Ϊ(www.i7wu.cn)ûϴڱվĴ洢ռ䣬վֻṩTXTȫ洢ԼطƷ֮Ȩ뱾վκιϵ
---------------------------ûϴ֮ݿʼ--------------------------------
ﴫ˵
ߣcloser




һ

       ½553꣬﹫塣ɫͷϵѹ£ɫƺֱӴתϡϵķ紵ſݲݣܰѲֱӴƵ£һҪˡڵĹ㳡ȴʱۼһȺˡϹһӣధ󣺡ˣʵòôǮ޼졭 죿ʵҶ֪㻹òɡŵӵ˵ǹԹԵЩܵծɣŮ  
˵ͬʱбۿ˿ŵ˱ϵСŮˣһ취ġһ͵ˣԼŰɡߣ 
ߺΧ˶ҡͷ̾ϢҲɢˡڵϵ̧ͷվߵСŮֿٵͷȥʱҲưô꣬ӿţĲ֪ᡣ 
գ ҵűõ졣ʱˣˣ 
 
˵ˣǷծǮ쾭£òǮ֣ߣŮǿ̧ţˮΧһȺˣƺѾϰˣֻ΢΢̾ϢȴȰֹ 
ʲô£Ⱥ׷˿ֻһ۵˻˹ ٣ֻծ  
ŶôǷأ 
һҡ 
תͷԹڵϵ˵ȸһңԺŮȥɻծԸ𣿡 
̧ͷԸ⣬ˡ 
ôҸ㡣ٵָСŮͷʲô֣ 
Ů̧ͷˮӿۿݡˡ 
½557꣬﹫ܵŮ񰡣ĴȱǰĲҰɡ̣ İ׹Ů𣬵ϱŵèֹͣ˰УȵԼԭ˵ĽţȷûԺΧŮתתһ˳ȥ 
ܲݡ 
Ů̧ͷ˵ķһЦƺеⶼƵϡˣ  
ºЦݵ˹ƺвٲˣǳʹħˣȥ 
ֻ𣿴ˡ 
ǵģʲô𣿡 
ûУˡŮͷ΢͵͵Ц 
ˣӦöûˣԸܵŮǡ΢ЦŵٰĿԱߵתͷ󺹵Ůݣ 
ˣû⡣ 
ŶϢһͻȥɣһء 
ǣˡ 
΢ŵϵ̲ݣݽٵĺ棬ƺҲůţѾˣԼһֵ꣬κ˸׵ĲԼһı¡ÿοůЦ ƺʲôʲô۶ںˡ̧ͷ˿ǰӰŮ۹ᡣǰͻȻͣס˽ŲȵŮ̧ͷ˳ǰ棬վһֻǡ 
ʥڡ ٵĻײ͸ǽϣʵ˻ȥΧ˴ת򣡡һŻ˾ǣһˡ 
ӻжôŵ֮񰡣͡û꣬ͱӭľǴˡǱǿ˾ǵĹ 
ûôħʱˣӦöսʿġ˭뵽оǣһһ߿Ц롣 һ˻һٵ·ҧһأҲһ˿ڡ 
ʱ䶼ûаһôһ߿žֵŮѵǾôһģٱ۾ 
һͷӹȵ۾һ췢ĽʿվԼǰ档˶ȸǾսʿ˸ʥӳ֣ȻԼ˸ٴ˳Ƕ 
ʥ ָָǺĵطŬӭ濳ĽͻȻԼײʲôҲ޷ˡɻǴŲʵİΡ 
˲ķѾﵽʥʦˮ׼˰ҵһμûսʿͬʥʦءҪĻҲǵһǳԵʥʦˡ´ӦôսʿģֻҪһһȺҲڻ°ɡ췢ʿˬЦ ¬ء 
Ǳݡ΢ЦסԷ֡ 
һǻȥɣҲҪҸסĵط 
Ƕлˡ 
ŮͷԺﲻͣתһ仰ֻҪʱ䡭 
ڶ죬ȵŶŮľҪȥսʿѧУҾʺϵʦ 
ˣҵԸ 
ðɣ̾Ϣŵ˵ҽƼȥ﹫սʿѧУѧϰԼһˣҪౣء 
ǣˡôȳȥˡ 
õġ 
Ż߳ŵŮţ̲ס



ڶ

       ½560꣬﹫սʿѧУ ݣϢһ  ؽ̹ٴؽе ̹٣һֵ֧ס 
ݣ̫ǿȻԼ˵ġҪˣҪ֤Լǽġ 
ǣ̹١ϢŵŮӷеĽ˵һߣ漴һȺߴߴŮΧס 
ѧ  
ǰôб£ 
ͷ΢ЦŶԴݼȺԶȥŮʧȥĿֻ꣬תΧס̹١ 
̹һѧʲôУƫġ 
ǰȻûѧôôݣҲһ 
ЦŵĽָָ̹ϵĽԼҶϵİ߰Ѫ 
Ҫÿ춼ô꣬ҲħţΪʲôƫҪѧأ½ϵһγмħĽʿأϧˡ 
ͷߵŮͻȻͣס̧ͷŶߴӰ 
̹ܽ ʲô£ 
ݣ⣬ѧĽΪʲôȫƫڷŮӣӦòͶŶԡ 
Ϊи뱣ˣζ˺Ůӵ۾ĹâԶ 
Ŷôб飬㿴ɣܶûѧϰĽˣҶΪҪʧˡ 
лˡŮ΢΢˵һߡ 
½561꣬﹫սʿѧУУվ̨ϷԣҵĺǣǾļڵҪҵʱˣڣҪʼˣֻҪͨǾͿԳΪٵսʿԸŮǡ 
һƬ˽ιԸ˭һ鰡 
ʣȻˣܺһĻֻҪԱ߿Ϳˡ 
ǰ֪˭Ǹء 
º﹫ǰɨص˸о̧߽ͷһŮ˹ףһˡ 
ɨص˶ɨѣӵǰŮɣкỨӣڻˡ 
ʱŴˣٴ΢Ц˳ӭҵĺӡ 
˿֤飬΢Ц˵ǵһҵ͵õʿƺŵ˰ҵĽǽȥɡ 
õѾõĳޣŮӵͷллˡ 
ôǽȥɡ 
̧ͷ˿ǰٵıӰŮӵ۹ᶨˣҲ뿪ˡ 
½562꣬´󺵣ҰǹڵڣѯΪθǽôĲңϵĬκòκʾϵֻĬĬؿǵһ¡ ﹫ǰĹ㳡ˣҶһ˿ϣڵȴٵʩᡣո žʹˣڵϵǾһȴֻһٴһŮ˳ 
á 
ʹڳȺУٵȻôºͣСĵرܹϵ˺ͷĲӬ߹˹㳡ԶĴ峤ȥŴţ 
˭ 
鷳ͨһ峤ˡ 
Ŷȵȡ 
ŻæµĽŲҵȥԼСʱԺ󣬴֨һˣֵĴ峤Цݵſ˫֣ӭݷã٣ 
غʹ峤ӵһ£ǾͲˣˡ 
תͷ˵ǽȥɣݡŮĬĬص˵ͷٵĽŲ߽˴š 
ٴк°ݷأԺ󣬴峤ָӵķʡ 
Щ鷳˰æ 
ܰҵĹ٣ʲô˵ 
ҾͲˣҲ֪ģˣճɷǳãܶ࣬ʳѾȼˣʳ 
Ŷ˸Ǻǣ峤˵Ҳ֪ճɲãҵⶼղҪôһˣҲ˵ҲӦþܾٵҪ󣬿ǡ 
ˣٿǿǣϵΪףġ 
ףңôڱͷΪʲôأǵĳͷǾǲΥּ𣿡 
ٵͷˣ 
ˣһῼǵģġ峤վ٣Ϳ͡ 
ǡվԱߵĹܼ˹ٴˣߡ 
̾˿ٸŹܼ˳ȥ΢΢ţȥ˵ƣص˹㳡һȺΧˡĬҡҡͷȺʧɢˣһЩƮ ٵĶ䡣ʲô飬ƽʱôŷǣΪʲôҪʱǰۣٺȫûֻдŸı߽˴š 
峿ƣŻĽŲ˳ΧȺɳƵ˵ҾһʳҲѾˣһˣʳ 
վŵȺһһͣһȫˣһ ǰҲûУͱ˲ڽ£ֻܷͽ͵ı 
򶨣ҶзݵģٵӰӵȺôܿ챻ֵѹȥ㳡ϳͿһĲҽڣȺɢˣ㳡ֻڵϵߵӵĿŮ˵͵͵Ŀ 
ٿǰľľȻعڵϣѯʣܵ񰡣ΪʲôΪʲôҿ龰ԤʾʲôشģֻпԵķ 
̧ͷվߵŮʿôǲǴˣݣطϹŵˣˣûдǡ 
Ҳ׼ȥǵɡ 
õģˡ 
ͻȻ̧ͷŮʿ۾лл㣬ݡŮʿûлشֻгĹػ 





