѩ衣 
ŻаԽ͵Խ࣬ĶͷʱħҲѰһ콵ʯ󣬡а񡯴͵ıͻȻ˼ʿҲҲһ˿һټҲٶʧ˷·ûгֹһ㣬ʱƣһΪֱգֻЩѾõ֪ˡ 
˼˵ꡮа񡯾ǶڡƽС˫۷ʵ 
Ҳɣҿɲҿ϶ƿǺЦ 
ҵõġɽˮƪмһšƪжҲɲ飬ֻеƽ֪ˡ 
รСӦһͷ 
̧ͷصĶԽƿ˵Ϊգעƹ㻹뿪ĺã 
ƿ΢Цİɣҵĺã룬ˣһұ룬ȴңáƿЦһ 
вңԼֵ򣬿ȻԼˡ 
㡭Сҡҡֱۣ 
ƿȻЦ 
ո߹һɡˡһȽڵľƣǰȥ 
ҰľȻĨĨľˮŹÿνɫѽ 
ɽ 
̵ʱ︴գػشʽݺݺޣӵҷɽҰ 
ӰзХһӰٵɽ֮дһżڵ»ºӰ 
֮кɫӰͻȻһӷ·Χɫ֮УӰɴɽҰž쳣 
죬һĽŲԶ 
ҹ֮һ˫ʯǰλµӻ߳вʱĵʲô 
żһˬɵЦƼΪݣ 
ʱһλ߶뿪ˣ˫ųƫƧȥߵת֮ʱ 
ٿȻһֻ֣ڽ˻δعʱһѹסĲӣľ֮䡣 
˵ɽʵ 
˫ڽһ󼲵㣬ɿ˴֣ 
ʹ֮ɫ˻˵졭߲ڡ 
ʲôɽЦٴ֣ 
˿־ͷ԰׵Ķͷ麹ֱð˻Ƶĺ桭ģҡûƭ㡣 
รɽջƣʵȥأ 
顭ƽ˼ѵ˵ 
ƽɽһֻû˵ѽʵƽ 
˵ųɵڽ˾һ£ 
ҪУԸľ 
ΨΨŵŵæǣǣǡ 
Ȼָƽؿɾҵţ 
ƽʲôʱɽʵ 
˴ϢŴֻ֪λһ˴βߡͬ̽߹һȥˡֻЩͨĵӿ⣡˵ˣɱɱѽȫµĵȻΪ־塣 
รǰɽ˼ 
ɫ͵˵ģҲɱ㣬һ⣬ǴȥƽΪ£ 
ɫҰ׵˵ҡ֪΢Ȼֹ 
ͨӦء 
ɽصתͷŲԶӰ֮س˵ 
ɡ 
ҹ裬Ӱ´£ӰҡҷһɫӰ 
û뵽ϴȻܻҵиʤǰѽͳһλȫںݸԡ¹֮¡ 
㣿ɽɫһ 
Ȼǰ߾ʱڵǽҵλߡ 
ôʶң䣬 
ɽһħˣŴηҡַϹ𣿡 
ħˡ˺ȻͷЦֿ 
ɽ΢΢һ㵡ʱļλӿٵĽɽΧס 
Ϊ׵һλߵǰĵϡ 
Цһҡҡ֣ʾΧ˿ 
ʲô֣ɽʹʵ 
֣Ȼ˵Щ㲻֪˷ȥߡšȡѰħ̹ᣬҪСġ 
ʲôɽɫ΢䣬ȡʢ롮¡šɣ 
Ϊ̣񡮷ȡȻħ̹ᣬһضΪ֮ 
һ㸴֮ա 
һˣɽʵ㾿ʲôˣΪʲôҪЩ 
˲һâȻϴܳûΧĹľ֮Уɽ֮ʱ 
ҽͻȻԭǼλӲδԶղɽ˵ĶԻȻҲǾϤ֪ 
ֻǻܱ㱻ɱɽ۹ĪĿߣ 
Ӱ߰ףһ̾Ʈţתӣֱķ·Ҳ˼֣ 
˭Ҫֻֻ֪ͬѡͬѡ 
ɽ壡ɽһ㱣 
̧ͷ֮ʱǺȻʧˣ 



ھʮһ ʵ

       ͷ 
ţͨ嶥 
ǰǳսɵӲשȻƺ֮ƣϦ֮ң 
λ񿡷ǷݵĵЦг翡 
УλϣɫĪüս壬λһԵĵҲǶɫأ 
ֻһ˰ѩòƷ˿ǡС塯½ѩ 
˵СԼ̨˼һ㣬ѿɹǷ˭ܶ 
Ȼз룬಻ˣš 
½ʦã½ʦ 
½ѩѸٵջ񣬽ɻĿ껣 
΢ЦһʦֽҵҪ̣֪ʦÿжΪ£ 
½ѩ˵ʦһб֪ 
Ȼ껲Ϊ˵ʱϡƽرʿ׷ħҲǾɸϸ¡ 
жۣǶ˵棡½ѩ˵ 
δĿ˹ɫص˵ϴ֮սʦֱչز֮ס 
ʦ֡½ѩһ䣬 
֪ʧڣԱ߼λͶɻĿ⣬Ҳǰ鷳׳ȣֻЦһ˵µΪļˣ 
˵Ŀƽӳδһۣε̾һü˼ 
һͻȻŵ 
ȥƫһµͯ׶һɫӰлλ 
ʦ֣λ׷ 
ΪֲôҾõˡ΢Ц 
ǡơƽҹԴϴаսɽҹһֱչδ֪ļλҲĲѣ 
ݲ׳أ񿴵ȻƹضҲǳһˣ 
ձչأʦǵˣҹ΢Ц˵ 
˿̵ɫɽˮּ̧Ƶһѹ۲Υ֮ģ 
֮ӵĹЧȷ˼顣ȹɡ֮գһͻ徳磬Ǵ˵е̫徳硣 
֪ʦҵǰΪ£δʵ 
΢ЦֱչڼŸɴ챦аʿ׷ǰʦǰһ 
รû뵽ʦжţ֪ʦֿߣط塯ʵ 
ҹ˼һ۳˴ʼҵҲӶ϶ƽشϣԶֵ˼ϵ¡ǲ֮һǰȣۣ 
üͷ˵ħѾǰҵֻ̽һͻ½ʱǱ޳Īѽ 
ʦ˵껳 
ҹǺһЦǲҪˣȡ̾һǧ꣬ħܹģ˴ϡƽȡһΪȾָͬȻȫȫռħǰȥȻѽ 
һתǲޱҵ˴ĵȥЦ 
۾һеĹؽȻһͨҹ˵㵽Ҳ 
ֻ½ѩһüͷ·񼣬 
½ʦãΪ˵кβ𣿡Ұʵ 
½ѩһĻصʲס 
áҹһվ⣬ѡλܳӼոϸȣ֮һ̽顮ƽ֮£б仯̻ɽ󡣡 
ּԺӦ 
ƣˮ飬ССײվСԣС֨֨ĴȴΪ塯ˣ 
仯֣ĻϤĳ档СЩεĿΧٴеĺʿ 
ȴû뵽һĻٴݣһֳֳìĸ׳ʿˣŶʵߴߴߴߴߴ 
Сüͷ΢壬̧ѰƬ̣ûҵλͨ峤ĿⲻɵĿߵ 
СЦſһۣŶʿ˵ߴߴߴߴߴߴ 
˵ʾǰ֮ϵļ̳ 
ʿɫһ࣬ĴС׶˺һӣŶߵ¶Ｘ 
ӵӦһŷľì鹧ȥ 
ʮˣȻû䣡СѵĻΧ 
ǰΧŶ˵ĺʿһԵĶǰŮӣеҡȥǴͷʿŨü 
СЦһԶǴסľݣȷʲôû䣬ֻ˶ѣ 
֨֨֨֨ССļϻȥ 
ֻ۵תͣʱɨΧʿ䣬 
СЦһȻ䣬ȷ䣡 
˵һλʿǰʿӰһʱȻ㶵ĶҲ 
ߴߴߴСݸЦָʿ䣬 
һʿγѣߴʿŴȡ¾ƴ 
ɫͨĵ˹ȥǵΧһʿЦѣ 
СײΪ裬ӹƴοľ˨ͷһڣ 
ɫĳΧʿͷʾ⣬ŷߵСǰ 
Сң㣿΢ЦŽƴ˹ȥ 
֨֨֨֨ëӻһ 
һƴһԾڵϣİźͷ㵹Ƿݺ֮СҲǲ伸֣ 
ΧʿӴ󶪣λ곤ĸŮ·ʲô׷Цó㽶ʲ˹ȥ 
Ϊʲôȣ˴βҪ飬ҪɻʲôСЦ˵ 
С׺Цһ۵Ȼ赣ʲôֻǵȲˡ 
С̧׿ȥȻλۻӵһλ곤߿첽ʱǵߣ 
λҪ룿ʵȻͨԣ 
λؾ峤ɣС΢Ц˵а̾⼸λʦòѽԼµòˣ 
ǱˡĴССһۣ 
ҡ롮Ϊ£ 
С׺ֻܵ뵱̸ˡ 
ร峤ͷ 
̧ͷ˵ðɣǶȥ˵תȥ 
ССһ̧ۣȥ 



ھʮ 

       ʱС֮ϵļ̳ԣ 
򳤷˵λԵƬ̣ 
峤롭С׺Ц 
峤ʧıӰСӵĿԵ 
СݸһˣʵҲܺ浱ʱλʦȻ塣 
Ȼ΢̾һ˫ĪСһۣǹЦ˵ʵϡ 
ңСüͷ΢壬 
ȻˣСЦΪҳ󡯵ܣӶٳ˻ĻһֱϽѰ٣żȻںľ֪طڡ塯֮Уұ͵͵Ǳ롮Ȯ֮Ҳ棡 
С˵ųĹ죬˵ʱһʦĤݡ 
ҵطأСȻʵ 
ûУС΢ЦţĿ˵ҷصĶˡ 
СƬ̣ĺӦþǵʱǸĤݵʦɣ 
ӦáˡС׵˵ͷ 
ôʲô𣡡С 
ûУСɫ΢࣬ŵ̾һ˵û뵽ʱܹҵ۾磬ڴǵ顣 
飿С΢΢һ㶣 
С׻˵طĻڡ塯ŷġȮ֮£ͨȮ񡯵ʸûУʦҲֻӡȮ֮󣬸ᴥеˣǼҲûǸȴˣóף 
СȤĸ̾һ 
ʱԶĻ谵кȻһͳĽŲСת׿ȥ 
峤µ˳ 
룡峤˵ 
С˵ͷл 
Сһȥ 
֨֨һȻֻСһҡĸں棬צϻĴƴһʱһڣһۿȥʮֿɰСʧЦҡҡͷ뻳С 
밵ΧĿȻѹ谵ĹԼ֧ţŵߵеͳĽŲԵøĴ̶ 
ʯ֮ϰɫѪ֣ϤжһɵϢ 
Сüͷ΢΢ 
ʱΧһʱ峤Ҳͣס˽Ų 
ĻϤĴУһӰĬĬѣ 
ǰ֮һȮȻĿھȮ׸߰Ƣ 
˸Ļ⵹ӳɢһɫʣ峤׹ĳȮһ 
ӰԵˡ 
Ӱ΢΢ף 
峤ʩһ˻ȥ 
žܵĻһը죬 
СĿǸӰ 
ּˡС׵ͻȻ 
Ӱ΢΢һ𣬽ת 
ȷּˡӳһΪӢףǡ塯ң 
ߡѧ˲ѽСһ 
΢Цſˣ⻹ȫڴлˡ 
Ŀ⾭Сʱвһ˿ȣ 
ǰҵ̬ȳϿҲް֮⣬С･ͣ 
ŷȮ񡯣֮Ϊ飬Ϊطʥ飬ѵȮ𣿡 
ȻС׶Լ˻вƽġ 
˵һЦȴȻȮĿϣñһȥά˿մ 
˵΢΢һ٣ŮУκһŮ֮ʱδѵķѣǳûɢ͵Ϯ䵽ʧĵز׼ʽطͨرķʽĿĺβϣ𡣡 
˫ĿСף飬ڤڤ֮Ϊ忪֮·Ǹмһ˵δ⣬ʦǡȮ񡯵ȻڱΣյʱ̾ʾңΪǡ 
վȻһЦ֪߱ʱ֮һоȮİ֮Уҵ岿ѱ壬Ȯ񡯱ضдοǡ 
ม㵹ǳѽСǺЦ˵ 
ȻĪĶҵʱװʵΣϣݲҪƽϡ 
Сҡҡ֣ˡˣǱ֮ҲΪѣǰһΪ֤֮£ΪҡѶģ˵꿴ԱߵСһۣ 
มɻĿǰλԨƺӣ 
ϴϼ밲δСʵ 
ɫ΢䣬ŨĽüɻĿⲻͣСɨ 
Ȼ·ʲôüһʣ 
ʮǰλǰӣɫӵʵ 
Сͷ 
кһ˿šɫò 
̾һϼĿ棬ǲῴˣɣ 
˵ƫȥСɫһС׽ȥ 
谵кӰ´£ΧһխСľаڷŲʽͭ 
Ҳľޡ 
΢Ļⲻʱӳǵϣһֹ˵ϣ֮˲Ĥ֮⡣ 
УΧ·˵͵͵·ϵģ翣޳Ѱ 
֪˶ãСǰȻһĵ¡ 
ղŵһз·ֻǻþһ㣬 
Χٲݽ̣ⰻȻȻ˴ĺɽˡ 
λߡҵЦ˵ 
С΢΢ףҪᲽʱͻȻСҵĽ 
֨֨תȥСĸں棬צֻʣһƴˣͨӣȻ˼ˡ 
ѽֻ֪ȣСڣСЦǺǵֽӱ 
ԹĿСһ˵ҲǣСҸôҲ̺ã 
˵ǰȥһС 
խСѶϣ̵ݼɽ·סȻҲʱܾδǰˣ 
ѭС·úһɽǰһ˶ߵդ 
ݻƵŲٰڵѪ⴦ǹżҰ޵ã 
΢вʱ˻ľΧ޵ĳΪ繣ں 
µƿǰһդӳһļ̳߲ľܳǧĲɣ 
ֻΧľ֧ŵĸ޴ʾĻԻͣȻɲ٣ȴõı 
ССҲɵķŲƺԸһһľ㡣 
ʱҵͳ˵ϴߣ˵ƹ̳ȥ 
СС׶һۣ벽ȥ 
ķϣ˻ڤ 
ϵļ̳ǰһƬķصأһѶѸߵ磬Щߵߣ 
һǰķͷС˹ȥ 
ľдСʦľ֮ĹŸ֣ 
ľСһ 
ϴ룬Ҳʦ˵Ķӣ 
룬Ŀľһ 
ʦиУûܰһʥԸǡԲˣСϥ£ĿȻİݡ 
̧׼䣬Ȼһŵһأ 
Ů֮ĹСһ㱣 
ͻȻһɾΥļ¶һз·ĿǸرʱ̣꣬ʥܵŮӣһдǶγԽ衣 
ôˣСŵľһʵ 
Сһû£ 



ھʮ 

       ʱС׺Ȼüͷһ壬СҲӳѹϢһ졯֮ 
վĿϼᰲϢģ߰ɣ 
̳⣬˶סӣ 
Ŀ䣬弸ڸ֮£̵ѵСһıڻ͵ܿ㱻һ飬 
λɽųƬصâΧסһɫââ֮вʱɫ 
ݺݵײɫĽâ֮ϣ顱 
ƽ͵ĿıϬ˶ӣλȤһɣ 
˵͵һݣգۼڰ֮ˣ 
Саݣ˼ٲҲһ˿巨ǹѽ 
˼Сһӣȥ 
ʱɽţǰսʿٴеΧ棬һֳֳìݼߣ 
м䣬λźµʦշȣżɬѶʱĻӳһƬ⻪ 
Хײмǵ⡣ 
𡭡Сһ㵵ĿǵϤӰ 
һʱȻ˵ 
ǵҲ͵һϡһλݼ̧ͷǡơ׷塯ӡ־ 
ȴ˵־ƴսǰϽһ·Ҳ磬ҹΪɡɣ 
ԼǰĲ²⣬ֻԼľáػܹãܾȻǰҲܻԼ˵Ĺϵ 
вɵĳСףҲǸӵ˼㣬 
˰㣬һ߼и·һߴϽ飬 
ڣڲǰϽἡиС塯Ĳ䣬˷ܵĸ˹ 
ȴ˵ڲͨԣû̸䣬ʿǰ彣 
־ĸߣǲǵóѣټһ·鷳ƣǸʿ 
֪ⲻãһΧʿ̽ΧһҪ 
һЩ׳ĸŮҲżһսţ־ֻεĳֵֵûзϾԼҪǣղŵĳ嶯Ѿûڲˡ 
ʼϲûһµľɵкȻ߳λźµӣ 
ԣ⼸λЩʿȻͬ 
һ룬Щɢҵʿæȥ־뷢ʣ֪λͻȻеľȣһԲĹ 
⼸λʦҾĴѡģϸĽ̵ѾСˣ׷죬ǵʵǲڸ½ܳӡ 
һ֣־̸е˲ͬæȫأ 
ףٷˣԼпνǰ׷ѹˡ 
ʦĺϻǳĹƣһɫʸĹ⻪ʵˣĬͬʱͬһ֣ɫֲ顣 
־ȴǱƲѣóһǰƣʩΪϢܽкʦ 
ֻе´ΰǱˣ˼ת 
ʱͻȻˣ 
̧׼䣬־ӴնȻһ𣬣 
ⱩǣλʦһŵǴٴνʱ 
ֻһȣߴࡱ(ס) 
λʦͣסӣʱȺмææ߹һλߣҽ̸ʲô 
Ǻ峤ȻղڳУȻҲд˳ͻ 
ˮţĽһΧŻɢ 
Ŀ־𣬵㵽˵Ϊ£ 
֪ԷһĿԼ۴ɻĻعöɫ쳣С 
ȴ֪־˿ǸӣϦֵ;Լ赲ȰҲֻԼһԸ 
һУǿƣνתΪų⣬ֱֱ˺˽Լյǰ 
ǷųΪޣֱȻԼǰЩ˽ԼֻСһӶԼ˰ˣ 
ֿ԰ѾԻֵܣһʼԼĴֱǳս 
֣Լػʦã򣬵֪ԼЦ֮գΪ֮Ѿһ޷Խĺ蹵 
ֱǸܣָоһз· 
־һջնһңʵǺ룿 
ҵ˵ͷǰӸһֹŷʵĸо 
üͷظ㵽˵Ϊ£ 
־һΣƽʵ֪ɻᡭɻػ 
һ־һ˫Ķң 
˻һСɫ΢䣬Ŀ˸ĿǸʱĻ飬۾ȴԼ 
СĬȻף֪õľˣ 
ͻȻһɷƣ 
ӣ 
ǰȥ 
Ӱ 
УٴͯĻЦʱһвͣҰϡ 
˭ҲԤЦͯݱİ· 
ϷŪ𣿡 
־Զ˶ĿĻָ㣬ҿСʧĵط 
ᡣ 
־һ˵ɷҾһˡ 
УҶȻܾ 
Ϊʲô־Ŭƽʵ 
Ŀ˵ػط֮һûĴܱ֤ȻߣһжҪʩðűеΣնΪ֮ 
Ȼҷ·ʲô̾һʵҪҾʲôˣ 
־֪Ϊдһʣʦ³һʱæסǰҰ 
ҽʵǲ 
־΢𣬰ΣȻ˵һδ档 
ร΢˰ȻҲֻͽ̾κѽ 
ǡ־û岢δʴܸоõΧһҪ˵־ıһ񣬽ӲҲ΢΢Ĳţ 
޾ڵеʱ̣ȴֻĴףĵȴĽ֣ 
žУҵ̾һ˵ĻǲûбʹߣȴȻΪѵ䣬벻ܼȣȴ뿪壬ܽһҵǿһԡ 
˵Ļֻ帽ûжڷ֮УȻΧ϶񣬻ɷ֮ڣֻЩ赲ʹҲˣĻǽԶ뿪 
־΢ǻһˣ֮û 



ھʮ ı

       Ӳϥ£ȻԷ겻 
˭־ʱأеᶼڴˣֻ̤һգ򡭡 
Ȼ¹·δ̫ã 
ҵ˵ɣҲ뿪ҵ񣬴ˡΪ 
־ˡֻҪֻҪܾȻǰҪκ¶ԡ 
ĸףƽһ˿ 
ĿһۣĿⲻȴΣ 
ã̾ɣҲ뿪ΪҪ˵İȫǡ֮ǰһ飬ұǰȥʩǰΡ 
־΢΢һĿмĿǰӣлȫʲôԸֱԡ 
ҳƬ̣ܽᰵġᡯΪѰұԸ 
־һ૵ᡭȡص䣡 
ߣʲôص䣡һϦաȡɢ֮ʱյȡ塮顯ȴǸΪᡯʵЦ 
顭־ 
ʵû뵽ȡ롮塯ǧ˿ƣ֮ǣ 
΢̾һ˵顯мһȻƣصһܹǿȫʢʱҵȴǹˣ˰㣬Ҳܷĵȥ 
˵תӣȥ 
ףȡλȺҲ֮˵ȡᡯǱҲѡ 
˵һȷ£ҲΪ֪Ѷˣ 
ͳĽŲԶȥ־˸ᶨ˵л롯һٻġ 
˵ת뿪 
һعӣǵѲˣĵͻȻһ˿Ľ 
̧ͷбһֻ񻬹Զȥ 
䰲˫ȫ 
治䣬 
չΣ 
ʱ 
ҹĻ٣ȴǵȻ֮ͨ߶ţŵɫʸ죬 
ȻȫǷȵӡ 
ɽ֮ϣǸ޴ԲͲ֮У˫ִţһźڵͷ֮ 
޷ԣϵŤϸɲĵĴӴıǿ֮У 
һɹϢΧƲ 
֪˶ãؿһеӵһΧĺ糤ˮһ㣬ʧ֮ϣ 
顯ܵĵ͵ 
յģһۿȥǵǿŴеġ顯 
ղŵģȻѾǲӡֻʱˡ 
 
š¡ħ̡ͨͨȥɣЦ 
ʱһŲԶպá顯ϵĺʧٴλָƽʱϵӣ 
ֻü֮ʼһа֮ 
ʦʯŴӰ 
΢Цŵ䭶ʲô𣿡 
״硣 
ǰʩ񣬵µ󣡻ǡħ̡ǰƽ 
׵סûУ 
Ȼ˵ˣߣҲȻ⣡Ц˵ 
ȻʵʦΪʲôҪƽǣⲻǽԼеĶ𣿻СĿ˸һֹӣ 
ᰳʲô˵ɣ 
䭳ɵµӷ׷״ɹ 
ߣһ 
䭼æʦû 
ýˡһ˵ 
ʦȸˡӯ 
Ӧһ 
Ӱ뿪 
᰸˵µĿǳ㲻ֻ֮ܺǼɣ 
˵΢΢һ٣ 
Ρħ̡ǰϢҵѴ·Ҳ׷̤š롮¡ضУ塯Ҳ϶ֻ֣ħִܸ֮·壬ʱܾˣǱţҲҪγ 
˵ᰱЦ 
䭵ɴ۾ǰղ˵ᰣ 
һ˿ĪĿ־壬Цһ٣Ŀа˵㲻ǿС½Ѿͷ𣿵ʱơˣܿ˭ 
һɫò 
ŷȥ͵͵ʦӢƣһͳ£ָտɡ 
ҽһ룬 
ơơ 
̧ͷӢ͵͵Ц 
ٺٺٺ١ 
ʱš롮¡ɳĵĸȣ 
ɽ 
ţ 
ŵɽ壬Ȼʱ︴գɽԺȴһƬ 
Ӱ˪ҹ˿˿崵ɽ 
£ʯһӰĴţ·һ¾ǧʯ 
ɫ䣬·粻ĴεţҹľֹйеĲ 
ಡƿնȻһɽ£˾ʯһߣֳӰ 
»֮£ԿһλһŮӣˣһλ͹˵Ĵ󺺡 
λǡšӯ½졣 
ϴΡ֮սа֮ãǶ˵Ҳͻͽ½Ǵﵽˡľ磬ν൱ 
ʯԵӰʱӯ̾һ˹ȥ˫㣬ɽµġ 
ʯԵӰ΢΢һ£ 
¹ι԰׵ӣһ˿˵ 
û¡˫͵͵ 
ӯĪһʹ 
뵱ʱǰ˴϶ǳں⣬д⣬ðôķһٵѽ 
˫̧ͷʵΪʲô֣ 
ӯתɵ⡭˵̫أδָɡԡ 
˫һĴ 
ӯ״æ˵ָҲܡʱ 
Ϊʲô˫·ץסΨһľݣϣĽӯ 
ӯ̾һӦǲýΪѣΪѾΪɵʸ֮ˣĳ˿Ҳ͸ڼˡȻ£Ҳ£ӦòԸֽĳ֣ϾѾﵱԼļˡ 
͵͵Ŀѽѵǡ𣿡˫ 
ӯüҲҲֻеԸʱŻɣ 
˫ָǣһӦˣǰҲᵽҪһ£ɵӿ϶һȥˣСҪȥ 
˵˫վӣǻûվӺȻһᣬӯæһѷס 
ͨͺˣҪȥһȥôˣȻָһӰɣҪۻˣҿɲŹСʦܵġߡ 



ھʮ С

       ˫оȣһȥ 
Լһ˵ԽһͬѰҵĻƾš⼸ˣǴ룬 
ӯȻҲȥʢϡƽ챦 
ʿ׷ħ̡ҲУ뵽ʱһɽģ 
รд¡˫һ 
ӯ״ǺһЦЩ㾫л㱣ȻûעЩ 
˫ЩȻ˼Ƭ̣Ȼٺòˣ֪ʦִʲôʱ 
ӯͷ졣 
졭˫һ 
ͷ嫵ҹշǵ㣬һ˫˫עųˣѽĬһ 
㻹𣿡ɽ̾һĬĬջĿ⣬ 
ȫ𡮷ħ顯ϱȥ 
һ·ǰ·ɶݣƣʱϢʱҲԣǵˣ 
ʱδҵħ̡֮·ֱ磬Ŵ׼ȷħ̡ߵ·ߣ 
˰㣬ҲúõϢһأҹʱַƳ 
ֻ֪ħ̡ʱѾ֮ˣ 
˷֮䣬µգ˪ɽ㵵ķһ·С⣬Ȼһǳأ 
ܿȻϾħ̡ģһ·ҡڣ˵׼ǳ鷳ˣ 
ɽźȻһֹĸоȻԼڵĴ·ǷǳѽϴΡᡯμӵɶ಻ʤԼħˣȴ˵³ˡšûмԼ׵ˡ 
Լ֮ǰ׼ǵħ̡˸ɱˣȻΣȴԹ 
ϴԩɽƲϵȴǲܡ 
Сɽţ 
ƽ־Ȼλ̵ԼԨӣ 
ʵһɽжţֻǸһʮˣ 
߱˫ףħ̣͵ѧط 
ٶǱƣʶƣѪӡ¾飬 
֮ѪȾϽ 
ĶԸ˰ٶǰǸħˣʱڵʦᵽʱ򣬵ʱɽҲȲѣǷŭ 
ŪѽɽЦһ 
Ѿྡ֪УȻԼ뷨ˣͻȻǸıɽ˵ŮӺ 
ʲôŮܹɽгơأ 
ҲҲѳԵɣѵǶʧɽвɵף 
Ӧˣɽ૵ 
ֻŮӣɽ˴ɴԶ߸߷ɣ£Ȼȴ 
ɽüͷ΢壬ԼأŮǡħ̡ˣԼô졭 
ˣɽͻȻ͵һԼĶͷ 
ʲô˵ 
Ȼͬˣħ̺ʦֻһǲ죬ǷݳֻöԷѪϴκ赲ãҲҲ 
ţɽоһңƲѣ 
æų۾ĺһ 
ķΣֱС 
ʱɽ˫Ŀ͵һоâ 
ͣӣٻءħ顯Ŀ⾯ĳ濴ȥ 
׹Χֽ²ԶһɽСҹ˯ 
СһƬȮͼŲţС͸һϢζɽɫصķ˹ȥ 
һ΢ӭ֪ʱѾһ㵭Ѫζ 
ɽСС᲻࣬ʮľݻٹԣһʯֵУ 
ɽڴ֮ϣͳĽŲĻصڽֵΧ 
Ҫ߳СʱɽȻתױߵһľһ¥ᣬҲ˵Сõķˣ 
ʱ֮ͣ⣬ʱ·ͣסһ㣬 
֪˶ãֳȥ 
֨ѽŵŻչ 
»ӿ룬ɽӾ 
ȻͷƤһ飬һʲôľ 
к˵Ķʬףͨʬ嵹ҲˣЩʬȫǱ˵ˣ 
ҲΪòкΪ׼ȷΪһҶƤ¾һߺǡٵطǰ׹ɭɭˡ 
ɽѹԼŭ𣺡˭˭˲̣ҲŹ 
չģħ黺İ׹ݣ 
ĵطʬһ߾߶ӣ޹Ҳѽ 
ɽĿصĿһ߾߸Үʬɱֱ֮ 
ħ̡Ϊ𣿡ɽıӣ 
¡Сķһ뵹 
һ䰲Ϣˣһ˵ЩʲôأɽĬĬĿǰòС 
ָ΢ҹһâ棬 
һâ 
С˲ޱߵ֮УžȻ˵İɽԵĿ˻һۣ 
¼գϷٷȥϣһ£һ̫¡ 
ĴܣĻӳʣ·յĲϼ譲ȴֶݡ 



ھʮ ʯͷ

        
ɣ򡯣Ǿ࡮ƽ֮һƫƧС 
ʱֵ죬ģ̿ 
ɽڴϣǵˣһ·ѾľԱظʬ 
ȴֻѡһյо 
һеһз·߿ٱġ 
ҲֻԼԼжô࣬ĴЩΪˣȻݲ̲ħ̣ 
ȴֻܱԼʲôҪ룬һп̴Լ˻ 
ಡͻȻӹһ⻪ɿʧԶ 
ɽ̧ͷһۣﰵ˼ѽ 
롮ƽѲ̫ԶʱʱĻɹһЩʿȷδһ˻ͣСɽŸҺڵڽϣ 
ֻܵжˣɽ̾һС 
˰һ·ĵ׾Ȼ뿪˲٣ǰΪ¶ߵﳤ̾꣬ 
ǰ֮£ħ⣬ԼҲûãȡᡮħ̡ԼҲ޷ȥ֤ 
˵Ҳţ˵ۣúôȳλбŮӣ 
ɽ˼ųڵͤȥ 
 
ޣˬ˿ɽеͤĳ֮ϣݵı۾ 
ȻüͷԭԼӦýħ̡Ķй 
˷ħ̡רѡƫƧСȻ±֪ԼЩܺʱʵҲڲ֪аħѽ 
ôأɽзˣ 
ҪɷǾͺˣţ 
˼ǰǾøʦΪ׵ڲܻȥѽҡҡͷֻεѡˡ 
ʱؽů壬ɽԴ˼ţȻĵ׾ӿʱ˯˹ȥ 
ѹʱҹĻѾ٣˸߳ͤ 
ҹϰϰƤһһ˳Ŵ۾ĺע˼䣬 
ɽ˶ɫµһľݣ 
ƿţ¸ϢӭҴƬ̣ŲΪܵĶȥ 
ꡭӨ׵ĵâȥݺݵĿ˹ȥ 
䡭¡¡ľݺȻɽĬĬȥ 
ʱŵСѾ˸߰˰ˣɽһľʱͻȻһ 
һ״ȣ 
ɽ͵̧ͷֻһҫ۵Ľâ֮ƳԼľ½죬 
ɽ۾һУħ顯ֶ˲һɫܵǰ 
䣡һը죬 
âȻ飬һѾ޴ɶأɽһΣһ 
ʱſԼԶվһλֳݵĴУŭĿգˡ 
ô㡭һʵ 
ɽоȣʶң 
˵Ŀⲻɵ˸һ£ΧʱԵķ˼Ŵδѽ 
Īǡ 
ɽһ࣬ղŴæ赲΢·磬ܣԷԼֿܻԼˣٲȻѾеʱ֮սеˡ 
Ǵеǲ֪ɽѾʼȨˣ 
պСͽܰɣ 
ɽһĵˣеġħ顯ɵĽ˼֣ 
ʱȻǰĺЩ죬رǸ 
ɽ䱸Ŀ߽ĴУǸΪɻ 
мɽ裬·ʲôĹԴʦûиᵽһʯͷĺС 
ɽһĵвǵʱڡСʯеһλ 
һˣɽһɣװȻĵรǺһ𾭹С򡯵λɮ 
ʯͷ۾һԣԣԡ 
һЩȻĵҵʲôɮȫŵ̧ˡ 
ͻȻ·ʲôɫһ࣬ʵô˭ɱģ 
ɽɵ˵ħɱġ 
ʲôʯͷһ 
ɽһ̧׿ȥ 
ŭʯͷͻȻҲԣǣ˭ɥ£ 
ͷԶɽʦûгɽѽ 
ɽ΢΢Щë˶񣬵Ҳ̫ 
ʯͷҲ⣬ĿɽһۺŵѹȻͽôˣҵߣ 
ɽ˲ͷ㵡˵ʵڵģ󻹴δǰѽ 
ʯͷһЦôûˣڡɽǷѽ 
ɽɫһǰ֪ 
ʯͷɫһôЩˣŵѲսһȻǵҥˡ 
มɽһϲǰ 
㵣ʯͷϵǰǰĽУϹӲ̫ӦѽͽʯͷˣҲͻɽðɣ 
ɽɵʯͷһô𣿱ģ 
ɽεĵͷ΢Цҹˡ 
Ȼɽ·ʲô߽һ䷿ʵ֪ʲôаɵ𣿡 
ʯͷ߽üëҡҡͷ֪ʦǰħλѪħɾѪ˲ȴȡǵĻǣܰɱøɸɾķʯͷһδ 
ѽɽôԹۼһƽ˸κβˣʲôأ 
ͦεģʯͷӹͷȻɫҵþʦȥ 
ɽһϲãȺ֮Ʊܸħ̣ 
ʯͷһãǰЩ˱ȥʦ 
ãǿ춯ְɣɽϲ 
ʯͷЦŶ˵ץ㳯ʣļľɨȥ 
¡¡Ǧţ 
ɽʯͷվСһͷĬĬĿǰһУ 
εʡ£ɶˡʯͷȻԴС 
˵ʲôɽʵ 
ûûʲôʯͷһ죬찵ɽûľ 
ȥʦѽɽʵ 
ʯͷƽ 
รҲȥƽɽʵ 
Ȼʯͷʦ⡮ƽϦաа񡯵ı֮ҡšɽ֮ȡǱ͵ʦͽûԼġ 
ɽһа񡯣ʮ֮׵ġа񡯣 
ʲôʮ֮ףЩҾͲ֪ˣֻ˵ס˽Са񡯡ʯͷƶ˵ 
ɽһ麹û뵽ˣбɲмһ˵С͵ˣ 
ɽѧţᵽҲֻˣ 
รŵΪѽʦֺýжˣʯͷûͷûԵ˵һ䣬 
ɽʧĸ͵ 
ʱȴǷ 
ԭѽ͵̾ 



ھʮ ƽ

       Ȼʯͷǰӡа񡯣 
ļǵɽἰʱı飬̾뾴壬 
¼ɽҲģλ˵еҲѡ 
λǧǰХµӣа񡯣 
ΪʱһɵĵӣȻ಻ţȴڸǲ˹龫֡ 
ϲֻиϡŹֵ 
ھϷŪͬŵӣϡϽԵʦŶս䣬 
ȴںأճԼ֮У֪лأʽ귨ľܡһеһС 
ȻЩҲͬʱƵ·ϣѡ뿪ʦţ 
ֱһ죬ڻɽʰһ 
ӴԼһɽУ 
ʮ߳ɽȴһɫ֣֮ʱһɫâΧѸٵĽ 
Ӵˣɳзʧԣ߽ȡӰ͵Ļ̡̻ 
ɵзǷһλӰ͵Χס 
ǰһλȫףֻ¶˫۵ӡ 
սĻԭΪʤȯյˣΧľͻȻתΪս 
һЩ֪Ĺ׷׳֣ʯˣʯޣ񣬻 
ЩɵҲǲף 
ǡӰ͵˳Χʧ飬 
˷׷״УӰ͵̱˸Ϊа񡯣 
ϵҲȡΪ˲֪аΪ͵ȡһҲһ콵ʯıǵ 
ѵȥƽɽĬĬţ 
жĺҲԽǿۼҪһСʱɽɵ 
Ǿʹ˱ɣħҲˡƽʦСһ㡣 
ʯͷһ㶣㲻ҲҪȥƽڻһг̣ȵٷҲ٣ħ˸ɶţ㲻صġ 
Ųɷ˵ɽСȥСԶԶɽһ·Ҫö࣬ 
򡯣ʱԣҸƻͨﲻҲ쳣 
ħҲȾָɣɽš 
ȥԵ㶫һ·ûԱǰˡʯͷЦŵɽ߽һҲľ¥ 
ɽһ·ԼзɹҲЩƣˣʯͷ飬Ҳɨˣ 
˳ԼҲúüƻһôӽħ̡һ˽ȥ 
С겻󣬵Ҳ˲ٵˣҼţæк£ 
͹ԵʲôСɽ¹סʯͷִ̧סңñˣţУλСֵܵ㣡 
ʯͷ˵ָһԵɽܿ죬ɽҲʳˣ 
ڵҸҪ뿪ʱʯͷͻȻסȵȣСֵ̳þƣ 
ϣЦǺǵ߿ 
ɽһ֣ллĵղԼ˽оƣû뵽ʯͷԼˣ 
ɽллʯͷҲ⣬ͷһڲˮѽ;õŵһʱ죡 
รɽ۾һ֪֪ʯͷܷһ 
ĵɽ˽һЩɽ˵¼ǰСδʵȽֻǶ϶ɴˣɽ˵ĹȥҲʮֵĺ档 
ʯͷɽѯʣһЦ˵ҷʦɽ;СءʱȻ 
˰㣬ʯͷ˷ܵĽԼСһսľһһ 
УɽٴǸϤ֣ȻԤϣﻹ񶯲ѣ 
ʯͷŵУܹоʱıɽǷİˣֻɽɴڸУ 
̫ȡĵʵ뷨ʱȻѣ 
һУѾΪʱ 
ɽ̾һջ񣬶ԱߵʯͷϲҲ͸¶ԡơĲ 
ǰ߷߶ĴУɽаٸн֮¹Ȼ΢Ƕ֣κ֮¶ã 
ʱԱǵ㲻ҲĻָȻ 
ΪǰԱħŮһֱڻȻɽ˵ĹϵڸǣܾЩʣ 
ڣʯͷֿ 
ʱҽ˵ķ˶˹ɽסʵŷɣѵý𣿡 
ʯͷһЦҡšȲϡ¡ȻûôķȽڣز࣬һе⣬ֻش֮бɣ 
˵곭Ӵڳ 
ʯͷȾɽɵһЦҲңͼһʹ𣬹 
ЦֳԱ̳ץȥȴûһץգ 
ʯͷЩž̳ЦŵˣǵξƲմѽ 
ɽʧЦô˵ҲȲѽ 
˵ŷɿץһ̳ƣĿĵһ룬 
ľĴƮɢɽһźɽ̾ҵľѽ 
ʯͷЦȻشϽľƶйζϾ 
˵ʯͷҲͷһ롣 
ȴǷƱãʱӰбĻ 
Ͻ֮ƾһ㵭Ļؼ䰵ӿһľ 
ƽشϣһƬŨİ֮УԲ֪׶ϳ̾ᣬܹȻû 
νӡʮɽ漸ȴ˵֪Ϊȥ˴δ 
һնʯɽ䣬һʯɽͬʯɽԲΣΧ¾ڣһۿȥһ޴ӳŨ֮У 
ʱƽٱһʮλòѵŮվԣ 
ϸһлмλ´ĺУΪλȻǡ¡ܳǣܣԶ 
Ȼǡšˣǰλһ˰ƮǡС塯Сʫ 
λһǡ׷塯껵Ĺŵ죬 
һλǡͨ塯ҹʦܳ˴쵼֮ȨУ 



ھʮ 

       ƽˡָǰãã΢ЦŶ˵ 
ǰһʵϦաа񡯵ı֪֮Ƿʵ 
Ⱥһʶڵ۷׷ף⡮аΪ¼׶֮ɫ 
Ϊ֪ҲŵЩǽа񡯱֮ 
ȻʵȷˣϢȴǡȡ⴫ȥġеѰζˣ 
ЦɫȴϽ˵ɵӶĴ̽ȷˣңѾɴȡˣ 
˻һһƬȻ 
ʱ¡߳Ⱥ˫ֺʲ⡮ƽ֣Ϧաа취ͨ죬ȥض֣ҵȻȫ֮ѽ 
΢΢һЦǴʦ˵òɹ۲죬Χʯ岢̫ѶԸλУܹӦԣ 
˻һӷ׷¶ЦݣȺв˵ͷͣ 
üͷ΢壬ǲ֪̿ɷ鵽ħ̡٣˴Ѿħ̡ǰϢŶȻǿѨ磡 
䭵̾һϢҹҲжţҽµӾɳ̽ħ̡٣κ⡮ƽ޷һһ̽ԵȻδǡ 
˵ȻһЦλɷģѾϵɣһŽһһͬ롣ʱΪӪֻҪҵƶãħһ򾡡 
ħ̡ҵƶأȺһͻȻʵ 
ƶǡаĶ˶ǵ;˵벻ȴ˵֪ 
䭼ǵʣҲ޷ƶضħ̡ƾһ֮ʱѹƣʱǱɽΧסһټ𡣡 
䭷һ˵꣬Χ۷׷ףһ˷ܣԾԾԵӣ 
¡ĺеǰһüۣԶһ뿴ǣ 
ȻҲΪףǲδ˵ֻŵüͷ 
ʦ壬ô죡Сʫʵ 
Ҫ˵ԱߵͻȻСǻǽȥưɣǳҲΣгɳ⡮ƽΧҿȥõġ 
 
֪ɴʱǰƽȻ˫۽ʵ 
䭳λ˿̽ȥȻԸһͬǰ 
áӦ 
תСʫԵʵɳɽŵĵӺʱߵģ 
Сʫ˼Ƭ̣ʱ 
ͷǰʵ֪ʦкδ㣿 
΢΢һЦʦҵȼȻʩǰ 
ҡ˵ҲȺԮжɵǱ롮ƽǲҲȥһ⣬Σ 
ãԻˣǾһͬȥɣ˫ֺʲ 
һתӣħ̡Ѷ롮ƽҵΪӦǰȥأҾ̽롮ƽ˵һ֣ҪӱСˣмǲҪɢΪˣ 
ǡڵӦ 
΢ЦǾͻִ·ˣ 
ң䭺Ц˵ 
۽ٵӹԱһλȵӣżԼⷢߡȷ˽ȥ 
šһɵӷ׷׼ǰӰ׷ȥ 
εҡҡͷ˴δĵӴ඼Ǵδ¹ɽģȻͣԼ򵥣̫㣬£ 
ÿ˶Ҫ߳һѽԼֺγأһˣȻ˺ܶ࣬ 
ӸĲתΪݣ 
߰ɣʦ壡Աߵ۹Ƶ˵ȻҲͷһγȴҪǿϲ١ 
ãЦһһѻɫ󽣣 
˿ٵĸȥʱСʫȻع֮һӰٵʧ 
ôˣʦֶʵ 
ûûУֻǾúиûиСʫ˵ 
ร£˵šಡһ 
ܿ죬أûˣ㿴˰ɡЦ 
Сʫһ˿ЦӦǰɣ 
ˣԶˣ˵ųǰ׷ȥ 
Сʫͷһۣü 
ȴ˵ɽʯͷ֮󣬶˱Сס 
ڶգɽ߳Сһƽȥ 
ȻɽʯͷͬУΪ鷳 
˼뿪Ļ˵ǣһ·Ҳи顣ı˷֣ʱұװʶ˰ɡ 
ɽ޴ӷҲǰм 
ɽСϱӰ 
ɽţ˵ȷȵŵҪǿһЩʯͷЦǺǵ˵ 
ɽЦܸɽ˱Ƚѽ 
ʯͷ˵ҸŵסһϣڶȻһûɵӣʿɻľһ㣬ͱǿ 
ɽЦҡҡͷҲû˯Ȼʯͷסͬһ䷿ǲסĴ˹ 
ֻܹرʶһֱ 
һϵûƣ֮ɫ 
ʱʯͷͻȻһţˣΡȥ֮ǡšҲǰ 
ɽһĿ⼱еĿʯͷʵô֪ģѵǣǵûСʯͷĿɽŵ˵ȡ˴ζÿÿɶ뺯˵ħ̡Ⱦָƽϸڽħ̡ڴˡ 
มɽһ˵ 
ԭˡ 