       Ǵӭ١ԸŮĹԶǡͼԶȺ֡ 㲵ס˶Էů˫֣ллǣˡ 
ÿҶŮȵϢɣʲô˵ 
õġڷ˵ٸоһƣԵŮʿæסȥˡ 
õģݡ 
˵ıӰͼ¶ֶϧɫ૵ص ̷Ů˲Խİ 
ڶ졣Ǵҡ٣ǱΣ 
ˣҵ֪ 
ȫ鷳Ĳֻ㰡΢΢˶٣ ͼ̽˵ԽԽ࣬ض鷨ʦֳˣ˵ڸԴԴԭϣ˵ĿѾ鷨ʦˣȥ˵ڻûϢ˵İ 
ͻȻһײ˵̸ͼˣ²ˣдǳ£ 
ʲô𾪵վȥ 
ˣҲȥҲܰæĵط 
õģ鷳ˡæһ߻شһ˳ȥ 
ǽϣĳض˵ ô죿涼ʬʲôģֻԼɱǵ˾͵ڸ 
̿˿±ֵ߱ĵ棬˵ͷţҪȫǣҪǿҵʥħһҪɱٻǵ鷨ʦȻû취ġ 
ǣǾͰдˡ 
̻ͷԸ˵׼𣿡õ϶ĻشԺ̿ʼҲԼģһѸٵسųµĺȥŵͳɢĺֽļ鷨ʦ棡鷳ˣ 
ͻȻ·һɫĹ򣬴ڳǽϣһǽһ飬ǰţ׷׳ȱڼȥɫҰܣ֮ףǰڵʦô죿 
ˣЭңûԻ֮Ͱڷʦ 
ȵ̻ͷ˿˵ˡ٣Իֻ֮ʥʦʩչħ 
ˣҡתͷվŮʿ˵ݣȥסȱڣСʱˡ 
˵ͷŮʿսʿǳȱ˹ȥٵԶ߳˵İ׹⡣ µ鷨ʦƺҲоΣʼߴǸҵؽȱڴŮʿȫҫŰɫʥ⣬ȫ赲һӿ飬ͬʱҪӦ˶ʱʱİħ ʱţŮʿϵĹâҲǵһһ˿ڣʶҲԺˣֻһ뷨Ҫʱ䣬ڵ¡ 
ճҫ۵İ׹⣬۵ĹâشŵǡڣɢȥֻһɫӰźɫѪҺ૵ʥʦڵ͵͵Уһ̣紵ɢȥ 
ǵĻٴҴҵ³¥ȱڼٵȥ˾޴ĻŮʿ֪ѾʤҲֲ֧סǰһڣȥõڸϡŮʿվ 
ңݡϤĻŮʿֹͣ۾ٻٴȰĿŻŮӣʥâϡ 
ҲҽĻˡʱڳһºԱôͺսʹĻһ 
õõôŵ棬ϳ˹ضԳ˵ǰ´ˣˡ 
ôȥɡ 
ǡ 
˿ԶʻĹŮµĳӣŶӣӷʳԼһʳӵĹ㳡ϳʳˣɢǣٴ΢ЦԵ˵ôȥһӰɡ 
ʻһٺͻȻʲôǶԴ峤Щˣǻȥһ£ݡ 
ڴڣٱǰľ󾪴ˡ㳡ϵ໥ŹţáţʳǵתתȥվԱ߿տҲǡס֣ٴǿ٣ԭء 
ô£ 
ˣ㳡ϵһ˵ͷ˵ǵʳֻ֧죬ĳ֪ʲôʱŻǣǲ 
ôٵ۾ɨվ߿ˣ𣿡 
ȺһƬžȴû˷еĴӡ£㳡ϵ˲Ըذеʳ·ʳ󣬱ʣ˵ͷݣ 
ҲǡŮʿᶨ˵Ҳǣˡ 
ǰңҶһĬĬ룬˶Ҽ̫ˡ



Ľ

       ½563꣬ٻʥʦƺţΪʱ½ϵʥʦ֮һ ʦѡػޡ 
ǡַŵһֻϣңǩԼӴԺ󣬹Ϊ֤ 
ðһ⣬ȵʵͨǿʥʦѡ񹥷ǿʹΪʲôѡ˼ȫǷ͸Ķأ 
ҲҪʹ΢Цŵµʦش𣬡ҵʹһֱߣҪֻôȫֻҪߣҾͲᱻ˺ֻҪͿԡ 
̨µŮʿͷˮӡͬ꣬ٻʥʿƺţʥʦְΪʡ̡ 
ů͸ڿļϣ΢΢Ž⡣üһļõһߡˣȥݴ 
һ磬űƿˣʲô飿 
ݣָϵļ¬˴ͻȻǿҵħȥһҲûлǴȥȥ׼һ¡ 
ǣˡ΢΢Ůʿ˳ȥ 
¬˴λںɽ£ïܵɭֺΡȺɽ˵ɽµ䱦Ҳ˵ɽӡħǶûб֤ʵɽŴΣյҰȴǧȷ¡ڲǰҰɽ˵¼ֱٺսʿŵʧǾڼǰɽ﷢ֵףȥ̽ٺսʿûһŵ鱨ȥͬʱħֵҥԿʼ˿ 
¬˴ٵĻ㱨ϸ£ɽžʮĵطǿҵħݴ˵ԭһɽûзʲô쳣жĳЩӡڷӡʱЧ˶˷ٺսʿȥ̽飬һȥ˼ˣûһܻ 
ţҲǿĹ߿ռɡ̳˼š 
ô죬ݣأ ΢Цſǵ ĵһѺ֣ȥ 
õġеϵĵش 
֣һСĵȻôˬشӦȥ̽գȺС˵ 
߹ԣļ򣬡ܻʹϣҵǺ⿴У벻Ҫ͹Ķ䣬Ҫڱ˵ǵĻ 
һ˵ȵԶԺ̧ͷɾÿڴƺ˺ܶ࣬һ֮£̲סµнˮ 
峿һɭﾲţ˲ڲϵɳɳûбϢͻȻǰĵͣ˽Ų˵ˣ 
˹ȥ۵ʬڵϡ޺أսʿؽ 
ǵ𣿡 
ǵġشŵʬȥ 
ֹǰߵսʿ۾һᣬ۾Ĵ̶ŵ˵ûħû˵ĺش 
ôǹȥɡ˵ŻĴ˹ȥϸؿŵڵϵʬ塣 
˴Լʮӣ̧ͷߵŮʿôݣ 
ǵսʿϵ˿ڿĿڵһ֮ǰѾ˿ڣ˿ڵķֲԷӦǹĥ 
Ϊʲôߵսʿʵ 
Ϊһĥ˵˿ӦöֽϡŮʿ˵ʱľȱ飬Ӧ֪Էһȴ赲סӦǶԷĽϴԵĸħɴ жϣԷӦʵӽʥʿİڽʿ 
š΢΢ͷҷķʦеĶԷ֮ħ֮ǰԵӦħþסж϶Էʦʥʦʵǡ̿˿Աߵĵ 
ǣ΢Цŵĵ˵ȫûϣԿʱϡʵǣûϣûͷ 
̵һЦ֪ǲѾˡ 
һߵɽǰ档ǿħǻûõĶ 
ûõ΢Ц˵Ǹûȥ 
ŶĻؾ ָŶһƬ̦ 
ǵġ 
ʱͷת࣬ˡ 
ɳɳ߳ˣһϵ¶һۣһסһ΢΢ĽУŮʿԷ˹ȥͬʱҲĽʿҲĵŮʿǱ۳ȥģҲͷŵ棬һҲ۵ͷŵ档ɲǼ䣬ըһ̫һҫ۵Ĺ򣬰ڷʦͰڽʿֻǰһȻʲôˡ 
ǰĽʿоһķԼϮæһ˿ȥ һպ󲢲ת򣬼ǰ塣ĺڰʿɻΪβ׷ȴһĲҽͷһ֪ѾԼʱɱ˼ķʦһ֣Ѹ˻صߣͬʱĵڶħҲѾɣйâһϷ˵ʥ⡣ 
ӳʥػŮʿŻʧ״̬İڽʿٴγȥ֪²İڽʿҧҧһϮķȥڽݵϣȴȥͬʱݵĽҲ̽˲ʵİڽʿؿڡ 
˲𡣡Զĵƣ̫ðˡ 
ðաŮʿ΢ЦŶԵ˵Ҫ˵ʥػҪʥϵʵɡ 
ŮʿЦ̲סʧĵһתͷʣ ֻЩͼħʵôʦء 
Цˣ Ҳ΢ЦŻش𣬡õķʦҪǿħںʵʱúʵħҪ





       һ߽ɽڲ̦Ķôţ۾һ˿ ⣬ˡ ųصĦԭû·Ķһͨǽȥɡ˵ŵ˽ȥʥħ΢İ׹ҫźڰĶߡ 
ԼʮӺڣڵϵʬ壬ʦüͷǣ 
ǡ˫Ľʿ϶˵ֻһܰʥħ붷й 
Ǿ鷳˰ʦš 
³ôˡʿŻļ򣬡ÿ˭ǿϡ 
ǰڼǰЦŵķʦͬ˵ 
һߵͨľͷ֣·Ҳ̫˰ɣߵвԤס̲סֹ 
·ľͷһһʯϰһ֧һȣǿҵħʹϷɢһ侲Ĵ̿ѱҲ̲סڵ˳Ի֮Ⱥػ֮ 
ʲôһĵʣʮĻԻ֮Ⱥػ֮ 
˵ͷ̴һȥڴڣ˺ʲô赲һҲǰ 
Ҿ֪ûôõ顣˵̺ʥʿǿҵİ׹⣬˷ڣεߵš 
õòΪһıˡ޼ƿʩĵ̲סɧ 
ߵԱߣСĵ˷ȡڽӴȵͬʱͻȻҫ۵Ĺâһվֻ΢΢ʾվǸˡ 
ڣ̲˫֣˷ȣ˵ավһ߻ŵŮʿ˿ŵڷ 
˶񣬴ԱߵŮʿݣ˵ͷŮʿߵ˽ǰ 
һŮʿ˶һȴû㷴ӦȵȣݣǱߺиءߵӵһߣȣ˻أŮʿһ飬˳ͬʱ˼ķ׹ֱ˵ĺȥ 
ŮʿҲ룬˶ǱȥŮʿİ׹ͬʱ̵ʥҲ赲Ůʿİ׹⡣Ůʿİ׹ͣһ£˾ƣĴ̵ħϣŮʿȥ鼱ĴһѱסŮʿ˫ǰ죬׹ϣֹͣǰ 
һĵԱߵ˵ҪڻҴڴ̵λãٻʮҲԸ⡣˵괵ڣȫԱ˷ŭĿ⡣ 
ɬŮʿվֱ壬İ׹£̵˿ڽϣڿһ˿ۼ 
˫ֳȣ̱۾ڤ롣һᣬ˿վȥʱɽִ˽ŲһĽʿһȥķʦ˹ 
ˡӻ־ͰѴ赲ɨһߵĽʿ˵šʦشڻг˷ڣߵ̺ʥʿǰ档 
ҽһ£ʿ˵ҽпأ³ǵӦ 
ǿʿغʹħʦ³ 
ԡ 
ôλкιɣ 
ĶģȻˣҲû취ʿ۾ͻȻӿĹâдһ¡ϣ㣬øҵ˵ֱˡ 
ȫĽɫâسķȥӰһŮʿ֮䣬һ 
ֻʥʿȵĽʥʵõ϶Ļش󣬡ӦȥμӽʥԣҪһŮʥˡҪȻù졣 
Ŷħ𽥳ΣͻȻ뵽⣬ãõ³ʩٶȺȲϵĽʥһѽʦﶼͣ 
ħ⽣ᰣ 
۹⡣ЦŵĿػش𣬡ǳʺܷһħһСʱ񽣣ûҽ³ŹһСʱ 
ʾҲŮʿش𣬡οػǴˡ 
ãȫ˸ŽĽʥ˶İ׹⡣ 
㳡ϵĽͣţҫ۵ĽⲻͣѹŰ׹⣬ǰİ׹Ȼ΢ȴǲʧżһķʦԱĬĬؿţؼʱ䡣 
Ůʿе֧ŵʱͻȻ˰׹⣬ͬʱ޳ڴ̵ߡ 
ʱ䵽˰ŵĽʥûֹͣӿ˹ٶȡħʦڴ̸ŮʿʥػͬʱҲʥʩѪͼŽʥŮʿ𽥵ػһȣʥֽŮʿϣͬʱԶĶ޷һ 
Ʒˡʥ˷ܵ룬ȴŮʿֻһѪۡס֣䡣ʦ󺰵̻ħɢʧڿС 
ǿķħʥ΢Ц˵ӭǵУݡ 
ҪػˡһߵĴħʦҪٶʹܽͻ᲻һ 
ʱ򣬾ȵĵػͻȻʧˣųﲻͣԲ⣬ҲҪȿ 
뿪󣬴ͻȻѿһƺƮգ³䵽һڻҰϿӤϡԶһߴӰվӤǰȵشȫİѪ첻Ұ 
½568̱꣬ѡΪ̻ʣħʦЭ߷ʦƺţݳν̻ʿųǰѾõʥƺţΪʱߴʥΨһŮԡ꣬40꣬28 





-- --



һ
һ

       ½583꣬塣ã΢΢İȻɽ壬һпȥеģݺɽһɴڳƮ˿ȥɻá ŮŮе 
šڴϵŮ﷢˸˯ 
Ů 
ôвеġŻ߽һɵˣһƿסŮϵıӣһƴƨϣ Ů 
ڴϵŮ˼һ۴Уϰ֣ôһŮķ䣬̵ֲķôɰŮ 
Ů֮Աǵ˼װĴ˿ôû֣ͻȻԱߵɫƣæĿڣһ 
ֹŵŮٴ·ȥһ󶣶ϴõŮгӣסһѽ Կʼˣϰ֡ 
첻ˡεҡͷ˶ԼıŮ˵ 㻹ûѰ 
ˮĴ۾һת ȥѧУˣѹôԭҸߣú簡 
š˵װһ壬 Ϊ֤ĻǺҲ룬ҾѧУ룬ȡѧʸ񡣡 
ôΪԼССҸء 
΢ЦؿŶĸŮˣŮ˵ ͺˣ櫡 
ͣ櫿ĸףͷĸ׵ؿڣ ôˣһĸ׵ô˵ȴ۰ĸŮͷߵ˶£櫣ȻҪȥˣҲú˵һ˵ˡ 
šŮ۾˷ܵĹâ 
Զǰͳ磬ǵöҸĳһ죬ħˡ 
ϰ֣Ҳ¡ 
˵Ůһۣ֮أӢǴħֳ߿飬ӡ߸طͬʱΪ˷ֹħΪ޴ѣǹΧ˾޴Ľ磬κ˳롣 
ǲǺܿ 
ȿȡеε˸ɿעʡǡŮش 
ںħսУʮλӢۣһЭħλǹңǵĺڵĹºλˡʣµλӢΪϲеԲԸƹܹңڵ 
Ǻʲôϵ 
С׵˵ǾӵλӢ۵Ѫ֮һӵߡ 
ۣԭˣѹô붼벻ͨƾϰˮ׼ôٻôǿĻˡ 
˳ŮԴһ£ܱĳþٻСò󻰵ɳߵ˺á 
˿ˮ˼˵أֻӵӢѪˣǲÿ˶ϰôҵţеѪʧˣǵֻѰµˡܺŮʥ֮ȱӵУٻǵĺɱǹٻؾ޵ʮУٻܼ֮ǿٻķ֮ٻ֮ϻͽ幫 
ͣһͣ׵ļ˵ܼǿħʩٶȵĻԻ֮Ⱥʹʥħؼػ֮Ǳ̻ʥʿųӵУҲǿϡħ⽣ᰣڵһʿ 
ħ⽣ 
ԣǰѽеħһСʱڲܷǵٻħǰѽֻƾȸߵ͡ 
ǼֹһСʱͺˣ 
ûôףһս¼һСʱϵֻһѡ 
ɡŮûɵԼĸס 
Ҳ˵ҡЦ ˻ش𣬡ϧǸǱΪʹʿʿų 
ŮԵ¶Ҿ֪㡱ı飬װûĸ׼˵ٻڤ͸ӻþħĻνѾܾòˣ֪ѪͳǷѾˡ 
ۣסϰĽͳɴˣ˷ܵŮʡ 
׵еػش𣬡ܷӵͳн˵ϢϢأֻС𼦶вˮ׼סҲͺסһѱȱ˺һĽѡ 
ŶɥŮش 
ҵŮҪùĻԺΪûġ 
ߣǵȻ 
ҾͲ˵ʲôˣҪעⱳ˫Ľʿ 
Ϊʲô 
ǳ᰽Ѫ˵һűֻרڽԽϵĳɾͱȱ˸ߺܶ࣬ϺսʱκħԷǳѶԸ 
֪ 
Ůĵػش׵޿κεҡҡͷл֪ˡ 
մһ޴ħͧ䵽˴еĹ㳡˵ķɴ˰ô׼ɣ櫡 
ǡĻشҵŮһһͧȥ 
ŮıӰĸ׵۾ʪˣ֪Ժ櫹 
ǲչһӣϣ˿֮ʥ§ӵļ򣬡Ҫġ 
֪ ϣ˿ɷļ򣬵ش۾ŷͧգԶһֱΪֹ