ھʮ ն

       տհƶ䣬ǧ 
ּķԣӰ䣬㣬͸Щݡ 
ݺݺöһСɵӰɿĴּԣҲ֦ͣĴŲµӰ 
ɽĴӡšҪϢлع񣬽ıǶԡȡʵĵĵģ 
ʱ 
ʯͷһϣ 
ɽ̽ʵ֪֪ȡΪʲô·ǰ𣿡 
ȻΪ˶Ըħ̡ˣʯͷ˼˵ 
รǷȾͲҪƽıҪ֪ʱħ̡һ⡮ƽıܿҲᱻ·áɽСĵ˵ 
Ŷʯͷһ㶣صСʵѵ⣿ 
ɽƬ̣ҾͲ֪ˣȡ˴󷽵ķ֮һǲмƽ֮߱Ķȫ 
˵һ٣һֿȻᣬΪ˽֪аȱķضǵڶֿܣǾˣ 
ʯͷüͷӹԴ˰ɣʱħ̡ˣ˿϶ȡ￩ 
˵һЦŴɣȻҵͬˣѲ롮ħ̡һԸǣζ޺ˣ 
ɽɫһû뵽˵ô࣬ʯͷһɶֻصԭء 
ŴɻѾãûȷʵ֤ݣ˻šĵȵֳԭΣһСü𡭡ԼĵĹȻûѽɽа̾ 
ȾȳɣеĽ壬а˼š 
۽ⲻɵԵʯͷ벻ðȥҡħ̡취֧С 
ɽ˼ǰʾ֭ĥܿʯͷʱͻȻ죬 
䣬䣬䡭ನʹΧҶ 
ȥɽͺһ䣬ٵǰȥ 
ȻմܳʱһӰٵĳײ 
Сģʯͷһ 
ۼҪײϣɽ侪ңյͻȻһŤȹסԵС 
һת˳һ˦ȥ 
䣡ŷһ뿪ǵӰһײۣȻڵϣ 
ɽδˣΧХ 
ಡٴγӰ 
㡭ͻȻһ 
ɽȻͷʯͷѽ˷𣬶˴˿ҵĿԼɽԼʶˣ 
Լȴʶˡ 
ŵӣʯͷ˵彣˵ 
ɽһ㶣ȴ 
ޱתӣеġħ顯 
ħ̡Һѽɽ˵ɱֱ֮˶ȥ˷׷׺ˣ 
Ϊ׵ĺ˷·ϳɽкâһȴƣ 
ܣɽЦһ 
ͷĿͺһɱ 
ڴʱ䶸պͻһâƾճ֣ɽֱȥ 
䣡һ죬ּ䱩棬 
ɽεһâһƺߣٿһȥֳһ 
ǣɽ΢΢һû뵽⡮콣š֮ӻ 
ɽݾȣЦһħӣû뵽ѽϴξȻӹˡ 
Աߵʯͷɫһ˺šӵˣ 
˵ָһԲĺˡͬʱĿʾɽܣκԤһͷҲת 
˫۽ĶɽеЦЩȻ֪ЩֻСඣץסģ𣿡 
ɽ΢΢һԼСħͷˣӵǺЩ˵ 
ЦȻˡ 
ɽħ̲ץȴԼﲻɵİЦһƾ㡭֮Ȼԣ 
бŭһˣĪҪ㳢ү 
˵ŷһɽâǣɽͷ£ǡ콣šһеߵģ 
ɽ˵׾ 
ۼâϮɽҵһзħâƥ 
Юŷ֮ӭȥ䡭 
һ죬зɳʯݾˣֱ岽֮ʱվ 
â֮ɽһεҲǾȲѣ 
ɫѿһѽסɻصġɫ 
ſеط֮䣬񽣹âʢɽֱѹȥ 
ɺ޻Σ֮ղŶ˼ֳأ 
ɽ˼תȻλħ̡ȻվԱ߲ȥ 
ȻߣǾͱˡɽдע⣬ 
ȫ߶ħ顯ӭǡ 
䡭ըԱ߼ȴݡ 
磬ô죿ԱߵλһλɫĵСʵ 
Ϊ׵ĺʯͷһҪʣ֪ˣٺ١ 
˵Цâ 
ʱɽһơħ顯һҫ۵İ׹⿰գһӿųնȥ 
䣬䣬䡭׹⾢âĳɴܣ 
ͷĿͫͻȻźףֻ̧һ 
û뵽â֮У 
䣬䡣Ϊ޴ը촫ɫľã͵һǣľ䲻ϣΧ֮ľΪۣΪƽأ 
ʯͷڻλ˵ƵˣƽϢλħѲӰ 
ֻһŻǵ̳ķţ֮вʱĴܳɫâҲЩˡ 
ɽʯͷ̳к޷Ӧ 
ʯͷæλƵӣâȥʱâһ죬һӰ˳ 
ʯͷһɵɫϲҾ֪С󣬲ôġ 
֮ɽʱͷһǱû˵ӣ 
ʵƲѣղһܴǣʱͿʰħ̵ˣ 
֪ȴǸ͵ϮˣɽΧɵĿЦһ 
Ҫ˵ʱͻȻһȣȥɣ 
ɽ͵תӣһɳȵӭ 
ͷɢѪ߰ߣʱȫ߶š񽣣 
ΧĿռ佥Ť١һХ 
ӿĻѸٻΪ߱󵶣ŭĿԲڿն𣬴һն 
񱩵ľŰȥ 
ɽֻͫ˫ֺ£ͻȻǣ˲ûԼӰ 
ȻһϢʱ֮ͻȻܳӰӭǳನתĴ󵶷ȥźĻλʧΧʯ֮У 
һԵʯͷŴ죬㶵Ŀһģһɽȵ˵ 
СơǲҰߵ 
˫һӣ߱ͬʱ£꣬꣬ꡭӰӦ飬 
ĳ谭ڵϣ䡭ٴҳ 
һΣûڵ 
ô᣿Ŀյɽ 
ʱͻȻƮһźһڲϵ 
ܿ죬һӰԺ߳Ǹղʧɽ 
֪ôһߣֻ糯ǰ֮˼ȥ 
ǸոתȻȫһһ˫ֵĴ۾ֱͦͦĵȥ 
ͨɤһȣˡһһѪ 
ĶɽŭдŲʣһ˿ײԹ 
ӵ͵ͼѵ³֣ҲᡭŹġ 
һᣬµȥ 
ɽûϵǣֱʯͷ˵ҵȥץסǼħ̡ӣҵѾ¶һͬˣʹ˱ٻᡣ˵һʧ 



һ ȸ

       磬˵ղ˾ǡ۾Ҫҵɽдһ͵͵ 
ոߵλħ̵еСϣ 
ħͷĿЦŵͷ 
Χһ꣬һ˸̾û뵽ĵ֮ߡ 
һЦǻǵС 
ˣˣͷĿͺȵ 
һݣͣסͷĿȻ̾Ǭѽԭڡƽһ֣ȴû뵽 
ʱһ˹粻٣ɱɽҲһѽ۾Ӧûܸ˲ǣ 
ͷĿһߣ۾ˣôС֪ˣ˭ҡ 
һȻʵǸ㡭ǻɱ 
ͷĿһƣѵɱѵɱǣθסֻͣ۾򲻿ɴȥ 
ǡ˹Ӧ 
ˣòˣǴŵƵѾˣʱжáȡǱӦѾʼж˰ɣʱٺٺٺ١ 
ͷĿһЦ 
λҲһЦ 
ʷߣּ 
߳һʱ󣬺ͷĿͻȻɫһ䣬͵ת 
˭λħ̡Ӳ̵ֻתӣ 
Զ²֪ʱһλȫɴͷֵŮӡ 
ɽ촵ȹһǣҡţҲһζĴ&amp;amp;shy; 
ʲôˡͷĿԼ񣬵Ѿ͸ĵĻң 
λħ̵ӰշŵĿλŮӣ 
ʱּͻȻһ磬Ĵص 
ȻҪǵŮһƼҡڣ˲ڼʮ֮ 
ͷĿһ׹֣ͺһɱ 
ŭŻӳӰѸݵĳŮӿȥ 
Ůһ˫ֽؿڣʮָֺ 
һӡѸԻ 
Ůӵͺһȸӡ 
ηӡӭ˵ȥ 
飬һλĽâӦơŹֵķӡӰƲ˥ĳײȥ 
飬顭죬ĵӰһͣȥηӡҲ 
ɳһײȥͷĿĺһ̧һɫ 
һ죬ηӡȻ飬 
ͷĿаϲƷ 
ȻǰһŮͻȻĳǰһֻ˰׵ִһղһķӡԼؿڷӡ 
ͷĿɫ䣬鼱дæ˫ֻؿڣ 
顣һ죬 
ħӱ޴ľϰգɳԶšͨһڵϣ 
ͷĿҲ˵ãܴشȻû̧֧ͷģĺӰƮ 
ħӾֵˣ㡭ǡǡ 
ǲ˼飬һʱȻֻ֪ظ֣ 
Ůӵ㣬Ǹղš 
Ȼһ٣˼ѸװԱߵ񴦡 
ּͻȻİֻͷĿͳĴϢʱ 
ʱպȻһХಡһӰ 
ɽȵĿΧҵħˣĿ⾯Ļһܺλħӣ 
ҵħͷĿʱ΢΢һ 
ʵղŷʲô£˭ǣ 
ħһ𣬽͵һץסɽֱۣѵ죬ģ૵ȸ 
˵һֱͦͦĵȥ 
ɽüͷ΢૵ȸ 
Ȼӷӳһɫӡӡ֮пԿһֻȫԡĴ 
ȸӡɽһ 
ϦաڡĴʥʹţʮǰһսѾȫˣ 
˽֪ȸӡȸļĶŷȴͻأĳΪʲôҪɱġħ̡أС 
ɽأʱջ˼ݲݵĽ⼸󣬱ƽȥ 



һһ 

       ţٴλָ 
İƮƬϿգ뿪޷ɭֱ 
֪˶ãƮһӰŮ飬ɴµ˿ȴɽʧķ 
ﲻ֪ʱһ㱡 
ãŮתĵ̾Ϣ룬Ĵصš 
ģΧŨŮϮȥʱûӰ 
ĴããضΪɫ 
ôôأһ 
ǰüͷ΢΢һ壬˵Ҳ̫µ¶ܲʪϳİɣ 
СʫȻ˵ܣϵʪҲӦڶģ֣ӦòȻɡ 
ӷ𣬡ǵһţ˵Ĳû´Ļ϶ǡаһ󡣡 
ΧȺһʶ͵͵˷ 
ȴͬ˵ĻһС˸ڵл᲻ڡ 
䭿ЩҲסаޣȴһӣ 
ʱȺ֮ǰĳͻȻСģǰж 
СʫһȥĲԶһεĺӰ֣ȺкȻ 
ڵһϢĶǵӰڴֳȣ 
ĿҲڲϵţ 
ڣͣסӣǰһΡʯɽɫʯһֱ죬 
ֱŨŨİסɽΧʯĵʯһֻֻע䡣 
зһλӾ㵵ʵ 
ĵӦòˡ 
˵ԼҲǼ¶ѣΪҲͷһνǰȻ֪һЩҲµѡ 
ôûйػأһʵ 
һۣʦô 
΢΢һЦȻˣͽȥɣˣҲѯһ 
ͷת˵ֵ˼أ 
һӳ֡ǫЦ 
ãĿһŶ׼ȥ͵ϮмĪҪţ 
ڵӷ׷׺ȵǡżܹ⣬ʯȥ 
ʱһͣڶʯƺϣ 
Χɺ޶һЩķһͨɽԼʮɣҲʮɵӡ 
ŶڵⶴдĿޱȣضĶӡ 
ʦ˵ĲСʫüв϶ࡣǻýǡ 
ŵͷתڵǰ棬µм䡣ֶֶϺ󡣡 
䭵ΪΡ 
û⣡˵ȴһ˿졣ûп 
䭴Ӧʹ죬һο 
ã߰ɣкһ 
ּһɫɽĳʯȥһ˷ܵļԵķȲĽȥ 
¡ɮǲһ˿óԼķͬʱһţɮͷ룬 
СʫʱԱߵͻȻʵ̹ʦɺã 
Сʫ΢΢һ㶣ʶʵʶʦ 
һЦȻʦʶˣ 
СʫȻɶ֪Էģʦ䭵Ӷ̳в֪Էĵ 
һˣСʫ΢΢һЦСʫçײˣʦһаãлӹġ 
ίһЦǻǿ߰ɣˡ 
˵Χλӿ첽ǰȥ 
СʫıӰЦһŲҲļӿ 
ʯɲ߶ˣеҲտȻΧʯ࣬ȴǲߣ 
ɫâֲʣ磬ӵرʯۿԿȻѾܾûˣ 
ɽʯʹӨˮ鲻ʱĵʯУ껨δ죬 
֪˶ãǰĵ·һΪȻ֮ǰԤϵһ 
ʵ 
̧׿һݷĺڰƬָ̺һбµʯ˵ȥ߿ɣ˵Ŵͷ˽ȥ 
ͳĽŲľ˳˯ĺڰε·Ҳš 
ھ󣬵вЩסˣǲʱΧе̸ţԴеķơ 
⣬һλӺжͷʯ񣬴ʯлصݣ 
ǵӸ׿ȥеһƽİɫСʯЩʧһӣ 
˰׵СʯһߣԱһ޴ʯ֮ϡ 
⡣һ촫 
ɽͻȻһϸʯ» 
һСġ 
̫ͻȻٵһٻηŶסӣ 
ʱѾȡ֮Ǿ벻 
Ҫţɻ󡣡һ䣬 
ղСʯеʯȻһĶ 
ܿ죬һȻǰμסɽ 
Դִ֫ 
ĿǰȫʯͷɵĹһʱȻȫ 
ʲôһλɫ԰׵ʵ 
Ȼѣ 
ͬʱˮͻȻ˰գ 
ѸٵĻΪһֻˮ͸Ĵ 
¡ʱڣ 
һֻֻˮɫͣڰţ 
һСġ 
䣬޴ʯһŭ𣺡໡ʯΧɪɪ̬֮ 
ڵŻعʱ޴ʯͻȻˣֻ̧ǰһ󲽣 
ˡһ죬 
ʯͣǰ˶ʯۣ͵ĳĻȥ 
䡭ʯһը죬 
߲ʽһӲ֧ 
ʯȴǱһȻû𣬲ڵȴĴ 
һ 
ųֻ̧֣ӳһƥ⣬ɨʯ˵ز 
䡭һը죬ʯм׷ɣʯ˵زһĹ֣ 
ĵӷ׷߸ȳһ볷֣ʯ˹ȥ 
ʱͷˮɫҲʼįһֻֻ£ХƾȻ쳣 
䡭ʯըɫâشܶ 
ʯͷҲ˵ãȻ˺ۣƾȻ䣬޴ֱۻ䣬˸â 
ЩˮǲôͨĽâܽ飬ȴ·޾һ㣬 
ÿһˮữһֻСܶʼڵӷʤ 
ۿһֻˮٴһλƵӺȻջطָצˮĲץȥ 
ͣһ죬ˮĲͻȻ飬ȻĵͷֻˮݺݵĳԼײֵˣ 
顣λӱصˤʯϣ 
СġʱͻȻһ 
λơæ̧ͷֻһֻˮɫͷɷ죬 
ʱˣֻĿ쳯Լüĵ 
ӱĿ̾ʱͻȻһͺȣ 
һ󼱷紵ӣƵ۾ 
ӳһֻˮɫĴϢ͸Ǽֱ͸üģ 
Ҳٶһ룬ʹˣ˿ȴѱڰա 
λơӷ·ûдӰлعһ 
Ȼֻһ죬޴ˮ֧飬һξӨˮȻȥõƵӵĶͷϣ 
ϢѸٵĻȥ˼λĵվԶǱлʦȡ 
º͵һЦÿˣЪŰɣ 
˵Żͷһļλɮ£Ǽλ˫ֺʲһţӷ𣬡 
һսţ 
ǰ֮һɵӲҴ⣬裬ˮɫԶ 
˼λеļ룬ԭһľƣԽˡ 
ʱƣһڵӵıĬĽâȣ 
ÿһܽʯըһ֣úԭ׳ʯͷ˱㡮ݡһȦһ˫ֱҲϵһֻ 
ȻڳΧ˲ͣĹ֮ǰѾвˣ 
ȶ˳Ŀ⾯Ľ䱸ΧԷй֣ 
ʱ¡λֱӳˣ 
˫ֺʲӷ𡣡в֪ʱѶһȦ 
ֻȦһףеһ֡ 
ˡʯʱ󣬽ţ 
ǹȦͻȻɫ֣зˮȥ 
ˮɣȻҲ㲻ֵĴʱȫȦסĻΪˮΡ볾С 
ˮԻȴҲвסֵ 
ʱԵԶͻȻŭĿһžȰĴ֣ͺһơ 
ʱ֮ͻȻһ޴ĽɫƣԶ̧һ 
ɫƳʯ˵ͷȻ£ 
䡭ɽһ죬ʯмâĴ䣬Χĵӷ׷׺ˣ 
䶨ʯмžȻֻǵ͵͵ĴϢʱ



һ ˮ()

       ʱһڵ 
ûˡ 
Χ˷֮ 
˴ϮȻִ٣ȴֻиղһˣֻٵʱԪĹֵƣѣ 
ۼʯͷˡ롮ˮ񡯲ٳ֣ǡ¡λɮҲ׷¶Ȼ֮⣬ 
һǰǼǰ˳ 
ȡĿ˸վһԣ֪Щʲô 
ʦ壬㿴ǻҪҪȥɫ΢׵ʵ 
Χӷ׷״˹Ҳ֮ǰˣ֪滹ʲô֣ 
Ҳüͷ壬ߵǰʵǰѾ̽ʯɽˣ֪һ͵Ϯ滹ʲô谭 
˼Ƭ̣ݱɵӻرһǡˡСġʯˡȹﵹû 
˵Цһ˵ڴϮ󣬺ܿܵرĵط 
รԱߵ۾һǾ˵ûʲô谭ˡ 
΢΢һЦӦġ 
Ҳųֲⷢ 
⵱ȻûܹԤϣ 
˵¡ڵĵطʵʦ˼أ 
ǿԶλʦһۣʲϰҵɨ䲻ħ̡ӰǴȥһáħ̡Ʊػ棬ʱΣҵ֮Ҳ 
ͷһʦҵȲɴ 
䭿ЦһαơǼҲɵ¶֮ɫ 
һиպԱ߸ոתСʫУףСװɨһۣи 
ʱȻ˾ڵӵҶˣпСа񡯵֮Ϊ˷ֹħ̡ȡΣˣҾ롮¡ȡһȡ֮Ͼ֮˭ܻԵɵãҲԼˣ·ΣأϣСΪϣĪҪվ 
˻һڵЦտ׷Ӧͣ 
ǡ 
 
һ߰ɣ 
˵ǰĺڰ̽ȥӷ׷׸ϣ 
СʫȻɻ󣬵ȴֿʲôֻܰ˸˼ 
Ĺâսʢڰһӿŷ׷˱ܣ 
һɵĬĲٽ̸һ˫˫۾Ľ䱸Χһʯһݣ 
ƵĽŲĵĻصţ߳һξǰĳͻȻͣסӣĵһǰȥɻǰȥ 
ޱߵĺڰУһ΢İ׹⵭ˮǿںڰġ 
ʲôһλСĵʵ 
ʧΧûܸ𰸣˽еɽǵ׹⿿ȥ 
ԭͳĺ·ͻȻֵࡣ 
ĹâԽԽΧĺڰ޿ˣ 
ڣݷİӿ׶ɱҲպͣסӣ 
ɫϼΧǰһ΢ʯţΧĶڣ 
˿˿ʱĴȻΧЩʯյ㶼ҲС 
һת΢΢ĵͷ 
Ŀһָ࣬󷨾ǰȻһ㵭Ļɫܹ⣬ֳʯȥ 
ŽǴһƵĻ 
ĵһס۾Ķǵʯš 
ų״򿪣û뵽ⲻʯžȻ˵ĺأ 
ʯһӨ׵̧룬ĵӷ׷ӿ˽ 
һΪʯңΧ֮˶Өɫ飬Ө֮͸Щ֮ɫ 
ʯӳյΰԣ۵ȴΧڲʯܣɫϼ룬 
ȻƯŲɼҷսʯŵĵ̱ǰľסˣһγѵ˹ȥ 
Ȼ紫˵˵ѽ˫Ĵ̹תɽ̾š 
ΧڵҲ׷׸̾һЦ춼ϲ£ˡ 
ʱͷļ˲ûбΧķʱ䭼Ĭһڻ֮ǰ 
лƷ׷ɣһλȫ׵Ĺվڻ֮ϣ˫ִţ񷣬֮Ƣ 
Сʫʵʦ壬⻭˾Ǵ˵еġа񡯣 
΢΢ĵ˵ͷӦþˣֻ봫ȴЩƫ˵Ųɵüͷ΢塣 
˫ֺʲʩ˵Ĳвġа񡯲ûףҡ 
˵һܣüͷҲ 
̾һʦһЩֻһΪƷУӦǡаȴǡ 
˵ָһԱλϲĵӣ 
֮ǰλֵǱɽûɽһƯڰգҸʯһԣǱֶ˵ӣҲּһˣȴû뵽Լ߶Ȼ޷ӳ֮ʱŷһɶõ 
ôһ˵ΧļλĵӺΧ˹ 
Աߵ¶ɫʯʱΧ㶥⣬ְӣҲͲôȥˣ 
ԣĻ֮ҲɵĴ˹ȥ 



һ ˮ()

       ʦ塭λƵӹĽռ𵽵ıе˹ȥ 
΢΢һЦ໪治 
˵Ŵλ໪ĵнӹɽǰ 
һʽͨĳʵ޻޳Ľ⼣߲һۿȥ֮Щ֮С 
ҹ۲ţɫָֻΪĴӽĨ˹ȥ 
Χһͺ 
һտɫɽУ޳Ľб̲תˮ 
ý̾һ 
΢΢һЦĿͣںȻͣ˽֮¡ 
ˮһԪӿˮͻȻⱩǣһʱȻʯеĹâڸǣ 
ˮ֮У֮ɭȻ 
ΧĿ⾪㵵Ŵ죬һʱȻ˵Ҳסˣɫ΢΢һ䡣 
ܿ죬ջˮָƽ 
ýѽ̾һ 
Žɽݵ໪С˽ΪСеˮ֮ǿͨˮʹõõڸһķâУĪɽ֡ 
໪ɫһлʦ̻壬һ 
ʱǺЦϲٵһѽ 
п⣬һЦʦԹˡ 
عĵӷ׷¶Ľ֮ɫ 
Ȼһλʵⷨǡ 
û´ЩǡаǧԼܲһ㣬ȻȲҲǲˣ 
ʱΧͻȻһ죬ͣ͵ת 
ֻղŰڷŷʯͻȻһ̼仯ΪһŰɫܧۣϣ 
ͬʱǷǽϵģǸ׵кһƵɫûͷʯ֮С 
һȴû˷֣Ϊ˵Ŀⶼͣһӵϣ 
ǡơط塯ӣͣʱ𾪣һɫɽ 
 
ͣղʲôȵͬʱĿ⾯ɨΧԷͻϮ 
ɫŵĺҵ£Ҹոս⽣͡͡ˡ˵æеɽڵϣһƬɷס 
ԭղΧһʱȻǽŴһɽƯ˷ܵĽɽȡûȴû뵽ոɽʱ㷢˸ղһĻ 
˹ľĪ˵ʹδҲǾһ亹 
ӷ𡣡üͷһţղ³ͻȻλʩҲģڷʯܳ趼ŹأҿǻǼ뿪ĺá 
͸мͷüͷȻˣǿЩ뿪ɣ 
ڵӸ飬һĬٵ·ȥʱһ߳⡣ 
쳤һⶴѹֵĽȫˣ 
Χĵӷ׷չЦտȻ˴ջСеļλɮҲ΢Ц 
ʦ壬ܾʯЩԾСʫ 
üͷһʦֶʲôˣ 
СʫɵȲ˵ⶴеĹŹ֣Һܺ棬⡮аΪʲôҪ鷳Ľɢʯɽ֮УĿʲôأС 
ͻȻ⡮аʮ֮ףΪ˹Ź֣ʽϲöһ֮䣬κѽ֮ҲȻҲֻܵǵƶ֮ܿ 
˵̾һŵʵеʱĸֲ࣬ԤС 
ʲôСʫһǲ硭 
С 
ȻҡͷЦֻǸоѣ档 
 
ˣ²Ҫᣬǹˡ΢΢һᣬ 
Сʫ̾һ㲻˵ 
ʱЦǺǵ˹ʦ壬ǳɣʦſѰʯɽأ 
пɬЩվԼѽŶãղŵΣձ㱻ɸɾ 
ûгԵͷǲᶮáնĸֵģ 
ҡҡͷ𷨱Զĵӷȥ 
ʦ塭ʦ塭Χĵӷ׷ǰ 
˵ͷߵ䭼ʵλʲôõ𣿡 
䭺Цҹⶴй׿ƣȴǿиɣΪ壬ȥδӻֵ˼ɣҸųʶС 
΢΢ЩȻЦЦ˵̫ǫµӺ޹أּЦˡ 
˵ĿѯʵĿǣ٢𡱣˫ֺʲħδټҵȻΧд̽һɣʱҡ¡롮šǿԮһҵ·ɳֱ룬ħ̱ضϲ١ 
˵΢΢һ٣֣ǱҪȷ򣬲ʧУһҪħˣΪ⣬ⲻ⡣ 



һ 뿪

       ǻһ䣬䭺ȻһЦλģҡȡȦʮֻ۵񡯣ֺ۵ĿǿԶԶܱ⣬񡣾Ҳܿ巽Բ 
˵Ŷָۣһ 
塣һ˿ȥʱŨ֮ͻȻһ 
¡ܿΧһ󼱴ٵķ 
]ӷ׷׵ѭȥлӰһһֻģɫСչͣ䭵ļϣ 
ڵȥСȻĿͫѪĿ·ܹ͸˲ұӡ 
¹ε๣Ҳݣǲ 
΢ЦḧСı𣬵⡮۵Ѳӣһ֡ħ̡ǼӦǲĿʮɣҪأԷҲʦΪΣ 
˵һԱߵǡ 
ˣǾٺòˣ˫ֺʲ 
ͷ̽ɣ 
Χ˷ܵӦǡǡ 
е̾һ𷨱ǰȥ 
¡䭼Ҳ׷׸ȥ 
ɽ 
ƺ֮ϵġУλɫ£ҹףɫ࣬ 
һλۻĵվƫһԣӷϿԿ˷ȵӡ 
ڣҹһ̾ˣʦкο 
ϼ߿ħ̫ծվҪֻȥҽɳоӣ̸ϸƽͬΧħ̡λʦ֣˵أ 
˵ɨһ 
鼸˲ɵüͷ΢壬ħսթ˴͵Ϯеӣ϶Ԥıǰȥַ϶Ҳ֮Уԡ 
ϼͻȻѵҪû 
Ŀһ΢΢Щŭ⣬ʦܣ㼱ͷ˰ɣû˵ַǵΪ֮ĪҪص 
塯δʳʦ˵ò»ϸá 
ʱһԵλȡͻȻħ̡Ѿ롮ƽǱǳ֮ǰΪѽλǰɵÿߡ 
ʱط塯Ȼʵ˵ҡơڡƽһСħϮ 
ɫһʱڹɵӵľƲ춾˲Ż⣬ħɥȻС丽һ档ҲǴӳ֮µвűϳģ֪ȻŭһϸƽҪһٸԼɵ¸ɮ֮顣 
˵ĵͷаЦȻǻţǲԶˡ 
รĿһɣô֡¡ɮģ 
Ӳ˵յϢ˵ɽ롮¡һǰҹУȻǰȥӭʱͻȻıʣʮԡ 
вʵٴʵ㡭 
ˡҹһ˿죬ĵ̸̸ʦܵĿɣ 
鰵̾һҾһеʦ 
ҹ˵ͷĿɨһԱߵ½ѩ˲˵վ 
˴ħϮӲ֣֮ŵҲж˵ΣѷٶھҲȻοǵ֮ɣ˵Ȼһᣬ 
һһɫţҹ׷塯塯С塯еӼճƽ·ͬһַħ̣Ҫһٸ𡣡 
껡δ½ѩҾּ 
鼱ţҡ 
аţҹһɨ粽߳ 
˰㣬ϢһšһƬȻߺޣ׷ǰƽнħһµĵ˼ 
ڲݣʱƽĵĳַһʯɽ 
ɫʯھӸ£ƣڵ۹ȵĿЩֲʯϵɽ 
·ѾһѷԼһ㡣 
ʦ壬ǽȥɡ춯˶˵ 
еСһ㡣 
ɫϲӦǡ 
˳˿ȥ 
֣Ҳһȥɣк 
ã䭺ЦӦһ˿Բ 
һΪʯǸ޼һվڶڣȻһ΢紵 
üͷһ壬䣬ƽ֮ѽ 
Աߵ䭺ǺһЦﶴѨۣ֮ͨҲΪѽ 
Χӷ׷׸ͣǡ 
˵Ĳ 
 
ЩѿһۻֹƵӣʦĵûǻСΪϡ 
˵ųԱߵĵӺȵɷУƽ 
ʦ嶯ŭڵӲҶԣɿɶγȥͷ䭼˵Ҳȥɣ 
ӷ𡣡˫ֺʲ΢Цʩ룡 
ڼת֮ͻȻһƿգಡ 
͵ת䭼ٶҲһĽ䱸š 
Ũһֳһλ̻Ů 
ʦá䭾һ 
ŮȻһЦʦֿҺѽ 
䭲źۼһ۳ʵʲô𣿡 
ЦʦҪ»ȥ 
รüͷ΢壬 
ʱԱͻȻһȻæǾͲˣ߹˵ 
䭳ɵǡ 
־ͲصˡЦôУʱҲԭ· 
һɣ̷عУ鲻ϻأѲϤĵӹɣʱƾ۵Ҳܹҵǡ 
׵á 
䭳˱ֵǡ 
תȥ 
ҽȥɣһ䭶ʧķк 
ת׼ȻһӰͣԭ 
ʦôˣʵ 
ǵ̾һҡҡͷǶǣټ٣˴Ρƽѽ 
ɫ΢䣺ʦʲô𣿡 
ҡҡͷתӣԸҶ˰ɣ 
Сʫɫصĵʦ塭 
ִ̧ס鿴ʯ̷ؽ⡣ 
ǣʦ塣Сʫüһ档 



һ Ϯ

       ʦãҵʲô£֮üͷʵ 
ͣסӵʦ˵ƻб䣬ħ̡ȫаš롮¡ӣʦ㻹ǲҪ̫籩¶ĺã塯֮ȱ֣ʦҪ㼰عȣ֣ǣħ̣̫ġ 
˵üͷЩ 
ɻĿһۣʵʦãôˣ 
ʱȻתӣһץס䭵˫ۣȻ˵ʦ֣Һ£ʦ˹עһΪУһʧ 
Ŀһ䣬ô֪ģ 
Цһѵ˽׶Σٲ֪ǲˡ 
˼˵µӶ֪ˣɭȻʵ 
΢΢Щʧ񣬷·ûע⵽䭵ɫĵǵܣֻħ̡ҹк󣬵˻ˣֻôҲ뵽ɻᡭ 
˵ͻȻĿĿ䭣ʦ֣硭ְ߰ɣšСɽ󡯣ǶģߵһûҵõǵĵطȥӰ룬˫˫ϡ 
оȣȴû뵽ԼԵʦöԼˣ 
̱ѹŶ˫֣Ŀ˸ĵʦãղ˵ĻҵûˣǻȥɣҪʦõˡ 
˵𡮾ߡɿãã֮У 
 
ã̾һͣ 
ǰλԼʦˣԭΪʦҲԼֱԼʦϲһˣ 
½ѩǸɽһŮӣ 
ʱԼĸоĽжһ˿ʣ 
У½ѩ䲻Լʦ֣ʵҲ֤ǸŮһ㶼ûС۹⡯ 
ķԼʦѾ޿ɾҩİǸŮˣԼİĵףֻʦˣ 
ѾеԼ˵ϣʦһ˫ɣ 
ʧˣĵĿֻоԼ˺еһƬۣ¼ȴ޿ 
ʦ֣Ϊʲôʵĵһ 
صİӿۿףίˮӨӨ£֪˶ãŨ֮Ĵһ˵ĵ 
ţ䳹ǣڰ 
Ѿ߹һʯˣһʯɽҲǲ࣬ͬϢɭ࣬ 
ԽȺյԵʵ߳Զˣ 
üһӦÿ쵽ɽϮĵطˡ 
˵ɨһԱ¼ˣʦأ 
ǵ˵ͷӦòԶˣ 
˻һԱͻȻСʫľʦ壬 
Ⱥһʶڵȥɫâ䣬ԼĿԶʯоȻһƬǼ 
޴ʯ䣬Ȼһ򶷣 
ڳˣٵӵ̾һͷɥӣ 
һǶڵӵѾħ̡֮ǻͷ㣬߰ɣ 
һ䣬ڰͻȻһߣߣ 
ɫ䣺Сġ 
δ䣬ΧʯХ֮಻ڵţڳָ£æһΣɫֻ 
ͬʱΧĺڰм㰵֣ڤ𣬴Ѫ֮⣬ȥ 
ηҡơ֮·ֽһ 
ڰСЦơѽϧȶڴˡ 
ڰУһСµͷ˳һɫȣȵĶǶһѪɫã۶֮ĵȼŹϢ 
ɬħ 
ʱڰͻȻһЦ 
ơС۹ⲻһλīֳȵߴ߳ 
а档Ȼ̾һԤıˣ 
аչȣúʱˣ 
ڵһɫ䣬˫ 
ѵҪң˵źȻ˫Ŀһֻɫ͵ĳʯشȥ 
ꡣһ죬ıû 
һʡ 
¡¡ʯһ 
һصʯڰεض˲佫öǷĶڶ¸ʵʵ 
ȴ˵֮һȴ֮Ϧδʡƻ䡯֮ƾؽδˣ֮ϣ˵ܱȼߣ 
һжʯ֮䣬ȳվʱڵӷ·δع 
顭ʯ֮һ죬 
ȵߣŵһ˳һȥ 
ѹĵӷ׷׿첽ϣΧķ죬ͷ麹ļţ 
ʱǰĺڰѪӰһ 
СġǵͺһкȻʢ 
һӣ׵ĵ͵Ϯ֮ 
ʱͻȻһҽС 
ת׿ȥ⻪˸֮ħѾ׷ 
ߡһֻǲϵĴ顱죬Ȼ󷽵ĵѱס 
һ̾ 
Ŷԡ¡˵ߣ 
ſһԱߵСʫҲߡ 
˵ɽȥ 
ӵĴȷΣǽֵϦħĵӣǸиȴã 
һλǡͫϴ󣬴ʱֻ޴ѪͫಡĲһɷ⣬ 
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ǽһתĬĬĿ򶴿ڣã³֣࣬ı죡 
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       ʦ壬㿴쿴ŰƯħˣɵɫһ䣡 
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ܷ˫ȭȻĳԱߵ¥ȥ 



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ɽһڡƽûͷûԵѰţκΡƽʵǿޱȣҴܣûһӰ 
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ΧɰããΧɰããһƬţ˷ţ 
ȥɲǰ취ѽɽа 
ΧͬһɫʱûɵķһС 
ĿʱǰнԻһӰ 
ɽʱвɵһϲ 
ǰһʯɽˡ˼ţ 
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ɽ˶𷨱еһɽͶȥ 
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šħ顯Ө֮⣬Сĵĳ̽ȥ 
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Ԥʾźڰʲôڼս֮С 
ɽһƽ 
ĿԶĺڰĿⲨ 
ڰɻˣ 
Ųϵ룬ڰĴһƵը죬 
ȻԶɽܸоõսļңΪδͣ¹ 
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أҲĲš 
ɽ˶񣬽ŲӿĳôԴͷȥ 
Ϊ֮ǰȻʯ壬δϮжԡаĻطǷǳģ 
䡭޴ըϴ 
ɽĿһ࣬Զĺڰ˸޺ϴ 
мŲŭ߸֮˲ûããľ޺֮УȻѾ޸Χסˡ 
ɽһħ顯Уֻһ壬ʸһȥ 
𣬡һֻȫԡĹȷδʱ 
ҹһâ˲ͷ­֮ϣᴩ 
飬һ죬޺Ȼأ˶СֳһСɵĺɫʯֻʯһҵѷΡ 
ʱΧĹ޷·ҲӦʲôһ㣬׷׵תΣŰâɶȥ 
һֻһʯͷˣ 
ֻŭһ𡭡 
Ǿ޴ֱۣŰ׹̩Ȼѹȥ 
ɽβСħ顯һͻȻ׹Ⱪǣ˲һ޶ܣ 
ӭʯ۷ײȥ 
䡭ʯͷ˵ɶȥ 
޴նΪأֻ͸ֱײܧۣſС 
ĹȴǷֺδͣ٣һֻֻХɽƾȻΪ 
ܵһֻʯͷʱɽȻ󶨣 
ŷӿĸֹޣֵռӣ 
һɫ̫ͼǰһƣ 
̫ͼȻǣڶסͼĵĺڰ˫ת˻֮졣 
 
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ʱڶֻֻѸٵĽɫ̫ͼײȥ 
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Щ޷һӴɫͼ㱻ĪɢޣֻЩʯͷ쳣ǿһ֮ڡ 
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Ȼȱ˴룬Ѹٵվ̫ͼٴηײȥ 
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ʱƣɽĸеЩˣɫİͼҲڲϵڲţ 
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㳷̫֡ʱʯȻ죬 
ɫ֣ΧĹ޷׷ɽһϲѾʼˣ 
Ȼ̣ΧĹ𽥼٣ʱԿӰ 
ɽȻȥ֣ 
ħ顯׹ʢӳɱȥСֹĹ޷׷߽⣬ 
ɽоȣ֪ʲôΧȻйγɣ 
䡭һ죬һֻ޵ز 
ʯ̳֮Ǽһأ 
ģ䣬صĴϢҲƽ 
еɻǰ꣬ɽ΢ղ֮ 
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һ뵽ɽϱЩڣ˴Ҫ£鷳 
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Ϸ廴šãλСֵܸմѽһλ΢Ц˵ 
ɽһ࣬Ҫ˵ʱ 
ǰͻȻһ 
㣿Ȼûɽһȥһλ߻µȵĿԼ 
˺ȻɽڡСġ廴šӵ˳ʱоƷԼ 
ڡᡯ϶ԼҲǰ⣬û뵽Ȼˣǡ 
ɽпҲ 
ʶʵ 
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ɽĿһ۶еˣתȥ֪ԼֱҲȻã 
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ݵƽ󣬶ͻȻһܻ 
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ʼһƽҲڣҲڣڡ 
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պʯɽĵĶڴ 
ո߳ڵĵ˳ȳΧӣ 
ֻǰһһֱ˶ 
æ̧ͷɫৡһ±òҰף 
ԭһ޴׹Լڶ 
ܡʧŵһѸٵĳȥ 
Χĵӻδعֻ䡱һ죬Щֱӱľ˦˽ȥ 



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       ɽصĺһ΢΢Щף 
һʹ˽Ǻܲˣ 
ڵõʱѾʼģһʽˣ 
ϡƵԼССеġ¶ܡһһʽ 
ԡסΪ̫Ϊܣ¡֮жΪһ¯ 
ҲΪ޴жã׾ǺԼˣȴкܶã 
ǾǼûСסҲܽԷĹⲢۻȥ 
е㡮Ա֮֮˼ 
ǰĿ鴯ʯɽһ 
ú侲һ°ɣһվ 
𡮷ħ顯ƽ̽ȥ 
ղŵһ磬Ȼܹ࣬оõɽҲǶΪʧ 
ΪİŮӻħˣҲûɱһˣ֤ûʧңֻ˵ĳѾΣ 
Ҳһ˵ġ 
߾Ͳջ˼Щεţ 
˻ħˣǵĿĶڡа񡯵Ķƶ 
ҲֻҪԼһͿ϶ܵȵȻԼҲ֪ƶ 
϶ڡƽԼֻҪ򲻴ҵ 
һˣд󶨣¡ħ顯׹ͻٵǰȥ 
֪˶ãΧİŨ 
ŵǳĻɫɽ΢΢һ 
üͷɵ΢΢һ壬 
ָǰһ㵭Ө⽣֣ס 
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ɽСĵĽ䱸ΧȻǡƽû֪ʲô顣Ϊа񡯱ǹϵһˡ 
﷭ɾͻˣа˼ţ 
ٶȻǰȥ֪˶ԶɽȻͣסӣۿȥΧȻǰɵһƬ 
һ񣬱ᷢЩ飬飬顭ŨһƵĺ죬 
ǲϸֱ磬ΪԼ 
ɽĿһСĵٻءħ顯Դ֮ȥ 
ʱɽķΧŨ·ıϡըҲԽǿˣ 
ɽɻ󣬡һϮʯڣȻڶ⣬ѵ 
Ŀǰȥ 
ġŨ֮еֳһ޴ĺӰ 
ӰΧʱһâ顯Ҳˣ 
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ĽסٻΧˮãһʱ䵹ҲԿ滹һˣ 
ɴˣɽҲڽսУ 
һ֮ǰĸΪ޴һʯ壬ɫʯ̽һ޴ִ 
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ʱȻ̶ХƾȻ쳣 
ʯɲͣķɳʽһֻֻХյһ˵ȡ 
֮ӿĹƣеҲʾһɨȥ 
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˷׷䱸ռˡ֮ţŲ֮µҲ磬 
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顭һ죬 
ʯͷǰһҪŭʱͻȻһ 
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ʯͷһ죬 
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˵ųԶĵط졣 
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ֳֻһɫĹƣâۣ֮ɷۣνǵңһʱ 
ʦѽɽ̾ʵˣ㲻˵ûô⻰ʦ˵ѽ 
ǰһ䣬ʯͷһͦɵʱļϿСʦ˵ЩصĹʦгˣЩֻǡǾһˣ 
ŶɽζӦһ䣡 
ʯͷСøұܣһʱҶû¶ҿǺģ˵ɽļ򣬾ȻҲмֳζ 



һһʮ 跨

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ʯͷֿ͹һЦã»ǡ 
˵ȻͣסСĵĿ˿ΧС»ȥʹһ 
˵ЦһˣӼɽȷ˲٣ 
ãһ㵽סɽˬĴӦ 
˵Ѿ˳˼ʮɣЩ޿κΣһ߰˻ȥһʯһˡ 
էһȥ˭벻Щεε٣ȻѪݡ 
ЩʲôѽѲ 
ѽ 
ֺͣΧһ۷׷ס 
ףλ˭һλ˷ɽɵʵ 
ʱʯͷһЦλҲķʿɢˣС־ǰҲΪսλɷġ 
Χ˵˵ͷͶѺõɽҲ΢Цŵ˵ͷĿɻĿߵĴУ 
ĿƿʯͷЩɵɢޣǴһѰģʦҲ˽ȥ 
Сɣлͦġ 
ɽһɣûʶԼãҪĵķ㣬żΪ㡣 
˿Χʵôûʦֵأ 
ʯͷһ㶣źǺһЦΪŵѸᵽأҡš˶ҸʦߡҶˣ 
ɽ΢΢һ 
ʯͷһͻȻ 
عɽתһݸͷĿҲ˹ 
ɽͷһҪ㣡 
ʯͷͷɽһۣӦǡǱȥ 
ɽ㷣ɫ糣ȥ۷ʵעȴһֱʯͷǱߣ 
ʱʯͷԴ˹ 
ôʦ𣿡ɽһ۴ߵʵ 
ʯͷˡ 
ɽд󾪣 
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ʯͷͻȻ̾ʦ֪ҺȾƵˣ 
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ûУʯͷɾ˵ 
ɽû˵һֱü 
ʯͷģģԴҾ벻ͨʦ˼ô֪ģ 
ɽ˫һûȥ 
߿߶Ը𣿡Ƕʮλɢһ뿴ߡ 
ߵ̾һţЩٸ֪δȴɱɱҵǿн룬ضҲǻأðȻʱܵУƱٲѽ 
˵òɢһλӵ˵ͷ϶Ҳֻ֣ܲΪӪһ߻ᣡ 
ҪôЩѲأһλɢʵ 
ѽѽ 
 
Χɢ޷׷׸ͣ 
ߡ롮ӡһ۶ǳü˵ 
ʱΧɢҲİﴧ˼ӦԵǰ棬 
Щ˵еȷͣáơֵĻӦڡŲ㡯롮㡯ľˣšһɣȻ 
ɣԵķ֮ԼҲͱΪ߰ˣ浱ǰ 
ǵܹЭƲʯɽһȺ˺ܾܿҪɢˡ 
ʱмĿ˸Ĵˣϴŵ֮ᷳɫȻǲʲôˣ 
ʱһȻ 
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รֵѿʲôˣ΢ЦĿλռɢޣ 
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üͷɵѵǡ 
ɽ϶֮п϶ű꣬ҿ϶ǲȱģ 
ȱġһλɢ 
Ȼȫ϶ϲŭ֣Ҳ׿ƣֻвȱŻĳЩܵ£繥 
Χɢ޾۾һ 



һһʮ 

       Χɢ޾۾һ 
һλǰһʵڸôأ 
ɽЩԪ顯ʧȻǿдһ꣬϶ڵȫǺϣǿо϶һĪԹǿԽЩȱ곬죬߽Ƕɱ 
ɽŵͣҺƿؾ棬˶ĲлһӵҲԵֵ 
ΧɢĬĬĵͷ 
ȣӵһ 
ĿⲻɵĿԵġšߡ 
ҡš֧۷֮ȻȲ¡ 
٩٩˵·źԸͬһҲǡնָߵ͹з顣} 
˵ʯͷһۣ 
รͷӦһ˹ȥ 
ʱߡȻתͷɽһۣŻعȥһĬվ 
˵Լ˫ֺʲҲı۾ 
 
͵͵һƽ˵ָȻţ 
׷׺ˣΧ·ǧɮһͬһ㣬ߡŨüҲһĽâһۿȥҲׯޱȣ 
ΧĽҲԽҫһ糱ˮʯɽȥ֮ǰĽⲻͬЩ˼ɱƾ˼ִȱ 
ʱʯ֮ϺȻһ죬 
ɽȥҫ۵Ľâ棬Щ̽ʯ֮ϵ·ںʲô 
סԱȥһЩᷢ˻ 
â֮׷˱ܣ 
ƶȴƶˣΪǻδ 
ʱʯϾȻŲһյ¶ɫʯ 
ʱЩѾ޿ˣһִٸɲͣĽһʹŤһţ 
ˡ 
ʢң 
˷·ڷҵһ㣬ɽҲķϵı͡ 
棬ЩɫûããĽ֮У 
ЩƵ岢ûз 
෴ǣЩԽıˣһ𣬲ϳΧκεĶ 
ͬʱĸðһƺɫ壬Ƭ̼ʧڽɫķС 
໥Ĺ٣һɢ޷׷¶Ȼ֮ɫ 
ôû뵽ЩѲĹȻô׵ıˣɽĿ⣬ҲѺã 
ʱɽҲǸ̾ѣȵǡа񡯾Ȼκζ޴Ļع 
µһ˹Ȼ鴫ѽﰵţ 
Ȼа񡯾ܶ꣬ƳɿΥͣɽóЩ궼ͶĻǣȻΪʲôʮ飬 
ֵĶУȡиʲô 
ʱʯϵµķӳԭ 
һٴ˻ȥһƬ̵ĵ̺ 
ͬʱЩĸȻֳһɫĹӰһڶ 
С֮εģҲС㡯ȵȡ 
ЩвֵĹޣһǣЩӰһնľȻӡ 
ģΧƮĹӰԽԽ࣬ߡʯͷҲǴˣ 
Ž⣬ЩӰϰգʧ 
֮ʱΧֹɫĽⶸȻһգ 
ʪĿкȻֻصĴϢ˷ 
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Χɢ޷׷׾ѹΧ߶ʦͽ 
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ɽЦһû뵽лзѽ 
ʯͷһߣСӣҳԡʲô 
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ɽһ㶣ɵ˵仰𣿡 
ʯͷһԻ˵˵ 
ɽһϣ´ʯͷһҡҡͷ̾ˣûѽ 
ʯͷЩȻʲôûѽ 
ɽһ࣬Ի˵˵ 
ѸٵԱȥ 
㡭ʯͷָıӰȻЦ 
ߣ㿴һô죿ΧɢʵղšߡĳӮһɢǵ𾴣 
Ϻз¶ĺ飬ǽȥɣ 
ҿǻϢƬ̰ɣȺһ˳ 
߿һۣĪַģ󰭣ֻˣ 
Īεĵ˵ͷðɣһ·Сĵ㣬 
ߣ˵żһ͸ĵɫɽ˿˿亮ΧӶȥ 
ֻһ䣬ƽȵĳȥ 
ɢҲ׷׸ϣɽʯͷ棬 
ԽԽɢǶһĿĶЩ͵ҶͻȻˣ 
ԤϵЩѾûԪ飬ǻϼҲܳˡ 
һڶ֮ǰ 
ӿһӲֳͣɽĳ̽ȥ 
һ·ûħˣɽȻʵ 
ûСʯͷ˵ 
źʵϴ㲻ȥ׷Ǽλħ̡ѵǸˣ 
ɽûУǱɱˣһ 
รʯͷһʶʵ˭ɱǣ 
ɽɫЩӣƬ̳ɵˡȸӡġ 
ȸӡʯͷüͷȻ͵һţȻϦաħ̡ڡʹСȸļĶѽ𣿡 
ʯͷȹʵ 
ɽüͷ˵Ҳ̫Ҳῴǿ϶ȸӡ 
ҡͷЩȷһߣһ·ûħ𣿡 
û֣ʯͷ϶˵ 
ɽüͷһ壬 
ʱǰͻȻߵλСĵ㣬Ҫ 
ɽһΣ 
һһɣ˼ţأԶ˶ʯͷһ볯ʯȥ 