ڶ

       ھ޴ķͧϣ˷ܵ櫲ͣȥشкŻشкڻӦ˼ֱ飬ЦŵŮǰȥ ۣ˧磡ȥãҽ櫣ӿ嵽ѧԺȥѧϰġ 
áӢ˱ػش𣬡ҽأҲȥѧԺѧϰġ 
ǾͬѧˣԺա 
ҲԺաòػӦ 
ǲ𣿡櫵˵ˣæֱͦ塣ãϣ˿ǡС㡣ã 
ͷ櫵ԭأŮôŵŮþ󣬾󡭡ʵҲݴʵŮյţţ¹⡣ŮһΪԼѧˮ׼¶ա 
ԱλɰС˭أһأ 
áҵŮش𣬡ҽ櫣ǴӿȥѧԺѧϰġ 
Ժͬѧˡ 
̫ˣôŵŮע⵽Ůˣһʮҵ꣬ķǳͨվȺͿԱԵ֣ΨһעĿĵطϽ汳ŵѽ 
ܣ뵽ϰ˵ĻŮ񶨵һʿĴ˾Բ᳤ӡһĽһʿ¼ԲŴѽ 
ڼ˵̸ЦУʱ÷ɿ죬ͻȻһֱĬŵ˵쵽ѧԺˣȥ׼¡ 
ϣ˿ǾȵؽеҲȥ׼ˡôټˣأټˣ櫡 
ǣƺϰԵվֱ塣 
ǰ̫˰ɡЦŵ˸׼Ů񣬡ټϣ˿ǡ 
ħѧԺһᣬӦúסһŮ˵һ󲡣Խû취ѧԺͶ櫾ԼһᡣڰںöԺغŸ߳Լķ䣬ȵķϣ˿ǺִԱߵķ˳ 
ǡŲ˼ıŮš 
櫣롣΢ϣ˿˵ҵıˣʵģҲ˷ħ 
ȫ櫴ػش𣬡ԽôŮʵҲɫǣҵһϮġ 
𣿡΢Цŵϣ˿ǿ֣ͨվһҲ˵ 
ȻŮȴ˵ԣϣ˿ǣ㻹һסɣǰȫЩҲиӦ 
ϣ˿ûлشֻǿվǱߵꡣðɡ˵ͷȥᶫŵŮϣ˿ǵ֣Աߵķ䡣 
Ĵ𣿡ĬĬһƺôǿ 
ڶһ磬סˣϣ˿ǣʱ䵽ˡ 
Сʱ󣬴˵ϣ˿ǴţͲܷһ𣿡 
Сվſڵӻش𣬡Լϰߡȥ׼Եġ 
֣ĵŮſ˵ڣû˺ҵģҺαô 
ҲһߡǴ¶һ˿ЦݣúõĻҾϲҶԡ 
ģ˷ܵŮڤ״̬ 
ҰվڲٳϵĽ̹ٴӭħѧԺѧϰҽǽĽ̹١ǵĵһڿϰҲÿҵˮ׼þԺӦý̴ЩʲôڣÿԼľ 
ڸõԼĽȺɢˡ 
ãС㣬û뵽ͬࡣ 
á΢ЦŻشصʺ 
ѣ˹ضŮԼͬ顣 
ܸʶ㡣Ů˵Ժա 
̫ˡŵش 
ҪȥϰˣͷġֵŮЦ˿ȥ 
һůĻ𰡡˹΢΢̾  
ҵ˸طŮڿԼӦЩʲôý̹ܿԼˮ׼ȴߵֿʼӽ 
ĶȻôŵŮͻȻ̹ĿɿڴؿԼߡҲؿ˿ӽꡣ 
ôܣŮźÿλӽյȫһ£ôȻȫһĺۼ⡭ֱϰֵˮ׼ 
ԶҲڿߣ̸Żܶסã˹ 
ʮңأ 
ࡣ˵ܶסһСʱ𣿡 
š˼ŵ˹ѽֻӶܡ 
ͬŵĲô𣿡ɥʵ 
һӼν˹ߵĺѡ 
һǧҰɡ 
ݵ˵ָǧΣÿ졣 
𣿡һ˵컹ǹƽİ 
ǰҲŬˡ 
˵˶ߴֻӽǿˡ֪ôġ 
ǰ˹ôòΪǸء 
Ϊϣ˿Сԭɡ 
Ҳǣ˭ϣ˿Сߵء 
Ҳʸվϣ˿С𣿡 
صüͷ֪֮Ҫûʸ¾ûʸˡ 
αغ޴һʶأ˹סѵ֣Ҳȥɡ 
ҵʱ⡣Ժ̹ô˵ҵѧоȻŽʥ 





       ħ׺ӵʦ潲ţ˵˵ħʦҪעһЩλϵϣ˿ȴڷŴΪӼѧԺѧϰӻùһЩڼһ챻û뵽ֱȸĸҪϣǰżܻϢǱ룬ָһסǲ֪ϧļһϣ˿ǰյԱ߰˺ܶ࣬ĲĺܺóԣУٲڼһҪЩڣôҲ׬ˡ뵽ϣ˿ǲ΢Ц˶񣬼ʦ˵ǷʦΪûнսĽɫһҪԼͬ飬һᱣԼκλɣΪɹĴĹؼ ˣ̹ٴҵϰҶˡ󲿷˵ĻϰҪǿ˹櫣أֻҪԭĻ϶ϰͺãҽǻĶϵĶӦû⡣֣ʵûʲôɽˣҪʲôɡҿֵԺһѧѧ˷ܵػţͬʱҲֲ̣̹ٶĵĴԳˡ ӭ΢΢磬վ̨ϵϣ˿ذһɢߵĳԭλͻȻʲôվߵ¶˲õЦݣִ磬йĴúŶ ҵģԻֺò׻ع˼Щĸ£ƺûʲôΪԵĲϰ ǰǰһߵ櫸ţȫУ԰㲻֪ ʲôԣ ţ˵ǸѧļһܽѧԺȫϣ˿ǽĸ˵ԭֻǽҵĳʦΪ̫ãԽ᲻òŰСĿɿڴվþ˵ӣλŮ̲סЦ ˣִ磬ôǿĽôİܸܲҵţ ˻ش𣬡ûвúõĽҪñȱ˸ߵĳɾͣҪȱ¸ĹħҲһ˵ŵؿһߵϣ˿ǣŮæͷÿĶӦʺԼʣȽ׻ýϸߵĳɾ͡ ʺʲô ƽʱı֣ӦǸûĵˡ šŮͷش Ľƫ죬һɱصҪڿͺ¹Ҫ˷ĻᣬʱڻˣһϺҵĽ֮ ̫ˡ˵ŻŮϳӣһѽָ ǼӰôŵ˶Ů˵Ǵӻӽϰʼ ȵŮѯʵӽ ǵģĻʵ˵ͷʲôǴӴ̣ȵȻ仯ģЩղã㵽һˮ׼Ժͺٽһˡ ŶŮƲֵػشߵһ߻˽ ڴϵڷŮǵĻЦ˼صǰʱʢԼ˽ûĿꡣոһյĿϹ˵ݡΪһеǿߣԼҲΪһҲͽһֱ죬״Լȥμ£һʱԼõ˴ûе׿Լ˼Լ͸¶뷨µͬ˸׵Ҫ󣬿˾ú̫СӦøϤʱ䣬ǣԼͱꡭ뵽̲סԼҪҳ˧ͺˡôŵֱ۾ Ļɢͷ󺹵طеĽ櫣⼸Ľÿ찡 ȻСŰֻҪһŬ벻ĽŮ˵ִָҲе ʲôǾ仰˹˹Ǹ櫣´ϰʱܲҲǡ šװüͷ˵ִ Ҳ˹ϰͣʲô㡣 ϣ˿ǽҲзݡ ȻȻ ǱŶŹЦݵŮ˿ȥ ƣ˹ߵĺѣ컹ȥ𣿡 ϻﻹҵõָҲҪȥ ţ˹ش𣬡ǵĿǣ¼ʮӣ 



Ľ

       š櫣ߵĽȥԣ磬ϣ뵽櫴˸Ƿϵ·šſվһʮ괩۵ˣ΢Цʣϣ˿ǵס𣿡 ˵۾Ůķ·𱻴紵еһůŴŮ΢ЦŵٴΰѸղŵظһΡ ǵġŮæҵػش ǽȥɡٶ˵ ٱˣŮٴξˣŮ񣡡ѸٵذԼСĻºͶһ飬ȷԼûʲôֵñͷ飬һڣõϣ˿˳һ񣬡ӭ٣ˣݴˡ ﲻʲôʽϣô΢ЦŵĽ̻˵ǰҼ㸸ףܹ㣬֪Ҫ·˳㡣ϣ˿˸񣬡л״˵Ĺ ϣ˿ǵļҽ̺ϰվһߵŮô ʮգҲûʲôģҶʥħһЩĵãϣЩô ϲϣ˿æؽӹ̻ʵݹ鱾ллˡ ԭϣ˿ǽհѹִôණǣʲôأȻý̻רôص ÿô˵ŵĽ̻תſڣĬĬվʵ㸸𣿡 л˵Ĺֹػش𣬡׺³ʦ˵³ɽǱкûѾǱȥˡ Ŷǻǲİ̻΢΢̾۾ֱ˫ôȥԸ ǵģˣֻش˵ֻλ˲ʸõᰡ ϣܵóԸ̻ӹһ˿įɫת³ʱӭǵİݷá߰ɣݡԶȥˣһ󼤶ǿϰ ˣվ̨µ˹Ķ̨ϵ˻㱨 ˹ү֧ͻȻӶҾ󲿷ֶСԺƷ档 Ŷս𣿡 ٣ˡ ǻڵˣҲǸСŮֵáȥ߹ܼң˹Ҫٶṩֻѵãܸٴ۶ܴ ǣ˻ش ǸСŮʲô֣ սԣ͵³Ϊѡ ǾͺãߣּȻҷڵߣǾֵεˡ۹ⲻġ ǵģˡ ͬѧǣһѧϰǶȡ˾޴ĽڣǵһѧʵϰԣͨĻǾͽ꼶ѧϰڣǽħϳǩԺȡ񡣡кŵ̹ͼԼѹֺĻ¼λͬѧǽر񣬲ǩڣ֣֡ ϣ˿ǣ櫣أ˹ǶλǵȻֱȥУҽر񡣺ˣǩʼ ̹ٵĻһƬ˽ õŮȥִرˣ ǰ˹ҲˣΪʲôҲȥ ϣ˿Сĸడ Ľ װûλϲŮߵ˹꣬Ƕ³ʦĵӡ Ҷӹա˵ ÿڣһǰȫġԼؿڡ༸˻࿴˿Цҡͷ У߽Уңϣ˿ǴŲõЦݣǰ˴к ϣ˿ǰԽԽƯˣ㸸׻㱻Ϯ ߵŮش𣬡ңڣû˸۸ҵġ ҲǡЦŵУһ壬ǵʵҾһ޵񡣡 ǰɡ櫵汯ţУΪǼ޵𣿡 ģҲ֪ǰ̻ˣų˰дõļߵĿɽϡû뵽һСİѿصԿ׶˿ɽ档ڶĹǿûʱ䣬԰񽻸ˣҪסһҪõԿײſȥţǻǵ᳤Ʒƻᵼºصĺġ ðǿȥŵ櫽е𱻱ˡ żУŴЦ˵ҪλȰԿʧȥɣǻʱ䣬ȥ׼ɡ ǣ˴Цش ɽʢǺͻܣͬʱħʯûɽɽﴫ˵о֡룬 ڶ죬ֵŮǣǸóˡšλŮװŵȺǵȥ 





       λµ϶ƽԭвԱһСɽǳƺɽ˵ﵱӢۺħսĵط֮һԻħûǸϵʱǻƻ衣ĺˮ΢΢ɫԶһƬֱ˷ֲ죬ǺϦſɽԶĲԭȥԶīɫĲݺһƬһֱ쵽ⶼҫԶôϢһϡǷȥɽңϣ˿Ǻһ飬һ飬ûɡŵͷˣôǿʼϰ ִ硭櫿ͰͿ˵ꡣ װ櫣֪㻹㹻ľ˵һ߹ԹԽڤʦ˽ԶȺ˹ȥ Ҷִ硣һŰѰ߿šַŻش𡣡ȫ˷ȥ۸ûļһʲô ֵܽŮܿس˳ִ磬æŵŮ׷һ޴ħʯ ŵ˷Լ ô찡ֿħûЧ Ը˲Ӳģ֮϶Ըѡ ʲô취׷ŵŮ۴С 㣬ħʯʲôص㣿 Ӳħһߵϣ˿ǻش ţأ šüŮ벻 ӲУϥǲģԲֻҪڵڸʲôľͺðˡ ҵġ˷ܵŮħʦ˱ħ ʲôȵʡ ѵըӰ εЦֻҪݵͿˣ𣿡 Ҳǡ˼ŮͷĽԾ󣬿ʯ˹ȥһᣬʧ УĵͼղԿ׵һˡôǰ濪·ϣ˿վм䣬ںϺ󡣡վɭɭĶڵ˵ ִ磬治йɡսľϣ˿ÿ۹⿴ꡣ ӦòᣬӦòİɡ ⲻ⣬˼Ů šεֻΪеģġ˵굱ͷ˽ȥλŮҲСظ˽ȥ ѽǰֺ櫱ϣ˿ǵĽһؿΧȥûзʲô쳣 ôˣϣ˿ǣɻʵ 󣡡ŶŮָŵһֻ˵С ꡣָֻȻԭص󣬿СϿһ˿ȥҲܵľűϣ˿ǻɡôŵ˼ǰȥ ǰţͻȻǰ洫˳صĽŲֿŶ߹ļһŶ˹ᰡǴɡ ãش櫻Žȥһھϣطһ죬һӡľתͷŮŭĿӡ̫Ӳ˰ɡֵŮţٵ˾һҧ һϣ˿ǷĻ˾ϣ˵ľת˹ŹԼķʦ﷢˻˻Ľô죿һһ߰ѾעתԼôȥûʤİֻֻΣҲûá ƤӲʾҲӲվһߵѵõʾ櫳õſҧʱѸͬʱϣ˿ǵĻҲžȥŷĻ򣬾ͷѸٵƫǣûɴ˺ŭľᳯϣ˿ȥͷ˼ְעתƵԼϡ ϣ˿ǰջҪߡôŵְһͷĶľӸǱ櫡Լôá ͣŵľͷһƶһ룺ִľͷʲôأѵҪҴ۾԰ýãҵϹԺ󵽴ײôСĵطΣա ˹ľŵĴڣͻȻһѵôŵŮڵſ˹ʱ򣬲ٶӭȥٵذľŷŽĿСῴ˰ַŽԼУѸٰѴһϡͻȻԼһʹҲϲˡľϣ˿ǿٵذһڵϷһᣬȥ˾ᣬϵƤȥÿһԺԸҲȫ㡣 ߵ˾ͷ˿ԶĵϷһӡǰһֻ׵׺ݵؿŽǡ׵ħޣѸ٣ӵ繥Сˡ šشŵ櫳ȥһͷȥѸٵ˵Ĺ׵һڣųһ亹׵Ĺ˵Ĳูȥ֨һ׵һ֣һڷϣһ飬Щղס׵Ҳ˳ȥһһһ޶ٸš ϣ˿ǡţ櫼Ӹħվһߵ˵ڷӦ˹ϣ˿Ǽæ櫼˼٣ͬʱʥػħٶȼӿ˵櫲ͣ׷׵ʥػӳֵԼϵͬʱ˵ϣŵ׵뿪ս˳ȥ Ĳ櫡һֱǵ˵ϣ˿ǣ̫ˡħʦսʱһҪ侲ȷжϣ㻹ҪǿС ǡŮħʦͷ 





       ˴˺ӣõ˷Կסˣǻȥǰɡ櫸˵˵벻ˣӦѾõԿף˰ɡ ôܣصˮ׼ֻǺҲѣ 㡣룬ȴ˵˰Ƕֻ˴򣬵Ȼǿ졣 еŮֵĽ͡ ǵػϣ߽ղرɽСĵشţһ˿ŵһһšţװĺǣǲرˣǿŵʱӦõԿףҪһܡ¿̲סЦ ôˣִ磿 ҡͷּλһûأҾ̫鷳ˣʲôûͰŹѣҵĺպǲûԿ֮ǰʹġǸһѵҪȨ׵ŵ ôȥԿʲôʵ櫽 ˣ֮ˣҲõһĶǽϢһͻȥ ԱȥɢСӵվ˵ ţҪǵðʱϰ ֪ŮֹϦµŮغŸ裬һһǰףԶܵŭ櫺سķȥԶԶֻܳһ˴ֻ֮ٵš 㣡ŵŮγ˽һһֻֻܣȻת㲻֪йôһԼҪҡ £˭ҵģ ôô˵Ҿ㰡ŭŮ˵ȵȣʲô˼ 㡣ػشת߿ ţһǰľˣ㾹ȻôԴң 㵽ѵ㿴ϰ׳գ߿ 㡭ǻŭŮ̧ͷŶԷ۾һӵһ룬۾ɱ𣿡뵽Ůæȴ˵ô֪УôôԴˣ ߿ͷγ˽ 㣡ŭͷԵŮȥ־һţ΢ȵһһ ˼ԺŮ֧ˣϾȻôݶĽô죬ô죿ŵŮͲǶ֣ڸ˷硣 һŮĽ˸񿪣ͬʱŮί˵ִ磬۸ҡ˵˵ŵŮͻȻ̲סŵ˶סˡ ţǸᣬ櫣书Ҫɱˡ ûػش𡣡ƾǵ㱾£Լʲôʱ֪ 꿴ĹĵŮ΢Ц˵ȻᣬǾ͸ˡ һִȥ֪Ǹ֣ôˣ ڸϵ˰һߣų˵ļĽһɫ磬֡ ڤȵһ꣬ȫ˽⣬ȥ ôܣĽҿô࣡ŵ꾪ȵ룬Ҫȫˡ˿ϰ˺ɫĶٶͻȻӿ죬еĽ綾һ㣬Ĺ켣ꡣ 䡣վһߵŮ硣ڶڤĴˡغ˹һۡ Уе˵˵ΪֹһûعѵҺĲôԶʧȥǵ˿ţΰڤԽʾһӰӣŭŴأΧͻȻְ䡣 һȣֳϵһѽӰͻȻʧҲֹͣˣȻĵŴءͻȻʦĻƾ书һǿˣǣ˫ˣҪߣ㲻Ķ֣Ҿǲ뵽ʦıӰǰʵĿ⣬겻˴ĽԷȥ ֽĽֽͣǰôҿԳȫ㣡 겻ǰĽվеĽ䵽˵ϡӮˣʦĻûûʲô˵ˡ һԵ櫿ǱĿ⣬ͷӿһϧĸоִ磬û۸ңɡ ִžȵĿ⿴櫣ջ˽ǿ𣿡ʵ Ȼ ôħѧԺѧϰʦѧ ʦѾˡ Ŷôϣ˿ǡ꿴ǱߵŮħʦ ֡ һˣ˵ȥĮҲûʲôѣһϣͻ塣ο˵ֿ˿櫡 ֪ˡ ϣ˿ǻش𡣡˹ֽͱ ǡдŵϣ˿ǰŽ꣬㰴ŵĵַȥһֵˣȥҸףҸ׻㲼úһеġ лˡ ˣʲô֣ ҽء ôٻˣء ŮʿͻȻߵǰԺһ㣬أš ¶һЦݣͻȻڻıɽҵš ЦŮ̲סһ£ЦÿЦúÿÿʲô ôŵŮؿʧķȫȻûע⵽ߵȺĿ⡣ УУɿһ񣬺ܺãԽƷ̫ϣλģʲô顣 šУó˵һ飬ʷķҪ𣿿ûҪŴˣУЦе˵ģϣⱾۿռħӦãдİǶáħϳۣ˭Ҫ Ҫ櫸ػش𣬡Ǹһܺ档 ţһǽۣдģǺð Ÿ˵߳ȥǣУ˵ôģΪʲôѧôֲħóһ飬дţʥռħɫĬʾ¼ 