һһʮ 

       һʮֿɽʯƽ 
Щʯصӣʯ̦֮鲼ȪᴹȻ֮С 
һȴᣬǸշݽĽ䱸Χ 
ɢѾʯɽˣЩСɽ۵Ķǵȴ˺ 
ΧյĸȾδɽϮɽʶııС 
ĶмžȻɫâʯӳյ磬 
Ųϵ룬ΧʯĳһЩֵĵƣһһԶĺڰ 
ͼǻѶ 
ʲộһλɢ޵ʵ 
Χ˷׷ͣסӣһ¶ɻı飬 
ɽʱȴΪǰĵƺȻڡ¡֮Щƿ֣ 
Ȼȫһֱܻܷóĵ̿϶ 
Ȼһĸоȴ˵ 
Щֺ̫֣λĪӻ˵ 
Χɢһʶ 
ߡʵĪܿģ 
ӿЦһûУֻǰһЩˡ 
ΧһʱȻ֪ôźˣ 
ʱߡȻ߰ɣȻˣǾͽȥɣ 
˵ŵһǰȥ 
Χɫһղȥ 
ɽȴأһгأ·Ī 
Զæʯͷ˹ȥ 
ڰȻĵţտʯŵѹָУ 
ӵĵƾԶǳԵĹз·ҲһĪǰȥ 
֪˶ԶԶĺڰв֪ʱһɫӨԣ 
ɢ޵Ϸ׷¶ϲ֮飬粻´ӦþűĵطˣĬĬš 
ܹ˳ĵǡߡҲһ 
˵Ŀ⼯ǵɫĹ⻪ʱʯӵĵҲպõ˾ͷ 
һڵĹ֣һԲΣ붴·ʲô˿һ㣬 
һϸܵĵϪˮһ㼯ڹ֮У 
˵ĽŲһƳԶõڻţһֻһֱƵɽˡ 
û뵽˳ĵȺһλ˫۷˵ 
ſ첽׹ȥҪ̤ʱ 
ɽɫ䣺Сģһ 
ΪʱҲУλȻĴǰûͣ£ 
顣žʯкһ죬 
ɫӰ͵ĵɶأ˻δعʱǵӰѾӹ˵ͷصںʯϣ 
һˡ 
Сģŭһйƽţ 
ɽһ˲λɵɢԣ 
ӳһλ߿Ѫؿڶȥӣ 
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ˣɽصվ 
ˡৡһɫ䣬 
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ֱ˿̣ǲŷƽĵͻأһĹ֣ʱ·ʲôһ㣬 
֮е㼤һɫĹ 
ֹϣ붴ҲһɫĹܿһ޴ɫϣǰ 
ɱֱ֮˶ 
ͬʱĹ֮вͣһɫҺ壬ЩǳԵĵС 
ѸٵʯĳӶȥ 
ߡɫͻ䣬һˡ 
ۡδ䣬ԱߵʯͻȻһֻĴ֣ 
˺ݺݵɨ 
׵ɽʯͷɽͫһҪʱ 
ԱͻȻһȣ 
߾ŶнⱩǣֻʯͷŭĿԲ 
ץɷֺֻݺݵȥ 
䡣һ죬̷飬 
ʯͷҲΪ֮һ٣ 
һ֮ͣ䣬ԶʯȻһ޺ 
໡Χʯ΢΢һ 
˷׷ͣסӣû˵ 
һ󣬶ʮΧһȦĿȻĽ䱸Χ 
·ǰж½أΧ鲼 
Ҳֻƴһսˡ 
ԽԽǿҵĲ˵Ҳǳ˹ȵף 
𡭡ڰһ 
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飬飬顭ÿһŲضݺݵĲһ£ 
·һѰشݺݵûڳÿһ˵顣 
顭һ 
ֹͣ˲ȴͬʱһ 
ۿȥԶʯкڰ裬ͳжâأ 
໡һ 
ֻöĤۣԴ죬ͬʱغݺݵһһӰͻȻǰ 
֮£˲Լͬĵһһɫ׵ĿǰȻ 
һֻʲôĹޣʮɣסʯ 
ͷʨ˫ȫ۴ף 
ȴŰ飬ÿ̤һƮɣ 
֮Σȴ֮֮ʢ 
ƣѹˣ 
˿ɽȴǾȶ 
Ϊֻ롢¡ʮֻеһֻΪƣ 
ɽԿǣֻȻΣΪϸ΢ĵطкܴĲģ 
ϵĿܣݸǾˣĪ˵Σǰܣɽûսʤ֮ȼֱǡС׼ˡ 
ߡˮͺһ򶨣񣡡 
һֻ˫Уһ㵭Ľɫֵǰ 
˵Ǽɢޣߡһѣָ̻ƽ 
һɫâͬʱ 
ǰĶͻȻˣֻ˫һ񣬺ſѪ죬ҧȥ 
飡ɫĻӦ 
ٶȲĳԷҧȥߡɫ΢䣬 
ֻ͵һ壬ˣͬʱдȵӲ 
һæȥܣһĴɢ 



һһʮ

       һҧδУ 
һ໡ 
ʯ֮з·ըһףոշϰյһλɢһϣһľȻ 
Ƭ֮䣬һžҧ 
Сġɽһ 
ɢһҡĿ˲ȴѾˣ 
ͣ 
һһĲҽд˿ȥ 
ѪڣػӰȻ䡣 
ʯͷһСɷţ 
Ŷ޵ľͷմ¡ 
Ҫ֮ʱζ͵ĳſ죬 
ꡣʯͷһϣǶ޾Ȼɷȡһҧסʯͷ֮æˡ 
޾ͷһΣ³磬ʯͷɱȥ 
ſ϶Χɢ޷׷һĽâХųȥ 
䣬䣬䡭ը 
һɢ޾㵵ķֽâ֮Ȼֻۼһǳɫ˺ۣҵɴ˼޵ 
໡ȥʯͷ̵תΣ˶ĵطȥ 
ɢæܣκ޵ʵھ޴ԭʯҲЩӵˣ 
üλɢ̼޿ڣ˫Ŀͨ첻ٲ׾ÿһȫ 
ʲôѽһ˲ӺǿҪˡ 
 
Χȴû˵ûٸ׷ˡ 
ʱλĪӺȻеĺޡʨ˫ᣬȴû˼Ҳľˡ 
䡭ΧͻȻһ죬 
ֻĹ޺һģһʯںȻײȥؿȴѪģȻ˲ᡣ 
ȥâһӰˣɽ 
ԭղö֮ʱѣûƬؿڣȻһУԼҲ֮˵ֱۣ 
˶֮ǿҲǴԼѽɽɫ԰׵İţ 
û°ɣʯͷ˹ 
ɽҡҡͷû¡ 
תͷĪڡħ־졯֪İɣԭСⲻӦǡаĿܰˡ 
ĪЩȻʱżáħ־졪ƪ 
Ȼ䱦Ҷȴû뵽ǰһۿƣҲǰ棬ɵĶ࿴ɽһۡ 
ڴʱ˵ġһŭ 
ֻ˫һ񣬶кĿܡ㳯ɽ˳ȥ 
˼ѷܹˡ 
ΧΪ֮ɫڡ־ǣǳŸո͵Ϯҧȥ 
ɽĿһ˫ֳһϣĺʢ˲ûӣͬʱǡľҲպҧ 
Χ˰֮̾ʱϵǺвûѪ 
ʱߵĴߵͺһ 
ֳֹһ͵ϲȥ 
ͣɫĹӰضû 
ơһϺȣ 
¡Բ֮ڵʯͻȻȥ 
ǸɫĹƺĺɣԾ𣬳Ȼ£ 
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ŭ˻͵һʯ֮С 
ͬʱΧ˷׷׾һʧѸٵʩչұ 
ಡƿ֮ڶ 
һĽâ£ 
ͬʱһԵʯͷһ 
Ҳʩչšɷȷ 
Χʵٴݡ 
¡¡¡첻ϴ 
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顭һѾ޴ͷ 
ءһ˻˫ͻȻһۣ¡һȥ 
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֮ɽĿһ䣬зã 
ħ顯һХİ׹ʢ 
ǣӨĹâγ֮״ɱֱ֮˶ȥ 
Χ˾ȵˣǾ㵵ĿɽϾǲ˼졣 
ɽȴ֪룬ʱֲð 
ܿ죬ΧİâεâУһۿȥ֮ϵ··һ㡣 
ɽͺһն 
һХ 
Ө׵Ȼǣ䵶һ㳯ĺֱնȥ 
͡һ죬 
ӴӶΪأš¡һȻĵڵϡ 
飬飬顭 
еһµʱȴһͷӲסĴϢš 
ŨŨѪζ 
֫Ϻضǣ֮˻ 
صĴϢƽ 
һλɢ΢΢ʵô졭 
˵Ŀһ¿ڵ 
֪ʱǵɫȻΧʯе̹Ҳʧˡ 
ڰǵɫӨɵ˪עߵһС 
ɽվеԥ̾һ 
ŻȥΧվȴûиȥ 
һǵǵĹ֣ɫЩɣ 
һ£ĶкȻһ 
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ɽ΢΢һЦµģҸô࣬һôܷأ 
˵̧ȥ 
ʯͷ̾һȥ 
ΧɢɫһȻڿһΧҵĳǲԼͬĳɽȥ 



һһʮ ļ

       ɽϣǵûٳâ 
ĺ蹵ͬʱһĿһ뿴Զǵ⣬ 
һۺɢ޾ĳǵ׹ȥ 
ʱںɽȻתӣǱĵطвɵİ̾ 
һ֮ңȴ 
ʱ߽ǵ׹⣬һȺصʯţֻſڴ¶һָķ϶ 
Ө׵ĹǴ 
ܴӶԷпϲ֮⣬һ¿˽ŵ 
߳ʯͷŴ򿪣 
ãʯͷӦ 
ʯ֮ǰסأ˫ 
ˣˣˡһƵĻ 
ʯŻȻ򿪡ůɫĹâӿ 
˾һ񣬽һ롣 
һ쳣ʯңΧ߳˶Բҹ飬ʯӳյ磡 
֮ڷһŰɫʯ̨澲ƯŲɼҷɢŸɫ⡣ 
ΧǽŴɢŲשʯм 
۵ľǶʯŵһڻ 
һȫףһŻ֮ϣ˫ִţӲ񷡣 
ɽ֮ǰʯɽҲֻû˾޴ѣ 
Ȼɢ޶ڻȤǴ˿̶ڶ෨֮С 
֮Ʒ˵ǣɽҲΪĶ 
ĶĶȴȥѡȻЩȲϡħ顯 
ҪԭеĿ־ڱЩֻͽΪûʱ佫һһ塣 
ʦʲôʯͻȻһȵ 
ɽɻ˹ȥ˿ʯͷһѾ޴ĳɫϸĹĦţ 
һԼųߵİɫȣһɫȶɫС 
ζ֮䣬ܷһ󡰶죬ö 
мĶ࣬Щʱɽûע⵽ 
ʱ߼æ˹·оʲôһѽץУ 
ĿƵشš 
ʱǴµĴḧ¶һϸܵȻʶĿ 
û뵽ѽߵͲ 
ַͷ֮ʱɫĵ˳ 
ɽһ΢΢Щݡ 
ǰȷԴƺзȻ֮Լġħ顯Ҳǲѽ 
ɽ̾š 
ʦʧԵġȡ𣿡ʯͷϲʵ 
Цĵ˵ͷɵʧġȡѽֻˡ 
˫΢΢ţȴǼޱȡ 
ʯͷɫϲĿĶǰɫķȣɫҲǼޱ 
ϲšػʧѽɽԵףص 
߿һۣЦλСֵܰæҪȻǻˡ 
ɽǫ 
ãĵ˵ͷɽҲǶøС 
ʱΧȻ 
ɽ˹ȥԭɢҲѾҵ˼صķ 
ʱһϲЦտ 
ʲôһλһɫԲαʵ 
Χ˷׷Χ˹ȥ 
ɽһԭһϿԲܱƽԷαУмһСף 
ԿָϣеǺѱ˷֣ 
ʱλӷ·ҲʲôƽĹзת 
 
ɽһУǵһרɡšѼ귽ɵռС 
רƻ֣Ȼѷ 
ɽ˸ʱЩţۼˣȴɲˣ 
ֻû뵽Щһȫаռһ 
ұӡкȻһɻ׵ĸо 
͡ʱΧͻȻһ죬 
ɽд󾪣ת׿ȥЩڷŷʯ̨ͻȻΪܧƮУ 
ô£ɽʵ 
ΧȴһȻӣ 
Цǰʯģ 
˵üͷʯ̨֮ϵķùʱʯ̨ʧһεʱҲһһΧʲôûԵҲͲôˣ 
รɽüͷӦһ 
ųʯΧȥȻЩƯķѾùˣǽ֮տҲĿⲻɨǵڻʱ 
΢΢һ¿ȥʱ·ûʲôԣ 
ɵˣɵѱ 
߰ɣҶѾʰˣʯͷͻȻ 
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ѭǵģ˼Ŀڱڻ֮˵ۿ֮У 
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ɽüͷ壬һʱȻ 
̾һȥ 
ǰ˰ɣߡֳ֡ȡ֮ͣ˵ 
Χû˵һĬĬʰϵĲȱ֮壬ʼʩչ֮ɷɵʯУ 
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ϵİ߲Ѫʱ̶˵ʱսεĲҡ 
ǰ΢΢͹ʵأߡ˫ֺʲеһӷ𡣡 
Ľ⻺ 
ͳʯͷҲǰȥ˫ֺʲŵĬ 
Χ˵ɫã˴սʮλɢصף 
ʣµҲֻʮˣ˵һսһ˲ʹĴ۸κζֲܹģ 
ȻǶֻʱһɢޣһʼ໥仹̸ʲô飬 
һս֮֮ĵȻ·ʧһ㣬 
˸ԼͬʱҲԸ 
ʱ䣬ĵĻָ⣬ 
ߡع߰ɣ 
˵ŻȥɫĸȥֻǽŲûɵĳ࣡ 
ôû÷߳Զʯͷʵ 
ɽջ˼㲻Ҳû𣿡 
ʯͷصһЦŴóһ°ɫ飬ⶫɣ 
ɽ۾һ 
ʯͷЦһҷ֮˳飬ֱĪѽ 
ɽʧЦҡҡͷûȻһѽ⡮顯ʮţһҲʮŰɣ 
ʯͷ˳ǰˣСǱһƷɽ֪ǲ˶ٱϡ 
¶һȻı֪һұҸһ 
˵һֻͳһɽС 
Ļɽɫһɵһ㱡 
ʯͷС֮ǰʯɽзֵģűŤڱˡ 
ɽ·ûһ㣬΢΢ʧĿе籣 
кȻʦº͵ף޵ķ裬ӯʦ֣СǵɫӰ˫ 
Ѿõ˼ͻȻӿϳķÿһط 
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ڶڵķ٣֮Ҳָ˲٣вһȥ˵̻ 
֮ıǴ˯ƣС 
һЩɢվڶ֮ϡһƨڵϡ 
ΥһӵĦȺƣĵߡ 
֪˶ãһӿ֪Ĵһ磬ɭϢֱķΡ 
ɽĸһɫ䣬ΪϢ˵ʵ̫Ϥˡ 
 



һһʮ ƾ

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ɫΪ֮һ䣬ɵǸոʱΧĿ·סһ㣬һ˵ѹ˲סˣ 
һɢɸոͳȻһһģоǾ֮⡣ 
֪ʱ˵Χͻأվʮλȫ̵ŮӣһʽŹֵĶ 
ЩŮɫľȻȴű֮ɫ 
һɫϢƯ˵ͷߴһȴվȣݾ޵Ůӣ 
òгűŰ飬һգգĶ·ˡǻǾʧı 
һжʯ֮䣬ɽδгΧȻƣſڣɴҲԭأһ 
ֻа󷨾Դ˻ȥ󲿷ֵѹ 
кӰһλɫŮԶһӰ 
Ŀа죬ģħ̹ 
ǿѽ˲Ц 
ɽͷԴס˴󲿷ֵһʱɿп 
Щ֪ôļһҳڡƽǲ֪ʥ㣬ȴʶʱʥ̴½ɣЩͳͳҡףšС 
ʯͷʱ΢΢һ㵣ѼЦһԩ·խѽϦЩνԶ٣ʱ㲻ú 
߾ߺıһ˲һƬͨ죬 
ͬʱеġȡһ 
𡭡Χʱţ 
ŷٵתΧĿռ·һ㡮͡죬 
̼ȥСȡٷŹâһѹ¡ 
ʱжȻ 
ɽ΢΢̧ףһɫСͻȻţűɹâдһɵ㡣 
 
ɫĻͻȻ뿪һƬƬ꣬šߡӿȥ 
ŵֻĿţ˵ȴҲ롣 
ڡߡΪϵԣ 
̵תΣǰġȡ͵ɨȥ 
䡭һ죬 
ǰ̤岽վ 
ǰ׻Ҳһ޲ŵɶء 
кһֻ˰׵С֣ǰɫСס 
վġߡ͵תͷĿǰλɫŮӣ 
ȡ 
Ϻе 
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̹һСĻٴηɳͬʱԼһŶԷȥ 
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䡭֮ϣת 
һׯϵƳܷȥ 
Χͨһһ˿ն˲ٴλָ塣 
ʱǶʢġĻѾ 
ߵͺһɫֶšĻֱȥ 
ͬʱ˫ƴ󿪣ŭĿ͵Բཡ 
շıҥһͣȻնԭأ 
һкȻǡ¡еġͨˡߡȴһζˡ 
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Ҳ˵ãӸһأͻȻһԾ𣬷·δ˷ֺһ㣬 
Ҳͣ٣Էվ𣬺Ȼ˫ֻƣ͵ĳӲʯȥ 
顭һ 
ɽֻýͻȻһۺȫѪһ󷭹ʱѹƣѷ˳ȥ 
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ʱͻȻһ磬 
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رʯͷӲûɳϺ÷·ҪѪһ㣬κɷУƾĵи޿ɿ⡣ 
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·ҲǳΧ˾ıһ㣬Цš 
ŲϿԼķɽסĶᵽɤˣѾʪ죬 
У΢ 
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˫Ŀһٵת˲仯һɫ󣬳ŷ̶ȥ 
ʩչɽġ̫ꡯ 
ᣬߡǰаЦ 
ԽǹĶԵУûһסˣ 
ƽǰӿȻǵøӽϣսپҹζ࣬ 
׼֮ʱͻȻХ 
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˲תӣӳһɫ糯Լŭ 
ɫ΢䣬ʱȻ֮ 
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ɽġ̫ꡯ˰գ 
ȻʱƣɫĻ֧ܽɫһһǰȥ 
ڱֲ򶨣 
͡ɫ˲ʱ֧飬 
ɫݺݵĻڡؿ֮ϡ 
顭˻ǰۻΪܧۣɫӱѪ 
ֻ䡱һԶĿյһˡ 
Ӧеġɫ졯Ȼ䣬 
ͬʱΧ˵ѹȻʧ 
ع˼æ𷨱ΧȥɽһҲȫֻŶһԣ 
ʱȺкһȣ 
ʯͷֳ֡ɷţŭĿ 
һλѹȥ 
飡ɫֱӱ˵صף˵ãҲҲˡ 
Сߡȴǲ£ 
ܣͨķá 
ɽѰ˼סʱ˵ķͻȻմ˻δعʱѸٵһͷããİУ 
ʱб̹ͻ 
䡭һ죬 
ȡɶأĻҲ˻ȥ 
ٻءĻһšʧĵطȥ 
ɽд󾪣Ȼ֪ղһ͵ϮɱȴҲû뵽ԷȻǿܴ˻ܡ 
Ҳ룬ҴҼ𡮷ħ顯һͷ򡮷ʧŨС 
ڵսɼҵĽţŷ뿪ʤƽܿбʯͷˡ 
ͬʱ֮һʯǰ 
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һλźɫ磬ǡš࣬ 
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ǵһսѾ˼ʱȣɿܾҪʧˡ 
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Щ˵Ȼһ㣬ȴģ໥ʮĬ 
Ⱥһףһɫۣ˫첿ǰ͹ȴǼΪªмģζ 
ԭǲǰ뿪СҰˣ־ѪáϦ 
κδججжȹʮ꣬ 
֮ǰһѣٴ̤ϦԵ; 
õİ취ǿԼȻ̤롮ƽ 
Լʵʱպˣ˰뵽ԷӪ֮С 
йһ֮ԵҰ˼룬ҲĬ 
ǽ롮ƽĵڶʯˣ 
ƱػֵĹҲһ׼ 
ǰʯɽǼĲһȻֻһڣ 
ʯ֮ȥû̵紵ΡһȻĸо 
һɫٲּ䴹ڶڱߵ̶֮У¡֮ڶ 
ҶԵĿյҲʮֵĿ㣬·Ǿһ㡣 
ȥɣ˵ 
˵һҡƮȻȥ 
ΧĬĬĸȥ 
ʱʯǰһƬյ֮ϣ 
¡ˮΧһ㵭ˮطһ 
̶ԶȻڷһɫʯԱֻʯʡ 
˾֮ʱһͻȻ 
ҿʲôһָٲ 
ת׿ȥԭ̶ʮɸߴһ鱻ƽʯ 
ɷĵ׾۾Ĵ֣ 
ɽ𣡡 
Ȼӭ΢΢һĪһСĸо 
գ׷֣ 
ǱҲУһָʯϷ 
ѭȥȻǶϷҲ֡ 
ƾӣһ˿죬 
òǡаסĵطɣӯĴһ󲻽ʵ 
ȷʺȾӣ˫ĵĸ̾] 
Χĵӷ׷¶ı飬ȴǾ裬 
ȷٲΣɫʮˣ 
ԽƯĶвҲ 
Ҳһ·ǹͬóĽۡ 
Ƭ̣ǽȥСĵ㡣 
˵ŵһʯȥΧһۣ׷׿첽ϣ 
һﶴڣȻͣ 
ǰһеȷԼĴһΧĵҲ¶㵵ı飬 
һɽֻһʯң 
ʯΧɫשʯɣʮࡣ 
ʯмڷһŰʯԱ߻ʯΣ 
ʯ֮һаڷһˮһõˮ 
ΧǰڷŲƷ̳̳޹޵һѣǽŴһһײڵС 
ֻЩ涼һ㱡ĻҳȻѾܾûˡ 
ģڵԵһ 
֮ǣ 
˭סأ 



һһʮ Ұ

       ɽǣ˭ס 
кͬʱһ֣ 
а񣡡 
⡮ƽ̾ĵطȻȻ뵽еġа񡯲סڡƶ 
һɫЩ⡣ 
мţӯͻȻ 
໺˹ȥ 
ȻʯҵǽмߵʯţʯŵɫΧǽһģһ 
ԸղŽʱûз֡ 
һλӽҿԱһɫĹӣ 
ȥֻʣһںĲƮɢŵĳ¸Ϣʡ 
ΧĵӶķųƷȻʲôûз֣ 
ʱһڵվ 
ĿɻĿǽϵǼʯţ 
һʯȥ˫ַסſأ 
¡ʯӦ 
һ٣ȥӯ˫˿ٵĸ˽ȥ 
ʱҰȻͣסƽĿһ̧Աߵһʯš 
һСʯңмߵʯܣ 
²ݣмڷŲٵ鼮 
ΧǽŴʯأһƬǼ·Ǿսһ㣬ǳݶ಻ʤ 
ʯȡһСᣬȥҳĴ򿪵һҳ 
ӳ飬 
 
üͷһ壬ķһҳ 
軯ˮͽΪ֮ˣศɡ 
ɫȥ 
ãһСӷŻԭųطȥ 
ʲôѽҲӯһü˵ 
ųԱߵŮӵ˫㣬㿴ö𣿡 
˫΢ЦŵЩĶ֮ǰϲ̨ģܹʽãȷκɼˡ 
ӯԱһţźǺЦⶫ̫£ͷΣȥ͸͸ɣòҵһɾ˾Ϳϧˣ 
˫һΧˣãҲƵûţ 
߰ɣӯЦ˫ȥ 
߳ʯʱͻȻԱߵһʯ뿪ţ 
ӯк棬˫˹ȥӳһɫӰ 
ΧιȫɢСɵĶʯڲ໹һɫʯǻӰվʯ֮ǰ 
˫ɵᡰסһǵӰͻȻת 
ѽžʯͻȻһ 
ԭڻӰת֮ʣӯͻȻʯ֮һãڶۿעˣ 
ſڴͻȻһ죬 
ֳӰܿҲһĽŲ 
û£ӯ˼ЦЦĿǰӣ 
Ŀ΢΢һƫʯϵʱɵһ 
ոġ˼šӼûһ˻ȥǶǱʯе鼮ܸȤɣ 
࿴Ұһۣʯ 
Ŀǰеĺǣ֮һ˿ 
ҰɫЩȻ˹Ա߰ڷŵιȥ 
طһÿƷ涼һ㱡Ļм 
Ұ˿˿Ķȫ 
ľᣬͭĶ̨ 
һѳɫľῴ˿һԣͬʱһȻȤ 
ת뿪ʱ񲻾һԲ΢͹Щм䡣 
ʹģͣסӣ 
İԲϷ·ӵһĪĿ⣬ 
УҰ˻ĽУ 
ָ΢΢һĨмһƳ쵹ӳҰ㯵֮ͫУɢ沿 
֮ȼա 
ʲôѵĶ˶ͳȴֻܻص 
һȫĹߣ 
۶з·ȼ棬ߺȻһǣӡ 
ĽħӡԼӡ 
ˡʱͻȻֹ 
Χһз·𶨸һ㡣 
һĲҽͻȻ 
ࡰৡһתӣֻҰ˫ֱͷвϷ˵Ĳҽ 
ͷײֵشͷһŲϷĻɫ֮У 
˾ȵĿһĻĿһ뿴࣬ 
ôˣӯüʵ 
ɻҡҡͷ֪ 
ĲҽɲͣĴ 
顭καͷϺײĶ̷Σ 
Χȵһ㶵վһʱȻ֪ôˡ 
ʱһֻ˫һɫĹ⻪Ұ 
⿿ʱҰͷϵĺɫȻǣ 
飬ɫ⻪Ӧ飬 
һΣȴһ 
û°ɣӯ 
Ŀһû¡ 
δ䣬ָֻҰ伲ȥ 
ͣٸָһ飬 
ɫ΢Ӽˣ 
ʱҰͻȻվ 
ͷĺâһ󷭹ŴͻȻâΧϮȥ 
Сģͺһ 
񽣹âһһɫϣǰ 
䣬䣬䡭Χǽʯм׷ɣը첻 
飬飬顭ɫϲϲ岽վ 
Ҳ΢΢һףͬʱһ൲ס󲿷ֳâǿܾͲôˡ 
˳Ұȥ 
·йһ㣬 
ҰͷϵĺٴλָƽȴǸΪʹˣĲҽҲԽ 
Աߵӯ˫ɫɵİ˼֣Ȼ˼٣ҵĳ滹ǲɵΪ֮ɫ䣬 
͡ҰͷʮָͻȻѿɺѪѸûͷĺ֮У 
ǲϷĺͻȻһȻʧ˲١ 



һٶʮ 

       ѪѪѪ֮дһͳ˻ 
ҰѿʮָȻѸٵĻָţ 
ͬʱСĺһӿȻǴ˼֣ 
Ŀһһ 
˲Ұ˫ָ֣͵һʮѪ 
ಡһû뵽Ұͷĺ֮У 
˻˻˻һ죬ȥ 
ʱ䶸 
ԭסͺҰͻȥ 
ֻǰһֱͻȻһʹ 
ڳ˻ûлعʱҰץֱһҧȥ 
ӯһѸٵļɽҰĺ󱳴ȥ 
æ˫æסȵȣµģ 
ӯͣŷֱϮûз 
ΧͻȻֻźвʱĴ˻·˵ĶޣץסΨһľݡ 
ʱѹֻ 
Уɫò԰ףҲ֮ɳޱȡ 
˫һԥ 
ʱһĪѹʯң 
˫ӯϺˣͬʱ 
ҰͻȻſ࣬Ư 
ʱӯһ˫æĳȥ 
ôˣû°ɣӯץֱʵ 
һҪû£ 
ĿⶢҰȥ 
ͣͣ͡ʯͻȻһ죬 
һλӾ쿴ǡ 
ѭȥԭڸϰպҰͷϵĺһӿѸٵȥʧ 
ֳһŻĹ 
а񡭡 
Χ˴ʧɫҲΪ֮ݡ 
Ϊ߶˵̫ϤˣǰǽÿһʯɽжһڻڻеǴߡ 
ֵΪʲôûס 
·ڻӦеƵģ߱زһϸˮĺâ 
Щâ·һҰӣ֮۷׷ѣʱ㽫ҰӰס 
ĵâꡯ죬һɫⲻʱ 
ȵ˳ΧȥĻꡣ 
ͻȻҰ쳤Х 
͵ĺⱩǣΧĵֻ۾һۣ֮æϣ 
ֻ΢۾ĶŹâǵӰ԰׵¶һ˿졣 
ʱ 
 
Χ⳱ӿˣһӰڵϲסĴϢš 
ڵȥǸֻߵҰ֪ʲôʱϾȻһɫĿף 
۽֮֮飬ˮ֮ᣬ֮أľ֮Ȼ˺һ֮ѽ 
̾ 
ʱҰͻȻվ˴ȥ˵ֱӿȥΧɫһ䣬ʶһ 
ˮĿŲ߽Ұ 
ʱԵӯĿһ࣬ɵС򾱲Ƿʯ 
ͨƺҰͻȻϥȥ 
ղ㼰ʱȣڻķ֮Уݶ飬ҰԸԺ׷㣬ϣܴӦһ£ǾѪá 
Χɫ΢䣬 
ѪãԺһʱɣڡħ쵼ºἫһʱ 
ڳ˼˶Ź 
ֻôҲûϵλªĵ˾ȻѪáĵӣ˫Ҳɫ΢䡣 
ǵĿһͶλĺӣ·˵˶УĿѹֵϢ·ǧ֮ã 
ǵӰĵ˵ͷ 
ãҴӦˡ 
ӯ΢΢һǰӺȻİ˼ŵĵɫЩѿ˵͵͵š 
ӯۿ£ʵ㡭 
ʱͻȻתͷĿһۣУûаֻ֣֮кû֮֡ 
Χٴ˳ĬӯǳһٴλָЦݣ 
ʱҰվֻҪһСѪáģƾŷԸ 
˵΢΢ףĿ⻺ȼ 
ĬĬתӣǵѡأ¡뿪 
˼šڵһۣ 
һλ߳ȺǵҲȵģȻԸ׷㣬 
ãӦһ˿⣬ 
šڵ 
ͷãҼȻԸңҶȻ 
ʱͻȻһХɫһŵͺһߣ 
δ䣬ǰͻȻһҰ˳ȥ 
ͬʱʯһ֮ĴдʱһȺˣһۿȥİ֮ڣ 
ʮλȻе̳ 
š 
¡ƴʦ 
ȡϹٲߣС콣šͽǣ 
Сʫλ㶼УٲȻеľ֮ʦˣ 
СʫǰȻʱ껵ڵҲһȻ 
½ѩ͸оԣѲ˺ǸŵġȡӹȻȻʧ 
˵һȣ 
һٴһͬɽơ 
֮һжʣ 
ںϹٲʱõĴǡȡûɳǰȥţħ̴ 
ͬʱǸɽʯͷµġƵܡӳˣ֤ʵȷħϮͬ˾£ 
һˣҪ֪ǰҲħ̡ɡȡӻ飬˻Ȼ֮ʱɷ߿ 
ֻ½ѩ鲻򵥣ȴ֤ݣֻ 
һȺ˺ƺƵֱƽ;ʯɽҲӲͣǵĿֻһ 
Ǳħ̡ 
¡ʱɵİͻȻһ 
Ϲٲ߿дһ񡭡 
ܿ죬һֻ۵һϹٲߵļϣ 
ϹǰΧз𣿡껺ʵ 
Ϲٲ΢΢һЦ£Сڶ淢һʯɽ·Щ쳣ûзħˣ 
รʱӦһ⡮ƽŹ죬Ȼûзħ٣ҿǻǲҪĺã 
ϹٲЦ˵Ĳ֮ҵħˣӵأ׳󣬵ʱͲʰˡ 
ΧĬĬͷ̽ȥ 
ʦҹȥɣͻȻС 
Ƭ̣ðɣСĵ㣬ǵôϡӽǡʧˡ 
ϲǡ 
𡮳񽣡뿪飬ƫһٷȥ 
ȴ˵콣š죬ȫľзȴ٣ 
̫ȣȻƽҲǸд࣬Ϊһ 
ħ֮벻ӣֻܷ֮еǰȥѰеѴȴǿġ 
ͷʱɽΪ׷һͷããŨУ 
޷׷١ģڱзĻ㣬 
֮ 
ɽдϲֻҪűһҵţ 
ѭζĸڱ 
ͬʱҲĽУ˰ߣҲ±ҲԼһ׮Ըˡ 
֪˶ú 
ǰͻȻ¡ˮɽаǰħ̾ĵطǾˡ 
һɫһ 
Ⱦȳ˵ 
һħ顯Хһ㳯ǰ׷ȥ 
Ӷˣû뵽մ㣬ȴû뵽ġ 
Լ˲˵ʮ˽ȥЩĿһΨһиǱơ 
ɽҧгݵ 
֮¡ۡһ³һѪ 
ʱǰͻȻһ¡ˮɫһϲʱҪľǱչˣ 
һָԺɽţͳͳȥɣк޺޵ţ 
̹һˮĵطȥ 
ʱͻȻһƿգ֮æתͷȥ 
һӰ 
ɽĿѪ 
νǳ˼棬ۺ졣 
ʱȴûԵˣֻеХһٿߵӭȥ 
ͬʱԼٶȲĳԶʯȥ 
ɽдϲһӣ 
̶̡ٿ 
ıͻȻһһ㱣һȻȥ 
ɽۼֿ죬һѽסĿĿ򳯶ڱȥķ 
ħ̾ĵط֮ԶҲԴߵ 
ǡ 
Ŀһ䣬ɱ֡ 



һٶʮһ 

       ˡʯ̨ġؿںһѪ 
ȴͣɿٵĳڱȥոյﶴʱ 
ǰһһӰǰ 
һʱ 
ɫ䣬ŵһа񣡡 
¶һ˿Цݣаλħ׷ɱңаһѣ 
˵λħ̹ȻȥȻͣš 
ʱѾңҲ롮аǧǰôỹ䣬 
Ҳѹ֣Ұ¼ǡа񡯵 
⿴ò޷ֱóʱʧ鼱֮ΪǣҲͲΪˡ 
ͻľ棬ҰҲŷڵϲķĪ֮ﲻɵһЦ 
ǳѾõħۼǰλ׵ûзӳ˲ʣͬʱûڵʱĻң 
ɵ̧ͷ 
ʱͻȻһ 
ҰͻȻһɫӰĿŵӣ̹ǵĺ粪 
ѽһӵˣ 
·ͨɽںͻȻ 
һͣΧ̽Χ 
ɽӯһ˫ɿȥ 
ɽĿ˸ת 
ǵǻеӰôȴ㲡 
ɽ΢΢һ 
ѽû²ǵϹҡǡӯɻĿеŮӣЩȻ 
ɽ̾һеı˹ȥҷ 
รӯ˫һۣĲһȥ 
΢죬Ϥϣ 
ɽĿ΢΢һ 
㡭ࡣ 
𡭡 
˫ޫĬĬĿǰϤף 
ΪʲΪʲôء 
 
Բ𡭡ɽĿ΢Ľӵ뻳С 
˫һı۾ 
ŲľӨУļ֮ϡ 
ʱһУ 
ֻΪ 
ĵĿ־һֱݷţȴû뿪 
ȴѾںˣٲֻҪһ̣ 
ǲڡ 
ʲôΪ𡭡 
ţ 
̬֣ 
ɽɿ˫ 
˵ͷŷձ㱨Ӧ˽ʱ򡣡 
ɽ⡭ 
ûꡭ 
ûꡭ 
ЦſɽŮӡ 
Ŀ⽥䣬ɱʦô޹ߣ㻹ִԲ𣿡 
ͷĿһӳУѪһƬ 
ҲգΣ춼á 
˵굥ּӣһɫâȥæڴǰأ 
ֱɱâУ 
͡Ѫ£ 
ͣЪ˫ӳ 
ಡɫĽâ缲籩һ㼤ȥ 
԰ɱ뼤ɵĽâС 
ʱȫѪˡ 
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ҡѪ˫ֱӿλŮӣ 
˫ɫһ䣬µֱһһСɵذС 
һΣֱǰ 
㡭һ 
ҪΪ㱨𣡡˫һСն˼̶ֱȥ 
ɫұ䣬鼱Уֵ̧ȥ 
ͣĵ͸Ƕ 
Ʋ˥ĳؿڴȥ 
͡ն˼û 
Һһ 
ͻȻ̹Ⱪǣ 
Сġɽһ 
˫ɫ΢䣬ȥն˼Ӽˣ 
̹ȻǵС 
˫ȴüʱˣľǽϵȥֱ˳ʮʱͣסӣ 
ͨոͣסӵ˫ͻȻ̱ڵأ 
ŵĿŷϺ˵ӣݷĿ־ͻȻѣ˫һס 
ЦŲϺˣһɹѪĭϵǣһֱֻۻؿ֮ϣ 
һۿȥȴǿֲ 
ɽĬĬĿ״һ˿ı 
⣡˵ġŸͻȻһ͵ȥ 
ȴ׵£ 
ֵŴ죬ѸٵĳûڻҰĶ֮У 
䣬˼غ 
ĸס 
ʦǰϢɣʵֻص磬¶һ档 
ʱͻȻһ 
ɽৡһתӣɫ˲ࡣ 



һٶʮ 

       ɽּˡǵЦȴǺӿ 
ץһλŮӣ˫ 
ôɽ̤һɱ֣ 
Ŀ⽥䣬аЦ㻹ΪѽұҪʹһӡ 
˵֣˫ĲĿȥ 
ס֡ɽһĿ˲䣬 
Թ޳ΪʲôҪŴԡ 
Թ޳𣡡ĿһħˣҲ 
˵ĿһתЦһšԭĹᡮħ̡ѽ޴ѡ񡣡 
㵹ôɽǰȥ 
ǴЦһ 
ɫһ࣬վס 
ɽһͣԭأ 
ô𣿡Ӣ׽Ť 
ǸڽµˣǸ̤ˣ֪𡭡ĳ裡 
еһжˣϣһеһУȫΪ㣡ŭָɽϳź⡭һ˿̿֡ 
ɽĿһȴû뵽ʱϼ¶˴Ӱ죬 
ԼıȻдû뵽λеĽܳһرˣŤ 
ɽкȻһ 
е˫̾һ˵ɣΣ 
ǷɫƽһЦҵĳȻѪϴ壬˵ء 
ɽĿһۣſ˫֣ 
ˣħ顯ڵء 
˫Ȼ 
Ҫ 
ֵõġ 
Ҫϳʹ࣬Өˮ䣬 
ֵõġɤӴ 
ɽĬĬĿһۣ 
ſǣȻˣǾɡ 
ɫ΢䣬ſ첽ɽ 
ʦ֡ɽȻɡ 
̾һ¿ǣ 
ʱѾ׻ָ侲 
˿ɽˣɫ΢䣬˫Ѹٵ˺ʮɣ 
а񡭡д󾪣Ŀһ 
ɽЦ뼱ǰɣͻȻô˽ˣҪʹȥЦһѸٵûŨУ 
Ҫ콣Űɣ̶ĲЦûãã֮У 
ɽѪ˫˻һ㼱׷ȥ 
ͺǰܣȴһƬգȴֻͣϣֿհܹԶ 
ڵĿ־·й̵ĺˮһһߣ 
ŭ𣬱ɱɢӿޱߵķŭֱ 
ãķŨһ͵͵ĴϢֻŵӰٴʱ仺 
վնĿǰ 
ƽİ𣬻ûһףעӡ 
ƾӣ 
šеļλӴǼʯ֮Уǻڡɽ𡯡Ǹ̶Աߡ 
һ±ߣĬĬĿǰᷭӿ÷·һʯ񣬾 
ӯűɫʯԣɵü΢΢ɫЩ 
ʱʯ߳һӰ 
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ӯ̾һĿⲻɵͣǰλɫŮϡ 
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ףôȥأѵɽӯɫһŹ֣ 
Ȼ֡ˡһԼĶͷϣ 
ӯѽӯʲôأʦѽȻЩɶ񣬵Ҳġ 
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ɽһжӦǣʦ֣ 
ʱʯеĵ½˳ɽЩȻҲ˵ơ֮ˡ 
Ŀȴһ͡ΪԼŵĿ⣬ҸղΧɱħ̷Ҳվǰġ 
ʱڴͻȻһӰ 
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Χһ㶣ӯʵô֪֣һΪһаء 
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ΧĵһʶȻɫױضҲûϵȻ 
ʲôǡϹǵԺͬʱһӰӣǾǡơ֮ɡ 
ϵ񣬶ǰ׿׾Ȼܽӽǵɡ 
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Ȼһȷ磬ŵѹ֡ 
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Ѫáֶɲİ 
Ұ˰ɡɽĿֱֱĿ 
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޹һгɾ͡ 
šĬһ 
Ȼ𣬽»Ʒ˫ִţеǷݳȣ 
а 
а񡭡 
ΧĵΪ֮ɫ䣬 
Уʯɽеıڻ·صһ 
һĶ 
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Ȼ֮ȴǸʤǰ 



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κλڿ˵Ȼһ㣬·Ǹ߸ϵĮһУ 
顯ѽħˣҡҡͷϴŵϧ 
ΡȡϮȮоʦǰӦսδ̫ʧ 
ǰȴǴϣ 
ħһ˿мһ˦ƺ߰㳯ץļλȥ 
ͣͣ͡Ǽλ˺߶㵹ڵأ 
ǼλصͻȻһǵϷɿĴܳƺѸٵû뵽ᰵıǿ֮У 
ϣȴֻ¼߰ɭɭĺǡ 
еħʶűӣ·ڻζղŵĸоһ㣬 
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Ρȡ˲ֻ࣬ʮλЩ˶ᰵĸ 
Ҳǡȡмߡ 
һλǵ롮塯˳ 
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Цһϣɫһ䣺ƾʲô𣿡 
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˵΢΢һ٣аŤӦ֪ɣǿǾϽʮɽе֮롮ں϶ɵģƾġܶԸ𣿡 
һЦȰ㻹ǽᡯ°벿һա顯ɣˣұһ· 
һ̾Ŀ˵Ȼ˷ӡʱ޷¹˭֣һɣҿ㵹ѧٷ 
ڤ粻飬Ȼˣͳͳȥɣɫһһ֣ 
ʮλһӵϣ 



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ƻ轥ϢϽȴһƬӰ֮У 
䣬䣬䡭 
ľɽȾɫ⻪ֱգ 
塯ʦ࣬׷ʮĬʹ˳һɳϼĸ֣ʱȻ޷ܣ 
ɫ⻨譲룬Ͻգ 
᰸׶ĳҡ 
·һ֮ 
ȼա 
ϽˮʳŲ֪ʱ죬ëѪȡ̣壬óûµĳˡ˵ 
ĬĬҡҡͷǦҲȾ֮һ֮ˣᶮʥ⣬͵ѧطȻ򲻵еУȴǿɱ 
ˣұ㿴ʲôһɽһɽߡ 
һ䣬ֻ˫ֺſǰͻȻܳһ棬 
氵Ѫ뵱Ը񡯡顯ĳֲ֮ͬ 
Ļгһа֮ĵײȻɫΧռ·Ťһ㣬ӶȥĻꡣ 
֪ʱѾϰգ 
˹治ɫپһԴģѱа񣬸Ͳʹˡ 
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˫̧ǣŰɫϰգĳԷƮȥ 
ɫһ˫鸡ؿڣŻչ 
һŻ漱ܶͣǰ֮ 
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֮䣬Ȼ 
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ŻһʱĻһͻȻƺ 
Ѹٵĳɫ渽ȥ 
˻˻˻һ 
Щĺ˲䱻ɫٻһƵĺ·޾һ㣬ͣЪĴ԰ɫ 
һӵɫ档 
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˻˻˻˻ɫ治˻ĥ 
ļзżһƻ⣬ܿᱻסŻڰղͣ䶯ţ 
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ˮȴҲ亹죬ĿĶŰС 
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һɫâغֱ񷣬 
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᰺ɫһС顯ڹʢ 
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䡭һ죬 
ĻȻ飬նȻһ񱩵Ϣܷȥ 
Ļ濴Ʋȴֻ¼Ļ桪𡯲һЩ̲صԷ󺣣ײƿ϶ͬѰˡ 
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ҵͷƺߣšˡһһѪɫ˲ɷס 
ʱͻȻ˫һУһºɫϵǰʱ񱩵ľպӿ 
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ʱͻȻһ󾪺 
һ٣Ŀ˲þȻ 
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ǰġ顯ħӿڹšаף·ƹܡڤħ˼䣬 
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һĲȥǵѪˮĿȴޱȵļ㣬 
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׽ 
 
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ꡭ顯ͻȻһɫϵţ·ηϢ 
ɫһʧܡֻϹֹһССġ롯ô۷ɹҵ۾Σȥɡ 
˵зһ䣬顯һХ 
ʱڹţϢϵŰΧһУȴʼͻƲǵ׹⡣ 



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ഫڡڤš䣬ʱسãոԻΣɢ 
ʱΧʮֶӣĴΪŰ 
˻Ļˮߡǧ⣬ 
ֲϣ๶Ӳд 
 