-- --



ڶ
һ

       ž޴ħͧؽ˿Ĺ㳡ϡŲŴ򿪣һŮѸٵشӷͧ˳嵽һԵȺĸ׻裬һ ȥôãҲʲôġĸ䣬ȴ۰§ŮݵóԼһ˾Ͳ֪ϧԼƽʱôԵ㡭 裡Ůĸ׵߶ѧԺúܺõ ˵úã㿴 ˺ˣȻؼ˵׵̲סˣмһߵĸףĸ׵֣ȥ ŶʶôѰ׵˵ ǰǶҿɺǸصļһߣһҪŬȥƨ ĸĶһۣ¶ֵı顣ڿҪ͵˰ ǵȻ ո櫾ϰԵڲѧԺû˱ѵˡôŵŮ˻ȥǰֳһſɶҲ޷˯šһ ŮһԾŽȥϰ֣ ô簡ѵáڼſڻӽĸ׻ش ţҵġһ׿ȥһŮԤĽҪ찡׿佱 ǵȻҿţôشŵŮֳȥ ۣ״ûͷŮڵϴŴǲʵӻӽʼ𡣡 ôִһǻŵŮվ֪ óԣڵسŷŮһ߳һߺ˵ǾͶԵ㡣ĸײͣİѲ˼н櫵߸߶ĲСɽ ˣ裬ҵõһħŶȻҾԿ ʲô ˵ҪõҪкܺõľʯûħʲôġ Сı˵Լ ġ һ櫰õħڵϣֻðһựԤеĻ沢ûð 櫣𣿡һߵĸ׼Ц ߣƵŮػش𣬡ֻǸСʧѡ СʧѾһˣˣҰѴĺǶˡ  ûӦ櫱һȺСΧס櫽㣬ҲҪ̣ ȸңģ ߵŮݺݵؿЦĸףش;úãȻŶϾ 櫰Ժʵڻ첻ȥǻ̵Ҳ˫ðŮּһ䣬Ϳ۾ֱӵˣô鷳ȥħ˵ĸһܿˣ¼ҪŮӦһȺСӡ Ůֺϣ˿ɫصؿŶֽݡһ˲õĽɫâֱʿųȥһѸٵذȥİ׹ȫѹסһ죬˻˼ѪڡæƵİ׹꣬ϵ˿ʧˡ ֣һߵĽ̻˵ĽйأҵĴͳǣĸ֮ǿֻǿĹѹסԷڶԷ뷴ʱȫҲλá ǡվһߵ깧ػش ϣ˿ǣִ·ʱ򣬲ҪϰԵظӳѪͼӦüӳʥػ֮ħУΣʱϲֽӦעı仯ŻֵдЩϰ߾֪ˡ ǡϣ˿ǵͷش һԳɹҪĲǿʵ ˵ĬͶսѾԵģҪаԼиܳΪǿϡħʵ һӣһƬâϣ˿ǣâеŮüŬؼš ڳɹˣŵðŵĻ棬ĻŭŵŮ³һ ϰ֣Ժ󻹳ЦңôŵŮְһħ浯ڵϣ ´μһҾôħӹȥôһٿȥӣͿ԰ըˣŵŮ̧ͷͻȻǰվһˡ ɵЦʲô һ̫˲þԾŮôţԼһ£ܳģΪʲôôʹ Ȼǰ׳հ̲סȻԼԼ ҪܣȷԺŮŭĺʲô ûҪ֪ 㣡ڵֱ֪ԼǶ֣ȥѵɶı顣 û뵽ǵСҲн졣ԱߵĲһΪһֱֱǰء ϼ͵ĻʧȥǵŮȥŮĹصһн˰С ȫźĵѸٵش̳˼ŮƵһߡӦǱǰʱúܶˡ ֪ﺬỨŮͻ۸ң˵ŮѸٵ˻ȥһס˵˰ɣӭ塣 



ڶ

       Ÿװǿɶļһţһ³ȥԼĸŭغΪʲôҪؼң ΪңҲؼܴȥ׵Цػش𣬡ΪˣҲӦûӭǵĿңԺϰܺ𣿡 ӭҧشԼĸס ǰ櫣Ҫòĺӡĸ΢ЦŰһݵؿԶнꡣ ʲôҲͷѾ˵櫴ߵǰһ˲裬ӭ ǼͣŮеŭҪǿĻܰˮտѶ šЩ޴ش𣬡ʦѧϰģĽĺܿ죬Ҳ˵Ժա Ż㣡ôŮȴػش𣬡Ҳաһ߿ϷˣŮһ£ת˿ȥ ǳϣһž޴ɫѹŽڽڰ˵˹һ˹Ľڵϡ Сӣ治źĹضԼĶ˵ôȥٹͿѽˡȥ£׬ˡ ǵġ˹ػش𣬡ʵڣòǳ֡ ǡͻȻԼĶӣ һ֮ʥǱ°ȥġ Ŷô Ƕ˼ˣ൱ظ飬ֻҪúúǽύԺΪеĿܾͻСܶࡣ ţڤĴ˱Ⱦ ͶӦò࣬ٻڤȻ֪ԭ򣬿ȫһսƻռ·硣 ţ㻹ҪúҪϣڱϣҲΪеһ죬Ҫ㹻İհſԡ ǡ ôǻȥԷɡ۾ؿԼĺӣ֪㲻ʧġ ɶ񣡡Ůߵ룬Ϊʲôϴ򲻹 櫣վһԵĸ˵ô侲Ļ㻹ֵܼþһ㡣ҪӢ˾ͷ㿴˼أŮǰͻרע 仰˵ˡŻΪ񣡡Ůŭ˳ȥϢ£ ڵ˰νĲȻվӻ֣ҲϢ¡ ڴɢͻȻĻƺǴȺһԼŮСĵ˹ȥǽߡ 櫽ҵǸÿᰡϧǲЦΪʲô櫽ء ˲˵ѧ𣿡 ô˾޴ˡŴ·˵Ӧöܷࡣ ʲô ǣ·ظɿһڳȥѧϰʱش磬˼Բϰؼңѧڣشϸңһֲ˻ɡ ŶԭȻʣҿƽʱǴֵİܺõӡ 㲻֪·ػش𣬡ңԶĹоԣСףǰ㿴żҵһңӴǣļҲǴֵģɸһֱ ò𣿡 ŶҾȫˡȻҾͺͷǽȥ Сǣʵȥ櫳˳Ȼҵҥ 櫣Ǻһܿ·һһ߽ѵߵˣһ˵Ůӱ˽Ҵµʱ򶼻ܷŭطϣԲҪԻҪԼǽȷжϡ ˰ˡ׿߻Ů˵ ŭŮһԵ꣬㣡 ңĪôҲ벻ͨԼʲôߵ顣 ˣеҪȥ͵ЦŵĽʥ˵ںɽ淢һˮȥЩ櫣飬أǴл⼸չ˺ˡ չ˹𣿡ôﻹǻشǡ Ȼ㷢ˣΪʲô㲻˳ڻŮԼĸס ǻʣȻΪʥ߳ܵػش𣬡йһ˿һ˵ʵŰֲҼҪ εؿˣĸףŮת߽˼ţ裬ҶˣԷ ˵ԺܿһָҪظԵħƣ̻վǰꡣ ǵģһҴ彣սԺ˿ھȫʧˡңоϣ˿һη壬Ҿʥħܶãпʹܵ˺ Ŷ̻˼ţµĻôѵҪ˲֪ 





       أҪչ˵櫣Ӣ۾ҪŮҪʱ¸ҵվڱҪʱ򻹿ԹԼܵСʲôģŮͻӸжԺͻˡ ôǿӦòչ˰ɡ꿴ߵŮ Ͳ֪ˣûΣҲΣȻȥͻܸм㣬ͻһ㣬ѵ㲻ϣЦŵݱ㣿 𣿡ô룬΢ЦŵݶԼӣĺܲ ϰ֣еմ꣬Ůһסأߣ Ĺӻడһߵϣ˿΢Цſɷ еһεؽͣҲΪǵĺӿǰұ֤ǰܵȫǻʵģ 𣿡ɵʡ ԣ亹˻ش ϰǣôС֣Ȼʵ̫ˡһһ߲롣 ڵòˡôŵŮѶʰһ£̧ͷ˿ԱߵꡣȻһ㶼ûڣŮιʲô еšĮػش ǽȥżŮһƿ꣬˻ء𣡡ӭ洩һһֻ޴ĺɫȵϢ˳ ᣡ˷ܵŮеƤף۾ҩζܺóԣо޴ħ㻹סʲôϰ˵Ůȥ ֻЩ𣿡εţ׳Ҫʱ޿̵չ˰ һڵϵŮֱ÷飬⣬ƤӲϢ ŵĻ棬޷Ů˶׼Ӳһ ͻȻһᣬ걧һߵŮǰ棬Ȼû㣡ŭŮԼľˣҪ˼ֱӶƢֻðǻŭڶĹϣѵ˿ĵ졣 ôûõ ʵڿȥ̲ס˵ƤӲҿһ˺ûСӦðеĹһ㣬ÿζͬһطǲܶ˺ ˭죡ŮȻô˵Ľȴڼлȫ֮ȥ ͿˣŮôţһȻ˺ܻǻ۹ġڣŮĽ̽˵˵ͷŵĻͻȻս⣬ſ죬ȫĵ˻ŮһΣڵ˵ͷβˣŮ۾ ֻǰһͻȻɢɻŮ۾Լǰһֻð̵֣ô𣿲ɿ Ϊʲô˵Ůʡ ΪһһֻҪͷش𣬡˾;Ȳˣ˿Ρ ߣŮ ˣܿͻãûãֻ˺á Ϊʲô Ҳ֪ش𣬡һƺˣ˶ҿ˭ңҲϰˡ ŶįŮͷһʹܱô㣬ֻҪ˲ںͿԡˣǣ ҵûôллĿ櫡Ů¶һЦݡ ڶοЦˣζ ЦеŮС ˳ȥ꿴ŮıӰƺоһ˿ůЦһ£Żβͣ˳ȥ ͻȻʲôŮתԸں˵ˣȻϰ֣㱨ʱ׼˵㱧ҡ ұ㣿 ҷϣ Ůʣҵʱǰұˣ Ŷھˡ ֮˵Ů˵ȻһᱻϰȡЦġ ǡ ûпǣ Ŷεػش룬ǸղϰһֱǺ氡 úܺãءȥһֱԭصȺĽʥļ򣬴Ų}ЦݣҪŬ ҲŬϰ֣ôҡŮһ߽е ţҲŬǶŬ ߿ĽʥŮɻ󣬡ϰֽԴҩˣ أʱܴ󰡡عؿԼĶӡڤˣʲô Ľ࣬Ȳ㣬ر仯Ҳòʵ㣬ĻָǿٻԼ֮ϵҪֵע⡣ ţǾ˵һҪжԡ õİ취ǰɱٻĻᣬжԵĿܺСҷ֣Ӧû⡣ ţԷһҪüƻֲһѵʱߡ ǣҾȥá 



Ľ

       䣡ž޴һ޴ŵ档ţˡôõĶʺôӢµŮ Ϊʲôרеô𾢣ϰֵһ˵ŷ Ǹ֧ŵŮش𣬡б޻ ûпǼӵۻ߳ζʲôģڱҪʱҲ԰ѵѬ ŶŮ˷ܵ˵ϰ֣ô뵽ģ ΪҿộǲǡػشͬʱŮһҪϰֳĹأһеϣ ʲôһԣŭŮ·ػŽҿʱһѺɫĽߴ˹櫣侲㣬ôû塣 ˶ŮŶԷ̳һס˵·һշŮĽǵģϰ˵ʱûôԹŭյŮʧȥ侲ԼĸһеĽ ţǵļÿˣôʱǾҪϰͻӽȻˣëһʵĻˣٺ٣͸Ҷˡ ˣֶŶĽ̻˵Ҹ״Ϣ³ʦѾץס³ʦ˵Ҫֻͨϣų˱壬̫ˡ 𡣡شŵĽ̻ͻȻֱͦ壬ɢű˵ϣ˰תǣһǵİݷá ̧ͷ̨˱˵ƣּйĳ嶯֪Ϊʲôǻʹˡипѹǽ޷ֿİ ɽпŵǶͻȻһŮӵıӰЩãȻšҪæ𣿡ħʦʺš ħѧԺôߣ һֱ߾͵Ҫ·𣿡ķʦԷ ˡܾǶ̧ͷ˿ʻˣһɴŮӣĿûһ˿顣 ص۹ȻҲ䣬ܿóˣŮӵ۹ȫûһ˿ʱҶһħصѧԺķʦΧ˵µʱ򶼻˵仰ǣʱķʦֻǿЦһͻȻһطռƶĺܺء һȵĴˡعվԼǰ˵ ǵģҪ٣ ȫڤͻεĴ˶ˣ뿴ǵˮ׼ ǣغ˹˷ܵػش ôǳɣѧʱҲ쵽ˡ ڵϰ˵㳤ܽӦ֪ǰŵĴɽжǿ ֣кţ֪Ҳĵ֣ǣţһ᲻ƽֱԽ㣡 ô֪࣬ʲôҪԸҪҪܼһСʱϣȰĿɡ֮ʥпţ뵱֪꣬мܿأɵͷ¼һСʱֻһ˶ѣᰰ ϰ֣ģǵģһ֤ŮͻȻֳʱķɣţһܼһСʱġ ѽ׵̲סЦû־УѧУҪ̫۸ˡ ۸۸Ҷˣ 𣿡׵ͻȻѧŮĿ˵ûпǣ 㣡 ߵĺӵķɽ ЦĽʥ˵ٲߣҪˡԶȥķͧʥ̾˿ڵʱöء ǰߵӻش𣬡ϣʲô²źá 




-- --




һ

       ϣ˿ǽ㣡ŵŮ˽ϣ˿ǵĻڼˣڼ쿴Ǹ飬ˣ ŶؼҰȵϣ˿ʵ Լȥġ Ӵû뵽ǵСô ǵϣ˿ǽû ǱߴֵŮ΢ЦŶԶ˵ӭѧϰء աŽ̹ٵĵվһɴŮһƬ˽ΪʲôɴأӦǸƯŮŶԡ ҲǷףܹˣ ˵ҾӦ̫ˣ±˿ƲסԼ Ů۹ɨһң˵ֹˡ ۾ɨʱ򣬡ͬͬѧҾƺص˺Ķ졣 ʵܲˣͰͬסŮڽ̵Ҵסһÿ϶Σôȥɰס úúá̵ΰοűٷŮ͸ǵ䡣 ţͬѧĳЩرԭҪһ·䣬ߣѡϲķ䡣Ľ̵еεضɴŮ˵ 㡣ĮŮνػش𡣿ǱȺŮߵߣ֣ ǣкιɣɻǰŮ Լһס ǵġ ôתԵĽ̵˵Һһסˡ 仰Աߵȫˡ ԣڷӦϣ˿ǴйŮôܹһң ϣ˿Լִһסʱûôһߵ͵͵롣 ţͬѧŮǲһסġ ֹ涨ֻұĵطסˣź ִ磬ô£ò׵ȵ ߿ϣ˿ߵӡ Ҳ֪ҽǵһμֱգ԰Լռһ ĳ紵ŴأڤлָǶһվһ塣ɢŲķʦͻȻһϤıӰš Ǹ˰Լһܹµӡôŵᷨʦ˹ȥҪҰһϰʶһЩ൱ǿѡ ҪŮػش Ŷᷨʦ۵ǸŮӰ Ƕ׼תߵʱһ紵˹ƿŮϵɴķʦƺһԭء ιǶôˣеúҡ壬֣κ͵ħɶӦó󰡡ѵԼ¿ħ û¡عǶشţֻǿѡ ˭²ʡ աشŵǶֽ˻㱵״̬ ѵô£ǵǶһŴˣһߵʵ ˵һǺŮǶôԡ жǶ˹Ҳ̲סʡ ˵ݴŮϣ˿ǰҹе¹⣬ôΡķʦ˵ţһһãһ顣 櫵ڴУħѧԺ似ڿʼˡŮۼǣιǳõĶǼţ 3ţ19ţǶ31ţ14š˹ش 7š櫻ش𣬡ִ粻8Űɡ ĺˣϣ˿С㶼μӡ ̫ˣǶлùھΪʲôǲμأ ϣ˿Сԭ򲻷μӣ˵ûȤ ţҲǣѧԺѧӦû˭ְɡ װĺǣһȵ似¡ؿʼˣĸ꼶ѡ32ĺǣΪԼսǼסѧϰգԼԼ˺Ҫǵǣ¶ݣ۸СģһԺ˵ڣΪҽܽĹ˺ݴˣ׵ĻУ̻ʺʿųϹϯ⡣ ڣȡԼ̹ٶŲѡǵ Լ𣿡ɻ櫲ߵء ǵģֻòԷ̫޷Ρ ȡأ̻һ˿ȣ˵Ӧþˣ밡 3˹4ϳŲеĺ˹·ߵĽ ˹Ͱһ߽е ģҺػɡ˹ŮһЦݡ İ 



ڶ

       ̨ŵ˻˸񣬰νԡʲô˹ȴֱӳȥһͷ¡ŲæŽı壬һһнҲ˻ȥһ˫ཻƮȥ˹ǰ塣̨ϣ˹Ľ׷ڿٵżһһ˹ĽӲƴʱֿٵ˻ȥְ̨¹սɻض˵ٶӦͶ˹ǿΪʲôϿأ ΪսǰԼϼ˷ֽ͵ѵγɵ֪ԷĽλãŶԷķƶĺõĻͻγһֱܡ ôսôԼСľͻᱻС ȻУ˵ķӦٶȶм޵ģֻҪֵٶܱٶȵļ޿죬ڱܵгԽԼļޣͻ޷ս˵Ĳ໹ûǵز  ǻ취𣿡 ţܵǱܵس˽ķ˿̨˵ŵֿ˿̨ϡ˹Ҳ뵽ˡ ˹˵Ϲ⣬ǰٶͻȻӿ죬нҲղһԷһֱǰͻֲ̡ܵŶԷĹٺˣûСûϵôܳ־õģһþҷʱ򡣡ôŵŶĽ档ͻȻһƬһա ˣ̨˳̨ˣǶǿҵĶʹֻܼˣĽ䵽ϣе˹ʤ Үģ櫻˹ļ򡣡ǵġ ˲Ŷ˹΢ЦŻش ߣôܻ䣡ŮСӻش ˵˵ЦУе7櫣8Ű͡ϳ ڵˣôŵŮŽ̨ ŶСİ͡˸櫿̨ӿͷһšһαô˿ԲܶŮôΪԼ Ųеġʼ͡ٵسеĽŮе櫼æָ񿪶ԷĽڻ˿վ˵İ͡ûȶŮعֿٳȥæҵظ˹ȥɶԷĽȴ˻ȥһŮһ ⽻У櫾ԼԽԽءôˣƽʱҲֻˮ׼żŮһ󼱹ûЧԷС ̫ˡֶ߽ϣ˿˵ȫӲƽʱˮ׼ȥ鷳 һĽ̨ϵ˿ٵطֿ͡ŮϢԸٶȳȥ ͡ղŵ֪̽Լʵ״̬µ櫣Դսپ ô죿 ؼǿܼܲʱָ侲ˣҰܼ͡ҲпǸһᡣ Ľϴθ죡ŵŮˣȳŹһ˵ôŵŮרעؿŶԷĽٵͷţֹУǰ͡ˡ ףôηˣȵŮԺͻȻ׵ĻսУҪ侲κθš񡢲ȵȣǺرһ㶼ӰԼķӡ˵ĶԾУҪ۾ֻжֺĽصԼĺһ񿪶ֵĽһķѰ͡ٴαƿˡ ˣûˡְοߵϣ˿ǡ櫲ˡ ̨ϣһź׷Ű͡ѹԽԽӰŶһ͡Ľ䣬е𣬡ʤ̨µĻŮֻԼȷ̨ Ӯúѿ˹ЦŶ˵ϣҶԾʱָ̨ܱʱ״̬ ߣҼʱ⣡ 𣿡ϣ˿ѯߵ꣬һ񶨵Ļش 13˹֣14ϳһֱŲһԵվ˽ أ䣬ڰô㣡źļ˵겻ϰߵüشҲ㣬ġ ߣŮ۾ŶԷţ ˹ǸսһŵغػʼźţؿٵȥŵĶæҵصֵš͸ʱ䶼ûС ÿˡ˵ʵڶԷ֮ϣԷôšȻһᣬؾͻԷĳ ԷһأС櫡˹Ц˵Ϊʲôڵһ־ͺ㽻أŮⱨԲĺ 15ź16սĽ̨ϵĲı˽16˵ıѡֺ͹ڶɢԼסȥ 