ھеǹȥĬĬţ 
Ʊã콵أ 
¡סͶ 
ֱ 
Саٽȥ׷ںϣΪһ壬ʩչʱɽܣΪ 
̵Ĳ⣬飬 
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ȴп˵ڷִ˷Ҳдϲ 
ϸĽеˢѡһ飬ͳͳţϸĽ̵ȵȡ 
κ塯һΪ壬ֶ־ѷϦ̬֮ 
Ȼܹ֮⡯ȴڳѧ˵֧Ų˶á 
Щȴұֳ 
ʧأľħȣĿϵĿڵգ 
䡭žҹһһҫ۵׵ŭİ¡ 
ɫһ䣬μһĶǵ˲Ϣף 
Եλȴûôˣ 
ŭױ£δüӳֻ顱һӰûãã׵֮ˡ 
 
ոն㿪˵Ҳľ紵һҡΣɫһסΧΪ֮䣬 
Ŀ˸ȥһ˿Īľ֡ 
ɬ 
֮ϵĿһ㱣һ˲ָ 
Ŀһۣȴû 
ֻٴθ߸ߵľеġľħȡĿϣ 
ҹȻһ˵ͻأѸͣ 
ڰᰵ˻δعѱ˽ȥЩֻͣڰգ 
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ڵһҽʱһڵѾҡ 
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ͷβ룬ҳһţ 
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лʦȡ䭵ʹ˵Ѫ۰߲Ȼ˲ᣬȴڣϲͬʱҸղûܣ 
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У 
Ȼһɫ΢䣬 
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ҹͻȻԺһ壬һץǰġħ顯˷ȥ 
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ɶ죡к޺޵ţ 
ͻȻһ㵵ƬƬҡΣֱڣŷԼһ겼ˡ 
ǿҲɵһ졣 



һٶʮ 

       ɽû°ɡӯֵֹĿܸоԼʦԽԽˣ 
ɽпɬղһʵ̫ˣ 
ԼЩš 
û¡ҡҡͷ 
öԷǿźɫӾ򵥣Լȴ˵ 
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ǵȻûӯЦŵ 
ˣʱһ׵ҰͻȻ˵ 
˻ͷȥâٵԶ 
ɽЦáȡȻǵаǳѽ 
üͷһ壬вţ 
϶ıɽ϶ 
Ȼ·ʲôɫ΢΢һ䣬ղǺأʵ 
Ǹɣӯָָɽ£ 
ɽһɿȥ 
ҲȥոɽͻȻһŨҵѪζӭϢɽȣ 
һۿȥֵϺ˵ĵʬ壬̵ĲݵҲ˰ɫѪϪʬҰ 
ҵĳ˻ɭĺϢ 
ǵķȫԶ϶Щ˾ǾǱҹ촵ɽ 
ȫˡΪʲôҪɱЩ޸֮˭ɱǡ˭͵͵źţ 
кȻӹһӰᰡȡͻȻһң 
һҲɫ࣬ 
ʱԱͻȻһ 
ɽʹԴȻ̧𣬡ৡһԴͷȥ 
Ӱ£ӯķһӣ 
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ӯһû˵ѽֻǻȥѡ 
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ɽȻ̾һ˭ 
Χɫһŷ׷ɫ䣬 
ʱֻСȡλˣ˶һսӣ 
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񡭡κεĽڶò԰ˡ 
ѲԴ󷢣ˣȡ 
ЩͷһԼֺЦĸоָоδȥǵĵͻȻһɱĸо 
ԼΪУȻȡ 
ţЩĬĬĴ 
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ӷǸǿȻҲὫŪǱ 
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뵽ɽüͷ壬 
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ڷûСȡʱһջͻȻһѣΣ 
аݣľʱǿȥ㲻ɳմҲó˯һ¡ 
ŬĶ˶񣬵Χ״ʱɫͻȻһɷף˺һһ˿̿֡ 
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ã 
ҵƽ˿ǰˣл 
䣬֮ͻȻһ󼱴ٵĽŲ 
̧һҹɫ֮ĺӰɿ 
ɽһϲ˵첽ĺӰѸٵĽʮ˰ΧЩ˶Ǹղһսдġˡ 
һŮٸ̬Уȴӵͬ 
ޡ̹ǵĳޣ 
ּܽΧĿסĺ⣬޵ĵӣҲǱͻȻһ²ʱŲţ衣 
ֻɽ塢Ұ˾ 
ߴߴߴߴʱҺȻùΧ˵ʲô 
ߴߴߴΧһʶм䲻ʱ 
ЩɫʹΧ˯ȥ 
ҹɣľɽ֮ʱһİ籯ǹºɽоþûص 
 
 
ǡʲôɫʵ 
ƣĿѲһܺͣӯŮӵϡ 
ɽµ˵ҡ塯ģ 
รĿһŵ˵ͷҾǡ 
ɽĿһֱӵһѻȫ룬롯ʩչȻ 
Ŀһ࣬Ȼô֪廳д 
ɽ΢΢һ㶣Լ˼󣬵ʢϽܻ꣬ĪһСа 
ܿѽͻȻ̾ 
ʲô֡һۿӯֱӵʵ 
üͷһ壬 
ӯɵҽӯ 
ҿһɽҪҾȵľǸŮ𣿡 
ɽص 
ĵ˵ͷĿҰɽӯǶ˸ɣ 
˵תµġ̳ȥλʦĬĬĸںͷ 
ӯһӣȥˣ 
΢΢ף 
ĿŶ뿪 



һٶʮ 

       ڰУ 
һϵġڰ֮ϣ 
ڸղŴսϴ£Χļ̨ľľըĿӿݣ 
ȴȻ 
ڤڤз·йĪĴڱֺ 
кڰ裬һĬĬţͳĽŲѭѭ 
谵Ļ£һɺԵѪʱĳǽ֮ϣɫгŹϢ 
Χŵѹ֣ 
ӯĿ˸ĿɽһۣȻоǰ΢΢һȣ 
㵵ĸףڰһźɫСʯɻԣ 
ӯüͷһŵĲʡ 
֪˶ãΧһ 
ɽ̧׿ȥǼλʦѾ֮ǰλĹһϣ 
ķȥǰȼһܴ𣬴֮һֻɫʯȻ 
·һ㡣עˡ 
 
תӣ԰׵ϻָ˼ʡ 
ңҵ˵ 
ʱϢʦиһţڶ˵ǰ 
ʱɽѾƽҵӻԼȻĬԼ 
ԼҲͲߴˣʵ䷴ 
뵽Ȼȥ 
ʯ̨ϰɣ΢ЦָָԶһɫʯ̨ 
ӯ˵ͷܾǰλ뿴Լ۹ֵֹģ 
ɻ󣬵ֲʣڷ±ɽԡ 
ʱɽڵ룬ʲ 
ҺȻϵģҿλЩ쳣ϸ鿴ʩ 
ɽһϣȻʣҲö˵ֻ΢΢ĵͷ 
ʱҲ׶ӯʵĸɣɽźδ 
ӯ΢΢һ㶣һɽңһġɽϣСš 
ѽҵһ 
ɽһʱҲ֪˵ʲôã 
кȻĬˣ 
̡֮кһ죬Ļҡ 
ʯΧ 
ʱɫһ㲱ϹŵСʯǴġ 
ӯɫ΢䣬ɽһۣĿ˸ 
ɽҲһû뵽Էһ۱㿴ǿʯĲһʱҲ㲻ʵĿģԼڶԷֲִĸо 
Ҽ𾪣ЦЦֻһ۾Щˣ 
 
ڤʯûУ 
ڤʯɽɫãȻĵһ 
ĿɻĿӯľ䣬ͻȻСҵӰﲻɵķһĸо 
л 
һ˵崫һ󣬡󡯣ٳϹŷӡġ˻Ļپ 
ֻһʮɽУһУһڡȡУҵѾȫ 
ֻ֮ڡ顯Уںܾǰ塮顯ϰ벿Ѿʧ˵ŵ̾һ 
ӯ֪ʲôʱѽǷʯȡУɫȴ쳣 
ĬĬĿһۣŵұΪʹʧ˼䣬ȴû뵽żȻҵ֪仹һвС󡯡 
ڤʯɽü 
΢΢һЦʦΪһ֮У󷨲һٵõʯϣڲҩ֮Уޡػ 
ɽӯ˵ЩÿһЩȫĲ֮С 
˽ܵ飬ϽΪţȴ֪ľ֮ԴɽľĪţ 
ΧٴγĬݵƽ 
ӯȻ̧Ҳ˵ġڤʯˣʥԭˣ 
˵΢΢һЦһ˿ʡ 
ҲûнӣֻĿĿǸŮ 
ѪСʯҡţڻӳɢɫʣ 
ڤʯٳ˻Ļƣɰ£㲻Ҫ𣿡ҺȻһЦӢϷһ֮ɫ 
ץڤʯϸϸĴš 
ӯҲǱʵһ㶣ЦʯӺÿǺÿòãϵûˡ 
ҺȻһЦڤʯ˲ѡôûԼٲ˻Ļƾλ롮ޡҲûܹκˡɡ 
˵΢΢һ٣Եҳ㼸꣬һɣ⡮ڤʯ뿪㣬ʯ죡 
˵һףлһ⣬ӯɫһϲæֽס 
ʯԼΨһܹϽģҪȻȻЩѹ 
Ͼ˼ҵʥ˵Լ޹ϸԼҲǿаռ 
ǰܹʯ͸Լνġ 
лл롯ӯæ˵ȻЦżӵллڴ硭 
ҺǺһЦӻóһŰɫֽ 
˹ȥǡ󡯵ȫڵĵкٻ˻ĻˣܿҲࡣ 
˵ų̾һδ緸һܴĴ󣬡顯ѣ˼һĺƽ٣ֻеȡľʱٽ㣬ʱٳֹⳡƽ١ 
ɽʧɫ顭 
ӯɫҲһ䣬 
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һźɫӣʱ׷СɣԱطӡУʱĸΪƣ 
ͻұ㽫񡯻ɵӸ˷ᰣ 
ᰣĪǡɽüͷ壬 
ҳʱԵеӾǡ顯ʵǿŰɫӿ֮ƥУ 
ġɽ㵵 
ֻڶѡ̾ȫʱ¡¿ֻܾеܡ񡯵ġɽԿˡ 
ﰵļһ䣬ʥ֮塯Ҳܴ 



һٶʮ 뿪

       ɡɽһ 
ɫһæ顯ҳƽʱһ֡ 
ӯ˴ɴʱҲѽĶԲˣ 
ӯһЦڴ˵һ棬οղŲ˵𣿡ڤʯѡңȻûˣˮڣڵҲΪʱɣ 
һ㶣źǺһЦһˮڣѵǣ黹ûһҶˣ˵ãû꣬ӡ 
˵վȥ 
ɽҲԼ̫ˣվԼҲæ˹ȥ 
סʯ̨ϵŮӣҺȻһ 
ֳü̽ȥ 
ɽۼ⣬һ۱㿴ҵһڸҪüʱ 
ꡭһ죬ҵһŷ·ҧһѸٵȥ 
ŨҵɷѽҾȵ 
ɽһŵʵô¡ܾȻ𡭣 
ҳλŮӻ壬ȴֻɷʮĲл꣬Ϊ취ɽ֮壬뽫ЩлƳ 
ܱƳЩлꡭɽʵ 
ҳƬ̺󣬵ʮɽһֽСˡޣκι֮ﶼηûлǣȴɻΪֻҪȡѪұʩŮϵĲлƳ 
˵΢΢һ٣ʮɽЩôӳ顣 
Ȼ·ʲôǸŮӻǵġ塯ҿ 
ɽͷǸɫ˳ 
ĽһľʯȴԵøͻأ 
ɫУջһķӡ 
һ͸ĺĽУһ˿˿ϸĺϵĲ壬·ʲô 
ʱסָһ 
һ 
ֻ͡һͻȻܳһ̣Щ˿ס 
šͣͣ͡ϸ΢첻ϴ 
ɽĬĬţһߣˣţʮ 
ͻȻɫϲ 
ʱ亹ܲ 
͡ 
ͻȻ³һŹֵڣ 
Щ˿ͻȻѣʮ̷·ʲôһ㣬Ѹٵû뵽֮С 
һĺ 
ܺãһֻδ١ɫȻĽ˹ȥ 
лɽպýԵĸм 
΢΢һЦҺܺ棬ŮӵĻǼȻδȱʧô뿪أ 
ɽ룬̹׵˵ʵҲɽ˸ҡ塯ʱĻõģ 
ɽˣİˡ 
ɽɫһǣ 
еɽǡɫЩɣٸױϾò 
ʵǺ 
ӯſڣɽȻֹסųɽ˾СҲС 
ɫһž 
ɽһͻѱ˼ܣֻӲͷƤ 
ҺȻЦһ 
ԭˣԭˡ̾ 
Ŷסɽ˵ģҶ 
ĿͷĬĬ 
ϼ룬ĵȥɣδɵ£ͽһɡ 
 
߳ʱɽأ 
ʣȴֻ΢Цͣ 
Ҳ޿Σĳ棬ӯȴϲЦտ 
ֻ˫˷ܵĶг¾ɵֽ 
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ʦ֡ɽһ 
ڵΧ˹ 
ôʵ 
ɽüͷ΢壬ԾȻҪ׼һЩܵöൢ鼸죡 
 
Χĵϸţ 
ֵطϼ죬ǻƷǡ 
ɽȻ˵еӷһһ׳󣬴˴Ρƽʧһ˾Ϳˡ 
ɡ 
ʦ֡ɽϵ̾һиȣʦش󣬡 
ĿᶨĿ࣬ŵΪһ֮˽ңԼԭ²Լˡ 
̾һǺãһСĵ㣬ѱ󣬱ƽǣ콣šһ˶Ը˵ģ 
Ҫס˫ֹİˣҡšĵӡ 
һɽͷĿ㣬 
ҲҪСģرҪע⡮ȡ 
ף΢΢ףĿ⿴һۣ߰ɣ 
˵ŵһƿնȥ 
ಣಣಡٵХϣ⻪ϰա 
Զɷף⼴֣ 
ظա 
ʧߵĹ⻨ 
ɽᶨĿ䣬 
ǣǧҪ˺˫飬Ȼһڣ 
㣬Ҹڡ 



һٶʮ 

        
峿Сٴѹ 
֮䵭壬صķ촵 
Ҷ¶ҲһҡΣֵУ͡ 
سСǳڳǰǶеУ 
ӰԶǻ̫Ҳֳһ˿еȴ⡣ 
ʱ侲ţ 
̫Ҳԣ۾سɻԣ 
ߴߴ 
ֻСѣųڱ̵Ҷ䣬ظֵֿ飬 
ǵĸȾֵϡĳ˼ӰһվڽֵæµԼƣɫæȴЦݣ 
ʱܿ죬ͷ̫ѣĻԼÿһ飬ԭĴϱһַǷӣ 
β 
Զ˳Գһ 
̵Ҷ໥ģڵסȵĽ 
ΧһƬϷ·Զ 
Ľֵз紵 
£һɫӰŲӣ 
 
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Ųǧ 
һۿȥǴӡƽʧʿӰ¼Ŷֲ 
ֻ˶ã̧ͷӳһң 
ԴջһᲽȥ 
СٳԵ㶫ѽһüͷΧСתͣ 
ԴСҰߺСһֱڳ˼ʲôһɽԶ 
ȴֻ˵ûζڡı㲻ٶԣ 
ѾȥüˣżĶǰĲ豭˵δˣ 
ԭɫҲĲ԰㲡 
ɼһɣôȰش֣ûζڣ 
Ҳشƫ춼жٿˣٶ˵еļҲֻСŮѣҲû飬 
СүүˣԵɣһɶŷߣ 
ǳѪ˿۾Ӻ޲ֱȥˣ 
С֪үүãվôûḴġһɾԼһ㣬ǰŮɲΪɫ 
ӴӴô˵ѽһɺȻæ꣬ 
ɫʹԱߵϻ 
Сүүһ£Ӵʹͷˡ 
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һɵһתŲһšôôТŮѽԼүүҪ 
ءʱһֱСȻأԵ 
һɡৡһվ 
ɫߵŮԼСޡСޡүү˵ 
˵ŲϵĲСϵ飬ƶߵ㲻ͣĵæҡ 
үүĺʹĺʹѽСһͷһɵĻ֮У 
֮ҲĴ 
λüͷһүһۣŶ 
ˣްɡ޳һЩһḧĺ󱳣 
дһ˿̣ 
ã·ейһ㣬ƽ 
Сص֮ϣɵ涣ȴǳˡ 
ˣСҲ˿ҲˣԵ㶫ɣȥϹͷһ˸ŵĶ 
ԲүүСۡһЦŽ 
һЦЦɵŮүүѽ 
ԼСŮо֮⣬ 
ʱСͻȻͣס֣㯵ʵүүôԼأ 
һɳŬɡŬ͡Ȼɫ΢䣬㲻ỹСӰɣ 
СصĵͷĿĵұټһ棬ʹϲңҲҪȻ 
ӾеľƱһһ˿Ө档 
һɫ䣬ѾͷħѽСʲôõģʱ򱿵Ҫ֮Ѫɱ㡭㡭ָСɫǺû³֡ 
㡭ʶСʱԱߺȻһͻأ 
Сת׿ȥӳһλòӢ꣬ʱӢȴһ˿Ρһ˿ţ 
һܻ˵С˭ѽʶ 
СӱǸһЦʶǡ 
ɫһϲ¡š׷塯־𣬸Сǡ˵ɫһ 
ǰǱ롮ȡ־ѱɽȺʧǡһֱĿĵţ 
ȴСеıҴͷĻҲоԼ޴Ϊ֪Ǹʱİ֮˾Ǳ 
Ҳǻǲȫ֮塣˰㣬㷵ʣȴǼޱȡ 
־𡭡Сŵͷ 
ȻɫһϲǸСʱСһ߳«Ļ飿 
Щ֪ȫǴӽƿģ 
ɡС΢Цŵ԰׵ϷһΥɫ 
ССеöѽԼүүˣһСֹţأԸ̾ϿŮˡ 
СһЦҲȥ磬־Щɵĵ㡭֪Сס𣿡 
֪־ЦЦһֹӣ 
Сʵôˣ 
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һ䣬æվСǰʲôû˼ȥ 
˵תС㲻ѽǿߡ˵žȥС֡ 
Сüүүһκòã¹֮ҡһǵġ˵һ 
һѽӲǲǣͲүүĻˡãȥ˰׷ͺڷˡһĿһɣصϣɫӣ١ 
СŵĿһۣүүԲ𡭡 
һɱһߣתһԣӵмֻ 
С̾һת־𣬵ͷһᡮ 
־ɫϲĿϣĿɷҾһˡ 
Ǳ𡭡С 
־ǣ 
Сɫһ˭ 
ҵһλǰ䣬Χ롮ӦܾȻ־϶˵ 
Сü䣬ɢ 
ǲƷ嶥ʵ 
ǡ־˵ͷ 
СɫȻѹ֡ 
ʱһͻȻ˵СϵСƭ㣬ơû˭壬䣿Ѷᣡ˵Цһ 
־д󼱣Ҿûƭ㣬ҡλǰ򡭡 
һһɾһɫȻùŹ 
ǰô֪ģ־ʵ 
׽ܴˣһɲľȴûлش⡣ 
үүСҲĿɻĿ˹ȥ 
һɫһãȻͷĵڳˣʲôȥɣүүס㣬Ҳˡ 
˵Щһҵİ˰֣תջĶ¥ȥ 
СüͷĿԽԽԶһɣɻ󣬵ȴһΡ 
ܲһˣ־ŵʵ 
Сʧĵ˵ͷ 



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       ƽ 
ããİţͬΪһɫ 
Ǵڡƽһʯ壬Ҳһ 
ɫʯԶʮ֮Զһ֮£ҲֻܿһģǱͨʮʯˣ 
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ʯΧʲĲֻǰɫʯϷֲźܶһĹ֣·𱻾֮ˮˢһ㣬 
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һʯб죬޴Ķ˵Ҳһ﷽Բ֮ǰһƽʯأ 
ʯокϸһᷢʯϷһ鱻ƽİɫʯ棬 
ʯ֮ϹĿʮ֣ƶ 
Ӳ 
磬 
 
˿̾ʯ弸ʮﴦĿһȺˣ 
Щһź£Ȼħصġʪáӣ 
һۿȥаʮ֮ڡ 
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ʱݳĿȴ˸Щǡ 
Щ˵ǰվһĴħͷһͨħǽлףҲ֪ģ 
ɷͥһ֮ 
 
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Եġа桯ʵ۾Ǻʱȥ 
ǽ׿ϴһۣĵӶ𣿡 
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ˣߡôӰѽǽüͷ΢壬 
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˫Ĳ𣿡ǽ̾һĿ⽥䡣 
ʱİͻȻһƿգ 
ಣಣಡ 
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ãƿ˴кջѽǽ΢ЦĿŶˣ 
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˵ԻȡһͷϸмԴֵɫƷͬʱ۽һԱߵŮӣ 
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ǽĿƵĿŶˣЦһãȻλģҾͲˣ 
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л۾̧״µ˸̧ͷ 
ߵĽƿһЦ 
ϴĿһ˫Ķŵǽж 
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һŰ͸ɫѪƽ 
󡭡ѪͻȻһֵ 
Ϻڹһһֻ 
򼲻ͬǣֻβϷ߲棬ÿһ涼һɫȻϹ涾֮߲򼡯 
һжڵʯ֮䣬׸ովòԾǡ߲򼡯ѱס 
Ǹûɫʧֻź˸۾Ķŵǽšɡֻ֣ȥɡЦ 
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߲򼡭ɫ䣬˫۽ĶֻѪǻ򼣬žȵĿǰӡ 
ףǺ⣡ǽ˵Ȼָ͵ȭ 
͡һ죬 
βһ˥Ѫʳɷ顣 
šƺһһѪ 
ʱ״üͻȻ𣬳Խƿӳһ̹⣬һˡҡƿЦһ 
зֻâһ˷ɿȥͬʱȰˣκ۵ִѰѵҪҲΪԼ𣿡 
ȥĿѪ 
Χһ׼ܡǽһ֣ 
ʪáѸٵĽϴΧ 
˾ϴ󾪺ѣعʱԼѱΧҲ֪˴ˣ 
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ףֻг֮Уһ 
䣬䣬䡭սоҽ˷ 
ǽһԣĿǰһУ 
ĿѪ״񣬡򶾹ڴ˸ 
ƿŲæ⣬ɫȹҡڣȻȻݺ 
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ȻƷ񣬵ĵȴ侲ԽƿҲǼɵ 
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ƫƫ⡣ 
Цһ۾С޶ȥСһһó롮ƶ䡣 
ǽ΢΢ףʵͷˡ 
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ëͷСδ 
ױһд󾪣 
жæȥͬʱĿһ䣬˫͵ıʮӰǸĵŮӵȥͬʱԼҲ 
ƿһݣâһ 
Ϲ⻤ܵǰ 
ͣͣ͡һ 
ȻӰ͸ڶһȷϮ 
ƿɫ΢䣬ӣ 
ಣâ 
ȻâӰײ֮ʱǺӰͷͻȻһƫɫâٶȲĳȥ 
ƿɫٱ䣬ҡٵȥ 
ͬʱ˫ǰϵҡţȻһ٣ͣԭأ 
ʱ 
ӰѾ䵽꣬꣬꣬ͻȻ죬 
ӰͻȻ˰գ 
ƿȥӰȻͷϸİɫСߣ 
ʱһţĿĶɺ²ϡ˻˻֮Ļ꣬ 
סǵȴһϸͷİ˿ȻϦաϻš챦˿ 
ƿһ 
ɾʱ˿סͻȻſС죬 
˻˻˻ϸСĶ֭沿ȥ 
ƿɫ䣬ʶ˫һƶȥ 
˵Ʈͷƿգ 
ͻȻɫৡһͨ죬ȻղǰСɲõһУ 
Ը߰Ȼѧǵȵӵġɲղš뵽̺ɫ˼֣ȴǸջ 
Ȼ̧һУͣ͡ 
߱˿˸飬һжúܿ죬 
ƿɱСߺ󣬺׸պӭ˹ 
 
ƿãã 
 
ÿһٴδӰ 
û뵽ղǼԼôͱɱѾˣ 
ڵףƿ˫Ŀɷֻ˫̧һӰʱڰգ 
ͬʱһâС֣ 
ʡΧȻϹʢһҫ콣âȥ 
ˣ桭׻δ䣬ɫâȻ 
ֻóֵֵ 
ϧǡ򶾹ڴУҽƿǺ߶ 
䡭һ죬 
۵һ缸ѪɫȻȥ 
۾֣ 
ץסʲΧȴֻп 
 
ŭޱߵĲԹޣûںڳĶ֮УԹֱ 
֪𡭡ǧ򲻸þûҪЮҡƿĬĬĿʧ޼ĵطһ̾ 
ٺ١ӹȻǸöѽЦţղӧĿıΪ⡮򶾹ڴ 
ƿһƣȻЩǸСѾͷǶǵˣ 
֮£ϴߵսҲβˣֻʣϴȶʮ 
ߡǽĿһ䣬 
Ȼһ˲ϴ˵ϿգӻóһѪɫԲ̣ 
ָ磬ϵһ󼲵㣬Žת 
ͬʱһ 
ʪáȣ㳯 
ϴ˻ûδȻΧѹͬʱͷͻȻһѪɫâڣ 
 
Χɫұ䣬æܹ⣬ 
Ŀ˱Щһǣȴû뵽Լôһ죬Ƿ̡ 
ȻЩĽЩͬ飬ΪЩٻԼ 
һϲĻӦ飬 
λʹĲҽţ 
һѪⲻϴһӿǸѪ̣ԭƤĸҴȥ 
ܿ죬λղŻڷֿƬ̼仯һѺǣ 
ʱΧħ̵ӶݾϴҲı۾ 
һĻܷ·ħˮһȻ飬һʻ˼䡣 



һʮһ 

       ۾һЩ˿νѽٺ١Цŵ 
ǽϵѪһӿʱݷ 
һΪݵ۾أԸ̾⡮Ѫ̡Ȼѽ 
׷׷׶ݣĿ˸ʱͬʱ̾һ΢΢Ĵ 
ǽĿɨʵȡֻϺûУ 
һ˹۾ᰡջعУǵ˶뵽Ƿ֮Уֻǰ 
ǽһɱ 
Ȼüͷһ壬ƿôˣղ𣿡 
΢΢ʧĽƿȻһЦл常ģƿû¡ 
ǾͺáǽζĿһۣŶ˵ȥ߾裬⡮ƶо򵥣 
ǡӦһʱɫƿɫȴЩ 
ķ磬ǻ 
ǽĳʯȥʯ̨޴ʯռߣһĪѹֶ 
ǿʯ̨ʱ˲Լͬĳһ 
޴ʯǰվԶ˾첻 
侳ȻоԼǳСͬʱҲʯĺ嫣 
رǶ֮ϵʯ֣ 
Լɣʯʮ࣬ÿһǷâ֣ 
аɱĻӣ 
֣ƣţǽ 
ġʪáӶһ˫ʯϸһᷢǽؾȻʯһ֣ǿ岻ķӦ 
Ǽħͷ˫ɫȻ 
аһ 
Ȼɫһ㶣۾ʲô˵ָԶʯأ 
Ǹطһ֣ʰԲߵʯڵİУǹֺߵʯر֮ⷽҪϼ磬 
ְ֮һİۣͬǺߵʯָⷽϼ磬ϸ֮¾Ȼ֮࣬ 
һֺʯسʻɫȴЩ졣 
ҲĲԣ͵͵ʱ 
ʱɳɤӵǰһʯɽʯһۣûһҲڿʯʱͻȻϮ 
˵һʯϵѷ죬Щأ 
รǽͷ 
һ޶ǳֱ뽣ָƶ 
ֻмλħͷʼįʱĴЩǰȥѰħеطҲʧ 
ʱǽ̧һ 
һλڵӡಡһʯ۵ȥ 
顭һ죬λͬٶȵɶأ 
䡱һڵأ鴤±㲻ٶˣ 
ǽͫ͵һͬʱղŵ·ʲôƵģ 
ʯϵѷкȻһ༡ 
ͳϼУëȻ 
𰡡һѷವһܳһһӰ 
顭ľӭһֻݵʯͷվǰ 
ʮɣͷҰ޳ 
ɽй޲һǣЩ޶һ˫˫Ѫ۾ɷ顣 
ħ̵Ӱ䱸ܼһֻֻԴԴϵѷбڶ 
ռ˴ʯأҲϣ죬 
ħ̵ȴȻ壬ǽˮĿŲԶǵ԰ĹĻĿɻлȻ 
𰡡һֻһɿĳ˱ȥ 
ĹһѷĳȥƵҲΪ 
ǵĶֶЩսħͷΪ壬 
䣬䣬䡭׼ֻ޸ո˵˶ӱ㵹ɶأ 
ʪáӸ죬գȻһǷ飬ԷĹԼȴԴݶ㿪Ȳʤȯ 
һħͷ׺ޱȣ 
аգɽȡ˸ 
ʱХۣΪܧۡ 
ʯɽѹ޳࣬һʱƳ磬ҡ 
ħͷ赭дÿһʽӳһƬյأʮִݣǹԴԴϣɱѹ 
ˮľ֮ΪɷΣȻ֮ѽǽĿƵ˵ 
Ȼкڹͻһɫ䵶Уħħ 
ಡһХ 
ħɫĹĻȥ 
顭һ죬 
ħɶأǽ⣬Ҫȥӣ 
ԵĲʦͺһСġ 
ǽĿһѪͻһסħ 
顣ǽһѪʧԶɫĹĻֻһٴλָƽ 
ǲšǽһ 
ͬʱеˮɫɫһХ׷׳ǽȥ 
аЦһзһ䣬 
ɽȡâʢеļͻȻʧո˳Ĺûü 
㱻Хϰգ˺ɷ顣 
ǽعŴӻͳһ 
׸ġ󡯣 
ָһһ촫˿ȥͬʱɫâڡ󡯵ͷϵţķâϢ 
һøлѽǽĿЦ 
Ϣ˳ȥͣһ죬ɫĹĻһ޲Ȼ 
ͬʱӿ׷ײĻһڿУʧ 
ʱڶһ˻˻죬ŴһɫĻΧʯͷȹ޵ͻȻʢ 
һֻֻ״ĳħ̵ӷ˶ȥλһʱ͡һʯҧס˲ûãã޺֮У 
֮ΪɷǽĿһ䣬 
С󡯹âǣ 
ֶϢĳĻȥ 
͡ķâ͸ڶɫĻȻ飡 
ΧڴսϢĸʽޣȻһ𣬽һֻֻȻ£Ϊһʯ 
ΧһӰ˲˼ĿǰһĻβŻعһǽȥ 
Ȼѽǽе̾ 
ڴʱΧĿһͣʯ֮һ졣 
䡭ʯ̨һǽ˷׷ɫ䣬̧׿ȥʯлⱩǣһɳȵ˷ 



һʮ 

       ¡һ 
˾ȵķ֡ƶʯеġĺ·ڵҽ 
ϵĹ֮Уһ౻ռݣ 
ʯɽһֻ䡱һ죬 
˺Ȼ̧ͷֻʯɽĶͻȻһ⣬ֱ񷣬 
ǽ𾪵ĿһĻʱƣǵıСֱʧ١ 
»عͷǰʯл˸˲ʱϮʣĵ蹵âܿĵɫĹĻ 
ȺͻȻһ۾쿴 
ǽȻתͷֻããİӿţм䲻ʱγһɫȥ 
˰㣬Ǹطİϡ 
һеĳŨİ壬һӰԻЩСʯɽ 
ûŨڵһжȻˣξһ˿ʯɽ񣬰Ȼ 
ֻеµĶβΪĬĬݷڽף 
ˡʦ̾һ 
ȻΧʯɽвϴܳ߷ٸ 
ǽĿһ˸ȻҲ̾һˣҲޡ 
ȻһϣɫĪתв֪ʱƮ㣬֮һ紺꣬Ƣʮˬ 
ʲôζͱͱɻ 
֪аüͷ 
ʱͻȻһȣ 
ħӣ 
ಣಣಡй⻪ƿ֮ϣ 
˲Ϣ֮䣬ʯ̨ϱ˼׼λɵ޵֣ 
ҲĵСɣʱҲΧɻĴţ 
ͨħնӳ˵أϹٲߴһ 
Χ˻عĳԷΧȥʱ½½вٵɻɢ޼룬һۿȥ֮ࡣ 
һһʵƺƵΪкȻСš롮šˣ 
Ȼģ˵ĿⱻҰϵġ˸Сţ 
ħһҲһСɧ 
ʱΧıŨΧŽĿǸͨʯ 
½ѩüͷһ壬Ĳһٶ࣬Ҳסƻħѽ 
Ϲٲ߷·Ҳſս۾˸ʱĳȥ 
ʱĵǽ΢΢һЦλҰ̣Ȼʱ㣬챦뻹ǵԵȡ˱˶ϰɣ 
˻һһвɢ޵ͷӦǣ 
ϵħƴǸϣܹȻѰ 
껵üͷ壬½ѩһԻأ 
ָռӣһҫ̫ͼֳ 
ˡһ 
ʢ½ѩɫâһŷٵĳ̫ͼӿȥڰ˫߲ͣ 
̫Եɫⲻסתʵʡ 
ΧӾȵĿ˵ʹıˣԽһʱûתֻһȣ̫ӡ 
½ѩһƣ̫ͼȻһŷ֮ƳԷȥ 
֮ľ罫ʯ̨һĺ蹵 
ǽĿһ䣬Ҫʱ 
ùЦһȥ˵ռɶȥ 
ڰֻһͻȻѪⱩǣ֮ö࣬һſŲҰ׵ͷϵĳѪ֮У 
ʱѪһӿѸٵһɺͷ 
ùХһ?p&gt;ѪɫͻȻ۾͵ſŹֱðĴ죬 
꣬ 
һɺɫĹŭ 
䡭һ죬 
ɫġ̫ӡ͵һâ˼֣Ʋ˥ĳѪáײȥ 
䡭һը죬 
̫ӡȻ飬 
½ѩҡһ 
ԷľâͻȻ˦һӰа桯һУӰУ 
۾ҡɫǺ죬ȻۡһһѪ 
ԷᣬԼͷһ£Ҳûóȫȴû뵽Էķ 
Լ㶼ˡ 
֮֡ˡһһѪ 
½ʦãû°ɣɴʿһۣ׷׼Ӳٶԣһɽ 
ħҲ׷ŭĿӣϢ² 
һӱýڴսһ֮ʱ 
ͻȻһȣס֡ 
ѭȥ⻪ 
ʦ֡Ϲٲת׻ 
áķȵҲ׷׼ 
ǡȡˡ 
΢΢ף 
ʱųۣȻͷһ˿ͷ 
˫Ŀϣ塯ʱȫˣ 
ʱת 
Ȼüͷһ壬ȻҲŵǹζźۼɨ˵ǽһۣʵʲôζ죡 
Χ˻شĿһ뿴Ǹ޴Ķڡȵ˲ʱΧӵŨˣ 
ü˶һۣҪ˵ʱԱߵ䭷·ʲôô 
תͷȥȺһȫ׵ĹӳҰˣ 
üͷһ壬â 
Ҳüͷ壬һʱҲ֪Ǻˡ 
䭼δ˵һתҲ 
ƹ˵ô죿ʱ½ѩͻȻʵ 
ΧĿٴ 
 
а̾ʱħ̺ѿˣһжƺ˵ģ 
ֻҪˡ塯õǵͿ顯ȫˣҡħ̡ҲûŹ 
һɽƻˣ֮˺Ƥħ̡ 
һƣһй׶ɽĴаޣȴ޿κΡ 
ҡڣǱ½ѩǽҲΪѣ 
 
½ѩףȡ롮ħ̡ϸ 
Ƕ֣ԼⷽûмߵģŴʱᰲ˺Ƥ 
ϾΪУ˭Ҫ¡ 
 
ǽе̫ţȻʱĴҲ 
ֻҪĹ˼ɣʱԼ˵ҲԲҺ͡ȡ֣ʱ˸ж֡ 
һˣǽиǴ󶨣 
ǰһơ 
 
顭ʱʯɽһ 



һʮ ˮ

       顭ʯһ 
˳Ĭѷ㵣 
ǽȻתף޴ʯɺ˸û쳣 
顭ʯһ 
ɫ΢䣬Ŀصߵʯ̨Ե¿ȥɵĶȻ 
ӷ׷˹ȥǽҲɻĳʯ̨Եȥ 
顭΢һ˿첻ŵ˻ڶ֮У 
ڵӲɵסĿĶ·ĶΣ 
顭һ˻ 
ײĶһӿ·ʯˮеһ˿ 
½ѩüͷ΢˻һĪϤУ 
顭ʯ̨΢΢һϸСʯӹ£ӿĶһڣ 
½ѩɫһ䡰ܣһ˳ 
ơҲ̸ȥ 
ãȻĿŷߵƵˣƬ̼䣬 
ҳĶһ໡һž޴ĺӰŭϣ 
ʣµ˺Ȼɫæļշȥλ΢ߵĵ˲䱻ɫĶ֡ 
ˮߡǽɫ䣬 
Ҳòȥ֮ԶǲŸͣ 
𡭡ɫ΢΢ףû˻ش۾һգգĿǸȻ 
໡ˮߡ䶯ž޴ʯɽϣ첿£˫ɫͫ 
̰ĶŶڡ໡һ 
޴Դײȥ䡭һ죬һȻ顣 
ˮ˻𣬽ŰԴٴײȥ䡭һĻ 
ڴʱʯϷ֡ƶеġơֺȻһ 
ͬʱʯϵѷкȻֻʯͷ֣һۿȥʯɽ·һֻȫֵĹ 
Щַһ籩㳯ˮߡȥ 
䣬䣬䡭ϣ 
Щʯַ·û𵽴ãֻƬһǳɫĺۼ໡ˮߡһŭ 
޴һ䣬ͬʱԴҡΣЩʯͷ˲ϵһƬ 
һϢʱ䣬ЩϹѷٴԴԴһֻʯͷ֣ 
໡ˮŭһ 
ٴΰ޴ͷɫĹĻײȥ䡭һ죬 
޴ͷȻɣǲĻֻһܿٴ˻ָƽ 
ˮߡȻŭٴΰԴɫĻײȥ 
䡭 
 
ȻϹ֮ѽ 
üͷ˵⡮ƶ﾿ʲôˮߡĶأڣǡ˵Ŀ⿴һۡ 
֪ʲôǾֻȥʡаˣϹٲ 
΢΢һ㶣Ŀһƫٴο˲ԶҰвʣȻһͷ 
ʱ΢ЦŽŶԵʦãҰǸźɫ׵˽еʯɽȥ˵ָʯɽ 
𣿡ʵ 
ô࣬ҰȥˣЩͷ˵ 
Ӧม 
΢΢һЦһٸ㣬ǵþ˵У 
õģ΢΢һЦų˷ȥ 
ЩɫˣаЦһɿĳɽȥôõһͨӵУǿǱˣ 
ʦҪšɱһһõʱϤ֮ʰ 
š 
 
䡭һ죬 
ɫĹĻ֧ŲסȻ飬 
ͬʱЩڻʯͷͻȻһؽضϵµס 
໡ˮ˻һкֱðо˷֮⣬ 
ǡǣǡʱһֵͻȻ 
ЩİѷͻȻðһʯ̣ЩʯΧһɫƣһ֪϶ͨʯ̡ 
Щ˵ƬȻʯƣ 
ɫѪҺ£ 
໡ˮߡŭһŤЩ߸ʯ̷׷׶ѣ 
ΧʯҲĥϣʯ̶ҲͶˣȴûٳ֣ 
ڽϵʯĥϺ󡮺ˮߡµתͷ 
šƶһĻײȥ 
䡭󣬺ɫͷٴε 
׸Ļ΢΢һͬʱʯϷ֡ƶеġ 
ɫâ 
䡭ˮߡȻײţľͫ˷ܡ 
ݺĵĹ赲ģаµĶܾҪˡЩϧ˵ 
δʺǺһЦڣֻҪôԸħ̡Ϳˡ 
Ȼ·ʲôҸղſһɫ׵ĵӣ׿Ӧþǡа񡯵İɣףôûأδɻѲӣӳеǸɲڣ 
Ҳ׵ȥҲ˰ɡЦЦ˵ 
δʳɵɡŻѽ˵Цһ㻹˵˺ǡšġ 
ţ΢΢һ㶣 
ĵһЦԭ 



һʮ 

       㡭ʲô 
Ǿ࡮ƶһʯʯ̨ϣ绺ǰ棬ҰЩɵʵЩ 
ɷϣĺ 
ͬ½ѩǲɷı䣬 
ҲڱǾǣ 
дżԼÿ˿ڣһһЦת仯Ϊ򽭴ˮ˺ 
ҰȻԼᶨ˾棬в⻹Щ㷣 
뿴һλŮദһѡƧ˼ʯҹͷһ 
µĹৡһͨ죬 
ʦЩ£Сǰ棬 
Ȼתͷɻôˡ 
ԭҰͻȻͣԭأĿⲻס˸ 
ѽ 
Ȼһ죬ԭԼĸղǾ仰ǷǣȻ±ͺ롣 
ҧűݣΪʦ֣̰ɣһˣһЦɣҲôģ 
Ұ΢΢һ㶣˼Ҷ˵ˣپܾͱɺˣ 
Ŀһ󲽳ȥ 
ķڰḧӣ 
㡭ŵĻȻֹ 
顭ʯгâͻһɫӰɶ䡱һصڵϣ 
Ұƺһŵ֧ӣ˫ĶŶڣ 
ڰУӰ 
ʦ֣㡭ЩţĿ⾪ȵĿԵӡ 
һЦʦã⡮š֪ǵ顭ʦҪǣֻڼǵˡ 
Ҫ˻ȥĴס 
ȻΧһбúİ 
ɣʦԼˣ 
ôźţ 
ʦãȻȥҾС䭲ͷĻӻ֣ƶǷȥ 
ʱתӢϴЦȫһ׿ȷǺöˣ˵մЦ 
ҰһɡҡҡλεվĿĶŶԷ 
ɫһͷӲ˵շǰġߡȻâʢ 
ֻಡһҰȥۿžҪâУ 
ҰͻȻһĳûȥˣߡƲ˥ײں󷽵ʯϣ 
䡭 
ɫ΢䣺 
һٻءߡŷֳϴȥ 
͡ɫɳ߰ضû 
ͻȻһХߡⱩǣĻ泯ܷӶȥ 
˲סʯ̨һ治ͬǣЩʰɫļⲿȻŵ 
ܿ죬֮䶯ŻΪһŰɫ壬Ĵ̽ʱ 
ͻȻһѵֻ㱾¡ 
͵תԶĻϣһȫԡĵնɫȼգϹŻ񡯣 
·Բ֮ڣɫ岻ϵķţ˾ΧɫĻ涼Ϊ֮ҡҷ 
ãã˫ҹȴǱ顣 
һжָ̱꣬ƽֻɫı 
һֻһķӡ 
ߡһϼ⣬ 
͡һ 
ĻͻȻһգҫ۵ĺâٳߡӿȥ˲Ϣһ˶ĳལ 
ն䭴һ 
ɫâȥҰҵ˫ռ裬ɫ˲ɣǰ 
䣬䣬䡭Ľâ裬ܾȻӦ飬ɫâһХݺݵĳ󷽵Ұײȥ 
顭 
һ죬ɫӰԶֻ䡱һɫӰʯײһ޴Ŀ 
ٴƽЪֹ̼䶨 
䭳һȻȴһ˿Ц⣬ 
ʦ֣û°ɡͻȻһԭղ粢ûлȥͣڰտŽսĶˣ 
û¡䭻ͷӦһ 
ʱɫһ䣬ʦСģ 
ͷһ˲תȥֻʯеܳһӰ 
ɫ΢䣬Ҳ룬ߡ㽣ֵǰ 
һ죬 
ӰͣڰգȻǸղű䭺ͷͷҰ 
ʱâǣɫ󾪣ȴ 
ǰĽִһ죬 
˫ۿֻɫƴһһ㽣֣ص򡮾ߣ 
顭 
һ죬һӰٺˣ 
ʦ֣ôˡæסɶ䭣ɫЩţ 
ƺһϳӲǽڷѪѹȥ 
̧ף˫۽ĶӿľâʱâͻȻһȡ 
Сˣ 
δ䣬ӿľâȻһɫӰ 
ɫ䣬ʱ޿ɶˣȻԵ磬ҲסĲǰ͵ȥͬʱ𷨱Ӽˣ 
УһֻεĴֽԼԨҵתϤӰȻԶȥߵúܼ࿴Լһ۶ûʱ䡣 
ȻһЦı۾ȵģ˲䡣 
顭һ졣ԭĳ΢΢һƫصӡϡ 
ˡһѪӳûס 
䭴ŴٵķţĲҽ·ħһϣ 
ʦãԲ𡭡ʦã 
Բ𡭡ֵźţ 
Ǵһ˿ʦá֪㰮ҡҲ뿴ɡ±ӡ±ٲ 
ʱͻȻһƿգתͷһɫһҰף 
ڴʱԶͻȻһ죬 
䡭ɫϲʦʦʦòӣɱˡ 
ʯһ伤ǧˣЩרעƶĸʿ롮ৡת 
Ұбŭֻ˫һšкȻһ㲨ƣѸٵһ͸ľ޽ 
ಡһȥ 
󵨿ͽһȣһҫ۵ĳâŭӭǵ͸ľ޽ 
䡭 
ҰɶȥкӰһס 
û°ɣü 
ҰһɫһѪѪͻȻһ˻˻죬ʧ 
ȴ·ûһ㣬ֻǲס˻ţˡˡ 
Ұų濴ȥ 
䭶ԵʱȻˣرǱ͵ϮһʢŭӲǱ 
ֱᰶԿһֳ 
ô£üͷ壬 
֪㽫ǰǰ˵˳ȴ˵ǱԷйɱɫ࣬ 
תͷĿĶŶġšˣ 
ΧҲ֪ʲô£ֻǷЩԣɣ󿴿ƣһʱҲ֪ôźˣ 
šƬ̺껲ȺǷȥ 
ڴʱȺͻȻһ쿴 



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       䡭 
һ죬ɫĻһòĻָƽȻ֧Ų˶ˣ 
ڴʱ˾ȵķֶʯ֡ƶеһ֣Ѿֻһȫˣ 
ʱ֪ô£ˮ߱ý 
䡭޴ͷٴεǶ֮ϵĶȫ 
ˡ֪Ӻδһ 
ɫͻȻâǣһŨĺֱ񷣬˷·˸ղŵһ㣬һȵĿǵϾĺ 
Ũҵѽ껾Ī 
ǱҲСȻһ˾ 
ת׿ȥŷÿһʯɽһɫЩ䵽ʱͻȻһۣ 
볯ŻƶɺͶһɣͣ޴ʯ֮ϣŨϣϢܷȥ 
ˡؼһ죬ΧĿ·סһ㣬 
ͬʱ֮ͻȻһ 
̧׿ȥ֮ϺƷݣϸС׵ش̡ܶ죬Ʋ¡¡ƼΪˣ 
໡ˮ޺̬֮һ˿һ֮Ҳʾ 
䡭֮Ͼ¡¡ 
 
 
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һУ·Ķħſľ޿ڣ 
ɵء 
׼ģԽԽŨĺɫĺˮߡ 
˲𡭡˲𡭡֮סǽĿ⾪Ī 
תȣܡŵһ˵ԶȥΧӷ׷׾ѣһҰ׳Զȥ 
໡ˮ˻͵ĵתͷƶײȥ 
䡭ɫĻһ޲ΧҲԽŨ 
䣬䣬䡭ʱǸԽԽΧռ·˺һ㣬Х֮ 
ر 
ڴһ 
һĪסʯɽˮĲ޴ͷ໡ 
䡭ж˾ 
һҫ۵׵籼ڶ£֮ХΧĿռ䵴һϸ΢Ĳƣ·ҲܲסͶľһ㡣 
໡ˮŭһһ䶯 
·һ㣬ŵͷ͵ĳƶײȥڿҲһХɼٶ֮졣 
䡭 
ɫĻӦ飬ˮƲ˥޴ͷȥ 
ʱסպŨˮϣ 
ͣͣ͡ˮһ㷢̶죬ŷ׷ױΣ 
͡ס 
Ʋ˥ĳšˮߡŭȥ 
䡭һ죬 
ˮ߲ҺһԴȻӶ˳һ˿ĹâųããĶ֮С 
·õ˷йһ㣬 
֮ϢЪֹ 
ŨֳܵεΥٴ֣һг䶨 
ķ磬촵 
һعңԶȻƮŵ㣬˲Լͬһ 
û뵽ѽû뵽̾ҡҡͷ 
Զʯɽ޺һйƽδʺǺЦа񡯿Ǵֱʣÿʯϲл⣬ǧͻȻųٻһɣҲֻܸӦ죬ס 
껵ͷҲֻܳͶ񡮺ˮߡˡ 
ʱԱߵͻȻ˵ʦղšˮߡ֮󲻼ţ 
üͷһ壬ɵ̧׿һԶħ̵ˣ 
½ʦãкõļƲߣȻԵİŮʵ 
½ѩüͷʲôáħ̡Ⱦָ 
껵˵ͷ 
ʱΧһɧûˡˮߡвЩɢ޷׷׵̸ 
һƶȥҲ޿κΣֻҲȥ 
콣šȴüͷ壬ǹŵǵδӰܽģ 
Զûǵʦ𣿡ٴ֮ʵ 
ûСʦǸԶĻµӹص 
̾һʱֵ߰ɣ˵𷨱ƶȥ 
ʯ̨֮ʱǰһĻɵΪ֮꣬ 
嫵ʯ̨һƬǼرһףеġˮߡʯ̨֮ϳһ⼸ʮʮɵĺ蹵 
վһԲɵС֮⣬˺Ķޣ޵֣ 
ǰֵһᣬҲֻСаλϹó˰취ܣ 
ţ˲ɵﰵ 
ͻȻЩ飬ǵҲͲ֮ˡ 
Ȼʱ˵ȴмƽϣ˵ʱ١ɽġ 
ʱΪδվȣ֤ݣҲֻӦˡ 
һǿɫʯ̨ϣͣ˽Ų 
޴ʯǰȵ˼Ũ㲻ʱл֮Ъ 
Χ¶ȶȻ˺ܶ࣬Щ˶޵ѾõĵӣȶȵҲη塣 
һۣŻȥ 
ʯܿ˶ųһţʱ껾ȵķ֡ħ̡˾Ȼûи 
Ҳ֪ͼ˰ɣţ 
֪ƽ£ԶħҲ̫ƣеǻᡣ 
˶ǰ̽ȥ 
ʱ䣬ţ 
ÿһΧ¶ȱ߲٣˰㣬û߳ʮɣвٵĵӶˣ 
ʱһλӾȵǰû·ˡ 
һ̧һȷǰԶͨȴһɫǽڵס 
£һλӻȻ 
߳ʮ֮û·ˣһߵϣ 
һ¿ȥ 
ĺӳһŲͬϣȴҫͬĹԡ 
 
һԲεľ𮣬Χͨ 
ͨ嶥ɼ죬 
ײҽڲֹһѣڶֱ 
Ȼһ޴ĻɽһɽͬǣЩڵҽ֮Ʈһ㵭ɫ 
ЩķӿţʱһСڶ𡣺ǹ졣 
ʱĿǶʯϵһɫϼ⣬ϼĵʯϳĶƵ֮ߡ 
ĶɫвһױߵһʳɫʱҲã 
ʺĺɰ꽿ΣƬƬ໥ģϸ֮£պ߰ꡣ 
ڶɫƣƬбϣƻδȫţ 
ȻڶһҲδȫţ 
һɫҺ֣ƬΧΣмֻ֮һСȻʢŻһϾ룬 
ױ߾ȻҲƮɫϼ⣬Щϼ²û 
߲ʥ߲ʥѽɫϲ 
֪߲֡ʥ֮˵ǡǡֻ̫Ѱ 
֮ɲһȻ󲨣 
˵ֲҩܻ죬 
ҶЧһ˽ľˮ磬аĺֹܣ 
֮ǡһԾǧسɷ 
Ȼп󣬵֪֮ﲻκѷɫ 
ʲôɻ 
Χû˵˶һ˼ӣвɢ಻סˣĿ˸ȻȻ֪ʲôȴܲ³Щ϶Ƿ 
˳Ĭ֮ʱ 
һɫӰɴܶǶĳɫɶȥѹĵһȻ 
мλɢ޼æɽҪ׷ȥʱҽ֮ϵһɫͻȻһӿ 
Ѹٵһֻɫ֣λδɹһĵץȥ 
͡λӻû׷ʲô£һ˫ű㱻ֻɫץסšৡһȥ 
ĲҽȻֹڵҽ๾ðݣٴλָƽȻ 
ŵĽζ 
ǼλѾվɽϵɢޡͨһˤɫҰ׵ĳ¿ȥֻֻĳɫĻɢܿʧǲ֮У 
ΧͻȻһӰֻǵ͵͵ķʱ𣬷·ҲǳЦ˵֪ 
ڵ㿴ҿ㣬ͬʱһ 
Ц챦׵֮һȺ޴ļһ 
Ŀɨ˶ʥһۣͣǶҺɫĲϣ 
Ҳ˿Χˣаϲ 
֮ԶȻܹоĵǹɾ֮ȻδţҲֻǶʺԼˣ 
ܾĻȻǸˡһЦ 



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       Щ߲ʥһͻȻ 
һ뿴ԴͷǸӡ 
Ŀһɱ֣˲ָƽа˵ļʶȻ 
ʵȴ֪Щ඼Ǵӡƾӡ鼮żȻġ 
˾㵹󣬲ֻȻ 
߲ʥȻֹֻһΣһлܹģ 
߲ʥԭѽ 
ѹˮߡҲסջðšסҲȥˣѽһھҧ䡭ҡҡͷ״ϧ 
δЦðΣջعĻõ䣬˵Ǽ˸ˣȲ̸òõõô˵Ҳ㿪۽ˡ 
ʦ˵ò껵˵ͷŻһܺһЦ֣û˸Ҷˡ 
ȷΧȻһԾԾԵӣȴû˭߳һἰ컨ǡ߲ʥǸĶʵ̫û˸ͷ 
ʱƣٵǺ棬Ҳ֪Χҽȵģн¡ 
ЩһŲŲĴûҵݾ 
ʱȺкȻһ 
æȥֻһɫӰġ߲ʥɴܶȥٶȿνǷ۵糸 
ͬ龰ٴηǵײĺɫһӿѸٵһֻľצ 
ʱ֮ͻȻһâ 
ͣͣ͡ 
ľצնΪأֻצûʧֻǶ֮һָܿԭ 
ʱλѾͷһʥҲʮˣ 
ϵһ󾪺˰취ǲû뵽ֻû˸԰ˣ˰ȻͨмλļɢϷɽ 
ڴʱ 
䶸 
ԭƽ޲ҽͻȻһ󷭹 
໡ҽһ 
ҽȻһͷһԾһҧסǵɵӰ 
ͨһûڵҽУȻִһԾӣΪݵķ˸ӣˡ 
˺߶ûһȵٴ𣬳Ӷȥ 
˾׵һûɵһ󵨺 
Χװÿ𾪵ĿǸðСݵҽ 
־ӰȻͷ˿Ŷ桮߲ʥҲôĳˣ 
˳Ĭ֮ʱȺϿͻȻӹһӰ㳯¶ʯȥ 
һ˫ĶŰյǵӰ 
а 
ʱΧʿҲǵӰŲһ飬һĿεɹһʱ 
ײĺɫٴηʱǰ֮ϵİӰͻȻһӨ⣬ɫɫצδɣɫӨȻ£ 
顭ɫâһĻɢ 
һˣϵҲɵĽĿӰɫӰת˵µҽϣ 
·ڻӦ˵Ŀһ㣬ƽҽȻһ޴Ȼһ淭 
໡Ƴٴ 
ͷٴ޳һԾɫӰҧȥؼʱ̣ 
໡ǵӰȻһ¿Х·쳤ХֱƲ񷡣 
Χʯһ˶ʯʯڵҽ֮У 
֮ϵʿ׷ױɫһЩǳĵʹס䣬ָ価Ѫ 
Ļһ໡Ƴдһ˿ʣŵͷһԣ˳ȵҽ֮У 
½ѩһĿ⿴棬ɻ⣬ 
ʱǵӰѾ˶ʯϣ 
ת׼䣬һףˮüԶɽ죬ǡСף 
΢Цſ˶һۣͣϣϵЦҲԽӵˣ 
ָĽǶΪĳɫժ۽Ǽ˶һۣƣƼ 
Ȼ㲻ټƽϵ֮£λԼһĳ˵棬ҪװûȴҲǲܣ 
ȡġ롮Ѿ٣ʵ½֪ΣȻع˼ˡ 
ʱΧ˷׷׻һĿⶼС׵У 
ᰰĿ˸ʱ 
Сһ⣬մĿһ˫ֽշֻҪԷٿ 
ӭıǿ籩ĹԱߵϹٲҲսеġź̡ 
ΧĿȻʱ 
СԭǰɵͻȻϳ壬ŻɽĶ˷ȥ 
ɫһ䣬ǧȴ©˶ĻɽڣʱҪ׷֮ 
Χӷ׷׾һͷȥ 
һХ 
ڵӼæعһӰɿĳʯڷȥףҰˣ 
̧ͷ֮ɿĳȥ˻عʱѾɹһˣ 
Ҳסˣֻŵ׳Ӱһ۵糸ļȥҲ 
һȥҽײжֻצγɣз 
ƽĶɹֱ֮ʱ˲Ż֪ôģǻκζƫƫûҰ 
˰㣬ǵһ԰ģŽʣʥ 
룬ױߵڶɫժȥ 
ʱ⼸ѾϵҰժǶɫʥҲȥ룬æԼǶҺɫժȥ 
һģС콣šƽ˼ͬʱ֣ȴǳǶɫʥժȥ 
ڴʱкͻʱȷһѪƾճ֣˸ո֣ 
ᰡɫһ䣬Ҳ˲ժȡʥæ 
䡭ʯһ죬ʯмĴɣɫâĵݡ 
һֻѪɫ͸ؾâǶҺɫʥ 
ͫ͵һһɫģҲǴɫͻȻһ 
Ѫֵǰ棬Ѫɫַ·Ҳ֪һ㣬Ӳͣڰգ 
ʱɫ˱仯Էͣס޵Ļһӿ˲仯һֻĴ֣ 
ɫʥΧȥ 
⣬һ죬ɫʥ뿪ʯڣ 
ڴʱֻͣסѪͻȻѪͻȻСһ·һѪ㳯ȥȴø 
͡âһ죬Ѫ͵˻֮У 
͡ɫ·ޱȴһ㣬ɺɫѪ򲻶ϵС 
ͻȻֻһ죬Ѫ򵹷ɶ 
ͬʱϵĺâӦȻΧæܹ⣬ 
˶֮һֻ˰׵СִâǶɫʥָУ 
һжڵʯ֮䣬֣ѪâͻϮ˶ٵѪƳ֣ءܹϢʱѣ 
˾ѹʱһӰѾϻɽڣ 
ǽҧɬ̧Ŀа죬 
ǶҺ֡ɫʥ֮ǰͬǣ䡮ʥֻƬѣ 
ʱΪŭĲݶҧѪˣһ˫۽Ķ½ѩеǶɫģ޲˹ȥҧһڣ 
Ѽɵˣûˣôõеƣߺޡ벻أ 
ķŭ½ѩȴû˿Ļϲ֮⣬ŵĵǣ 
֮ǰҲһֱħˣ˵˴֮ȻԽħΪ˲޲⣬ҡȡϲ⣬ȻұƵ̫ħ̵뿪 
ҲԵһû뵽ħͽ뿪ͨħû뿪ݷһԣŻȻ˻ϣȡƬɫ 
æϹڵӿ˳ȴҲ޿κΣԼвԹñˣֻǲ˵Ŀ⿴Ǹźɫ׵ӣĿЩ 
˳ľҰˣһ·ϸûκҲľ˰ɣ 
˴Ρƽ֮УԵɵáӵɫʥνĵˡ 



һʮ 

       ҹ 
Ͻ壬 
¸ǵ׺ 
ɽ죬˪ 
ǰսɵƻȻҰӵӣ﹡룬ʱʱżʮո޵ľݣ 
ľһƬҰһ˯˰ɣķƷܴҵĻεţ塯һƬ徲͵֮¡ 
֮ϣ 
İкڰݷһҵѳţ 
֪ʲôʱ򣬰кȻһ磬Улصһ߽ûã·˵Ůֵߣ 
룬Ѫ𡭡һͳȻ𣬴˳ŵĺڰ 
߽･ʧ۾һ˿Ц⣬ǵģǡˡѪ 
һʯңܵȼţΧɫʯѪߣҵѸɺԣȴ֪ǺιһۿȥĴ֮ 
ʯһֻɫʯ̨񾲵룬 
ɽҵĻɵһȴһ˿ƣ 
ЦЦǾͺãû׷ 
ԭһɽҵ˼ʮɽȥѰֽСˡ壬ȡǵѪϵĶ꣬ 
ⲻ֪ʮɽεȿ㣬پ֮ϣһۿȥҲߣ 
οɽ֮󣬲շУֻɽУʱڡơµ֮УɲС֮£ 
˰˴죬еҲǴϣ 
бգ 
ֶ޶಻ʤһֻᱻȺ֮һ޵ˣĹ 
׺ޱȣϣ 
ߣɽɽзֶ޴ɽɭ产ˣҲļµĸоȻסż 
ֻߣЩǵصҰޣҲǶ޿ɶ㣬ɱһѪ· 
ҵ֡ˡ 
ҵ֡ˡҲȺһʱȴʳոʱɽҲһ 
ָʮɣˮͰ޶֦֣趯գƷһܹܣһҲһӵϣΪѲ 
ʼûʱɽԭΪҵһû޵ɭ֣ȴû뵽ǵʳ 
һսȡˡˡѪ 
ȫԡѪһǱص塯ʱ㱻ʿɱˣλ˶峤Χ 
һ·ľɽʱ£ 
ôʮɽеĹﶼǰأʳĵ׵ɻ 
ҳ񡯽ʮɽʱͻȻģ˭Ҳ֪ô¡ 
˵·̸Щѽɣ 
ɽһŴӻóǸɫ 
صУ£ǰһֻɫľ裬мʢаɫѪҺ 
ŵѪζ 
 
ʼɡҳ·ɽҲ· 
ɽһɫҲűǵͳĺ·˼֡ 
ҿһۣӻóһֻ 
ɽĿһһֻʽŹֵĴʣβһֻȮףִķã 
Ȼ뵱ϴϼõĹֱһģһһ֧ʽ£ͷıëܰѩȻǵһʹá 
ɽһ˿ʣ˲ָƽ 
صĽľ֮Уһҡ·ȫһ㣬 
˼Ƭ̺ųͷƫһʯ̨ȥѪζŨɽĿתĿǵŤĴʣ 
ʱʱֻ 
ºӴŵѭѭ 
ֵ趯һͼֳ 
ɽȵķЩͼӴ˿ѪôһͻأڣʼеѪҺ·һĪ֮һ㣬 
ɺѪҺţʱҺȻͣסӣԭеĴȻɬ 
ɽæǰѪҺ˵ǰҿһۣ΢΢һЦ 
̧׼䣬ɽķִʱȻϸܵĺ飬·ÿһһڿٵ 
׳Ĵٴ£ɺѪҺţּ̧䣬һһճһͼ 
ҹֲֳÿһ̬֮ɷ·ƹȴһЩвֵ׹ 
ÿһвͬͬÿһһ 
һ·֮ˮıʼͬһطһ޴Σ 
ʯѪ˱ǣ 
͵͵ĴϢıô 
Ѫ죬ɽҲоΧÿһʻ֮ʱ 
Χ·ĪĵȹȻ޷ԶѹдŵĲ˻˻֮ʱ𣬷·ҹУֱ˶ 
еıĻ·ÿһ 
͡žʯһ죬һһϡ 
ڵѪҺһ·ʻһУγһС죬ѭѭϢ 
ΧѹȻʧ 
ͨһƨڵϣƣ΢΢ף 
ôû°ɡɽæ 
΢΢һЦû£⡮鷨ǽʹ֮֮ｫߣСʮʹвһټܽߣڲ֮ʱлиӦĲԴѡ 
˵һվųͷϷȥ 
ɽһϸ֮Щͼպʮŷ 
ǷɷŭĿԲɣ 



һʮ

       һߵʯ̨һˣأȥ 
ǰķУһƬһӵѪ֯ǱʼеѪҺûΪʱƶɺԣ·Ī֮Ӱ췴øˣ 
ĺڶΧʯϵӳķ·Ҳκɫ 
žʯкȻѹ 
£۾ǰķĿӵıʼѭѭߣ 
ɽȵķ֣ƶеѪҺĻԾһٵתţ 
ǧУдŵɱ 
󣬻 
һĹʯҡ 
·оʲôһ㣬ȹһ 
ˣ 
ʱʯͻȻһ죬 
ɽͷ͵һȥ 
֪ʱҵѾһɫͲͲ֮ϵ෱ķ䣬СҲ巨 
ˡһ촫͵Ѫǣʮ˸ʹ롮ͼһѪɫӰʯ̨ϵıΧм䣬 
ͻȻһеĺɫԲͲϰգֶĹӰ֮ϣﶸȻ 
Ĺȣ 
ʮޣ 
Ͷ֮ 
顱 
 
һϣΧͻȻɽһ 
Χط·ͻȻʧһ㣬߷ХйǺ·ͻȻһ㣬 
İʮӰȻ֣Ѹٵ뵽ѪӰ֮У 
ͻЪΧʧ 
ɽ΢ȴû뵽֮ⷨͨţʹ֮飬ȻĹʹȻСˡ 
ʱѪӰ˱仯һģĹӰȻܵҲܿĿ 
СĿѪ졯ʮͷ쳣ֲ 
һۿȥȻǴ˵ʮ˹ʹģÿʹչէһȥҲݡ 
һλڣĿͭ壬ɷ죬ȴǸʤȻ֮ˣ 
ʱĿ࣬ɫЩףٳڹҲǺķٵ 
ʹ֮λָֿһķ 
ĸָڿ٣ʳָָ΢ָָ֣ 
Ŵһ 
λ 
ʮ֮ 
ءʮ˸ʹ׷׵ХһŹϴȥ 
ɽĿһı۾һգգĿʯ̨֮ϵǸŮӣ 
ʱ·Ҳев٣ϵĹȼȲ 
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͡һɫĹļͷɫķȻֱӴ峯ϴȥ 
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ȵ֮ʱһҪԹ޴˼䣬 
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ʱ䣬·ͻȻֹһ㣬 
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һɫ뿪ĻէƵǼ䣬·Ǻأÿһ˿磬 
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Χʱ󣬷·ͻȻɼŵĺڰ׷׺ˣֱʧΣ 
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Ƶĺڰһӵϣ˲أ 
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׵͵͵һЦϾȻеᰳֹı飬ĮаķⱾˣͬʱһϣ 
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Ц 
ʱɫһ䣬ЦȻЪֹ 
ʱĿȻ˳˯ããĺڰлž޴֮ƣ 
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Ŀһ֮һ˿ʣֳϵġѡ̽ȥ 
ĺڰԲӿŵѹ֣ؼ䣬 
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Զ೤·ǺԭһǧеֹͻȻָɽ𣬴񷣬ٲһйǧ 
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ڰУɫͫɻ󣬺ãȻâէ֡תȻЩããȻ֪ˣ 
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סеĵطȻҲ漣ĸԭˡ 
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Ȼͨһʱ֮ȻҲʹˣкľǰκεĵֵԵò԰ 
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֮Ũ߾ĿҲֻ֮ܿڵˮߡȴǲͬ˻谵ȴ磬 
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ȻֻһԸ뷨ʵҲȷûмܹޱߵŭܵһһӱĻȥˣҪؽš֮󡭡Ǳɨɣ򶾳 
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𡭡һһ˿Ȼ 
𡭡ĿͻȻһ䣬аЦһĽеĿ˶Ƶ 



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ҹȴ룬һ˳ŸղŵĻ˵߲ʥӦԵ˵֮ȻΪһҲǿһ֮ȴ;Ϊħ̡ˣûһ룬ѽ 
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䣬ΪƵ̧׿ȥһ۾ߡ 
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ģ·ѹҲһ˯ӡȵķȴ߶ٿף 
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ïܵĹľһҡΣವһܳһӰ 
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Ӱ·ҲץǣֻӲͣһܣ˴󹷵ıϡ 
֨֨֨֨һ󻶽УȻԼղŵĽ⣬צż֪Ĺӣ˷ʱڡ 
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СҲǴΪ⣬֨֨֨֨иͣʱӳеҰŵСһң 
ʱҲ÷ζˣƺߺŴǣŹͷһֺ̧Сȥ 
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֪˶ã 
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κһתͷβҲŶ˰㣬ȴֻԭشתѣѾ˵Ϸǵȴ·Ȥ 
һһ˷ޱȣԽתԽϺӻצֽ֨֨У·Ҳûһ㡣 
 
йͺвڶһз·ֻصģ 
 
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ת̫һͻȻڵأϵСҹµµĹԶ 
ʱСݡ֨ѽһڿ 
СͬʱԴ뿴˹ȥ 
ҰУһüɫأ·£ 
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·˲һ㣬һֱֲݵСƷ·Ҳоյ쳣Ȼֻ۾һ뿴ǸӰΰӡ 
ţһϢ 
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СӴ۾һ룬յָУȴδֻ˫ɵ۾ 
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ĵǲ֪ĽУѾõȥǰδеĹâ 
Ŀ㯣ţĺ˫ۣ 
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ӯķ磬֣ԵһٴȻ 
ͳĽŲּ̤䣬ȴȻͣ·ڹʲôֹ 
ǵΰӰȴǲɶƵĲչ˫ڴνգѪˮӿ˿ 
ԳµһȴûεĿ־ٴν֣ 
һУʡ 
Уһļž 
֪˶ãĿٴǵ͵͵ĽŲ 
ɳɳɳһһȴ̶ 
վǵӰ֮ǰ 
ʱ䣬ٴλ 
УΥϢüǰ 
ٸҹĵ͵źٴλذת»ħҲֻλһػ˵׽Ūգ 
ڼȴδȴֱʧ־壬壬ռȫ˼룬 
ɱʵʱ̶һУѽ 
ţŵĽǷֿĵס 
񡭡ϤζٴλĪļ¶ 
ŵͻȻӿѹֵĸɽһȻ˼֮ӿŰÿһط 
ǰĺҲüһ߶ԶȻԵĸоǰ֮˵Ĳ޴룬 
΢ϺȻһ֮УɵָĦ޼ԣ 
 
һĽǰ֮ӵ뻳У¶֮᲻ɶƵ۽ǡһɵ߿֮ 
 
·Ҫֿ֮У 
 
ܿˡСϤĴݺ͵𣬻еҲĲţ 
С΢ӵ˫ָ˼ֱ֣֮Լ壬 
Ź¼ŵڿһѷֿ 
ɽһصƲס֡ 
һӰվԶ£ĬĬĿӵӰǾȻرɽ 
ˣһϴżЦ⡣ 
͸ȥ˽Լˣ̾һԶڣ֮£һ˫Ůȴ 
̫ˣɽµ˫ְգ 
ʱԶּȻаӰ 
ɽĿһȥСһҡҷĻʲôӰղŵһɲǣ·ֻǻþһ㣬 
ֻǵ˸Ʋɢ 
ɽĿĿһ˿⣬ 
ˡḧǰǰ߰׵޼䣬һ˿˸У 
СǰŮӣ͵͵ĵ㻹ôƯһ㶼û䡣 
΢죬һòǰĴͷôˣԽԽͷأ 
СȻһЦ㱼䣬һз·ֻص˵ǸǼԵС㣬ԼǸִŴͷĵӣ 
²ɣһжˣֻǰŮûһ˿ĸı䣬ɵġƤôɰ 
С˵ͻȻ·ʲôһ̣ 
ˣǸյͽܰɣҡȫأָָǵӰ 
СҲ΢΢һ㶣˳űķպÿµɽЦһͽܣǰɣ 
˵ųԶɽ΢΢ף 
Ŀһ˿졭뾪㵡 



һʮ 

       ͷ 
ϽҪȡ 
ԡƽһ¹֮ɽٴԭڰڶѻָ 
ò֣ 
˴Ρƽ֮¡ȡҲĴ󣬵Ȼû֪ڡ塯ʧʮλϼϹٲҲǲ֪ 
Ȼлɣȴüʡ 
ȡĴ֮ǰһƬ̹޴ؿߴɣΰ 
ȴûŰ壬ڵأȡνĴͨ磬ΨһҪȴʺ 
ˣ̹ġȡȴܹǱ룬ص 
ʱȡĴŴΧվĸӣʲô 
̫⼸λҲһӣĵҲǴ˴Ρƽ飬 
ֻһλüӸ̾Ρƽ֮пѽû񷨱ܿǴ˵еġˮߡ롮סǿ۽ѽ 
һ̾ʦ˵òǡˮߡϹݺ޵У޾Ȼа׻佧ף֮ף鴫ѽ 
ԭб޶֪а֮ף¹Ƕݷ׷ײ½⣬Ҳ֪˭ʵݴ˳һʱɵӶ֪λˣ 
ԱߣһλֽýζޱȣʱĵͷͣΪǳûܸȥԵʰɣ 
λϵرг 
Ҳ֪˶ãλֽĵӺȻʵ⡮ƽۼô෨治֪ǡаôŪģ 
յһôģȻ͵ˣҾǲΪʲôؼ 
ʦ֡ԱһλԳӵɫس 
յɫ΢䣬˲㽫ղŵĲһЦ 
ǺǣıԶǣȻ⡣˵ɫһߺ޵ǵʦλżáа񡯿׵С 
ʦˡֽӴʧɫȻŸո֪ 
Ϊ곤ĵһۣ˵ͷʦڡšС 
λʦڱѽһЦͻȻ 
λ˵껰곤΢𣬽šৡһתλҲת 
֮⣬һλɫȹŮȻ绨üһ˿Եķ飬 
ǡȡ磬 
ʱЦŴ֮µλӣΪλ곤ĵüͷ΢壬˵ 
λֽȻʦ㣬ûѽ 
첽˹ȥϺȻһ˿⣬ͷָźλӣʦ֡ʦ˵˵ˣҡһû¾ͺáû¾ͺá 
˵¶СȻߵĵͷ 
һЦСһʦܷ׻ôأ 
ΪСһĵɵĵͷһʱȻ˵ϻ 
΢ЦŴӣ֮ȴһ˿ӣ 
ʦƽȻãȥŹܸ˲ǡλ곤ĵ˵תߣ 
ʦŵ˹Ҹʦһϲɡ 
ĵһͣĸߣȻΥ 
Ƿǣʦ㣡 
Ӧһȥ 
׵յüͷһᣬܸоǰʦЩԾﲻȴ˵ 
ʱ߳ԶͻȻعԸղǸСһĵ˵ȥǡԲջһСɽ񡯵ĲȣʦֳһΣζˣ 
СһտʼһϲģеʦʱɫЩ쳣˲ָ 
ɫʦģ͸˵żгལ 
纬Ц̫еһ·Сġ 
СһһЦлʦġ˵ϰյɽҡҡλεĳǡȥ 
ջĿ⣬ȥһ˿亮 
ĿӰ뿪յüͷһţղλյӣƬ̣ 
ſ첽ڵһȥڷ༷ݺػأĴУ 
Ǵ͵ЦݣΧʱ߹ĵɻ󣬵ȴ׷׼Ҳײ 
߳ƬʱԱߵĹͻȻһΣ 
࡭˾һһʱ䶨 
Ŀһ˲ָ 
ʦ֣Ц 
ǰ֮˲Ǳ䭣ʱɴһ˫۾ż־ֿǰŮӣ 
ʱȻѣӢһãúȻ̾һɫΪʦãԲ 
ʦ֣ûдס䭵촽ĿоĽ֮⣬ 
һˣһɣ˳סֱʵҡһֱҲϲ㣬½ѩҵʧܵ㣬һֱҵҡֻǷŲ°ˡ 
Цʦѽʦ֣ƭǰƭңҲĸԸ񡭡 
ҡҡͷͷϲ˵ʦ֣𣿡 
΢΢һЦȻˡ 
˵Ľס 
ʦôƭأ͵͵Ļﻹδ£Ӣ˲ 
һ˫ıסǰӣĻֻΪɲǵļ졣 
ʦѽʦ֣ĺúѽΪʲôҪôŸأĲ࣬ȴʲôңҡһжѽѽһжˣ 
ĵ͵͵źţеĻӵý˼֣ 
·ǱĿ˲䣬ֻص˹ȥ 



һʮ ǰ

       ȴһ͵͵ЦֻһΣαˡ 
ȴֻ̫࣬һΣֻҪ㣬޻ڣ 
ʵ飬 
εģǸ˺ˡ 
΢ᷳɿ˻еŮӣӢٴλָЦݣʦãҴȥʦɣƽ£һܿĵġ 
˫ۣһ˿ţ 
ЦŵðҲҪʦ 
Ŀһʵʦʲôʦ˵ 
Цһ֪ˣ 
ã߰ɣ䭵һЦҲ׷ʣ 
ʱ˱ǸεԲͰ֮У 
ʱվУ˫ִ󿪣ɫ޷ԣ 
һźɫһȱĻƯڰգֻǶȱֻʣ꣬˫ֵ趯Ũܷӿ 
гһϢ 
ֻˡĿȵ 
˽֮ʱԵһųϴ֮ʦֲãѾͷԭ¡ƽ㣬ƽٺòˡ 
Ҿһ񣬵Ǽ²ʦ֣ǺʱûϺʦΪ£ʦˣ 
΢΢ףŵ䭶ΪʦҲ֪һЩΪʦ֮顣 
΢æ̧ͷ 
ĿһζĿһۣ¾ôˡ 
ʦ 
翴ʦͽˣЦֹ 
΢΢ףʦ 
ãˮĵͷ 
ʱͻȻʦڡƽʰһҲŻһλˡ 
˵ӻͳһʱ֮Ƣ 
߲ʥɫ΢䣬˫ĿĶһ 
ɫ𾪣лȻ 
ͻһڡƽ״һꡮ߲ʥȻͺܺýˣµĵط롮ˮߡûжԶܾܿǡˮߡסʱʧġ 
һˣнеɻ˲ʧ 
ЦŵǸԴǳѽ 
΢΢һЦǺרŴлʦʻ 
ȻһЦ䭶ͶϣῴȻģΪʦˡ 
Цһлʦ 
˵ű㽫еǰݸ䭣 
ᣬЦŵݵУȴһ˿ײʧ䣬 
֪ʦΪ˴£˵ʲôҲô£ƾղ̬ȣľΪУ 
ԡͻȻһ 
ʦòǰ֪ʦ£л֮޴˵ѵ飿ֻ˳ˮۣԽԽΣ 
ʱ 
ɵʵʦã㻹ûʦ 
ᴹûУ 
ɫһ䣬 
ʱԶͻȻһ󼱴ٵĽŲŻӰһλɫߴӵϹٲ˽ 
ɫһĿĶһȺˣϹʦܣΣ 
Ϲٲˮȴû˵ 
ֻĿһƫվһԵ硣 
΢ŭϹٲԼ˺һʱĬֻĿȴǸ˼֣ 
ͰһӰ 
˼ԲʱһҽжȻ 
䭲ҽһֻղ˺Ĵ־ȻںɫаĺٵĳؿӶȥ 
ɫһ䣬һӣæǰ˳ȥ 
ָٵջ䭵ؿȥ֪Ȼʯ󺣣û𵽰ã 
Ĳҽδͣ͡ںڵͻȻѿľڵѪˮ 
Ŀûõģǡšʬ̦ǽжĵطȻֻܵˡ 
ʱ䭵ؿѱɫ֣ 
ɫ䣬ͬʱԼֱҲһ֮УвȻŭ±һͽ 
С顯缤ȥͬʱƳղֻùֱۿȥͣһֻڵأ 
Ѫɺֺɫ 
СģϹٲߵͺһ 
Сಡһɳһ׹⣬ǰʢŭױµġ 
䡭ɫĹĻӦ飬顯΢΢һͣɷ۵糸ĳǸŮӱȥ 
ȴ·˿δ 
˫ĿλʴӡĿնȴ 
顣һ죬ӱڰѪ 
 
ȡ֮ļλӺȻоһƣָо֣·ͻȻ֮䴭һ㡣 
Ǽλӷ׷վĿɻĴ̽ɫЩ֡ 
Ƭֹ̺ĸо·࣬ٵǶˣؿڵࡰֱֱƺ 
ͬʱشһģ 
죬˲ 



һʮ 

       ƽ֮һƬ谵ķХؼһƬɱ 
ȡ֮ĵһɫףĿ⾪޴롣 
˵Ȼ˹еĵӣŵɽȺܿм侹Ȼһλ֮ˣһȺš 
ʦ֣ʲôһλµָԶɵߴʵɫޱȡ 
յӼæת 
УԶһӰٵĿ˹ 
أҲøˣ 
ǡյţ 
ǡ 
ڴʱǵӰѵ֮޴ĺӰܿռȫߣ·һСɽѹ 
͵͵˻Ƽףյɫ޵£һɺĴںֱðֱЦ 
Ȼͻأ֮ͫȻվһλӢӣɽˮδԣü֮µһ˫ȴôĴۣ˲ֱӡ 
ʱ֮µЩӷ·𱻶סһ㣬վλյ૵߶ţǡǡ 
ͻȻһһҡҷżǼгǺˮߣܡ 
δ£޴ĺӰͻȻһ˲㽫ЩС 
 
Ͱ֮УΪš 
վһԲԶԵĵһ̲ɫŧˮʱĴ 
ж˭ղŻúõһƬ̼ΡаʹȴûʱлЩ 
ΪʱϹٲߴǼλΧ 
зߺޣӮ˶ԷҲܴѣѷϣķʹòӲƴ˵Ҫڴˣ 
Ϲٲߴı֪֮δϣΪΪԼܹԶλĵʦܣ 
񡭡Ҳò˼ˡһʱ䣬Ǳ 
ΪʲôѽϹٲ鱯ʹİӣϵϾȻֳһԤıʹһж첻ػŮŵ£ 
һأ 
۽һŻķ˿ 
常һ԰׵ɷޱȣϹٲ߻عס 
ʱͰͻȻһѽϹʦܣȻŮҴĻǵĽߣˣȻȴǸ˼֣ 
ϹٲͷҲأһ㲻֪ҵʦ֣˵棬΢΢һᣬתĿҲ䡣 
һ΢΢̧ףȴû˵ĵѳΧԼ顯ֻҪܶһΣԺǱԼʩΪˡ 
ܹһ𣿡ͻȻһɲԤУ 
̧ͷԭʵ첻֪ʱѱصƲס 
ᰲ˵Ϲٲ߻عͷüͷһ壬ʵôϦաšе涾ʬ̦ 
绺ҡҡͷݼɺɫѪҺǣļ˻ʯϣеһ԰׵ŮѾ˵ 
ϹٲĿһۣģ常һ㱨𡣡 
죬ϺȻһĳ죺΢³һ֣ 
Ҫ常ߡߡĿǰĿϵĳȥȡ֮ȴǺĻҰܡ 
Ϲٲ߷ߣΪʲôҪߣҸֻһ뿪 
뿪𣿡һаͻȻ 
Ϲٲɫ䣬ǼλҲ׷׻תͷ 
¡¡ΰױͻȻ飬һ־޴ͷź룬ͫо˷ܡ 
˫ͫվһλӢĿаӣס 
ˮߡϹٲɫȻ˲˳ɡڻߺεĶ㲻ȡ߲򼡯Ĳοӵ޿ƥеٶȡ 
ֻһ໡Сɽֱѹȥ 
Ͱ˲䱻ɫĶ֣һۿȥ·ڤں˼䣬ŨĶʵʣӿҡ 
䣬䣬䡭֮оżҽ̣ 
ģɫĲνƽһйƽ 
֪˶ã 
ڰһ죬һڵſŨĶĴڶ 
һĪĺǺɫͻȻ˰գȥ׹ڤĶħ֮죬 
ˡһͻȻ 
·˳˯ħ񣬻ڵѪҺ𣬴ǰδеı壬ÿһأ 
Թɵ˲һ 
ˡף·ǳ˯ħ۾ 
 
һХɫĳӿȥ 
 
츩 
ȡһƬŰ֮У޲֮ڣ 
·ͨڤڣֱ֮ 
ܾãܾá 
ⱩŰͻȻڼӿܿʧֳСɽ֮ϣ 
񷣬ı䣬ϸ֮£ᷢķâѾʧͥԨԭӢϾȻһ˿֮ 
µġˮߡҲһɹ֮ɫͫаޱȣ޴߾΢΢͹һӣϸ۲죬ѷ֡ 
ͻȻЦɫôķ벻һ 
ȻЦֹ䷢һ޵ 
໡ 
ԶϹȥʮɽеʮͬʱԭأһ໡ңӦֱ֮ʡ 
֮ϣƱɫ 
úĻعӣеĮƽţˮߡƶӣǸ/ʮɽ/ȥ 



һʮ л

       ɽ 
ʱ 
еȻͣһƾ˼ 
֨֨֨֨ 
СƳиͣʱǲ໥֣һѻ߶ 
ֻ۾ĶŻ֮ϵǰֻƵҰټҽţӺǲͷ 
ųͷʱྱӣһ˫òˡ 
Сץͷϵ۾ʱڵϵɽֻ۾ȴεҰ˾Ȼܹãʵ֮š 
ᣬɽתеɣмȻȴΣ 
ɽ˵ǰȥӪ˫κûļСݣ㱻ҧסţ 
ôŻֻƹĲɿڣлֹʮֿɽкֺЦȴ²ǿƿͣԭأͬʱҲҪʲô 
ʱСͻȻԱߵĴдܳצϻһͷҰһţȴ˷ޱȡ 
ʹͨѽɽлȻȻϵƭĸо 
ɽδһкܶ໰Ҫ˵ԼǲҪŵĺã뵽 
ִֵĴСңɵĶ˼֮⣬ 
±˳ˣҰˣСѼһѡһУͰࡣ 
 
̡̣һ촫˳ۻƵԵ͵Σ׹Уһ硣 
Ʈ֮䣬ƲϵͣӺߺ߸ͣСΧŻشת·Ѱλã 
۵ĿҲƣ˵ҲԽŨ 
ˣԳˡɽ΢Ц˵δ£СҵצѾ쵽۹ⲻһѱץסҰǷʴĺȣ 
ƿһȴ޿κΣſȥҧǹ̵⣬ֻĿСһ˺һ⻶ϲ߿ 
𼱣Щģɽεҡеľ 
Ƶ·ʲôĪίһ㣬ǲֱܵɽߣǸľƨɱСȥ 
ɽһϣҡҡͷΪ֮ʧЦ 
 
֨֨֨֨Ŵ󹷵ľСҴǿģһźЦһţ 
ʱצеҧһڣӴǻ 
ƹһߺȴſڡ 
һˣСҸֻ֣֮⡣ 
ɽ΢ЦſһĻ㱼䣬һз·ֻص˴ǰ 
ˣﻹûѽһܣһ 
ĿͣСԵľ֮ϣһһ־ΥикȻϮͷ·Զӣع 
΢Ŀһ롣 
ʱһֱյľͻȻһ죬֨ѽڿȥ 
С΢ЦĻɽ 
ɽĿһһ˿ϲɫɽ˵ӰȻ޴ѽ˼ţлصõġ 



һʮ ̸

       С 
΢ıڴһϤζ˹Χİɴǰ 
̨ɵǽǣҵðŵųɫľɫ·˼֡żֲ֮⡣ 
һУϤдŵİɽаζ 
ȴûпλŮӵӰĿⲻɵĿͨڷСš 
еۣ£С΢΢һЦ·𿴳˵ 
ŽԵ˳ɣ 
ɽ΢΢һ㶣û뵽ǸԼӡк˵ӻ˵Ŀôһɲǵʧ 
ָ̱лȥ 
СһϣĿЩ㱣·ڸлʲô 
Ƭ̺Ŀһ壬΢΢һЦû뵽ѽ 
ɽĬţ 
С̾һǰһξˣȷҵϣ 
˵ǰӣ 
ǰԼһ⣬㴫δ֮и񡭡 
ǳԼѽСӵĿɽһۣüͷһ壬 
ɽȴ΢㵣ɽ˿еĳӦָ飬ıôֲأ 
ʱСŨüһչô֪塯֮нлǣ 
ɽ룬һСŮӸҵġ˵СӳУӦʶŶԡ 
СС΢΢һ㶣Ŀһ˿ 
ǸԼСŮʱҲ뵽ͷ·Ǹõĸоһ㣬˶ѡ 
ǡʲôطҵġСһʵһ˿֮⡣ 
ħˡмģɽʱɡڡƽҺʦɱŽȳ 
С΢֪ħܲڵһΧ˺תˡɽȴû뵽ǾȻҵ˱ 
ԼǴˡһ뵽СЩ 
Ƭ̣˵һϲŮڡƽ콣šץȥˣ 
ɽһ𣬽ẕ֮̇콣šܣȥʩ˵ɫǽޱˡ 
ԭ·ϵʱɽѾᵽ˫°飬ȴû뵽ôɽ˵ 
С˵ģ콣šĿ㣬ӦòӺ 
 
к𣿡СͻȻʵЩû 
ɽһĿᶨĵûС 
ŵħ̣Ҳ覣ǦȾҵҴ㡭˫ɽ֡˵ϴһ˿⣬Ͼδɽǰ̹˵һǸ¡ 
СһɣͨЩȻãÿ뷨ͬҲȻͬǣȴĵϼ֪֮Ⱦ 
˵΢΢һ٣оǣ޾֮ħҲһ 
ɽĿһ˿죬ȻˣΪϦաħ̡ˣദʱУɽҲܸоõǷ׺͡ҲΪӦõʣ 
(Ȼ󣬵ɽСĳƺҲɵԳԾӡ) 
ǿȥǲоԼߵŮʲ촦 
ɽЩħ֮ 
Уħ˸ôɷɱڡôа˲ôƽģ 
ʵǰҲֻħ˾ȫ׺ɱ֮ͽֻԼûˣ 
ȴôһ˿ΪȻĪİš 
˻ͷĴӳ˼лع 
ڵĵУӦ콣šС˵һ˿ʣ 
ɽףȴûѡһʱĬ 
СĿһۣͻȻôϰģ 
ɽʧӦһ䣬ɫһ䣬˼Ȼ 
ɽ塭ô֪ģȵĿСо治ѣ 
ԴڡС塯½ѩչصɽпÿҹУκжϿӲȱ֮ʵ̫࣬ÿÿɽǰ·ʱ˺һӣ 
򣬴˷ѵؼʱ̣ȣħ룬϶߻ħٲ 
ޣÿɬѶ֮ͣϸϸ׽Ȼǳ 
ĪҽΪһ¯ʽԷκηķҲɵĽ顯һλãΪ֮档 
ⷨ־Ȼɽ˵Ŀ˵˳νգȻ²ɽ˵ĵȻͨ񣬵ȴû뵽Լ֮Ȼһ۱㱻˳ 
ȻãԼȥǵӣ·ֱô׽ˡ 
СĿԵӡ 
ɽ˼һӺ󣬵ǵģҵʱ֡ڡ𶴡һλŮȣһʯп顯ٺǴ˺У߽Ǹʯڼ䣬﷢ˡ 
ɽûľ˵˳Сüͷʱʱ壬رС塯һ˲䣬ɽĸоǰʹһĨˣ 
С̾һ 
ͷĿָƽѽ˵ 
ɽɵʵɽô֪ģ 
СһۣĿ⸴ӣŻǲҪȴǰ򷨣һΪ岿޳֮޵֣ǻǸȴϡ 
ɽһû뵽ɽ˶˽⣬ȴֶϰģѵ 
һȥǰӶɽأԿ͸ 
С·ûиоĿ⣬أԳ˼ţСгĬ 
á 
 
СعĿ˸ĿһۣξȵŮӾڡ𶴡ȹλɣ 
ɽ˵ͷǣ 
С˼ҡҡͷģĵһзơ 
ɽĿɻĿСȴ·ûпһ㣬һæȴûʲôɰﵽġ 
ɽæ 
СֹסŵҲ뿪 
˵һСţĿˮ 
ŵȥ콣š֣ȥһطչһ죬٣Ϳ컯ˡ 
˵վС 
֨ѽľһڿ 
бӿ룬Ϊ֮ˬɽɻŸ˳ȥ 
΢б 
ɽƣ׺СԻë󹷺ʶţֻӬط衣 
СĶƤϣ֫˯Ŵ 
·оʲôС˯еĴƹȻСݵĶʱ˻δԴ±ӣſȥ 
Ӱҡҷ 
ɽǰӣ˼ѽ⣬ʱСȻһۣ 
Ƿ򣬾źɽȥ 



һʮ뿪

       вľïʢӵԣмһСɲ죬ŵϤУͶɽУ 
Сǰ˼ɽĬĬĸҲ֪˵ʲôˡ 
һĬֻǹιصݷ죬ЩƣֻųԣĴĬӣ 
ʱǰĲԶˮ֮ԨֹһСϪǰ峺ĸȪʯ֮ϪˮˮˡԴڴˡ 
ѽɽ̤̾һפʯ·׷ɣ 
Լ䣬Ҳ³ɽȥʲôطˡ 
ܿ죬ӰԿںɽʯɽˡ 
գ 
죬 
Ӱ֮£ǰԶһ޴ʯɽ 
֮࣬ʯ洹ֱ¡ɫ֯һŴİУһʱ䲻Ŀ 
£˲С֮⡣ 
ɽعĿ⿴ʯ·Ļˮϸ٣ĵ׺ȻӿһĪļ¶ 
ʱԼҲǸǶȹҹˡ 
ȥɡ 
б֮µǵӰȴ˿ 
ǡɽӦһǵӰǼʯȥ 
ǸǻͿ컯ˣСĿȴĿǵ̺ԺлιһӰӣɫȱ 
һ˿ 
 
ҹµգǵ׺һӵ⣬»֮ˮƳѩ֮˪Ⱦʼɡ 
ţڤڤ٣ּȻһƬ֮ҲǼţȻ 
ʯڣɽ룬£ĳ죬ȫޣԺһƬ 
ħ顯Ưü֮µӨ׹ӳݣֺʵ 
ʱһһпԶ⣬ 
һ˳ʼܸ٣ 
ʼ֮ϸȻȴԳһ 
׺񷣬Ȼϲȴ㵽Ӫ 
ģɽԭĬȻɫĹâ˸ԵŵĻɫ֮ 
ħ顯󣬺Ȼҫ۵İ׹⣬ʯӳյͨ磬һУɽȴ˿֪ 
ҷšɽ̵ķһһԼʣĵ׺Ȼһͨ͸Ϭĸо 
Щͬķ·𻯳һ֮СϪһɣ纣֮һɽСһ飬оͻȻ޼֮Уͬڡ 
ȻָоɲǶлþһ㣬ץȴ٣ĵûһ꣬ƽɫѪɫ죬̼ȴɷޱȣӨĶܿԭƽȵȻһҡҷоȻ˻˻Х֮ӣҲǲɶƵ 
Σʱ̣һ˷ɽӿȥԭģ·𺵺أƽ 
ҲȶһɻȻĸоĵףѭѭǵڡ顯ɬѶ֮ȻֳԭеĹ켣ȻҲǻǰˡ 
ĸо·ֻһ㣬ʮ֮Ķžڸ֮У 
ݷлٿţ棬Ī֣ 
ĵ׺Ȼһִȱĸо 
ѭѭƽȡ 
ⱾǷŵ˿ȴУЩɢĵһγһƬµأ˸ͻȻһƽâɽüĻȻţ 
ˡʯͻȻһɽâͣڰյҲ˲תɽһƣ 
ʯׯϣǡħ顯Ө֮ҲȾ˵Ľɫ 
ɽĲϴ߶ɫĹâʢʯɽ·𶼱͸һ㣬ɫ½ҫϵľţŻһֱʡ 
Ȼâȴ˲Ϣţ 
ʯ֮Уâɽϥղȴ˿֪ʱڸո򵽵ķ֮УָƵ˱ð͡ 
Сݣ 
һӰ֮£ԣ޼һƳƮ 
СĿŸղǵɫϿգĿϲҲǳ 
ڵ𣿡һݺ֮һɫȹһ˫ĿĶǸӣ 
С̾һعһɣ 
˵ŻһתȻԲ𣬵ꡭ˺㸸δ䣬һֻСڶֹסĻ 
·Ҫļһ㣬 
á 
ǲ㡭˵һ̾Щţ 
Ѿ뿪ˣҲԶҪ 
ããáСæסҲ˵ǰҲҪˣСĵİǰŮӣӿһϧ 
ͷ߽һ˹ȥ 
С§ŻеĿ˶ӿһɴδйĳʵУԼİɣȻšĿ͵ĿŻ֮ˣĬĬһУֻҪ飬ӣ 
ĵƫƧһǣ᷺ܻһ˿޵ʧ䣬΢΢̧ףԶġɽһƬǷҲһŹ¼ŵģԹӰ 
գģ 
ɽԡڳصĳһУȻͣ 
С޴ɽʯ֮ǰԵıЦ⣬ʱĴΧĻʱȹϮ˱ճȹҡڼƮɶֱ˷ȥ˺֮ޡ 
УСһĿɽʯˮϸٿȥ 
ӰɽʯңգµĳӭΪ֮ˬ 
ɽ΢΢Ŀ 
ĺһ˿򣬷·أ֮ͬȻģоȴѵ֮ɡ 
ԵȷܸߡС˵ 
ɽо⣬⻹ָз 
ۡԱߵıЦСһۣѽ̸ͽܻô֣ԼЦͽܸľˡ 
Сһϣվԭء 
ԽŶɽͽʦɣʵܺ˵ģ׷ϲװ 
ɽһЦȴֲЦȴЩȣȻǱúܿࡣһɽˣ޷Ӧµͷǡʦͽ֪ˡ 
ɫһ죬Цҽʲô˭ʦˣ 
ɽһ֣ʱֻСһЦãɽȻ 
һۣʦͽ˻ѽȴûзֱʲô 
СЦݣɽѾҵˡĲžܹнȫĻǸãܡ˵΢΢һ٣Ŀ⿴洹ֱ̺૵һоͿˡ 
ɽǣʦ 
С˵ͷջĿ⡣콣šʮͻȻʵֱ׷ɣп϶ʲôĻڵĵоӦˣҲԴѣסֻȡ 
ǡɽĿĵͷ 
ãȥɣһ·СġС΢΢ס 
ʱȻסȳˣʹ뿪ɣס׼˺ȻʦҲ㣡 
ɽһЦʦģһḺ 
˵ż𡮷ħ顯Хһ콣šǸȥ 
αʦʱȴûзֱ磬ʱüͷأܸղûвɡ 
õģһлġС 
ĵͷϵĳȴ˿δ 
С̾һ̧ͷΡġɽƣһӰӳУѩ 



һʮ Ǳ

       ɽҪ಻ʤɽ֮кӵݺᣬԨȵȪڣһɴ󽭣ơν鴨 鴨ӵĿߣףƶ̣֮нˮƾޱȣ 
¡ˮʮš 
ֻ֮⣬ˮȻɽ֮ˮ䳹ǣֱӵƽ֮ˮŻ£أ˳ȡãһųǡǡ 
ˮ֮Ҳǡ鴨ɽһٲ֮ 
ĵΪ죬ٲ֮ڵĽˮ·һɫдڿڣٲ֮ˮڣ֮ĺȻγһСƵٲʱˢѻɡ 
ɫĽˮƹС򡮺ǡ 
콣šСϡ 
ʮǰһλɢ;˵أƣ֮±С̺֮һգ֪ȻƱãǶ 
һɺճ콣šֽΪϤҲֱ׷ɵƽ̡ 
Ҳ֪ڡơ֮ٹɡ 
ȻʮĳɳǸˡ 
еСϷݼɫ̩ׯأ֮£ϵĽˮҲ˹ƵĳţϲԶһջ¥Ϊá 
ȻںӰԾȻҲ˸߸ߵΧǽ죬ٲΧУһۿȥǾ޴ٲٲȻˡ콣šĺԺˡ 
⡮콣šȻж֮ѽ֮ˣɽʱȻ֮ԶǺ¡ˮɹ˻õǵ֮ 
ΪһķŽһ徲Ϊ˼壬ҲԽԽã׳°빦һɶɽĻ徲Ȼ޵֮ˡĪˡ 
¡ǵã֮ҲһС¡ĿԶԤֻΪ徲 
򷨲һȻҲֻ徲ͨ졮顯֮ɽ֪ȡأ򣬵Ҳһɶа 
ɽˮȻѭ֮ȻвһĿȴֻͬҪܶϤаȡش˾Ϊ֮ 
κθɽؼǧŲܸž˸һ 
вҪʱҪ֮˱ϼѡһбǡΪҪͷ·һõԿס˸űˣʱҪز 
ȡѽɽͷüͷ 
Ƭ̺ 
ºȻӿӳٲοȥ 
ʱɽǵٲ֮ϣ 
׿ȥӵԹʯκӵɫĽˮӿ֮˿˿վڰԵɽҲܸоõιƤ 
Ϊ̣֮ɽ԰ߵʯˮʴðٿǧһֻֻʯӵԡ 
·һֻֻڤ֮ͫļ¡ 
ߵٲ֮ϣȻһ亮֮ڿնϣɽɫ΢䣬ȴû뵽ٲ䣣 
¡¡޴ˮ 
·һ㣬ɽýµľҲ΢΢ĲţаݡȻ֮Ȼܼѽ 
ȻʱһĪĸоͻȻĵ𣬴ŵϤУ󡭡ϸĦʱǳʱĽֺȻʧˣ 
ɻ󣬵ܿΪ˴ݲЩ 
һɽǿ񣬻㱵ĿⶸȻ 
׿ȥٲɣɫˮɢɽٲ·һƬɴˮ֮У 
ѿĿڶˮɢСҲƻС֮ϵķݾȻˮϣһ¥ͤԺǳٲԽǿԽģˮ̡֮ 
ȴɱɽĿصĿٲߴǸطĵĿռ·۵һ㣬ˮͨߵﶼ䵽һԣʮֵĹ죬ϸֲˡ 
ɽƬ̣һ˲˺ӰһԵΧǽ֮⡣ 
 
һѲӵĵӵĻԶɽа̾Ǿɭѽ⻹ֻΧһ뵽вɵİ 
̧׼䣬Ǹǽ֮ҲǽܲҲֱӴ룬⡮콣šʲôأɽо棬 
ͷֻһΪÿɵصܡ˴εĿȴڴˣȻ롣 
ɽסΣٵĳߵĹ̽ȥȻںܶ࣬ɭȴ©ٳ˵ٰȫˡ١ġ 
 
ܿ죬 
ɽǱ˹ŵһˣԼʮɣ½ˮӿ֮ϲһЩ״ĸƯҲ֪Ǻֲ 
ɽ˶סĿⶢżɴǸջ¥ʱһϸСĵں¡ˮ 
д󶨣һкĵһ˿磬ɽڰ֮ˣ 
ԵդϣĿ⾯ĿǸջ¥֮Уɫ۵ĵӲʱſ˵ʲôЩ룬޴ˮѽڸǣ 
ЩҪɽ΢΢һɣٴδʩչСȥ 
дһ󼲷磬ɫӰһϢ֮Ѵ԰ 
Ȼɽ뿪֮ʱǱդ֮£һɫĸƯȻȥʱˮϵһϸС 
ţʧ 
̤С֮ɽоȣеľɭϲͬǣתһȦɽŵһС߶Ҳ֪ǾչȥǲڵУǰߵļʴһɣ 
ɽǡᵽǰʱ콣šȴԱչΪɻؾڱչأȻΪ°;ѣԼԳ嶯ʱһ룬иѷֶԴ 
ǰǵ׸ôأߵ۷·ԹԼӦҳǵλòѽֻҪסһоͺðˡ 
뵽̷һݿȥɫľŽշȻҲ֪ڲڣ 
ɽһŵָƳâŷ컮ȥ 
⡭һ죬ſڵӰͻȻʧ 
ͬʱڴһȣס㡭ɻȻֹСٴλָƽ 
ʱһŵĵϸϸһٴιƽ 
Ʊգغͷ硣 
֨ѽһ죬ľڿȥһӰ˲ʧӵߵ֮УǷ򣬾Ǳٲ֮¡ 
 
ˮϹιգɽԽԽľΪԴ̤ˮ¥ߵٲϿļʮ¥Χߣĵطƽ̹ľ壬ٲȻΪһƴĹ㳡 
ʱ㳡֮żʮɫӣǵģӦڴС¡֮ڶϣǵɫȴǰޱȣȻѵţ͡ 
Ȼɽٲ֮һУǡþ۷ɽа֪࣬ʧ˶꣬СᵽʱҲȻҲδ 
ֻд˵еġˮ󡯲Ųд󣬶Ǵ˵ʧĻȻνɽգ 
ʱѾƵ˹㳡ߣӸղλӿе֪ǻһֱٲ֮µġ¥ҲľƵĹ㳡֮ 
һɽļᶨȻǡ̶Ѩ˴Ҳ봳һ 
ԶǰɵˮǷһ˫ע 
ɽСŹ㳡̽ȥˮʱ亮ֱ֮衣ǳˣܲˡ 
ܿ죬ɽǱ㳡֮ 
һɫ¥֮Ͽ֣󡯡 
һ¥ͬǣ¥ͨ磬ǰԶƺΰٲ޴ˮ 
¥֮ˣһλ룬ǡ콣šƽλɽҪ֮ˡǡ 
ʱٲ·붨һ㣬ɽаݣ 
û뵽ҲѽпЦ 
˼䣬ȻԶٲһľɽȥȻɫһ䣬ԭľ֮һˣ 
ɽѰٵ˫ʱ˫˫ָסɫ΢΢ޱȣҲ֪Ǳˮģ 
µû촦ȻСϣǵĿֻɽҲ·ǲ֡ 
һˣɽһ 
Ȼʱľ֮˫·ʲôһĳɽĵطҡͷ 
״ɽ΢ȣԼĵطνô֪ǡ 
һȻԶɽҡͷſ죬ȴûŵģԼķ 
ɽɫһ䣬 
ڴʱһʵſ¡ˮ˹ 
Ȼˣͺú̸̸ɣ֪ʱʦͽѾվɽĵط 
ɽ̾һ˳ĿƽĿŲԶĶˣ 
΢Цһյӣģ·ѽ֮ǰܵЩԼΪǵ趼ǵˡ 
ɽüͷһ壬Σ 



һʮ α

       ׵ĳ룬ǲ޶⣬Сֵܲؽţ 
𣿡ɽЦһλŮӰɣ˵һˡ󡯣ĿĿʦͽ 
㣬ѱ֣˫Ҳ޴󰭣еĴʯȥԼҲͲù˼ôˣڷ³ˣԷſֽţ 
ͲصˣⲻûΪ𣿡Цúܵ⣬Ŀ亮ֻʱˡ 
ȷӺ˫ֻ֪ŮɽĹϵ̸ֹһҹ̬ȼתûΪ˫ҺóԺúȵĴӲ 
ΪҪȣҪȵѾ֡ЦſɽһĨ졣 
ɽĿƽĿһۣת 
ģǺܿеЦЦǡšӣҲˣȻΪֻǡ˵ɣĿΪѣȴϲ쳣 
ԡƽʧȴûԼΪҵͽȻýڣһץ˸Ѿͷڽ̸е֪ŮɽĹϵûɵһϲȻ֪Сѳơ֮£Ҳ˽һЩ£ɽȴͽܣһˣ̼ 
ɽЦˡһֻˣҲߣ 
ƮȻһЦСֵܿ˿ȴˡˣҲͲĨˡ˵΢΢һ٣ʵҼΪҲ㡣ﲻˣοҲûΪ¡ 
ɽһû뵽Ȼ˵˻ΪֻҪ˫ߵԼҲͲѣȴû뵽ԷˡԼЩȻˣ 
òԼС֮ĶȾ֮˰ɡɻһۣҲ࣬׵壬ɽڴлˡ 
˵Զľ֮ϵ˫ĵͷ 
ʱվеģûҪ˵ƣɽüͷһ壬͵ݣɽʧˣ 
˵ű˫Ƿȥߵ¥ԵʱһɱˮðɽһʱȻ˹СֵܲļɡڤۡڣСֵܵˣڤ֮ۡһ溮֮ܵ 
ڤۡɽһüͷһ塣 
׿ȥԶʮ֮£ɵˮһ޴Ŀɫˮת·Գһ񣬼Χӿȴ˿мĽˮ 
Բˮתţ֮Ȼһ˿ˮɽоõĿ˿·һ㣬һѹֵϢɢȥϢ 
ˮת·ڤħͫ˼䡣 
⣬պú˫ǰɽһȻתĿĶٶˣʲô˼ֶپ䣬ӿɱ֮ 
ݣдһɫȴ˲ϵƮȻ֮ʧһ⣬ʣµֻ뾪ȣ 
˺һɫһ˿ĿԹ־֡ 
ΧĿͻȻһ㣬ֻǺ¡ˮ 
ǷһĬĬţϤıӰɲǵ壬˫Բƻá 
һǸɱӿӣ㲻صģڤۡϵ溮֮ڰʱּᣬʱ䣬Ǻú̸̸ɣ˵һɨΧѹֵϢ˲ʧ 
϶ԣֳһƽ̵İ 
ɽȴΪ΢΢̧ףбԶϼ譲ӣʱǺܽˡ 
˵ߣĶǻ󣬶УȴĿ 
˵ɽ³һ֣Ŀ 
Цһжαߣ⡭ 
δȻбһۣһɽʦǲǵħͷ 
ɽڿ˵ˣһ֪ʡ 
󵨣㡭ŭһȴٴαʦ˻ȥ 
ʱԷ·Ҳĥһ㣬ɫƵĵʦΪ꣬ǿռ̫飬ѾͷУֻҪ㽻顯ұǣȻߣ˵һɱ֣ 
λƽ֮Ҳжαװ¶ס 
 
һĪĴЦȻɽĴЦŵ˸У·ڼԷ룬ڳŪԼ档 
ǿһҪ˵ӣѧ˸ԣȿһԵŭʱڸ̾ʦǸ֮ҲԼŭûȤ 
ܿЦ𣿡˵ĿЩ 
ȷɽֹסЦɫޱ̧عƽĵЦԼˣ 
üͷһ壬ɽ˵ŻһתҪġ顯òõõͿǵıˡ˵ָָԼԴܺȻ¿ϢԶ೤ 
ߣڤ粻顭ŭһǰĹ㳡ϴһ󼱴ٵƿಣಣಡɫ⻪סһϢʱ䣬ѱ콣šΧʵʵ 
ɽȴ·ûиоһ㣬΢΢̧ͷԶֻΣؼ˯ 
ͬʱǡڤۡϿղ֪ʱѾһɵˮȻܱȴʵĴţ 
𡭡˶ͻأһ˻ûзӦʱ¥ԵǵɫӰѾʧ 



һʮһ ʧ

       ĸоϮ͸ȫǹɵϤٴͷ 
ȴΪᶨΪһˮĿǸ㲵ŮӣУĿԣİһ˿ϲΧ·˲䰲˭ţޱߵ˼ı˰ 
ʱ䣬ڴͣפ 
䡭һ죬ɫӰɶأ 
ͬʱġ󡯴һЦ 
֪й˵Ϊû׼𣿡Цţҡ콣šʮꡮڤ֮ۡϵĺɵġ֡͹ԹԵǵĻɣ 
Цڶߣɽȴ·ûһ㣬æתеȴһ˫ŵһ͸⻤ĸڶ֮䣬 
֮ȴз 
һ˻𣬰вǵӰͻȻܶ 
Χ˲ŸոտǸӰأϲͻȻǰһеӰٴʧһ죬 
䡭Χѭȥɫһ䣬 
䣬䣬䡭޴ϣɽգâǣ˫֮Ͼâƣϵĳǲ⻤ִȥÿһӳСɽľâҲǲϼ䣬 
κ⡮֡ʵֻ֣ΧᵴһϸСĲƣ·ʯˮһкָܿʵǼޱȡ 
ˣǽӴֵϻ˲һѸٵֱ֮ӶȥһɽȴںֻǽϵĳֻȥǸ޶ϵļû㱻Ϊܧۣ 
ĿɾĶţмȴһ㱡ֵӰ 
 
䣬䣬䡭¡ˮоϡ 
ʱƣһĪĿ־Ȼɽͷǰġ֡˿ûҪӣɽý 
֮ǷҲһ˿ĪĻ⣬ͶȥһĵЦݣĬĬջĿ⡣ 
˫ֻӳıóȣȻ⡮֡ʵÿһȻ䰼ȥ֮Ҳ治ɵҾôõײɽ˫ֵıѾľȻ룬 
Ϊʲô 
Ϊʲôźţľӿţŷŵׯضֳ 
ĿѪ죬˫ֵĻӳͻȻٴαü֮ǰͬǣȴǴһ˿˵ 
¡֮һƬ 
ٶ֮죬ǰĿռ䷢һΧ֮޲Ȼ㶵վﲻ֪ôˣĿǸӣȴһ˿ڵľȡ 
ɽĺֹЪػɺѪָ죬Żǲ͸Ļ֮ϣ˲Ѫӳȴ档Ҷ˫ֻǼᶨĳǰĻֻȥ 
֪˶ã֡ϱػһڰȥѻָǲɫ⣬Ҳ˼֣ 
ɽһϲȴʱ̵һȻȻޱߵֻҪ㣬һ԰ɡ 
Хһ˫ּһմȥ 
͡һ˲ûˮУ 
֮ȴ޲ɫһ۵µڤۣһ˿Цӡ 
 
Уһ˫ѪƵ谭ǰɺѪҺָ⣬ʱȴѻ 
һ죬Ѫ˫ֻֿ 
԰׵Уϲ΢ЦĿԣ㲵Ҳ¶Цݣֳһ˿Ĺʡ 
ɽ˫ַǵѿ˺ϵЦɣżֱ׳ 
ڣ谭ĿųԵӣ 
Χһз·ͻȻʧһ㣬ֻеӳҲϤһеľ֮У 
ɵˮУ˾Ķţ 
һ꣬ 
һ㡣 
ˡ˶Ӳ촽 
һЦ 
 
Ǹ֪ıԵεıڶĵֻ͵ֱۣǲ񶯵ĿӶȥ 
ͬʱ֪ɫġڤ֮ۡˮһӿŽıϡһ͸溮֮Ȼ뿪ڤۡľĵײҲǡ֡ӿȥ 
˻˻Ѿѿ֮ͻȻһ 
ɽɫһ䣬ֱֻֻۺȻһɺƴľͬʱ֮裬 
кηӦ˫Ѿ֧ˣ 
ۡ޴ѿٴκϣӨ׵ĹâһתȻ֮ʤǰǰ֮Ҳ͵ⵯȥ 
顭ɫӵɶ˫鱯еſ죬ȴû˿ 
ɽ˻޺𣬡ħ顯Ȼ 
ˡһɺ⣬ 
ɽڰһһҫ۵İ׹֮С 
𡭡âһƴ˾Ȼѹס˺¡ˮȻ˲֣ 
ɫһ䣬ɬ黯񡭡 
Χ޲ȻĿĶǵɫ⣬ 
ʱҫ۵Ĺâ·𳤾ˮ㣬ɿȥֳһɫĹͷէһȥ 
𡭡ɫһצĸ£ѸٵĲס֡ſѪڣҧȥ 
ͣͣ͡ޱȵ־ȻӦƣȻĵطڷɿϣȴϲķâ 
ֻǰѪھצ˫£ 
ͣͣ͡һͻȻ˻һ֡ͻȻΪ룬Ҳϲ£ˣ 
ͬʱһӰͻȻ԰ڳľ֮ϣ 
ɽĿɫȴһƬɷףҲʲô˫ϵͻȻϿһ߷˫ٻءħ顯ŷɿĴ𽥻ɢȥ 
ȻδݳʮɣͻȻ˰գ 
ڤ֮ۡϵ溮֮ӱָʱѾһʱˡŰյĶˣе˵Ŀôһ˿ϧ 
ɽһʱĺռУ 
һУ𣿡 
ľȫһ˿ĵͷ㲵Ȼˣдһ˿䣬ģȴǷĵȻ֮⡣ 
²¡ɽ˶ǣȴûзĿⶨĿŻ֮ˣ 
˫ѵĻһԴĿӯӯ޻⡣ 
ʱһͻȻͦүˣһ·ɣЦһСⱩǣɽ˼̶ȥգɫͻȻһת 
͡һϸ죬ɽڵڤ֮ۡʱͻȻȻ罥ĳɽؿڴȥ 
֪˶ãɰ׵ˮͻȻһ죬顭ɫһ޲ 
ˡ 
һѪЩѪûȥǶƯڰա 
ͬʱµġڤۡͻȻһ죬˻˻ǻתˮͻȻӿٶȵתѸٵγһɫУ 
·Ķħſ޿ڣֱ˶ɡ 
УɽͣʱͻȻִһ޴֮ӰĳȥûǸ֮С 



һʮ 

       ɽӰƮƮմأ 
һôůݡ 
ǣ 
ϵĳǿϾɼ߲ǧĹųȴų֮ϼӰʶȺߺ֮֮һַǷľ 
 
೤Ĺŵ쳣ӲĵϿĿ೵ĺۼӡȻ̷֮· 
˿绹һʱ䣬೤ĿϡϡżˣżҲᱼһһ󳾰ǵΧ֮˶ܲǴСӣӦǹ̿ͣ 
Уȴ˴ǲͬ 
һλʣ뷢Ʈɣ˵ݣΧ̿ͷ׷ĿȻ𾴡 
߷·ҲǴΪܣ΢Ц⡣ 
лһȰᦣСָ·ĸī֡˳ʿһɣ 
ԶȻС־ˡһ·ٶһɲСأ˵Щ㲣ҲԸУȻû˵ 
־ȻУҲö˵ʲôֻĬĬĸÿһվһ 
ܲҵǣǵʮ֮ĹŵоɢܣֻͽУ 
־Сûʲôֻһһ·ֵĹʲô͵ϣӺա 
󻹲߶ĳĳĳĳ˵Ŀ̫ɲ˴֮Ļ־ҲֻпЦķݣ 
ǰ߳첻ֳׯ⣬ʱһֹţֵӣҲЩǰλˡ 
ЩԱûʱһɲŻ˵һ̷һ˦˲ڳһõɵӡ֮죬Ҳ־̾Ϊֹ硣 
죬־΢΢̧ףԶߣһɽֱƶˣɽңңˡ 
ߺߡһ󼱴ٵ˻ͻȻ˷һÿһ۵糸Ĵ˹ȥ 
󼱷磬ȥŵ֮ʱ̹Ŀӡ 
ȣȡܲһűӲϿԣеİȥ֣˼·ϣҲ֪ٶȣһ̾ˣô죬̬ѽ 
һɫ߿ĳšһ䣬ֱߵûӰʱڰɫģ֪ⲻĻãһȫǻƻָӡɫЩǱ 
鷳صɨ£ȻЭˣﹾȥ 
־Сûǰģմ˵ҳ޶ٻҳһɷ·Ҳб־һۣģĹ༸䣬Ҳ֪˵ЩʲôɫԲʲôûˡ 
ʱСȻҲӳ˼лع̧ͷǡǹϵĳǽУô͵ѽýԼܹĻһĿһ֮󣬻ָ 
ִ磬ȥ𣿡棬¶һ˿ΥЦݣ紺绯ꡣĽˣ־ĳƺҲȻȻˡ 
־һ΢΢԰׵ףڡǡϢһɣҲһʱ 
СЦһЦİɣû£˲磬ǻǾĺá˵һ޼Щҵķ˿ϵɫȻָ˲٣ 
үүһȥɣŶһ˵ 
˰ɡһɶ˶ۣɫЩ߷ߣǡɽ̫ߣ˼䣬ڡǡĺá 
־ǰõģɡơ֮ļ޼̺֮գԡ 
˵䣬䡭һûĽص 
־һɫЩȻ 
ʱСүү 
һɱһߣû˵С̾һүүںϢһɣܿͻ˵ɫЩȻٻӰ 
һɷ··𱻿ʲôһ㣬ܻĵѽˣˣ֪۸˼ȥɣȥɣڡ̩Դջ㡣˵תͷҲصĴ󲽳ȥ 
ƮȻ֮ٴλصϣֻм͸һԼ 
СĿһãȻǰɿܳҺܿͻذ 
ɫӰҡҡ֣ܿʧڳ֮ڡ 
СվһɴδйĹ¶ͷһ뿪һɣʧ䣬ʼȥ 
 
ķ磬ǽǣ죬ֳһ˿еĵ 
㻹ðɣ־еʵ 
Сַһӣתû£߰ɣ 
־̾һܽΣĺأ 
СһЦֵܣҲÿο˶֮ģɼȡ 
־һ㶣૵ֵܡ 
ȷᶨĵ˵ͷΨһֵܣҸһжֻѡ̧׿ԶӢһ˿Ц⣡ 
 
ڣ 
һɻţüͷĿⲻʱĳƵɽ忴ȥǼ˸кƲţ 
֪˶ãһɵ׵һɲǣһӰȻι۽ǣѸٵʧڲԶ֮У 
һţʶĳ첽׷ȥ 
Ȼ֮ʱǿտշҲĻʲôӰ·𲻸Ƶģ̧ȥʱһֲڣ 
һۣ԰һȥ 
û߳ԶʱͻȻһΪʲңݺöȻŮ 
һɡৡһתҰͫ΢΢һԶҰоһɫӰȫɴ֣뵽ΧĻҰ֮У 
㵹˭Ůٴʵֻ˼֣ 
һվԭأɫӣŮӵڶ˵ʱԵһĿɻ 
㲻ʶңһʵһ˿ʧ䡣 
ΪʲôҪʶ㣿ŮӺһЩã 
һһ㲻ġļ˵ֵʱһɵɫһã顣 
Ȼ˻һڰз·ʲôһ㣬һεѹȻֶŮû˵ɴ֮µһ˫ǳעλߣ 
кȻĬ·ܲѹֵգúһɵĺıô 
ϵȴǳޱȣһۿȥôһ֮ 
ʱ䣬ţ 
ôʶʦúŮٴο 
ʦһɣĿ룬 
ʱ̾һֵ̧֮ȥĮ 
㵹ʲôˣŮӵƽͣ 
һʧˡصĽŲԶȥ 
ڰٴγĬ 
ã 
ʧˡڰдһ̾Ϣдһ䣬ղһɵȻ쳣 



һʮ 

       𣿡ڰһ͵͵һ˿Լ˸С 
Χ죬һƬڰŷȻֻĻصţģٴιƽ 
 
֪ﴵһ磬壬ĵιӣһ˿ʹ 
䣬 
ΧͻȻѹĺڰпէ𣬼Х˺ʯ޴ 
ޱߵһĿι壬㱼䣬оԼ·ŭеһƬСۣ¶ 
ŵ֣ȴʲôûץס˺ڰ 
ķоԼѱ˺ǧ飬ʹ֮Ȼ󣬴Ŵ̹ǵĺֱ裬꣬޴أ 
ŭţĿ־廯ΪһεĴ 
ΪʲôѵҲҪôʹࡣ˻𣬺ڰе״Ʒ񣬲һ 
˫һ͵͵ͻȻصԺ֮У 
ڰе 
Ȼ䣬Χı䳱ӿˣХֹͣЪ 
ڰٴξ 
˫صںڰ֮У 
ּ䴫һ󵭵ȣ·Ǹ֮Ķӣյ˫֡ 
 
۾һʲôĵطĹסǰζţһɫʯʯӨ⻪ 
 
һ˿뿪;վģӳֻ۾ˮ𽥷Ŵ 
ͣˮüģڽë֮ϣ 
·һƴݺݵĿ֮ϡȥ˼·ˮӿӡ 
һƺԱǼ䴫˫âȻ 
ɽ˶ԴȫͻȻһҵĴʹУֱһϡǼٴһƺߣһ˿̡ 
ǿԶ˶ŷֳԼؿͷĵطʧȥ֪ 
ʱȻ·ʲôžʹ΢΢Ĳһͷ۽ǵ£һĨݺ 
صĺһʹϮ壬ȴȻһЦ 
ţı۾еһ˿Ԫѭ 
ãɽ΢΢Ķһ£еĸо˵ȻЩ䡣 
ϲ֮æϲԪеıȥЧȴ΢ľȫԭʱеı䷽Žڣ 
ɽ٣һҵϢָط֪һ߽ԪеСֶȥ 
ζϲɽĬĬѭ 
⻪żţƣģ·иľδйƽͣࡣ 
ĬĬЯƱã 
֪˶ٸҹɽٴ۾Ŀƽ 
ţ𣬴֮һˮ̲ˮºͣ 
˿⣬еϸɽգѷֿعǸŮӣ񾲵ϴŵЦݣ·˯ĺӡ 
ŴʱЦɣɽţıӣȻоʹƺһһ˿Ѫȴ˿ĿĶŻ֮ˡ 
ʱ·ѾƽϢһ㣬̧𲽷Զʯȥ 
 
ɾʯϣɽĽȥֲǵѪĺ泩˲١ǱǻеĵطȻʱǡѼСɽȴֵһ˵˵ͦصġ 
ʱϵϺĴһüͷһ壬ʪ·ȻӰ첻ճճǲһϢʱѸˬ«ư˫·桯ɡ 
˰ŰĵԣŮӣּ 
ɽ˶ȴû˯е˫üͷͻȻСյø˼֡ 
ɽһֽ̾ķ˿˳ת 
һȻʯ⼸ɣ߱ˮڸǣʯͨ쳣Ҳ֪Ǻ﷢ӯաطйʯͻأҲƽ֮ʯɽڵĵط 
ʯϲʱĻȪˮ֮ϣ죬ƽˮǶĹ⻪Ϊ 
ѽɽеüͷɵİ壬 
òǱ鴨֮ˮ嵽ȥ˰ɣѰ˼šˮһгڣֻе˫ʱˡ 
ǰŮӣĿˮкȻһ嶯ʱͣǸöã 
һ̾ɽأʱһ߽Ȼ 
̡ɽһϲ׿ȥ 
˫ĽëһᶯŻֿ 
ǡ˫ͷ˵磬һ۱㿴Ŀ 
û˫ĿɽĿ֮һ˿ɫܿ㱻ϲ֮ڣ 
ǵģǻˣɽһ˿˵ 
˫ϲֱֶ˽յʱЩ 
ɽǺһЦװûпŷӣһվ 
·ǣƣովɽȻסؿڣƺһ 
˫һû°ɣ˵ؿڿȥ 
û£ɽǿЦһɿ֣ 
Ƭɫ鲼ȻƮ˳һֽסһ飬оݣĻ 
ȴû뵽ʯͷǰķĻؼʱסһȻе 
˵ôأҶ˫ɽؿ·û˵ɫȴǹޱȡ 
С£ûأɽЩ˼ģ̾һǵ͹ǣסҿѾˡ 
˫ϵޡúõıϰֹϡ 
ɽǺЦǡ˵˵˫ˣ˭Ҳӡ 
ߣ컬ࡣ˫һа֡ 
ɽһ¶ĿⰮеĿǰŮӣȻоԼ޷뿪ˣеữΪһˮĿ 
˫·ʶʲô˫һ̺죬СӰĽë΢΢£ 
ɽһԳ⣬ţĸȥ 



һʮ ħ(һ)

       ĿŵܰˮˣתջΪ͵ 
ɽھʯһԣĿˮĲƣĿͣ 
˫ļͷ֮ϣ˫б䣬ĿĿǰõʱ⣬˭ҲԸе浾 
ʱ䣬·Ҳ˽Ų 
֪˶ãһ̾ 
ϣԶܹ˫΢΢Ķһ½ëĿ 
ɽһЦ֮ǾͻءɽʦֵܣʱҸû˵ĵط 
𡭣˫ͷϲ 
ôƭ㣡ɽ§ļϸԴϴΡơ֮ұ뷨񡭡ʱˡ 
˵̾һԺвֳǵɫӰ 
СʫһлĿһ 
·о˫ϸôˡ 
ûʲôɽЦЦֻһλѡ 
˫ֱӣĿĿһ㷢Ҳӣô졣 
ɵѾͷ˼ˣѵҵĶǼٵ𣿡ɽЦŸĳ 
˫̾һû˵Щţ 
ɽĿһۣ̫ˣҳڰɣءɽĪҪʦˡ 
˵üͷһ壬ĵͻȻӿһĪļ¶оӿӲɶƵĲһ¡ 
˫ɫʵô£˿𣿡 
ûû£ɽؿڣգһ۾ݡ 
˵û£㶼˫˵һϣ 
ԭȻɽָֻ˳ʱסĵط˵ 
ɽվӣüͷĳΧȥָоÿ죬ȥҲ죬һʱ׽ŵĸо 
Ҫָо̫ϤˣÿϮʱоȫԪͻȻָоҲǾСݺɽɽʯС 
ô˫ɻʵüɽҡҡͷüͷɽ 
ʱ·ʲôͫ΢΢һ 
ԭڲԶʯϣһ߿ȻڣҲ֪ǺԭǶڼȻҲͨ쳣ɽݲݲ鿴ʱûз֡ 
ס˫ȣȻҲǸʯ 
ȥɽĿⲻ˵˫ֻ˹ȥ 
ŵѹֻ֣Ƕ˵ˮ΢ĽŲ໥ţ 
Ųϵ߽ɽٴηָо·ڤڤĪ͵͵ĺָδ֪ˡ 
 
ĹԲϵ֣ʯ֮磬߳ԶԱߵ˫Ȼüͷһһ΢΢ʧɽĿǣ 
ȴû˵ʲôֻŵָǽ˼֡ 
µĲڻţ߹һʱ˵ĿͬʱһҰȻ俪 
һƴޱȵʯһ﷽Բʯ񴹹ң飬һۿȥֺ嫿֮ 
ϹʯĴɢ䣬ϡƽ 
ʱɽ˫ĿȥڴˣĿʯĶ 
һѲнƯţ߽⣬Դɣʯ񣬹ӵĽϴһĪϣ·Ǹ飬߸ϣ 
ʲôţ˫૵Ŀ⽥룬˷·Ҫʧȥһ㡣 
߾ʯȻһϺȣ 
˫γѣĿȻһ塣 
ô¡ɽŵʵûɵһ¡ 
ɽüͷ壬ɵҲֻ̫ǾϽЩŹ֣˵վһƯյĲн 
ԪǷڲֹˣǿ԰࣬е˫ֻǲͣţ 
⽣ÿ¡ʱ˫ü̾ 
ȻԼŵĴ亹ֱðһ̧׿ȥɽɫͨ죬żŤ·ڼѹʲô 
˫ɫһ䣬ôˡ 
ҡ֪ɽҧݣѵ³֣˷·𼴱߿ 
ôˡ˫ŵеվֺȻ˻ȹ̣˾һȴûɿ 
֪֪ɽľȻҡͷһߡ 
δ䣬ȻⱩǣ˫Ƶˣ 
âɽХн֣ΧľʯĴ䣬ʯΧʯ׷䣡 
˫ɫɷ׵ĿŹâǸӣĿ⾪ 
ʱ״ɽͻȻ˻һ̧֣ңңʯİգǱƯĲн԰ĳǰȥּͣ䡣 
ɽָǶϴĽ 
ˡһӵĲн͵ı譲ޱȵĹâ·⽿˼䣬˫һæ۾ 
âɽὣأ 
ţ 
ٽ죡 
䡭ʯըһףâһڣ 
һ׾ڿն 
زʣΪۻ 
 
飬šâе͵͵һϲдڵĲ 
 
һ谵ӣѹֱ͸ 
콣šǸľƵĹ㳡Ͼۼ˲ˣֱ֮ڣ 
վλüͷΧĵӻ̻̲гɫ 
ԴɽŮӳ䡮ڤۡ콣šٴλָյһоȻûȥһһŮӦѾˣ 
Ȼֵǣһ确콣šĵӱо񲻰ÿӰƣ˰㣬Ҳû˼ˣһۼ㳡 
ֹǣҲҲǷƲѣܾʲô»ᷢȴ˵ϸиоѣȻǣȴδ̫ϣ 
ʦô£üͷʵ⼸ν緢˸һ㣬·ǰӰɽʧޣ 
һԼΪӰͽܣзʧ֮Уһѵʲôʲôû־ͻ̻̲ţԺô˴Σɾʹ£ 
˵ʱȻһᣬ㳡ϵĵӷ׷ֹס̸ס 
һ𣬼ʦδĶ˵һʱȻ 
ʦѵǣͽ֪ˣϢǼæ 
вͣĿѲӹ㳡һۣаЦ˲÷Ըµĵȫˡ 
̧׿˿ڳ죬졭 
֪˵֣µľͻȻһ㳡Ҳ΢΢һ 
Ȼúᣬ˶޵֮ˣԼܹĸдȻһڳ˶Ϊ֮ɫ䣬 
Ŀһɫ˲µĹ㳡ȻΪľƣЩľͷǾϴѡƷľӲ͸ʴ׮գǾײ棬Ҳܽ亶ǡ 
˸˼֮ʱ㳡ٴһһ˵ƣ·ӵص׵ĶصõĴǡ 
ڱ򶨣ɫҲΪ֮һ䣬˵ϴǴαʵʵڵˣ 
ٲˮɺ¡㳡֮ϵĿȴ·һ㣬ڵܴӶԷп֮⡣ 
顭㳡֮ٴһڰ̨֮ϵĲ豭Ȼ䣬žһˤ˸飬 
ͬʱ㳡֮¡ˮͻȻ·𼱴ࡣ 
ͻȻһߡ 
ͬ㳡ٲһ죬ؾ޲ 
¡¡ 
¡¡ŵٲȻըһĹڿն𣬻ΪؼΪҫĹâĿӣ 
ģǹʡ 
ʱµٲҵѵӿĽˮ·Ű¡֮Īܵǡ콣šˮϵķ׵ݿıһգ 
ţιźȻûããĽˮ֮У 
ģССΧķݷ׷׵ˮһ޴˻ϮȥС˲ʧ 
콣šĸˮû 
֮ϣĿѪɱڵĶǵҫ۵ĹĿɽű٣˭Ҳ޷ˡ 
ȻʦͻȻһѭӦ仰û˵ˡ 
һϣкȻһֳһҫ۵Ľâȥ 
ɫһ䣬ȻѾ֮е˭ˣԱԵĽ⣬һӣɫܺм䣬ǰ 
͡âǳɫܾȻһ˲価 
ǺȻļ𡮳ؿڡ 
һ죬ལϣɫ΢΢һ٣˲佫ǵӰû 
һҽо 
Χ콣ŵӷ׷׺ȻɫӲɵ˺һ 
ɫȻһ˿㯻۾ŻָƽʱϣĿŵĿǵû뵽ѽ 
дһߣ֪գαص 
һѷĳһ˵ǡ˵Ŀһ㯣૵治֪ȻǰϷˡ 
˵ǰһһ죬һⳤС 
һԵǾԸһƽ˹ŵ㵭Į 
ͬʱҫ۵ĹתһΪ޴İɫâɣδȻ˵ԣɫ΢ס 
ǰɫҪͶʱһϸСͻȻԹд˳żֽɫһͣ 
Ŀȥ֮з·ڳ˼ʲôһʱĬ 
 
֪˶ãһǰɫĽɣڻص֮С 
Ȼɽѻ٣εҹΪ֮һ䣬ͻȻһХ㳯ԶȺɽȥƬ̼ûӰӡǷ򣬾ǳվɽķȥ 
ХĶڰ֮ϣĿ⸴Ƭ̺Ŀһ֮һ˿亮 



һʮ ħ()

       տƣ󣬡ơ֮Ⱥɽͣؼྻһ˿˳ 
֮лҰ£һУٴλָյĵСݵĴ 
֪˶ãһХȻ仮 
 
Сͻһֻ۽ţѸٵĳɭȥ 
ͬʱ顭һ죬СͻȻ˿һӰѸüͷĳղŷĵطȥ 
һХɭһѪ 
ɫˢһ䣬һʧԭأĺʱʱĴһɱ֮ 
ˮĿĶɭǵѪ⣬Ųϵ߽һɼ䱩Ϣֱ˶ 
ɫ΢΢ףʱС˵ȥЩóԵĶһֱڻδȴ˵죬Īǡ 
סֱĿڣɫǽޱˡ 
ʱǰȻһֻԲһڵľΪܧۣģһŨѪ²ϸһѪ˸żƽâȴ쳣΢Ѫʱᴫͳ˻𣬷·ڽ 
ʱΧɱ֮ҲǸӵŨˡ 
ʱѪһԾȻվһֻ޴ıԳۣͷֻʢǺСҡ 
ʱȴһ޴ӣѪ⣬ʱͷֱ֮ʱ֨֨ 
˶ӺȻСһĶߵԣ֨֨֨֨Ľи 
ô£ʵ鼱֮£һʱȻǰֻһֻӣ 
֨֨֨֨Сץͷ˼ 
￴öЩٵߵѪ֮ǰֳǺȥ֪ûһɼǿ֮ͻȻ֣ĽѪȥ 
ɫ䣬 
СѽѪͻȻһӿ 
顭 
ӱ֮ԶͬʱѪͻȻһʹ˻ 
΢ĽâĹ⻪ʢͻȻһƾѪⲻ¡ 
Сôˣŵĺ 
Ȼһ૵Ѫ顯һǡѪ顯콫ǸӵʱѪ֮з·Ҳһ㣬ѪâݣаıׯϵĿؽ˻˻һʱȴҲֲ£ 
ļ٣Ȼ̫кι֮ԡѪ顯˽⣬Ƿǳġ 
ȻСѱѪ顯ɷ꣬ν 
ڴʱͻȻһһ߲ʹ㱼ڶ£ǲϾѪУ 
ȵĿͻһĻüͷһ壬ȻѾ߲ʹˣ 
Ƭ̺Ѫâʧ¶мһӰæ˹ȥ 
ôˡӣĿеĿ亹С 
û£СǿЦһˡ˵վ 
ʱ߲ʹҲʧӰ 
ɽС΢΢һȻ΢΢һĿĿ֮ 
ʦ㻹𣿡ɽЦһʵĿֳһ˿еʢԱߵ˫ЩȻҲ֪Ϊ£ 
ԭɽѽһ 
ʦʦλҸἰ˫ɽָԵŮ˵ 
СջĿףȥ˵ɣ͸һ˿ƣ 
ĵĿһۣС΢΢һЦû¡ 
֨֨֨֨һԵСͻȻ˼ſٵСļͷץһҰҲ֪ʲôʱժġ 
һ·ϼ˶û˵·Զһ㣬úһ˻صС֮У 
˫߽ݣСʦͽˡ 
˴Ρ콣š֮»˳ɣС֮ϣʵ 
ɽ˵ͷȻЩӣ˳˵һ콣šΪңȴǱ˫Ȱ͡˵üͷ΢壬 
С̾һǱϽôģ 
ɽ΢΢һʵɻСʵ㽫ǵõнĹ˵˳ 
 
˵֮ɵʵʦ֪ѽ𣿡˵ϵĲнȡ֮ϣѽΪʲôֻж߽أ 
СĿ·ûһ㣬ãĿͶϵĲн֮ϡĪİ⣬ 
û뵽ѽ̾һ 
ɽĿĿⲻʱϵĹŽһ˿Īʣ 
 
֪š֮𣿡С͵͵ʵ 
ɽһЦȻ֪ǡ˵ɫһ䣬ѵ⽣ǡɽ 
СĿһۣ˵ĿЩ룬 
ʮǰɽ롮һս֮ʱΪأϰڡơ°ȴǲ֪٣û뵽Ȼ롮鴨һɡ 
ʵһ֣С岿Сֲ 
ȻԤϣ׿ʦ˵ʱɽǲ΢ĿǰĚĿ˸ʱޱȣʱã 
Сһۣĵô 
ҡɽһɫòͣ󱻳ȡ 
ҴšȻΪһɡ١ٻš 
ǲˣСĿֻڸղ÷ֻẦԼ 
ɽɫһ䣬ô᣿ܣ˵һѽǶϽץУŵɫĻ 
ʦģܸоõҵĻ 
СδֹĿһɽȻ˫Ĵ㣬ѵ𣿡 
ɽãɫ䣬 
壬Ҿȥһû˵ĵط 
û˵ĵط 
طᶨĻһ˿͵͵ЦϵĻصԺ֮У·ʾѣɽŵһеĶϽȻƣ͡һбڵµʯ֮С 
ôֵȫ׹ѣ 
СһȻǰĲҲϤ˲٣Щǲġ˵΢΢һ̾ 
סɡҲ֮ı䣬Ҳ㡮顯Ϊչɡûһܹյġ 
Ҳҡﰵһ䡣 
Ҳϣ·ŪˣһֻܿԼˡ 
˵·ʲôĺұ㴫㡮ϣ˷ħһʱ䣬ǸǻͿԼˡ 
ɽлʦ⡭˵һ۵ɽĲнĿЩ¡ 
ŰɣȻѡ㣬ӱܲܽ⣬ŰɣС˵ 
ɽ½ǲнУ֮ǰͬǣʱжһݼ㡣ҹ 
µգǹ׺֮˪ңɽʯˣϴ˵ıչֻ΢һЩ֮ȻȲá¡ǧ괫ķŴ󷨣ɽͨ顯ϰȻ°빦 
ʵҹңһͻȻһҫ۵İ׹⣬·ǧĶ𣬴޿ƥеƣֱ 
׹˵ĺƴֱɼڳ֮׹ʧֻǾ⣬γһͼ 
Ƿ򣬾ǡɽһ 
ͷʨס 
ǣ̩Դջһ䴰ͻȻ򿪣һɷ׹ǵ߾ĿŰյͷֱʧ 
ˡ 



һʮ 

       һߵҹ 
С֮еƻӰ£ķСĻУĿĿž紦ӰĻ档 
СĿˮӳ˫֮еҲ棬ֳܰ 
һ죬оȻըƽĻһҡҷСи˼֡ 
Һ¡գۣ૰Ļ·۲һƻãȴһ˿ 
µģ£Сķ˿⣬΢·˫ħ˲䰲 
ƻɺӯӯúСбȳƵĺ 
СĿŻ֮ˣãһ̾š 
 
С壬 
Ƶ֮һ̨ 
絭һµ»ˮ̨ӳյԻͣ确¹ 
һӰڡ¡֮ϣżֹ¼š 
½ѩĿûõ£˷·һ㣬Ĺ⻪ӳ֮ϣöǣϢ 
ķƶѩ׵ȹ󣬷·Ǿӣֱ̤¶ȥ 
ֻðӰԣʼһɵİ˲羿к£λŮ 
½ѩǰһż£ȴδ֪ 
·Ǿ޵ɫлع֮λ˵Ůٴ׹ɺ쳾 
ٴλеӳһ˰׵Բ£ֻ޳Բ֮ǷһӰأ 
ĻӶ˼֮ʣճǸĵ׵ 
Ϊʲôءźţ 
һ˿ңӦø˲Ŷѽ͵͵ţһ 
ɺȻֱһȻĴףֻ˰׵ֱһžӨˮ 
ӦÿĲŶѽɵ͵͵ţһһδľӨһ˿ǿ 
ΪʲôĺʹĿ⾪ŵؿڣз·򽣽ʴ̣ 
Ϊʲôţ˫ָͷ·ﻹǸӵ£ 
ȻһŲǰŲ˼·ϣ޼ķ˿ϣ 
ǰӦøˡȻĲϵһЦһ˿ɲĿ 
ʱӺһŲţĻع 
Ӱ֮£һӰ֮ǰ 
ˣѽ½ѩЦЦղŵļǿ˲߽⣬һů˿ֻǲ԰׵ƺһ˿㲡 
СĪһ̧ţĳ̨ȥ½ѩ촽ĿˮĿǰӣ 
ˡСĿ΢ 
𡭣½ѩһЦϺȻ˼֣ӵĶˡ 
𣿡 
СһĿⲻԾƫ˼֣û˵ 
ͻȻĬ 
Ӱ裬Ӱվ½ѩҧ촽ǳЦĿȴӶࡣ 
ʱС̾һĿӭ˫˵ 
ܺã 
 
Բˡ 
㲻Ҫ½ѩ˵ 
СĿһ˿̣Ƭ̧̺ͷĺعʱһƬ˸һ˿ʣ 
ǵ𡭣ǵԼ 
½ѩ΢΢һ㵣ţ˵ͷǵá 
С¶һ˿ЦݣӦá䲻Ԥ֪Ժ飬ָоһ꣬Ⱳҹ㣬ԺԶ㣬ֱԼĵط 
½ѩɫϲȻɻһꡭ 
С̾һһָ꣬оһȫ¶˽ᣡ 
˵̧ͷĿ⿴ơɽ⣬Ƿǡɽһ 
ɽ 
ܲٵӽ 
ھƽһ֮ټġɽٴλָյ 
ʯ 
һʯ֮Уǽ˫̧ݳ࣬о˸ 
һɺɫѪ־ƯǰߴһѪɫ⻪·ĺţʯгһŨҵѪζ 
Ѫ֮ԼԿһƬɫ״Ķĸɢ㣬ǱѪ֮ȴǽȻ෴ 
ʦһϮۣʯһԣĲ¿Ǻݣûã 
ǽ˫һŹַѪһڳѪȻֳʮѪâʯΧѪâһֳΣȻʮֵϸȻܹǾǡ޴󡯵ʮޡ 
ֻЩ޵вâĹȻƶɣȻ߳Σǹ˵ȴ쳣ʯХ޴ 
öƯĻɫĻȻɽǽſڣȥ۾ 
һĪƺȻֶʯ֮кȻʮŹ⻪Ҳзȴûз·Ҳηơʦɫһȴû˵ֻǺ֮µһ˫۾ǳ 
ú 
ѽǽ۾ϢȴıԶ׽ 
鲻ȫɷ磬һлѽʦ˵ 
ǽĿһȷΧƫƧĴѾûˣԶһĵطˡ˵Ѫ 
һת֪ʦõİ취 
ֻҵǡѪ̡һ֡ħ顯Щ׶ˡʦ˵·ûпһ㡣 
ǽħ顯ǸɽС 
ʦ˵ͷ 
ʱʯ֮ͻȻһ 
۾ 
ǽüͷ΢壬ʲô¡ʯŴѸٵһӰһ˹۾ҽڡɽһͻ𣬰׹죬ɼҾ󡣡 
ԱߵĲʦһ𣬲ȴû˵ǽɻĿһۣԺ˵ȥɣ 
ǡ˹ˡ 
ǽתĿ⣬ʦô 
ףسҲȥɣʦ˵дһ˿ 
ǽĵ˵ͷã˳ѡħ顯һ˵΢΢ͷ 
Ŀ΢΢룬ŮǸü˰ɡһĿƵʯеġ޴֮ϣоһ 



һʮ ɽ

       ƺɽ 
С·ۣԵï̵ܴĲ԰¶ɣ⡣ 
ʱӰɽ·֮ϣһȥ˺Ȼһɵ־С 
һ·˶û˵·Զ£ΧһƬïֲܵʱĴˮ죬֮в 
ûã֪УѾߵǸС·ĲǰСͣסӣĿѯʵĿԵӣ־һǰԶĹսǣų󷽵Ĳȥ 
ߡ͵͵˵һ䣬дһ˿ֵļ 
СĬĬĸȥҲҲʲô̸ۣ֮ȴǳĬӶ࣬úӰĴܿõܽˣ 
־ĿʣµĲļӿ˼֣ 
ܿ죬ߵǰƽ֮ϣ 
ʦã 
־ǰĴƺΰޱȣӹھ˼ǧķϴǱԭеƣ·һɣߣ֤šš˥ 
һԵСĿǰΰĴĿȻ𾴣šǧĸڴˣ˯˶ĻʯӦС 
ǽȥɡ־кһ 
ʱͻȻһɣ 
ס㡭ʦ壿߳һüĿ꣬ȵĿŶˡ 
־΢΢һŻȻʦĵӰɣ 
ǵӾнһЦȻʦˣǡͨ塯ƽ̵µӣнԪɡ˵Ҿһ 
־΢΢һЦʱлʦֶտˣ 
ԪɵĵæӦõġӦõģģȻսŲãΪ 
־ףѻҲͲ鷳ʦֶˣϣڻǰɽ֮ʱʦͨһ˵׷塯־ƽ 
ԪЦŵ˵ͷǣʦ塣Ԫһԭת棡 
˵ƹӣĿƶȻһպӭСǶ˵˫Ŀɫ΢΢һ죬ǽĲ˼֡ 
ԪԶ־ǽȥɣ 
СͷӦһתͷ־ݱ½˽ȥ 
谵Ĺ߽⣬֮Դɭ 
һĪϤУ־𻺲ڵȥܿ죬谵ֳ⣬ŵ֮·˵Źš 
־㰶֮ǰպһ˺󼸲鹧֮󣬲㶦 
ɡ־΢΢ʧС˵ͷתƫȥΧҲǻ谵ޱȣż˿ 
Сüͷ΢Ųûͣ¡ 
ú󣬶ߵһ޴ľǽ֮ǰ־أʱָ֣󿪣ͬеһſǰȥ 
¡¡ 
ŵĴͻȻһƵĻ޴ľǽϳһԼ߳ߵСڿȥ 
Թӯһӿ˳־һͷһС΢΢ĵͷȥ 
Сҿ˿˶񣬸˽ȥʯٴηһƵŻϣʯٴλϡ 
˭޷뵽޴ľǽ֮оȻеʯС 
һбµܵʯڰ࣬һ֮ 
Ҳ֪ǲ˵˼ܵв谵ÿʮɱһҹ飬͵⽫ܵӳյûãƾ˼ء 
СĿ΢壬ҲҲ벻Ҫʩȵɣ 
־Ŀӹһ˿Ȼ˲ָҲȥͣŲɲͣĳܵȥ֮Щ 
Ųϵ룬ΧЩ亮ɵư˪⣬ҲˡȴӰ첻ߵĶˣ 
ĺһ󿴵üˮӶ˱Ǽ֪ǲǴСȻоΧ·ı˼֡ 
֪˶ãԺʵĶ͸ֱܵ˱磬һ͸ܶ 
ͳĽŲɲͣСĬĬĿΧһУ亮ıеӳŶ˵ӣһɫ⡣ 
С֮ʱΧȻһ壬 
һΪıңΧ̬죬бӶ£ȴûнӴϣȻһȻı 
мһˮɫı͵̹⽫Χӳյ÷·˳ޡ 
ʱСȴû˼ȥЩĿ⼯ǿɫʯģԺĿһӰ 
һ£Ө󣬽üбһַʵĸоֻǽü֮µһ˫۾ȴţƷ·˯һ㡣 
ףСһĿѭʲô켣ת˾ʯһҲӵı 
ͦıӰƮѣֻеĵطһֻӡ·˻شһ㣬ż 
ֺɫӡ⼸֮ʼһϢϸһĻᷢӡıԵһϸ߰İ˿ 
Щ˿飬ӵУֻǰ׺ϸ˿ģ 
ô¡СɻĿ־ 
Ҳ̫־ߵߣüǰһλĴߣ걻ħ̡͵ϮȫޣұΪǰţ֪Ҹ֮ʱͻȻЩԱͣԶġ࡯֮أȡ⡮ˮ̾屣ʱգǰѷϦ̬֮ 
˵䷭Žص䣬ûҵļأһпֻеȾǰˡ˵һ̾Ŀ΢΢Ȼ 
Сมһû˵ǳ˼Ƭ̺ĿһΧλǰ겻ڴ˴ 
־ɫһԽŵĵܸоǰҲԶҲҲ 
СЦһ´ϵҲ˵䡮ֻǲⶴˡ 
˵óһƬεĻҰ׹ķڰ֮ϣ۴аָһɣǻҰ׹Ƭһɵ壬Ư˰ա 
СɫɵСֲϵıŸֹķеĻҰ׹Ƭʱķ˻֮ 
СеָҲԽԽ飬ֻüһ㵭ĻӰ־ͫ΢΢һ 



һʮ Ľ

       ־ͫ΢΢һֻʯ֮еǸӰͻȻһɫ壬뵽ǿҰɫĹʯ֮У 
һҰɫʯâһգֻëһ΢⣬ 
ͬʱСҲɿƬʯƯڰգ 
߰ɣС־һյĹʯƶȴŶ˵·ȥ 
־޵ңһ۱㿴صġѻ˼䣬Ϊ˼Ѳд꣬һ㲻ǻǱʹߡ 
طʧСõνȣͬʱҲ˲١ 
˶Ჽȥ 
ߵ˺ܿʯǰ־ʩŴ򿪣ݷĺڰӿ˹СŲͣǰȥ 
ƯĹʯһһǰţĲٴڷ̨ĵطĻǾȼգΧЩɭƯĹʯ·ҲоʲôͻȻͣ˰գסš 
Сɫһ˫ָһһ죬ǹʯٴλָƽŴ֮Ưȥ 
ŨҵѽС͵͵ȥ 
־˿Χüͷһ壬Ϊǰڴ֮УӦòˡ 
⣬ҰȻһ壬Сһһɲ˲٣ڵеʱֻһһ㣬 
ǿϸСĹʯǰƯȥ˳ǵ·־üͷԽԽȴö˵ʲôֻĬĬĸ 
Ƭ̺󣬶ٴǸڣ־ǰôǰɽʱҰɫĹʯȻȥȻǳš¶ȥ 
СԣŲɲͣ־ȴɫһ䣬뻽סǰֳǰϵ 
̧֣˰ա 
̾һ첽˹ȥ䴦ʱСͻȻͣס˽Ų΢΢һת 
СԵһʯʦŽأĸѱʱ࣬һ˿ɣ 
̧ͷȥԶɽһʯдĸ׾壬¶ 
ʱ־Ҳ˹һСǰĹʯĿͶˡ¶ɫӲѣ 
СףĿѯʵĿ 
߰ɡ־ĿһŶȥ 
СĿأһҪʧ־𣬸ȥ 
ܿ죬վ˶ڣͨʯһ㣬ֻʯмһ޴ʯ 
ʯ֮Ͽһ̫ͼһǿŵĽѵ 
ҰɫĹʯƯͣһʯǰСüɻĿǶʯڣʵûһ˿촦 
־ɫȴһףĿ˸̾һҡơġ¶ 
Сͷ֪ 
־һʯ֮ǡɡڣ 
Сһ㶣ɻĿ־תȴȻ䲻֪˵ʲôˣ̾һΣգСĵ㡭 
˵мʯǸȥӡȥСɻĿţֻǹӵʯͼһԣ 
ͬʱʯڴһ죬 
¡¡СתӣԼղ쿴ʯϻĳһڣ 
һƬɵˮ翲ƻá 
ˮղءɡĵطˡ־˹ˮлֻþʧԼ 
˵ɫӵĿԵŮӣȻϵǰҲԸΪ˺˵顣 
С΢΢һЦҲҪ߰ɣ˵еĹʯջصУᲽ򶴿ȥ 
־̾һȥ 
գһСͣסŲ 
ĺ 
ǰ̤һ 
һ󼲷Сʶı۾ 
HʱΧȻһӤСһ 
۾ӳһİľݣɫĵƴë׵ĺ⣬ӰϵĻζţ 
ˣˣǸŮޣϲһˣ 
ľһĬƹͶӰӶ 
ʱʱһ̾Ϣ˳ӤҲͣ 
ĶͷôһƣǿˡȵͻȻͣסСѹֵϢ 
СһʶķͷĴŶļһˮͻȻ䣬ʧգ 
䡭һһӵĺӵǰԶһ򸾶һ˹ 
һɣɫЩţͣƣ 
˰㣬˲Сӣߵϣ 
ȥɣȥɡӽĴߴٵ 
ǸŮȴǽı裬Ŀ棬ֻǲϵĵᡣ 
Ĩ۽ǣٵȥɣԸҵһ˼ҰɡⱲǷģ±ĶŮúñ 
ǸŮĶӣŵˮϣĺ첼ҿһཱུӤ¶˳ 
ŮѽԲˡŮʹʵŴԼȡһɫֻӤϣ 
ԲˡŮ۾첼ϣһơ˳ˮƯ¡ 
СĺΧһȴѸٵʧţס촽۾ˮסȥ 
žΧóһɣҰƿһϤƮӣ͵͵˵ʲôţʧ 
СȻ۾ϵˮϻ䡣 
ǣƵͣǰ 
СѾͷô˻ޱѽС΢ЦĿѳǧ飬ʧ 
С۾˫粻סĲţһƽΧѾʧĦӡ 
һϵۣ۾ 
 
һʲôѽڰĲ񷣬ǵ׺ûңԶ˰㴥ֿɼ 
Ϊʱããҹ֮С 
СԾĿΧһУ嫵ǿգޱ޼ʣǺԶǳĻ̣ջһΪ׳Ļһʱ侹ǿóˡ 
ͷ߳һ߲ʻ£ࣻȣƣ̣ࣻϡɫؽ棬áֱϢ̴ֹ 
סʱһȺȻԱߴС͵Ļع 
־Ӳ֪ʱվԱߣʱҲһ侪ȵӣȻԤĲһ 
ѽһʵΪ֮һ񣬶˼ͬһʱת 
ǰһϤףľüĳƮƮݣһɵ⼤۷֮⡣ 
һʯţ·ƾճǿ֮һ㣬ǵʯ͸һâýɫӰס 
ģղǶҲֻ߳ɰˣ 
־дϲǰǡͻȻֹס㱾ģ 
־Ŀӵ̾һҵѾҽ͵컻գطָҵֻҪʩչұ 
á־𼸺ѿڶ 
ӿ΢΢һ̾ҲǾʬ⣬ֺα֮ܳ࣬ 
ңô𣿡־һϣ㶵˵ 
ӺЦſŮӣҵ𣿡 
С˵ͷǵģ 
һЦҺܺ棬ʲô¶ 
˵һܣĿдһ˿ɻһ˿񶯡 
СǺ棬Ҹıġ 
΢΢ף 
ͷ̥ʲôʵ 
Сһʶķͷһεɫ̥޼䣬·һ»Ȼ䣬ɫ»һ㵭 
ͬʱ嫵ǿͻȻһһǳҫ۵Ĺâһһǳ 
һţ˰ܶʼܿһ޴ͼһʨ 
Ӿȵ 
ʱǽɵͼ·һ㣬͵ſ죬š嫵ǿΪ֮һһ˵ֱ˶ 
־Сʶĺһ⡣ 
Ƭ̺ǹâָֻ 
ʲôСɻʵ 
ӳƬ̣һϵޣͨ죬֪֮ܣϹѾˣҲڹҽĲпġ 
˵΢΢һ٣ɫЩζаܶܶ࣬һܽ͵ġȻĿ⾼ĿСҪǣˡ 
ҵС 
ף 
ſ־𣬵ʵκ˶㣬ִ̫أĵ׵ħⲻˣʹһӵģ 
úϧǰİɡ 
˵ǰɫӰ䵭ʧֻʣһʯŹ¶ 
ϧǰ𡭡־ĿãȻĿʯţ 
Ƭ̺΢΢һЦϴһӯĳ֮⡣ 
ǰ֪ôˡ 



һʮ ɽ

       ɽƣƣ 
ĵմأů㣬ٵĳ۳֮䣬 
ɽ˫Яɽȥ 
˴ǴˣѰһܵأң˷Ŵ֮ɽѾĿǰءɡҲӰ죬ȻǿʼΪҪ̫࣬ 
Ҳд㡣 
ûãӰһϤɽ壬һЦµɽɵļӿ˼֡ 
һХ 
ɽǰɽȻΰһɲɣϢȴǸǰ·ЩһˣӦ˵Ƕ˼ɡ 
ɻţպôš˻ơһڿȥһӰ˳ 
ǡɻĿŶˡ 
ɽ˫΢΢һ㶣ǰЩİڱ𴦣˻Լߴطˡ 
ʱ˷·ʲôһѽǾʦ˫ʦɡ 
ɽ˫һۣʦ΢΢ЩŤЦ£ʵʦ𡭣 
һ㶣 
ڣڣڡ˵æÿӣŸɨѣҪɨţ 
Ƚȥأ⼸ǽĲѣǻͺˣû뵽ʦһ˾;ȳ˫ʦ壡ЦǺǵ· 
ɽЩһȥ콣šԼȴһȥˣȻýˡ 
ûã˱ˡ󡯣 
ͣסӣʦȥɣҳȥѲһ¡ 
ɽ˵ͷ˫¥ȥ 
ˡ 
һƽɽһͷ˫һۣ˽ȥ 
Ϥˣɽûü壬ֻһ˹ 
ûѽӰӯ˹ 
û£ϣѽɽȤ 
ӯСͷһ£˫ֱǺߵ˵һǰȥ콣šǸżǸϵʱ콣ŶʧˣΪ˵һᣬ۾Щɡ 
˫ļϸ˵˼ʲô 
ɽɫЩȻ̧׿һۣʦ֣ǻˣ 
ͷͺá˵Ӷ˶·һ㡣 
ɽҲ֪Ӧ˵ЩʲôֻͶȥһǸɫƽ仯 
ʱɽŷԱҰˣֻʱϲûסֻϴǸɫߣҲ֪ȡȡ 
ɽĿʱҰ˲Ϊֻ۽ǵ⣬仮ͷ¶İءɡ 
ǻã⼸졮¡µ챦ҪˣӯͻȻ˵ 
ɽɫ΢ȣûп 
㲻֪ӯȣ 
ǺǣɽЦЦĿ⿴˫ 
ҵʱ֪ǡ¡ǱĵطԾû˵˫һȻӣ 
ɽɵǲǺܶ˶֪ˣ 
ѽҼż챻ˣڡ¡Ͼ֮ʿסֻˡ 
ǸղҲԲߣӯ˵ֲ 
ʦ֣֪Ŀأɽתͷʵ 
챦ͬСɣƽ˸ˣû˲֣ҡšҲһõ¡ 
Ұ΢΢ͷʾͬ 
ɽ̾һҲԣԵ˱ػ٣ǲҲǶ࣬羲䣬˵ܹתǬ˵ĲнĿһ˿Ĺâ 
ĿһĿһۣ½µڡ¡غһϢ 
ʱӯСֹЩҲǿЦɽֱ֮¡ȱĶûУҪǽҽǽ 
жűأɽűռˣ˵Ҳͷأɽ 
Ĭ 
Ƭ̺ɽһ·ҲˣȻطϢɣЩ̸ 
Ҳáɽ˫һۣǵѹɡ 
˫Ӧüȴŵǳ 
Ȼûеϵʱ̣ٴγ֣һҫ۵İ׹ӡšɽ𣬷·Ԩ죬ֱƴĹâϼȻʧɫ 
šԡһƬ׵Ĺ֮Ув֪ʱ繬ֱ͢ж 
ոճʱɽ˾Ѿ֪ϡɽ߳⣬ÿվ⣬ 
ߣ¡һѸٵĳɽȥɽҰҲ̸ϣ 



һʮ С

       ܿ죬һ˴ƬϤɭ֣ǰľɽһ㶣 
ֻ¡վʿһۿȥ߰˰֮ڣš˼ˣҲͲסɡ 
ǵǰ¡УһɵĹڿնֱ 
ȻɽĿһԭȺлվŲٳɫѵʿȻǡ콣šȵӣ·оʲô֮һ˺Ȼתͷ 
뷢ɫ࣬˭ˡ 
ɽĿһԣûзŭ֮ɫɽһ۱תͷȥ·İ·֮ˡ 
ɽҲ⣬ҵ½ˣϣ 
ֻµ׵Ķβסķţʱķ·ʲô̥һ亮֮ʱնϣٸýĵӶ˻֣ 
Ȼؼһˡ죬µ׵ĶβſĻʧ¶µ׵Ŀ 
һƬأԼʮмʯɶԣһСɽͬĹɺԵĺӵ 
ֻڵ֮һ̶ˮҲͨĹĵطһԴɽʵֵطк 
˸˼֮ʱغȻ͵һ˷׷ױɫɵһ 
ǹ֮еݡһɿԲξ޿ӣɽͫ΢΢һֻǿһɰɫ׹⡣ 
˷׷׽һóڴʱ 
ȻһĴһƬڣ·˲䰵ҹ㽵ؼеĹԶǵ֮У 
˷׷̧ף嫵Ĳ֮һſǳ⣬ҹ֮Уǵ׺ҹвʱĻһǣⳤβͣҫ۵Ĺԡ 
֮УŰ׵ɹ£ȥƲͣĳ֮ȥ 
ʱҹ֮еǳ˱仯һâĽһֵǳһ𣬿ģСڻ¶пһģһ 
ܿ죬֮һͷβ²⣬Ҳ벻Ȼܹ춯ءǳ֮֮ȴβסĿϲ 
ڴʱ䡣 
𡭣һ޴ı̲ͻȻ޴ɫӰһĪѹֶϵɫ䣬һˡ 
ſɫʱӰ·ûпһ㣬צնڹΧ 
ϵعĪĿŰգһֱ 
ֻõصҹ֮У޷֮ϵٴλָϲ֮ɫ 
ͻȻ䣬ҹ֮һĳâǳâǣ֮ţҲΣâһתֱնȥ 
䡭һ죬âʧȴûб飬 
ֻǺݺݵһһĻϵ˵ӡǷ׷׾ѹһԦеķȥ 
ɽĿһ۰еûж֡ 
ҹХһʵĹޣӰɳɳϼУƶЦëȻ 
ֻӫɣ֮ͣϣĿŰյˡ 
ҹ֮Уɫ⻪𣬽֯һֻѪĴȥ 
䡭 
ϣټĹȴʮּͣû顣 
˰Ƭ֮󣬹·Щ֧ 
µ˲࣬ˡš֮⣬µĶһЩΪɵˣɽĬĬĿŰմȻˣǰءɡ֪ʱС 
ʱԵҰһ˲ڰ֮Уֻ˫ִ󿪣ͻȻһ׳ɫĿ׳ϣҲʲôϵĻⱬǣӷ·һ㳯ײȥ 
䡭ҫ۵ĹһŤӱٱһ㣬Ұɣβͣٴεתײȥ 
ΧҲ׷׼ӴŤסĿȵĿмǵ׹⡣ 
䡭 
һ죬ɫĹԿüٶ 
ۿŹ飬ͻȻݺݵһ·ʲôҪӵ 
ɫһ䣬 
Ұ֪δ䣬µ׹ΧСɽͻȻըһҫ۵Ĺâڶ 
໡һµͻȻܳʮ⻯ľ޴Ӱģʮֻ̬һĹζޡ 
пէ𣬷׹ 
ҹһ⣬æȥ 
ֻʮӰٶȲҪѳΧ֮ʱһֻ޴˫ǹ޳ײȥۿŹ޵ӰŴ 
ҰһᣬʢǳŶײȥǶǰʵ̫СӲ³ֻһ 
ؼʱ̣һҫ۵İ׹б 
䡭޴Ķһģƺųһײ˹ȥ޴˽ҰƵˡ 
û°ɣ½סҰʵҰҡҡͷĿһ۲ԶɽҪ˵ʱͻȻһĲҽС 
 
ٿתףֻЩߵĵӣһͻľͶΧм䣬ôײôЩ޴ܳķ˺ɷ飬ûл֮ 
ʱ㱻ǹɱɸɾҽнϢֹЪгһŨҵѪζղҶĵһԭأɫҰ׵ĿһĻ 
·йһ㣬ʮֻ޶ͣ˰գһֻֻףĿŹе׹⡣ 
Ļޡ 
ͻȻһļž 
֪˶ãһ΢ĽŲɽ˲תͷ 
һɫѵŮ˹ 
Сɽ΢΢һŮӵ棬С 
ʱ·ûɽĻһ㣬ĿĿŰգŲɻС 
ܿ죬ٻӲˣ˵Ŀ£ߵϡ 
ҹӭ洵ǰͷ¶Ǹɫӡǡ 
кȻһöĸ˯ૣΪ֮ƽ͡˿֮⣬ǵɫĹı䵭 
ţʧ 
װ׵ƮСǰ 



һʮһ 

       װ׵΢ңСϣһʥϢС̧֣̽Źâ 
ɽ˿УһɵסĿǸŮӡ 
˰׵ָϼ֮װ׵Ĺ׷ɢֻһ죬ɫ׹⳹ʧ 
һ״мԴԽԽϸɣмһɫ󣬸֮ϵǸͼһģһ 
˰׵ָָҪ֮ʱͻȻһ·һƤĺӣֱ֮תȥ 
СһЦ˱۷תץȥ֪һģֱĲ֮һȦ 
һһ΢ķ˿ͣĶǰ 
ڴʱɫ»ȻһŷɿĳСͷǸɫ̥ӡȥʥĹԡ 
ϡ 
ˡһХСӺȻ⻪ǣһʥϢӶȥɽ˾Ȼվס׷׷׺ˡ 
ʱС뿪ʯ棬°ڣڿն𣬷·Ů˷磬һʸź嫵ǿշȥ 
Ƭ̼䣬ûӰ 
ɽ˾֮ʱΧȻһ 
ϼɣ֮ϵʧǳ𣬸ղƬ̷·λһ㣬µײ֪ʱֱƣֻҪڰյʮʱ̵ǣղŷ£ǶôĲ˼顣 
˻ڻϸղŵһʱɽɫһ䣬 
СģһͻȻѹһƬټѪơ 
ѪƲûбϵĵӣǳʮ޾ȥ 
Ѫ֮д첻ϣʮ޾ȻԶĳѪͶȥ 
١һХͻȻһҫ۵İɫâ⽣âȥףѪƺնȥ 
ѪкĴһߣһɫĳɳѪƣŨŨɷϢӭȥ 
䡭һ죬ɫ䵶һȻĵɶȥ޳ĵϳһơ 
Ȼħħ 
ᣬ׽âȥһɳѪƾȥ 
͡â֮ѪƱһɣ󡮺䡯һѪըɢ 
֮ϣɽաɡĿĿǰԶվһɷħͷһħ̡ͨ桯ǽ 
ֻһɺѪ̣Ŀȷ 
ǡɽĵɱ졣Ȼû뵽ɡ̡תΪѪ̡ķյʮޣЩѾҪˡ 
һеɽâʢңңָԷ 
һҲϰգȻ֪Էħˣǰ겻Ҳħһʱ䱻ǰĳһһ㶵ġ 
ǽعɽеġɡĿһ˿죬ȻĿһƫɽ˫ 
һЦ˫ôؼأ 
ɽ类꣬ϵĿͻȻһϣѹֵ˷˫ɫ˲ҰףӲסš 
·þȫɽתĿ͸һʹࡣ 
࣬ӯ½졭 
һĿȫһϣʹ࣬ȣ⣬䳰֯һŴǸŮӡ 
顭һ죬ɽǰܳʮɣ 
˫Ҫȥȴһֻεץס 
ѹ༸˴æķסɽ 
ˡɽȻһѪȴδ֪һ㣬ŻعͷĿĿǸŮӡ 
ʲôĵ׺ݺݵĴţΪʲôѸоʹ 
ſҡ˫סţ 
ǽĿѵ㻹ûֹ𣿡 
ˡ˫ţܡ 
ȺһɧӯһΣæסڴʱ 
һȻ˻δعʱصײͬľżɽϣ 
䡭һ죬ɫӱףǵ總֮һϡ 
顭Ƶ첻ϴɫݺݵĵŰǵӰеķá 
ȻعҰˡкһһɨͷ콣šĵӼæšߵҲ׷׼룬˲ս 
˫ʹĿŰյǵӰӲסĲţ 
ˣſңġ 
ǽĿ䣬ɭȻˡ 
顭һ죬ɽȻµȥȻϰ׹һһӨ׵ӵ 
ǽɫϲһӣһѪɫϮȥɿĽӹס 
ۿɽӾҪ£һɫӰͻȻ֣һ˹ȥץɽӣ㲻Ӱӡ 
 
ߵѾˣоԼ䣬䣬꣬ˡ 
þȫһ˿µ 
˫ 
ϺȻһȣȴѾоˡ 
ɫӰϵļţӹɽͣɹӿΧһѸٵĺˡ 
ķ磬ӭˮĺɴ¶һžףֻϣȴһۺİ̺ۣü޼䣬䲻ῴȴ繣ں 
Ȼ׹롮¡ġšӡ衣 
ʱǣĿдŨŨ 
ǸӣĿصļţ·Ҫ׵䣬ȴѰһƬ 
ҹĻ٣ 
ԣ 
תƣ 
ɣ 
ظգ 
ն 
صĹմأһӰգһСɽͷ֮ϡ 
顭豧ɽ 
Ȼ˫һһ̱ȥɫĶҹһԣ¶ա 
ɽѽ趶˶ɽļȴû˿ķӳɽֻһ˿ȣ²֪ʱѱѪˮʪĺ˿ڣ͵Ϯʱû˿ء 
ŵĸֹסѪֳǼ̽ȥ΢ıǼͣס˺ֻ΢ڼķһ˿ 
һ 
ɽôˣҪѽɽӣߵ飬סȥ 
֪ǴûұʦˣҪһȥģǣǡ 
Լü䣬һ˿ʹȵˮ˳֮£źϣ 
ҺȥģʣҲңֻܶںɽĬĬĿ㡭ֱԶԶ 
۾ĳţ·һĺӣ¶䡣 
ĺ㰡 
˼ѣڷķУһɵ䡣 
 
 
һȻ㣬ܡҾԲµġ½ɽ 
Ŀ⳯ΧɨȥӵɽԶɽһС򣬷迴źȻЩϤ 
С򣡡Ȼ򣬺Ȼɫһϲ 
סǶһ֪ʲô취ܾȰɽġ谵ţɽٵĳǸɽȥ 



һʮ ׷

       Ѷʱ䣬ɽҵǸɽûƬ̵ͣЪһѸٵĳȥ 
ʱǸڶҲȥĿĶŻеɽ 
ΧһƬţ 
Χڵİҹǵ׺׳дһ˿ϤȴûʱȥЩԽԽķХ 
ҧ촽Բ 
𣿡Ȼڶлص 
ȻͣסӣĿ⼱еҲ鿴ԭѵڶ֮ˡ 
 
˭ڴСѽһ㼵С׵֮ģԶͨʯһŲ 
ɫһϲһ˲˹ȥ 
С׻û߳ʯһӰѸٵ˹ǽ㶣ַʱ 
һеһҪȾѽ 
ͣС׵ǰʣ֮С΢΢һ㶣ɫ΢䡣 
ȴתȥ 
첽ϡһʯҺСָһºɫ񴲣¡ô˵ôأ 
ʵ˵Сüͷɽüġ 
ϣλѪҺ͡ÿ˵һ䣬ɫҰһ֣澹̱˵ϡ 
ѣûľˣСջ֣ɫ˵ 
ʯһӰѹֵϢ֪˶ãĿնվӣĬĬĽɽ 
û𣿡·þһ˿ĿСס 
ûˡСŵĿһۣһ˿ӡ 
ˣ˵һתȥ 
ܰСʵ 
Ųͣܰ 
С̾һʵΪ٣ 
ȫͻȻͣס˽Ų·оʲô 
СĿƽĿ 
ͷĿȻһ˿ɣĶСף 
𣿡Сͷ̾һվ 
ɣ 
һ𣬽¶ϲ첽˹ȥ 
ʯб£һ·϶˶ĬֻǵͳĽŲصʯ֮ڡ 
Ƭ̺󣬶ͻȻһˮоȣˮΧȻʡ 
ߵʯľͷһ޴Բˮ̶ʮ࣬мʢȴɫҺ塣 
ˮ̶ͷұһСɫˮҺˮ̶ˡˮ 
Щ˷Ŀ⣬ΪʱĿˮ̶룬һʢĳɫų˵Ĺâ·ڰ֮ԨһǻȻûвõĹâȴĿ 
߽ʱ辪ķڵˮҺתţкζһЩĪ֮ʱĴоȫѪҺҪסһ㣬ʶ˻һ 
Ǵ˵еġڤˮħʥˮħȴһ;С˵ 
ɻĿС׵һ̾Ҳʮǰ֪ģ塯֮һطС׷ڵ֮˲ɣɽȴɥʧԣʧңֻҪ޵˸߲㣬ȻҲͲõˡ 
˵΢΢һ٣׷ں롮֮ΪķѾʧ˶ꡣ˵ЦһȴҲСĿˡЦдһ˿ɬ 
農ţСһŵҪﵽ취һһ֮֮ϣ˵ڣзΪգһٳɻҽɹ֮ҲΪ 
˵һ۷軳еɽֻѡڶˡ 
ĬĬĵ˵ͷ 
СĿһۣĶֻһǾǡ֮ѪͷһĴס 
˶û˵ʯгĬ 
㻹ѡ񡭡С׵̾ 
Ȼ̧ͷҧ촽 
Ȼ 
Цһ£Ŀһ˿㡢Ȼ 
һСʱ 
𣿡 
СĬĬĿһۣתʯȥĽɽڵذ֮ϣץ֡ 
ʮָۡ 
֪ҪȥһԶĵطˣʵΪҵĻ׽ŪѽĦƣڲ׽ǲдһ˿ȡ 
ΪԸˣʲôҶ棬֪ңһţԹҲãҶں񡭡 
ҲˣĿϤס 
˫ǸùЩûѡҪϧһֱ㡭ġ 
ϡ۾һˮ۽ǣġ 
治뿪㰡͵͵صڿտʯУճ顣 
 
ڷ費һʩɽʱȴǷӿϴΡš¡֮ս콣šأ֪ȥ 
šҲ˺ۣ֪١ 
ħջشצºȻõ͵ 
¾֮ʱһϢ˳ȡϢϢһһƬڣĻ̻̣ 
šҲ𶯣ҹɳǰȥ鿴Ȼ봫һ޶ƵȡȻ𾪣̷Ϣ԰¸ɵģ 
ֻΪħͻȻ͵ϮôҲؿֻţŽһ𣬵ħ̡ 
ͬʱַܺ¡ɮ̸Բߡ 
 
ϢȻǣǿɶԸˣΪδ֪Ķ̫£ħ̲µġοšѾã˵ĻȻڶɵĹ 
˰㣬һʱ㶼ħҲ㲻Ϸƽ˾ȴǰӿ 
һŨصӰڸ֮ϡƬ̵ȴǱٵǰס 



һʮ 

       ûĵǰĹڲ֪Ѿٹ̣ͻȻĴٲ 
һУ̹ȻһʱĵĳĽϺȻһ⡣ 
ȵģĸо֪룬ȴַ·̤ԨһɲǣȻĻع 
һĪı֮ͻȻռӣ׵ı⡣ͬʱǼ䴫һҷȵ̵ıѪҺ֮У·Ҫٳɻҽ 
뼫ȵϢϲϵĽţ·ҪҪűһ㣬ѵĿǰ𡣡̨һ˿ 
ֻΪ۾һۡ׹ 
յȻһ׹һ˲䡣 
ͻȻ˿ 
һɫӰͫŴ״һ˿Ȼ˫з·ҲӳӰ 
ǣƵףȴǼƺִϤζһЦһ˿ϲ 
Ǹ˲䣬ųĹԡ 
ֱʧɫ 
ģǵӰԣͶ޵׵Ԩ 
˻һĿһƬѪ죬ڵϢĽţһ̣ͻȻںһʲô·һ㡣 
ټˮ̶ɽӺȻȥתڤˮͻȻͣһɾֶ֮ռͻȻһ㡣 
ڵСɫһ䣬˻һɫ⣬ڵȥ 
 
ʵƣӰأһ͵ľ 
ͻȻ䣬СǶ޾û͵ĳһӰԶԶͣе޷׷׵ͷǵӰ 
ʱһһ붨ԭأ쳤Ŷ䣬·ڸоʲô 
 
ٴһûͣһЩС񾪻ŵ뿪֦ͷڰա 
ʱƣزԽԽԣرɽƬɭ֣ľĶֹ޷׷ױӣɢӴܡСϵľ񶼷׷߳ݣŵɢӡ 
ϵɲͣĲһǿһ 
·ĶħƵض 
¡¡ƵԽԽ 
֮ϣСüͷ壬ĿĶƬɭ֡ 
䡭һ죬ɭȻըһֻɫֱ˳ָʮɣֱܸ졣 
͵͵羪ףһֱ 
𡭡һ޴ͷ­ֱۼ𣬽š¡¡һףӣظ 
Ȼֻ䡱һ죬ǵӰ͵ĳ˳ 
ݱ壬ȫڣɣٲȻһˣժȡ£ƥǻħ䡣 
Ȼûеǧ۰ףȴǸӰԵ໡˫ִ󿪣ŭ 
֮ϣƱɫϼâܶ 
ؼһƬɱ 
߿ϵСײϺˣĿгžȣȴһ˿Ӷϲ 
ɽã˷Ǻˡһ̾ 
֪˶ãɽĵףĿֿ⳯ȥԭһֻδչֱʱչټơ 
һɴŮӾģ԰׵ȥȴǵһ˿΢Ц 
ɽĬĬĿţȻ޴һΣϥȥ 
޴ͫгŨŨıһˮۿ֮ϣ޴ӾȻ޿ɶƵĲ͵վӣɫŤ 
𡭡εԹֱػͻͣеĺҹֹ¼š 
صؼ䣬þò 
 
ɽݺҰٻţɽͰĹľһɫӰɽϰϰ촵̵һǣңγһɵİ 
˫ճյĿǰĻ䣬˷·𱻳һ㡣 
С㣬ѽһɣ 
˫۾˶е͵͵һʦ 
ʦһϮ˹̾һ֪Ը񣬼Ȼѡ뿪Ϊʲôأ 
˫ĿŻ䣬Բû˵ 
۾׳־κ˶赲ĲΨһŮ㻹Ǹεģ񡭡ѳɶ֣ߡ߰ɣ 
ʦ͵͵˵ 
һȥ˫תͷ˵ϴһ˿Գ 
ʦĵӦò°ɣ 
˫ɫһ䣺ʹҽˣº޲ɱҰɣȥݵ˫Ĳš 
ʦ̾һĵİ㣬ΪӦУοֻǱһʱܽܲˣһԼĵġ 
˵΢΢һ٣ѵԸѹһȥɡֻΪһԼĴ𰸡 
Ĵ𰸣˫ţȻЦһ£ȴޱȡ 
ҵȷȥתͷлʦ˫ˣȻ֪һҵ 
׷ȥܵظﰵһ䡣 
ͨͺáʦ˵ͷӰЩɣ̾һҲǸˣ 
˫΢΢һ㶣ʦҲҪ뿪𣿡 
ʦ̾۾Ѿˡ޴󡯣ֻҪ¼ɴɣҴãαºٻء 
˫ɫһ޴󡭡޴󡭡ʲôʱѹѽĵ̾Ϣţ˫ĿǰĻҶ 
»С 
յľޱֻ˼ӣسӰбʱϵľԭͷǸʧˣϾǾûĴΪŰϵľ϶߻ؼơ 
ҹأӰ´£ǻػζɭ䳹ǡ 
߳˵Ǹɵ׳գտԨ쳣һƬš沢̫żҲмʯƾ˼ů⡣ 
Ȼһ̾һŮ 
ҲȰִˣ 
޿һĬƬ̺һӵ˳ 
Ը̫϶˵¾ͻԥȥ 
ǰ񡭡 
Ҳ 
͵͵Ļ･С󣬾޿ٴ˳Ĭ 
 
һصĺӵһ˿Ρ 
ѱѱƻǶԲˣԺȥ 
ǺǣҪȥߣ 
ȥ 
ɽɡŮӵͣһ£þûҲ֪ʲôˡ 
Ů˵Żһתأ 
ҡ 
ءšɣļңʦǣٻءҶ塯Ϸʦʦپǡ 
˵ɡ 
һ̾Ĵһ˿˻صھ޿֮С 
 



һʮ 

       պ 
šΰɽŲ֪ζưܲԺǽɽ٣ɽڱǼһƬķׯԺ죬дż֮⡣ 
ɽ¡ 
Ĵʯƽ̹ҵѲ٣ϿӿݣʯأɽӰĦԣš 
һӰԱߣһ·һǧ겻ʯǰһ·أʵ͸ŴϢ͡ 
쵵ɫʯż֮С 
֮ĺĸǷĵַ·Ҳһɱ˵ϢɽĬĬĿǰʯ 
̣ĹճǸŮӣ 
ѽ̾һ޵ָ꣬űʯĶӡ 
Ŀ⻯һȪĵƣţ 
ôԡǣȥһСֻ֪Ǹѹĺɵѽſ˫ۣ䣬סǱʯһˮ˰ɫʯϣųĺۼС 
ķɽ£ӰԳһΪ˵Ļ 
֪˶ãķû䣬ӰĦɳɳ졣 
ּİ䣬ɳɳ·˳˯ĺڰ۾ãȻĹˣͣǸӵϡ 
ɽعӣվɫб⣬ĿȴȴһɳȻ֮⡣ 
΢ 
ɽδĿɳճյĶǰֻʯĲһ£ 
ʧһӰͶĽ¡ 
Χķ磬ҲֹͣĬĬעӰ 
Ƭ̺ɽתӣĿͶǰ֮ˣ˵Ϥһ˿δйƽ 
ȴȻһ㰵ɫĻɴİ׽ 
ˣɽƽ˵Ŀ⵭Ȼ·ʺòѡ 
ӲĻһ£ĸ˫һţӣȴƵĲһ¡ 
ĿҲһˡ 
ɽ˵ϴһ̣֮ 
˫ĿĻָƽǰӣҲ㡭 
ɽĿֻ𣿡 
˫Ŀһ˿ʹ࣬ 
Ųţ 
гĬ 
úɽ΢΢ĵͷţ˫Ŀ⾪ȵĿһ˿ϲӹ 
ǲһˡ 
˫类꣬Ϊʲô 
ɽĿ⣬Ȼܹԭ㣬ҸƭԼҺں˽ģʦʦЩҶں 
㣬ںˡ 
˵һʱ֤һаɣԺ£Ժ˵ɣĬĬתӣ͵ıӰȴޱȵš 
ȷ˫ŲϵĵͷµͷסգϡĿԿỨ 
Ӧ֪ˣ 
Ӧ֪ˡ 
֪ˡϵظǾ仰 
ɽ۾֣ƮһˮУ۲ݵҶ⡣ 
 
ɽ 
İʯžѹֵĻţƿ߳ʯңü΢΢𣬽첻֪ôģܾƵûšֱооʲôҪһ㡣 
ʯţһʱ£﷦ζĺܣڽȨ󣬵ȴûһ˵ˣ⻹˵Լڡ¡ԽԽò 
ǽĿΣյϢ뿪ջصɽǽеӲһɳġʪáſڣ֮вȴҲһ˸Υ 
֪УӲƿපڲԶˣԶվźˣƿ쵽ˣȴǰţߵʱ˵ȥһ£Ѿ常ˡ 
ͬʱнסâСһгȥˡ 
Χĺ˲ûû˵һƿɻ۽һԱߵĺˣȻվţĿͣ·𱻳һ㡣 
ƿɫһ䡣͵תعͷȻԵĺ˶һģĿͣƿ˶Ǻüӡһ¡ 
ѽЩ˶޵֣ȴͬһʱ걻飬Һ޷֮ƿаݣַȷܼ 
ǵǽĵӣȻԼΪôתͷĿ˼ĿŰԨʯ 
ȻЦһһʧڶڡ 
 
İľͷһ쳣ʯУǽĿȣǰʯƯһɺġѪ̡֮һӨɫѪвϵţһ̶˻ĥѪɫ̫ǿʢӵĹâѹƵˣҿٵƣͬǳˡ 
ǽĿտ˫ֲϵıŸַһ֮ɢʯұӳѪ֮ɫ 
ֱ޵ 
 
һɣ 
ĪףǽĴЦżֽ˹ 
ţҵҪǻʲôҶԿ 
 
۾ȻѽͻȻ䣬һȵżζ˹ 
ǽЦһЪȴվԭأſڴ߳һӰڵĳ£ýаȻǵ䡮ƽס 
ʱ΢Ц·ͤɢ֮⣬ȫƽ档 
㡭ǽԵһȣȻЦһû뵽ѽ 
΢΢һЦ۾񰮣ĳܲأ 
𣿡ǽĿһ䣬ʯĵѪ̺ȻѪǣ糱ˮһԷѹȥӿѪѹ 
׵Цҡҡͷ㻹ôĺսѽһ䣬ֻͻȻڵĴ֣ЩֵĶ˶һΪָָ֮ȴһŰ׳ɭľ졣 
Щһ磬ѪƻڰգǴžХѪ֮Уֱȡĵǽ 
ǽɫһ䣬û뵽ԷĴ־ȻԼġѪʬǾþսħ˲ȶ 
ֻ˫һУյġѪ̡У 
ǽָ磬Ѫһ󼲵㣬 
ˡһҫ۵Ѫڵǰ 
͡ 
ЩɫĴַ·ţຣһͣڹ֮ϣȴԽԽ࣬鲻ǧ 
ȫſĴ죬ϵļХţ¶˶ɡ 
ǵǽʶ㣬˳棬ͷƤһըȴ£˫һһŹַӡ 
ǰġѪ̡һХȻѹЩ֣յѪɫһתڵĴַ׷ײҽгԿüٶή 
󷽵Цһҡһ䣬СȻ죬һ񱳾סצĹټӼʯҡ 
ǹӲͣŵǽ˹ȥ 
䡭һը죬ʯΧҡΣ 
ǽĿ죬Ѫ̻ûħ⣬ĵסǾ׹ 
׾޿ڴЦϣĴַ·ʮ飬ĲסѪ̡Լſֻצϵĳǽȥ 
䡭 
ҵըϣɽҡΣʯµ䣬ħд󾪣˲Ͻһڡ 
ǾȵڵġʪšӶиѸٵĳɽԦ𷨱𣬽ͣ˰ա 
䡭 
ɲϴɽҵĲ·صʲô̥ 
е˷׷ױɫȴ·𶯲һ㣬һŶڴĿ͹Ĵɽ 
䡭 
һ촫ɽըð޴ӣȫڣ񱳾ףצ󾱴գֱĶħ䡣 
ʱħЦϣצ֮ץһӰȻǡͨǽʱ˹ھ޳֮ϣѪȾȫѾһϢˡ 
顭һ죬ǽаܵӱصڵϡ 
еħ̵ȻѣһҰ·ӡ 
Цһѣ 
һ䣬ֲסġѪ̡ȻʢڵǽеʾҪϼ֣ħ顯Ҳһ㵭ĺ 
ˡ 
һХ׺󾱵ĴѪһ󼲵㣬ͻȻСৡһܳʮ⣬˲㽫ЩΧм䣬 
ȥʮȻϴεǽڡ¡յĹޣֻʱһֻֻѪƣ졣 
໡һʮֻѪɫ޷ſ㣬ɿıʱɫâܶն 
ħ̵Ӿļ𷨱Щǰֽһһơ 
顭 
вҽвϣѪЩѪûлɢһɣһ㻺ע뵽Ѫ̡֮С 
 
ſצЦյѪ̷·һ㣬ħӿѪ졣 
ȻֱΪ֮Ȼ 



һʮ ־

       Ѫɼػͻͣ밧 
ѪģɵĹЦצ󿪣󾱵Ĵһžպգ˵ķ񣬲һ 
ʱͻȻع޴۾ŰĿⲻԶһɽͷֻצһӣһɺѪȥ 
䡭 
һ죬ɽͷΪƽأ֮УһӰӶ 
צһӣʮֻŷɱȥ˲佫ǵӰΧм䡣 
ײЦʮֻѸٵıڶ 
мǵӰ⻪һֳһžǡСס 
ɽΧʱ䷢ڲԶһɽͷϹ۲죬ȴû뵽׷ˡ 
ԼѱΧĿأ˫ǰһŹֵķӡͻȻǣȫëǣֳˡ 
¡¡ 
ʮֻԽԽѪӰһƬһѪɫľ޼룬ը첻ϵĴдѪһһ 
вʱм׹͸ѪӰ˳ܿᱻѪضϣ˰һʱѪɫ޼ͻȻȻǡ 
ֻһԶĺХ໡ 
Ѫϡ顱һƳһڣһ׹ڿдһХգ۵Ĺʧ˲ 
У׾޴СָǰǷģǰ׹ʧʣӢһЦ 
 
ĺƽٴν٣ɰӿʱϻʮɽٴӿޣЩײбŰ˱ɱҲʳ⣬ϴ޽е޸׺ 
˷ֿ赲ˮޡ 
ܿ죬Щϻģӿԭء 
ھϴ޽ٺµ֪Ʋܵ׷׳šȥ 
ϮϢĻ̻̣ٵ˷׷׳ơȥ·Ψһϣ 
ơɽţСݡ 
һСзѵͣصŲӣԼ䣬·ʲô齫Ҫһ㡣 
ݷĶħʱĻ¶ݣԼʱ̴һµĸоָоʱԽԽأȴ޼ƿʩ 
˿ݣȥϴ·ˣ̾һƿľš 
ģѹúֱܵͣ͸СƷڲԶĲݵϴ˿Ӱ첻ǣ 
Сüͷ壬߳СݣĿһƬ˼֮䣬ԶͻȻһ졣 
СĿһСҲͻȻͷԶֿȥֻ۵һתȻ·ʲôɫӡಡһ𣬳бȥ 
ҡҡԴߺߡĴǣһǰС˯ˡ 
͵͵Ŀмż֨֨Ļ 
Сüͷ𣬽ŲĳɭȥļǰԶĹľһ󶶶šಡһմһӰСȥ 
סС΢΢һɫһ䣬 
Сף 
ԭеһѩ׵ĺ꣬㡭СĽˮ 
˭ܰԭΣСĿ΢䣬ȻǾŭ 
㡭СԴСﲻϵһȥӴԭκ󣬰׺Ҳŵ˲١ 
С̾һĿЩ 
֨֨֨֨ 
ʱССļϣŰ׺ӡֻһţӿĵĲˡƺѱԭΣֻӲͬ飬ӵмֻ 
Ƭ̺ 
׺СңһСһЦԲϲ»飬׸߰һ۲Լߵİ׺кߺһӣ 
׺ȴǻ飬ȻԭΣǲСģֻͻȻմ˴Ƶıϡ 
ʢŭĿһŤŲ뽫ҧ0֪׺ǽƻֻצץŴƺ󾱵ƤëһҲһ𶯣ܴʩ׺ëûһ 
ǽ׺á㡯֮Ц״ʮֿģСҲʼį˴Ƶĺ󱳣һһᣬȥֻ̹һţֵòɿ 
ҲӶ˵ɣС΢ЦĿһŵӰ鲻֪ĺ˼֣תӣСȥ 
Ҫ̤뷿һɲǣ̧ĽͻȻͣ˰ա 
תӣĿ⸴ӵĿԶԡ 
ͳķ֣Ӱҡҷɫ·˼֡ 
һվԱߣ׷׹Ƿɣһᦣдĸīָ֡· 
˺ȻǽʿһɡҲûЦݣĿЩء 
㡭ǰСĿдһ˿ȡ 
һĿ⿴һۣǶ˶ҽȥ 
СвŨӣ룡 
һ΢΢ĵ˵ͷ߽ݡ 
СɻĿǰߣһ΢·ڳ˼ʲô˳ĬԶԣСкȻһֲõĸоĿһ˸ 
ʱһ˵ˡһкܶɻɣ 
СĿƽȴû˵һɵ̾һԼӦøо˰ɣ 
С΢ĿͻȻ 
һɻ˵֮Ϊ֣һ֮Ǽᶨ߲աǡ顯 
飿СɻĿһɵ˵ͷ顯ؼ֮аƣǲӰ˵ĸ 
Сɫһߣ䣬·µʲôģȴǸˡ 
Ϊʲôǰҡ͵͵ʵżѹֵĲ 
һɲ̵Ŀһۣǲ˵ǲ˵Сɫ 
һɼ˵һ飬Ǹ˼ɣ֮⣬֮һһศɡ 
㵹˵ʲôСͻȻĽص 
һɾĿǰӣȴû˵ 
˼ͻȻĬ䣬ѹֵϢ 
ãһ̾ϢһżáѪ顯żáؼа֮һʼӰ㣬ɡħ֮ȻӡĲķѹƣֻ֮꣬ʱѹƣ󡭡 
Ҳữħ𣿡Сһ˵ɣĿġƲ֪бͱˡ 
һĿһͦͦ΢ӣϻٳħѱɣ°մˮ֮УơİءɡѲֿԡҪİæ 
ʲô֪Ҫæ񲻿ЦСһ 
һɫ磬ŭ֮ɫһǰӣ˴βͬʱħƴ粻ֹữΪһ̯κ˶Ѳˡ 
СĿһĬ 
һĿһ˿̡ 
ãСһ 
ʲô 
һ³ĸ֡ 
ɣ 
Сһµģױ䡣 



һʮ 

       ǣ 
ϵĳֽӭһƽٵϴ񣬺ʵĳǽ߲ɺԵѪֳɫɣĺۼϡԿצۡ 
Ƶʹķ紵ǽصİһƬɱ֮ϵĳڣĴüȵļֻζһƬľ 
ϮϢѴ죬еİΨ֮׷ǰˣȻǵľȷģεϴεȷͬûзֿǻһɣƺƵıâֱָš 
纮ĳǽһɫӰǣԡ 
ɽѾԼǶٴˣ¶̤ϲٵ١ 
ľҲɵİ̾µĶ䣬ԼҲǵǸˡϮϢ֪ȴûһ˿֮⣬ڷΪϢһ̣еĽ·˲䶼˿ľǽһ󲽡 
һжڸı䣬Ҳһ۵Ѿ죬İظɣֹӡ 
ԶһӰɽعͷһ˿졣 
ǰѽ 
˰ᦣ뿪ֵһɣʱɫƽĿҲʮֵ͡ 
΢΢ͷһߵɽԶʱͣ 
ɽһΧǰʱ˶߹ˣ㻹ûѽ 
һɵͷˡ 
˵ĿⶨɽͷĹŽϣɽĿɻĿȻ·ʲôСûиһǿʧϣ֪ô¡ 
һƿĿ⣬ͷĿա 
úعͷ̾һģд޵˼벻ᡣ 
ɽĿ 
Ƭ̺һջĿ͸һ˿Ȼ 
ӣҲˡһ˵ܹͨ岿顯ֻ㡭ʦκƽҲֻƽϢˡɽ΢΢һȣû뵽Էһ۱㿴Լʵ̱ׯ 
ɽһСӣεúȥ£ʤҵĲƣǰ˰ɡ 
һĬĬĿһۣҶ㲻ġ˵̾һ˴ƴΨм롮죬أˡ鷽ɵֵ 
죬أˣɽɻĿ 
һɳѾ֮õġħ顯ʥ֮Ҳν飡 
ǡ顯أɽʵɫ΢΢һ顭һɵ͵͵һĿлһ˿һ䡣 
顯ҡ˵һ 
ˣʮȻ 
ɽĿһֻ࣬һɵһпµȻ˼Ӳשʯ֮У˫ִ󿪣ڿһصһ 
ϵİ׷ӭǣԽԽգ·һɫĺ֮ţ֮䡣 
ɽһֻǾ׵Ĳֳһ׭֣ 
ʣ 
ﲻϢ 
ܲ 
˼ 
ЩЩɫĹָɣޱȺһȻѳ棬һڿն 
ųһЩϸС׭Щܿѳ׷һ֮ 
ɽĿƯ壬ʲôһ㣬ɣۺ񣬽Żһĺϵ汼š 
ԭƽͻȻҫ۵İ׹⣬Ҳ뿪棬ϼ⣬ЩƯ·һ㣬һΧɽļ䣬̵Ժ֮С 
ǽ֮ϣһͷĿŰеǵӰĿдһ˿Ȼ 
Ȼֻಡһһ׵⻮ 
һ΢תͷʵӲ֪΢΢Щˣ·Ƭ̼䡣 
λ׷ߣȻࡣ 
ǰԶվһλŮӣüĿ㣬һɫȹеĶͷϴһεڡ¡ʧС 
ǰǸŮӣһЦЦСѽ 
үүΪʲôһֱҡС߽ӡ 
һɳ̾һ㶼˰ɣ 
ǣǣǡСסĵͷˮ룺ҿˣħ֮Ϊħ̫֮󣬱 
˵ͻȻһɵĻ֪Ȼ˸գԣӦ˵Ǵӡ 
һеСŴ죬ޱȵʹ࣬ٵס죬еˮ¡ 
Ϊʲôתӡ 
һվԭأֻѾתĿдһ˿ᡣ 
ˡ૵˵ٶǰҾӦѾˣǴεĻ 
һɵĿЩ翣̧·ĬĬļȥ£Ȼ䣬Цһ£ 
ϵǱ仯Ī⣬Īĸȥˣ룬ҾȻΪǸŮӡż˿ȻһٴεһЦȴЩģˡ 
С͵͵ĳţĿʹĿǵԼӰʮӰݵӲסĲ 
СҪˣһĿָ˴飬̾һЩֵʱ⣬ȻԵһĵҸķζ˼ĵ뷨΢ЦĿǰŮȴһ˿ 
Сʹĵڡǡ 
ҵѽСӦ˽ǣҪˣ𣿡 
үүĵȥɣһɵЩƮ׽ı͸ 
Сͣס˳Ĩϵᣬµվһɵǰ 
үүģһúչԼģֻأ±ӾŮɡ 
ãһΪһ΢΢һЦӰ̸ʧС 
ķ磬ǽʵɲסĻصУ 
һΪСĬĬĿŰգɫظƽֻ֮Уһ˿ᶨ 
ڴʱ׿еİ׹⽥ɢ 
УһӰ 



һʮ ս

       š 
ڸ·֮ʿķ׷̤š϶ѾˣϢȻֻȥ죬Ͷ֮࣬ʵǳˡšϡ 
Ҹİϲˡɽ֮£ҹֻЩƽƹɽݱڡơ֮ 
ֻ֮ʿͣפƣ֮С¡ȸɮŵȶɣ¡һսʧٵġ콣š롮šҲȻС 
ҲǰЩԹЩ΢ˡ 
ɽϵķ羰ɣȴͣκ˶ü˴ƵϾҪ֪ϴ޽ϻĵš˴µʱ䣬˴βŹ˼죬롮šѲ 
رǵеͷݺϹŵġˮߡʱɽ֮޲аݡ 
Ȼ뵽šɺ󣬶ڡƽʶˮߡʿбЩˣŬѹסеĲʣڷ֡ˮߡɽϵձý 
Уһãλҹַ࣬¡ֱɮĬһԣȻ˺ԷΪס 
Ա߻š콣šƽ롮šߵˣ 
һۿȥټġв඼ˣаʮڣЩһ뷢԰׵ߣҲϵӡ 
šҲ֮Уɫһ۲ӯͷҰվڡа񡯵Ĺϵ˵ĿʶĳҰȥǼȴһ˱һӲ̸񣬷·Ҳסһ㡣 
ҹɨһܣиλλĿ˴ӿδձѽҡơŲգҪҡɽ˰ɣ 
ܿԷеĵǣšüСˮߡϹǿǻޣֱָţ֮ӦáӦûһˣ 
˻һһ˵һۿ뵽һ磬ֻﶼԸŶѣ˵ǣ˵仰ĴҲЩţҲΨ˲ܽеɻ 
Ҫ֪ˮߡȻ׺ƫ¾Ҳֻӹɽ 
ŵĽͣҲΨһĽ͡ 
¡һţʩ֮ǰҹһѪ죬ħϳɽΪƽأħ²֪٣ٽϡȡʧСɮ²⣬ⶼǡˮߡ֮Ϊ 
һν 
ҹҲ΢΢ݣǼ˼ϣȴû뵽ħҲܱʡ 
ѵָأðͬһͷ漴ݺݵĽͷ˦ 
Űͷ֮һӳĬһɺصӰ˵ͷ 
֮УһƬš 
Ƭ̺ҹһħ롮ȡдۣǰҪĶȹһؽ٣ǡ񡯸ҡơһΣȻҲٴνնڽ£ 
⼸˵òڶУþһ 
ѽĴνϮơĪǵ׼һʱĹڴˡ 
ţ˵ϽĻ 
˵òǶˡЦЦ˵·ɽ֮٣ûӰ졣 
Χŷ׷׵ͷͣҹͷЦЦˣλúƬ̰ɣʱöϴҳ 
վ׷׵ȻȻ 
ʱߵһգ 
ſտĴҹվüŨŨǳ 
̾һĿ⻺ָ˼ᶨתƫȥǷͨɽС· 
̵ɽӰθߣɴأһȻľֻյʼƲɢȻʧɫ 
۵СϣһӰţ·ÿһȫ߳Զ΢΢ͷɽ·Դ̵Ĺľ࣬ȴһϤϢ 
СĿţ·ڸǹɾΥиУŲ֪УǸϤڡ 
̧ĬĬĿʦáһĿ͸һ˿ 
Ƭ̺عף̤һСïľһȻĹŶ 
¶ 
ĸ̵ĵھǧ˪ϴ£ѾЩ߲ƾˡ 
Сһȥ 
ɽɣ˹һӡ 
ػͻ͡ 
ûãϵĶ߳һӰСţȥʱͬǣĴµһѶϽ 
ӵĽ£ϸ֡ 
ɡ 
ѰµĹŽУûǲһķâȥǹʵ£Ҳ·һɣߣĬĬĿµʧ 
СĬҪʱȻͣס˽ŲصӲһ¡ 
ԭԶĲݴվһλӣǽüĿϷһ˫۾磬޳ζ˵ݡ־Ǻˡ 
Ǻþδ˰ɣ־Ц˵ 
СĿ֮һ˿ʮˣ 
ѽһξʮˣ־̾ĬĬĿСÿѽһЦָ 
Сɫһż񶯣㵹ûʲô仯һ£ָҲ 
־΢ŶͬʱһЦ 
ʱ·ڴ˶һ㡣 
־ЦúܿģѹѾõڷŷ˳о˷·ֻص˶ʱʱ⣬ĺŷɾ졣 
СҲһЦдһ˿ȻеѹʧԼǼԵʵ·Ҳôˡ 
㡭־һеġɡɵȥԸɣ 
С˵ͷǰɣֻǻ͸һ˿ԼĿɬ 
־ȻûпЦ£㻹סڡ塯𣿡 
С˵ͷأǰã 
ѽ־Цһ૵ǰԡơĸΪ񣬶Ҳ˵Ƴģ˼ңԼ岻ݴˡ 
С΢Цŵ˵ͷȻüͷ壬ʱ־·Ҳоʲôתȥ 
۵СһӰǡơƽҹˣСʱɫ΢΢һ㶣ɫһ䣬ĿĶСеġɽ 
־𰵵£Ŷ˲Ϊѣ˭Ҳû˵Ĭ 
ãҹһǿסеķŭʦܣʲô˼ 
־Ŀòʦ֣ʦС衮ɡΪ˶Ըʦ 
ҹһɽҡơ֮׽ؼʱ򣡡 
Щ־СˡɡĻԼغܴ󣬿ȴƿˡ 
ʦ֡СͻȻڻҹĿ΢ƫû˵ 
С̾һɡĽӦñҸûҪռ 
ҹһС˵ϴʦƾ衮޹Чһͻơ̫徳硯ҿɵķ֮ͬȲ˵ɡķ֮޵ƾɣѾֿˡ 
ҹɫһ䣬Ҳݡ 
С̾һ˴ҽߡɡޣ֮󣬻ỹһġɡ 
ҹ־ɫٱ䣬־ֹĵ׺ȻһɲõԤУС㡭 
СͻȻ΢Цųͷ 
ҹһ˵Ǽ٣Ҷˣ 
˵̾һŵҲһʦ֣ʦҲûн˼˵㻹Ұʦܡ 
˵һ࣬εȻѸͣһУηǣ浽һҡơ֮ˡ 
⼸仰磬Ȼ־ҲɵһһѪڡ 
Сɫƽû˵ 
ҹһתʦܼȻиõİ취²ʦֵҲԼ޶ΪΪЩлˡ˵ȻҾ 
СɫΪ֮ݣ֪ղŵⷬȻЩĳɷ֣ʵģԼĻҹ϶ðɡҲû˿֮ġ 
ʦֲضεвһΪ֮òѡ˵Ų׳־˵ͷתɽȥ 



һʮ ħ

       ޽õȷӿ;˿δͣ٣츩ټȺ·һ֦޴ļʸѸ֮Ʊ϶âֱָš 
š֮ϵʵҲǲСµͶʿԼʮ֮ڣǷǳӴˣҪ֪š²ǧˡ 
챨Ⱥֻʮ֮ʱɽĵӷ׷׻ƺȴǷֲڸؿ֮ϣԴ 
ҹһ߳ŻɵĴء顢δʣ껵ȸҲУС塯½ѩҲС 
ƺŵȵطҲվ˸·ӣһֳַĿĶ֮Ƭ֮ء 
㳡ȻӰȴžţ֪ﴵһͳķ磬ҰľͷȻһԶĳХ 
໡ 
ɽϵ˾һһɴ۾ǻҰľͷ 
ˡ 
һ΢˹µĴزĲһ¡ 
ͬʱԶǻҰĵƽķһζƣƵҲ 
¡¡ 
¡¡ 
ɫƻΪڵĺˮأҲøˡ 
һֻֻͷޣɣɵĺɺĹ𣬰Ϯ֮ңס 
ǰɽԽԽ࣬һۿȥޱ޼ʣȺĳ棬޺ֱΪ֮Ȼ 
ŲϵĿ¡ҡڣ׼˹ʾɽϵ˻ǲΪ֮ɫ䡣 
ǰĵһһŷ¡¡·һѰѴӣصô˵ͷ֮ϡ 
𡭡 
Űը죬ɽµĵӷ׷׼˷һĽֻ𣬻Ұҫ۵Ĺâӿ޳ѹȥ 
 
սĺŽڴ졣 
 
䡭ҵըϣһѪˮڿն𣬵һ̼䱻ʳĭţη 
Ȼܿ챻ѹȥĵҲǽƣĽҲǲѣϻ֮صĵӷĵӲ֧ 
˱㽫ǻ˰㲻սķƣ 
䡭ҵըɺͣЪЩ޲ͬʬ岻ϵǰţľ޿ǰʬĵߣĵӲȥ 
ÿһȴ޸صĴۡ 
ҲڳľѣٵŰĿͶơƽҹˣҹ糣ݺ󣬲ɵİһ 
ʱƣ֮ĳһЩӴĶޣЩһ̬Щȫʣ·һʯһ㣬̬ڹЩƣȴǿ첽ɡ 
ЩȫûһͷƵģ̣߼ÿһ鶯µľðĿ죬̬֡һۿȥ·һֻ޴ֲֿı棬֮ȫë 
ļֻһҲɷӡϸ֮£ֻ 
Щ֮ΧС޷׷ױ֮Щ޵ĿǰĵԵĸоѹľ 
໡ 
ȫʵĹȿֻŭһ̧Ǳ׾ǰצȥ 
顭 
߲ʽһԿüٶȥĵѸٵļսţһٴ𣬹âҲԽԽӵĲǺܿĽ֯һĽĻʯͷĹѹȥ 
䡭 
ҵըϣʯͷ޵ӲϵݣȻʧ˵֮ϣǰĵӲͣ˹ĿĿǸӡ 
ΪǹޱɱʱغȻһǾ޿֮ȻԾһ޴ĺӰ 
໡ 
˹ǰĵɫ䣬æļ˿ȴΪʱˡ߲ʵĽֲŸո𣬾ӰȻ˵ 
䡭 
Ļɢ뵽Ⱥ֮УĵӺ߶һѹ⽴ĵӾŵˣٶҲʮֿݣ֮ܵңΧĵӲǱҧǱײȻ޻֮ 
໡ 
ǹŭΧ޷ӿϣĵӷ׷׺ˣȱԽԽ󣬾ؼʱ̡ 
ȺͻȻһХҰ֮Уһտɫâ죬Ϯ£֮Īܵʮ֮Ѫɣ㽫⣬̹ûͣ£᳤ɱ֮С 
â־ս磬âƥ 
ɵȺ֮տɫıâôҫۣɱӡ 
ʯͷʱ־һٿӥСնһХһһɫĽ⡣ 
ն񡭣 
䡭 
ǽһѸ糯ȥ 
͡һ쵭ĴǹվԭأͷѪĿһ˿ɻ 
ƺ֮ϵĶ·һͰôʯͷ޺İһһϸСѷüһֱ쵽βšһƿΪ룬ɺ졣 
¡ 
޴ӺȻأĳ 
ŶһȻǰĵӸʿһĻ簵ҹеǰδеĹʡ 
ܿ죬ٴαѹȥֻΧֲܾѶˡ 
˾ƣ֮ǰĸŶҹȴûзƬ̣ĿĶȺĺ󷽡 
һ޴ĺӰ 



һʮ ʹ

       롮ơǰɽѪ治ͬǣλҲ֮УȴǼž쳣ҲǼš 
ѹ 
سţ 
 
һӰɽ֮УէһȥӰκγֻ֮ϵİɽʾһߡ 
ˣȻҲɽˡ 
뿪ǡڻؼҵ·ϡ 
ǸңļҡҶ塣 
ΧľҡϡһϤϢͷ·һԶεӣһƬƬʰͯļ䡣 
֪˶ãɽȻͣס˽Ų׿һƵǰɽ 
ʼ𣿡һתͷĳɭȥͳķ紵⣬ɵ·˼֡ 
֣͵ǰżϤϢ﹡ϵʯ飬Լ뿪ʱһûƶ֡ 
ɽԶɽׯˡ 
ֻǰһж͸һѹֵţԼɭһ㡣 
үҲ𣿡ɽЩ꣬ԼסСéʱĵײɵһ񶯣ļӿ˽Ųׯ֮ʱ 
ͻȻͣס˽ŲЩѹ֣һɵѪζıǿס 
ƽͻһһ㵽С֮УӳһôѪȵĳ档 
бᣬǼɺѪҺ֫ϺضǣϲĿɫҶȾѪ죬аܵשҲȾһƬɫ 
ÿһݶһ飬Ѫ죬˲пĳ棬ֱ޹֮ɥ 
⵹ô¡ɽϵţƽĿһ˿ŭ 
үӼǰʱ̲סˣƵʣķݣɺ졣 
 
ŭһͻȻǰɲ֪ʱУĿĿơǰɽ 
ʱͻȻתֻԶɵƮһɺɫѪƣɽɫһһΣ㳯ѪƿȥڿдХ 
ܿ죬ɽվѪƵİ֮еġɡâǣѪƵͷ£âӳ֮ʱѪͻȻԷֿͬһɫĽâ˳ 
䡭 
һ죬оâܷɣ֮УɽһΣһѪҲһӿЩ 
ɽĿĶŰѪƣҶ塯ǲɱġ 
ǣһмѪͻȻɳһӰȻһѪܵͷ 
ɽһ˲ǡҶ塯һȻӦã֤ôأ 
ֳĿɣѵ㻹ʲô˼ɵ𣿡ɽһʢŭƽеġɽȴԽԽ 
ȷһʲôù˼ɵأѪеͻȻƽ 
ɽһĿ⾪ޱȣΪ˵̫ϤˡĿ⾪ĿѪơ 
ʱ䣬һһĹȥɽȴôѪɫȥֳһɫµӡ 
ɣӰͨòֻϤȴһ˫Ѫ۾Ѫ£ֻü֮ϣԼĲһ˿΢Ľ⣬˺ȻС 
ŵģȻɵϰء 
ʦɽ۾ӲƵĲ 
Ϊʲô 
û𣿡СмЦţеһӣǵͷһ˲ըɷ顣 
ɽĿƽĿһУ 
ʦȷħѽ̾һ 
ʲôħСͻȻЦݱŤ㼴߱ʦα̫ڣ 
֪ⲻı⣡ɽԹԵ˵ҲգȻѵһͽȥʦʹɣ 
ԲѣСĿЦţѪâǺܿûӣҿǸͷж 
δ䣬ֻѪ֮ͻȻˮͰֵĹԶӰڶȥɽɫƽеġɡâʢһ׵Ľӽ 



һʮ

       顭һ죬׵Ľâ뵽Ѫ֮С 
͡ 
ɺѪϱ֮ԵǰɫĽâҲڲϵıСͬʱʧ 
ѪЦһһѪɫ⳯ɽȥδһâɨɽȻ壬ֳӭȥ 
䡭 
ҵըϣʮ֮ڽâ׷ɣһСɽըΪƽأľĵݣ֮ڿ 
䡭 
ըֱزʧɫ 
âģ׵Ĺϣһƴ磬Ȼ 
һдżƺ⣬䣬ȴָ쳣 
ûѽݳɾ͡Ц쳹Ѫ֮Уɽˮ 
еɹâʱ߲ʾ޽ÿһʽɽ춯ء 
ԷĽâԪ棬ҴһĪ֮֮ϵľɿľ֪ڱĵԵ֮Ƕôľ޴ 
ɻȻѽΪǿħɽһգͷĽȻһѪֱնȥ 
䡭 
һըףͬʱһѪɢֳСӰ 
㱾𡭡ЦһѪǣڿлһֻ޴Ѫħյĳɽͷѹȥ 
𡭡 
ڰѪħһҧ£ɽûжѪڣ˽һһһͷ޵׵Ԩ 
໡ 
Ѫħ˷ֱܵУ޴Ӳϵ䶯ţȻǽһֹǾ޴ӰҲ˰գռ·סһ㡣 
ݵƽ 
͡ 
һ죬ѪħĺһɫĹââԽԽΧѪ׷ױƬ̾ѾѪħڳһµ˿ڡ 
ء 
һѪħȻ飬ǵ׹ȥƲСײȥ 
䡭 
һ֣˼ʮɽһסӣַ˻ȥǵѪɫơ 
ǵ𣿡ѪͻȻһ 
ɽһۣȴû뵽ѾСݵĺɽ֯ľʯȻСɽһͣĿⲻЩ㱡 
ʱѪͻȻĴ֣Щžʯϵǰסš͡ĽЩɫ촷ֳۡ 
һ͸ڣ⼸ɣĵӳ·Ǵ˵е͸һ㡣 
ڣɽ΢΢һ¡ϷȻҲȴû뵽Ҳһ顮ڡ 
㲻ҪĲ𣿡ѪʣСЦһӳһڡ 
ˣ 
һǽȻ֮УšڡɽĵӰȥһжõʯ 
ɽ֮ʱһСɽĽɽѹ˲ûӰǽвûз¡죬޴ĽȥƲ󷽵ĵײȥ 
䡭 
غݺݵһһľԨ 
󣬰ͣɽӣĿ⵭Ȼն·ղҪĽâûжκε˺ 
С΢΢һ㶣ȻҲûϵԼ治һоȻãѵ𣿡Ȥʵüĵǵ·л򣬲סҡҷš 
ɽĿƽĳ棺εȺƴ֮Ҳˣ˱ңңҲֻͨƤë 
ѹͷЮˣСЦһеġɡѸٵĻӳ⡣ 
ˡЩڵĽͻȻɽǰûͣԭأͬĻӳгĽһ¡ 
䡭 
ҵը쾪춯أڡ˵콥һƬȻֻˡһ죬ƽͻȻɹââһ׾ֻķɳ 
زʣΪۻ 
ɽͷŰзĴ֣ĿٴλָƽֻڵԪȴӿȣһĴ֣ǰ¶ĵطȻʣ顯֮һģʧ 
ɽһ𣬡ɡǣ״ǸӴȥ 
䡭 
С˰ɣվǾʯ֮ 
ͽɡЦһüĵĽҡҷһ֮ʧ 
ͬʱСȻ˫У͵һϵƷ·һ㣬ٵĳͬʱڿյĽɫ·ҲһĪ֮ǣţѸٵû뵽֮С 
͵ķתΧͻȻƲâ̡ܶ죬֮׹·Ҫһ㣬ػͻ͡ 
ɽ̧ͷĿЩĪȻЦһʦĪҪ⡮סԸͽɣ 
ʦѹĹɽӺˣСЦһ˫ 
䡭һըʣϵƱı׵׹⼲ϣ֮γһ޴ĺɫС 
ͬһʱ䣬ǰɽվȺе½ѩͻȻתףĿֻңԶĻγһɫƣüͷһҿ˿󣬲źۼ˳Ⱥ 
¡¡ 
 
ң 
֮ͻͣ޴ħ֮죬ɵء 
֮УɽֽĿƽĶ˹ʦıħסˣ㿴õͽһʽķʦָһ 
˵һΣͶеĵײ˫Уɽĸϰգһ޴Ļɫγͷʮ֮θոԻΧĿռ·𱻳һ㣬һϸСĲƣҲúʵ 
мͼƵңƷšԼһ 
䡭 
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ڱĵɽ˵ҪеѹˣӣĲ 
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һը죬бױȵĹҰո磬âɽ˲ɣ֮Ѫɸ߾֣ˣڴʱͷǸͻȻһбڵĹ·ʧȥ׼ͷһ㣬ͻȻһʯɽ֮ϵѪײȥ 
СĴЦţѪͻȻѪɫ֣ЩšһɣûһֻѪצ׵ȥ 
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ѪƶȻըѪ 
֮ϣɽٻءɡһš뵽ããѪ֮С 
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Ѫը쾪ףĽ⵽䣬һƬаܡ 
âģɽСͬʱ˷ĶգɽؽױȵĹ 
СĿͫѪ죬еİءɡѪ֮ɫεħַԲɡ 
ɽˮвнâɣҧסԷѪ 
䡭 
޴ֱʧɫ 
ʱսȴվһλŮӣȹףõı 
ʱʹ࣬ϵĳâʲô⾪춯ص죬ȴôĵ΢ 
ԱվӰССҴƣֱֻ㶵վʱƣֿȴ޿κΡ 
ʱͻȻһƿա 
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ǰ˼ʮɺڸе֧顱һӵɶ 
û°ɣôˣʵ 
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âըɲϴСĿ񣬷·Ѿ׹ħһ㡣 
ʦ㻹˵𣿡ɽĿ 
 
СĴЦȴֲֻ˵ 
˵Ȼ飬飬ʹޣֻҪһų֮ģܾҡ 
СѪ£ϵɽȴ 
Щѵҵѽɽƽ˵СɡӦݡ 
д˵صһλߴڸġ 
С΢еġɡûɵĻ˼֣üĴѪҡҷһƽâֵ˸š 
࣬Ϊ࣬ɫɫ룬룬ҽ̶֮ޱʵߡ 
ɽһһĽܾеȴ˿СĿãüĵĽԽԽǿҡ 
ȻֻһͻȻţ͵һץסֻҪȥ񵲵֣·ͷħĶ 
û赲ɽֵһ㳯Ĳȥ 
͡ 
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ʱ䣬·ͻȻͣһ㡣 
ֹЪΧͻȻСȫѪѸٵӿˣ·ɽһ㣬ǰѪɣָԭеĹ̬֮ 
СĿɽĿָԭº͡ 
ʦôˡɽ𾪵ĿԼ֣Ŀоǲš 
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ɶ֮ʱȡľѪΪأΨһģҲֻѪˡ 
̾һľеءɡԼǰزȥ͡ӵĽ룬ԵȴûһѪ 
ţתףĬĬĿɽЩ翣һжȻҲȴȻңûдҶ塯Ĵѳߣİɣ 
˵תס 
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ʹоỨһԵ½ѩɫɷףĽϵĲţ 
Բˡ͵͵˵ 
ͨһ̱ڵأôţؿڣޱȵ䡣 
СĿȻĿ⿴λŮӣ 
ҪҵĴ𣿡½ѩ˵ 
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֪˽ȴ֪Ϊͻҵʹ𣿡½ѩȻĿŰǵӰ 
˽ҵģѻͬѨɣ֣Լؿڡ 
顭 
һ죬һ׵ĹǵӰɽһ졣ȴֻһ΢ЦĿŰǵӰ 
ĺɵСĬĬĿӣЩϧһģӰѸٵı䵭 
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ͨһӰڱǰ 
ʦԲ𡣡ĿŰգðվ 
ýʦˡתӣҳ֮С 
زã 
ĮķХһ˹ 
ȥ°ɡ 



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       ơǰɽɽ֮ڿǸȻˡˮߡ 
˵ڿеûʲôǰ˱Ƿѹˣ޴ͬСɽײУԭ޸ڿ 
֮УǾȵķڡˮߡͷһ꣬͸аϢȴ֮ǰˮߡΪһʶǸꡣ 
סҹһۣܿԷеĵǡ 
ʱǰĵѾϱ̶µ̨ˣšˮߡıƽǰĵӲסĺˣǰκεķԵôˡɡ 
ĿһĿơƽҹҹҲǰʱˮߡѣһǿֵʿ϶䵽׹ȣһӵϡ 
ҡͷĿⲻɵһ۲Զ־𣬵ɫҲֻаˡ 
໡ˮߡͻȻŭһ޴ͷ𣬽Ÿ¡ 
ǰĵΪ֮ɫ䣬ʱͻȻһ˻ûعš顱һ졣 
ˮߡ򵹷ɻȥ¡¡ѹһƬ 
һ˲ſ֮ϲ֪ʱһλȫڣǧװͷľˣէһȥ̬ƣֻûǹɱϢɽ˾ݣһʱ仹ֲ뻵ʱһͻȻ 
ڴ硭 
Ⱥ֮ӯͻȻһ䣬Ǿ˷·Ҳӯţ 
˵̧һӣɵջһâӯһѽס 
ɡ 
áӯӦ˫ֽշǰġڤʯͻȻ˳ڰвϵıγһʮɿʯ̨ 
˷֣ʯ̨֮ϵŰ˸޻ΧһȦ 
ӯһͣʯ̨ϿգеġͻȻ𣬻һ޴Ļ֣ʯ̨Ͽգ͵͵ǰ˸ͼε 
һɾֶ֮ɽϵһɫŹ֣оҲв⣬ڴǡɡĳ֣ȴû뵽·ɱΪһġšӾȻд˵ 
ˡ˸˼֮ʱʯ̨ϰ˸ĹӰ̬֮˲亮εɥ 
ʯ̫ͻȻһ죬ܿ㰼ݽȥһʮɿĺڶǾ޶ĺ죬·ͨĵĶڡ 
һɺİӿϵ彿ԽԽҲ˺飬 
𡭡һԺڶй 
ĺڵʯһ˿⣬˿ã󣬳ڡһɹȵ˳ɢȥ 
˻Ļ 
ĿžȳȴȻ 
𡭡 
һͻȻһ֣һͷڶڣ˷ܵע䡣 
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صġˮߡܿӣĿѪĶҡ 
顯ҷųģңͿ̿飬ӲɤӻصܿԼȻ߲㡣 
ҲѧЩα֮ȲҪ۵ġ޵˵Ŀһ·ġ˻Ļѵƾ𣿡 
˵ȻǴľףһצĴ֣ܿһֻŰĹڡơɽǰ˿ڹҡ 
֮ǰ˲ɵİ 
𡭡 
˻Ļһ޴ڿնھ֮ϡ 
ͬʱҵͺһһ㵽׵ǰǧ֮һ޶ 
䡭 
ǰ޴ƬƷɶټӵɼԶ 
໡ 
ˮߡһ޴βҡ 
顭⧷˼ʱյİ˻ĺŭһžβһڣ£ڰգֻͻȻſ޿ڣ͵һȵĺ⡣ 
ˮߡʾϵŨ߶ǰ 
͡ 
ɫĶҲ顱һڳһ󶴣ȵĻ˺ˮߵϡ 
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͡ 
צ̼ˡˮߡƬˮߡʹһ޴͵һšĽ˻ĻסȻһţ֮ޱ촷ۡ 
Ȼ죬ǱҲǼ쳣 
ױɺѸٵצãĳҿȥڿֻ󾱵ĴȻ趯һֻֻſɭɭľ޿ڣХųѹȥ 



һʮ Ϣ

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˿ѵ˽ǰֻһˣצεĽץסſ޿ڵͷҧȥ 
ꡭ 
ԴӦ䣬Цһħ 
ƺһżֻһӶ׵ĸȥ 
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ɽ֮ϵĿǰ˺ɱֻϹ壬ȴ𺳲ѣĸȻÿһ±мʮֻޱ 
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ơǰɽɽµɽߣһаܵľʱơ 
ˮߡ˲֧յֱðֻ೤Ľ˻Ļס·뽫Էһ㡣 
׿ȥһ޴ĺں黨 
ǱҲռϷ磬Ȼ˰ʮֱֻۣ׵ѱѹסֻצεĹ̶ڵϣϸڣɫѪҺϵĴȻҵϲϵ˺ҧЧ΢ 
ó˯˰ɣƺһǿ׳ļֺֻݺݵĳͷȥ 
䡭 
ͻ˼ץ׵ӳȥ 
ಡ 
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˸Դ˼ʱڵϵͻȻԾľЦֹֻצѸٵĿֻһޣצͷץȥ 
ͣ 
޴צĻƹǣض롣 
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¡¡ 
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䡭 
ӼڿӳһӰһصײ˺ɽʯϡҳһ޴Ŀ 
նĿǸ޶Ŀдһ˿ڡɽϵ˼ͬһʱס˺ǧĿһ뼯Ǹڡ 
ЩбҲסӣĿǸڵĶڡ 
͡ 
һŵͳƺغȻһ£һٴεĻָƽֻŻѹ֡ 
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ʯϵСɽͻȻըһӰ߳ 
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ħסҾȵһ 
ˡʱͻȻĿ˫ᣬ˲ҵǰ 
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䡭 
ӽ˸޿ӣצסҵӣľ޿ڲϿЦ 
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㱾ҲҸҽЦһĹǳ·۾һ㣬һٵת 
͡ļҵľеһֻʣ 
ʲô𣿡׿ճһֻצ͡һһڵԴ󱩡 
 
ʹһʮԴͻȻͬʱſͣһڵĹ 
顭 
һǰĹͻȻѷ죬Щѷȴû죬Կüٶš 
˼Цһ֪ûЩͷ㻹ܻܲ 
˵ſצ붯͡ĽҵԴ飬ֻһţ 
ۿһĻĳ֣֮ϵ˶ɫһ䣬˭ûϵת˷·ѾܹԤϲúԼԵĹǸʲôӡ 
ȥɣ׸߸ߵצ 
ʱһԶĳХĴ·ҹӥһ߹һؼ·ֻһһ㡣 
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ͷֻצӷһƫ䡱һʣ׷ɳԶ 
ͬʱХԽԽߣ·һɽеɽƵĲֱָơɽ 
ɡ 
š 
˷ܵתǧĿһ뿴Ƶĺɽ 
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ضԡĿĹâ֮УͬʱɽͬһɫʲһĹЩ߿ʱ·һ뵽ɫĹ֮Уɴ˰ɫĹȻǣ˲˺üγһ޴ĳɫ⣬֮䡣 
֮ʱͻȻһԣ˵ǵ⣬֮ͻȻֳ譲ӵǿա 
˾㵵ķ׷׻ףԭ֪ʱѳ˾֮ϣͷһɺɫѪ̣ΧʮѪƵľޣ׹ǳĲϵ㶯ʮֻȻ̧ͷſ죬һѪǿû뵽嫵ǿ֮С 
㱼䣬ɽϵĵӷ·оããǳһһһı࣬ûã˺Ȼķǲǹ࣬һſž޴ʯٵ 
һſ˸ŶĿĹâ·һɽ¡ 
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䡭 
ľϣ֮һ׳ĹԣɽɽȴǸоƣ·ΧĿһ㣬һɫס 
ڳˣáɡһͬɣЦһ޴򽣹⡣ 
ө֮𡭡 
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㣡׷·ʲôŭһֻצͣǰǺɫץȥ 
 
צĥʱĽɫȻȴûͣЪת죬Ӳľצ𻨼ܡ 
ʱƣǲһľצȻĥָףָڡ 
 
ױһϵĹǳữֻɭɭĹצץȥ 
 
ɫĹצԿüٶȱĥһա 
ôᡭһš 
ͬʱֻצҲıĥһգڵ˳Ļؿ֮ϡ 
͡ 
޴紩ţһµ˿ڣײûȥ޴˿š 
УһֺӲͣѸٵ뵽֮У׵ĽȻǣ˴ֵ߳ġѪ̡նȥ 
һ죬ɺѪһźȻ飬Ϊһ촷ۣţյʮֻһ붨ԭأѪɫٵʣŻΪӿǺ嫵ǿա 
ػָԭɫǰ˿Ҳպȫϡ 
ŭһո̧ͷֻһĽնæľצͷ 
͡һ죬 
ֻצӦ䣬ҫ۵Ľͷ֮ϣ׵Ľûӡ 
 
һĲҺ󣬰͵ıһΪĹâɽϵ˲ı۾ 
ðХϢֹЪػָƽ 
˻ſ۾ջҵ糣ղŵһзλһ㣬ֻ֮ǰϹ޲аܵʱ̵ǣղŵսǶôļҡ 
ûˣҽɣҹ΢Ц˵̧ͷ 
Ұ׵һĳƽޱȵĹԡ 





        ʱ䣺δ֪ 
ص㣺Ĺȡ 
ٲ£һλɫµӸ׶ݺݺɽһȻľ˲֪ĳС 
㱼䣬֪ӺδһŵĻعףԵĻݼͻȻܳһӰԭһֻɫĺ꣬ɣӱӵļͷС㡱ĻһЦ⻬ƤëĻݡ 
һʯ̨ǰʯ̨֮һλŮӣǰһֻݣɵָ˿ϣһ 
ӾĿţĿԣ·ѾС 
֪˶ãԶĶںȻһϸĽŲתˮٱһֻ˰׵Сһ̵Ӱ˽ 
һЦѽ 
ŮתĿ⣬Цŵͷ
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