       ιأôһֱüģԷʱ櫺ŻûϳءΪҪԵĶ֡˹ش һ۶սȣʵŮӣǿ𣿡 ȱħѧУĸ߲ĳԭͶ˵Ż˹һأûзӦ˵Ȼ²ⲻص㡣 صʲô شв۹⿴Լ˹ЦЦ˵Ǿ֪ˡ 19أ20ϳе˿ͷ·һߵ˹ û⣡˹˵õѵı֤˵̨ غܽŰ櫶˹˵ȥ㻹˵ûϵ ûϵ˹֤˵ ֿ˿һߵֺϣ˿ǣ˴ɵЦݿ̨ϣˣһ㶼صİΪʲôأ ̨ϵ˾нԷ˸񡣡Ǹȣָ̡ؽŮ˵Ҳָ̡Ůͷش ôҪսԷģǶԷʲô֪𣿡ɻΧˣȴǴŹŹֵЦݿ̨ϡ ͷŮһƬʥĹâԼӳػŮһվ ̫ˣ룬Ȼ÷ʦվκж ڣȵˣһֻط˹ȥ˵һ֧ͬʱɹļ֧ Һ󿴼ͷԲģѵļʲôرܣ̲סʵ ûرܣ˹סЦش𣬡ֻ˵ضѡ Ŵ櫿˹ѵǡȥžôһֱ ţ˹ЦŻش𣬡鵽ǩǸ簡 㣡Ȱ˵ǿӡ Ŷ˳ڻشһ壬嵽ߣֿ˹ȥɵʱٶԵؼõʱͻȻڿʧԶ֣һǹתֻʵĻƹ⣬Ӳǹǰһ ˣԷĻ鷳ˣ櫵˵ȴŮħʦѾεıһֱվתַ˳ȥǱ𣿡סԼĶͷ쿴ȥ ܵԷﲻϢڵһۼԶû˵ķȥͻȻȳڱĵ棬һŵش½ǰԼ̨ϣæͣ ͣ޿̵Ĳڿȥˣôһ춼нԼ˭ʤɣ ̨ĺЦУȾ֣䡣Ůص˼ؽܣ櫣أ༸λ㶼ʶˡ櫣أȣţҵġ ˵ˡ櫴˽ܣıݾ֪ǵĹϵ˵ЦУ˺ͷ 31Ƕ32ϳŲеǶ̨ ɡʦܺսʿս𣿡櫵ĵ֡ ģǶˮ׼32û˸˵һӮ˵Ķࡣ ǺֵĻ櫿˿Χˡ˹صػش𣺡˵ˡ ſٳĶ֣Ƕ򣬶ֵĶڱƽɲǶͻȻʧԶð˳ ôôʩ櫾ȵʵ ʩһҪȫģߵ˿ֱñħͻȻȻеԪأħıҪܶࡣϣ˿櫽͵ ŶԷ˹ʱǶַ ΪʲôһηҲȫ˷أ ΪöԷöӲӻ˵Ķ޵ģһ궷սʿԷʦֻбķˡϾܶħǲܸ񵲵ġ Ҳ˵ʵͷʦսҪǿ˭ܸõЧʹԼĶħ˭Է˭ʤ ϣ˿͵ؿ櫣ǶĶ̫ħʱ㶷ʧǳ¡¸ֺǷʦԲοһ̣ôԸʦ ʱţٶԽԽڣʵĽʿ֣䡣 ǶʤıΪֹ ǶǷʦսʱôģվһߵķʦ Ǻǣ׻ԺҰ ûҪҪء ţܵԭǣͶԷľ룬ȻͨħĶԷĶ߱ȶԷѾƺõ塣һ˵Ϊ˽Լħڿʼʹõͼħһʹôħ򲻵ѵʱҲпԼħһʱеԪ춯ԣӦøоó Ŷ˼ǣڿʼ׶ΣԷħʹö ֿôǶ΢ЦŻش𣬡Ķ־֣Կ ǶԸأ Сʦش 



Ľ

       ˹ǵһϳҪȡÿźŶȺűʼ櫻ضһԵ˹˵ǵһϳҡ Ϊʲô Ϊ1ź2ѡֶˣ޷սʤȨˡҪŶϣԵ㡣 ߣ͵סɣ 6˹7ϳŲ̨˸ڲʼѸٵֳȥķʦһηųŵĻǰŮһΣӻ·˹ȥȵķʦڽǰعӽǰʧˡعŮʦֵķȥ˹5Աһͬʱ⣬ڻʧҲʧˡ šǶ˵ԽȻɶԸ˹Ϳˡ̨µǶߵȺ˵˹Խ ̨ϲʱ˸ĺΧŵŮѸٵ׷һʱʱֵķʦ̨µһƬ̾ڣ˹ͣΧԪҲĲͷһȫĺ⣬Ժһӣħ̨ͬʱ˹ĵħҲˡ Ȼûȥ櫣˹̾Ϣ ÿ˶֪ûʲôáһߵػش Х櫴ŸǿҵĻ춷ħþ˹һеĽɱһʤ 14أ15³ϳ³ǸóĴ󺺣ʼ󣬳صͷһһһ³˿ͷѹһ ţ³ĶǿЩõǳսʤҪܱܲƵսˡ̾ϢŶߵ˵ϧˣ˶нǰ˵ʵġ ԼĽ⣬³˿һһһƬӰźɨȥڹӰпٵ㣬ʱʱһ̨˿һƬ׷һƣвʱһ硣 ִ磬غΣհߵ˵ ţʱǴ·硣³Ҳ֪ԼռϷ磬ûؿ죬ԲرƽҴսغӲƴȻôȽҪö࣬ԾͿ˭ֲ֧סˡ ҪĻΪʲôȫ㣬Ҫأ ԭġֻشŮʡһҪöԷвУȫſֽŽͬʱҲʹֵľ Уӹʱ򵱹ٶȹˣͿԽŹ ԽʡܶصĽҪ˺ԷöԷͣת򣬲ת ʱ̨ϵ³йһˣ̨µ櫸˵ؽеȴؿٺˣʱ˳˹ӰУ³ָֻ˸ղŵٶȣ׷ء ǹ¶˵ٶȹĻʹ׼һ֡ӦǾûûգʱ˿ɡ ³йĴʱز˷ٵԷȥУ³йٶͻȻһ ã櫾ǰеϵĺͻȻŨ˺ܶ࣬ǰٶȼӿ죬Ӳֻ˸գλõؿٵ̻ ˿ؿڣհ ·³侲ţеĹԷĽ߰ѾؾӰһӲƴĻᡣڣ˵̨ߵ³ȫӳһһ̬ӲһǣƮͬʱŵ³̨ ʤŲе̨˳־õ ߣȱСʤþնˣĵء ΢üʵһ˵Ĳɡ ûϵܺáһĵ櫣عɵػش 17أ19ϳйԺؿٱƽ֣ͷһŵƵ£ڵϹеĵ߷ſصĽšһ˿ȥڵϵһһֵĽſȥ ôغܳԿ櫶˵ÿζҪȥٶȶӲ ţֵԱ˵ӦǶءֻ˵Ұɣǿ书ˡֵĻشؿ룬еĵһ֮ѸٵðһƬش̡ŵֻվش̼ȴӭ濳ĵƮ ôôʩֲǷʦ صļһԼѪݵǻݵǴأغսûس űŪð͹ƽĵ棬εֻվ񶷡ڣĵеĵ䣬ͬʱҲصʤ 





       30ŵ31ǶϳйԺŵŲеĿʼǶȥԺеĽٴʦĽţǶʱʧˡճС櫵ս̨µ˹Ц˵ϧǶһס ųսʿǶȻųŵͬʱײһ𣬱ըˣγһƬǽסսʿǰĵ·⧲ŵһȫ΢΢⣬˻ǽǽսʿϵĹâ漴ʧǶҲ̨һߡηʦԳսʿʩŻ򣬶ֱڿʧȻŵͬʱͷһ ֣櫶ߵϣ˿˵ǶΪʲôʱ򲻷ŻĶԷأмλỹֱӷˡ Ϊʩӱķϣ˿ǻش𣬡ע⿴̨ϡ Ӱĵطϸܿб⡣ڣǶӰ̨ߵĵطŵǽͻȻԼǰһҴ̵ǽٴȫ㶷ǽŵ΢΢Ϣķʦ ֲ֧סˣôŵսʿӿٶǰ塣 ͻȻٱƽʦŵýһ˲ǰ塣ҳ̨ȥôŵսʿŬԼķʹԼ෽ƶǣഫȵϢһŵըֹսʿĲơڶıĹУŵ޷ƶֻһر̨ıԵȥ Ƕ̫ƻˣôţûһ ڣűƵ̨ߵŵǶų5֧޴ıֳȥ޷ŵֻӲһεر̨£ҲǶʤ ҪʵսĻЩСиûãŵǶ˵ǶĻ֣ѿһӣȻѸٵغ£ ð亹սʿͷϴźˮķʦηҵĵط̨£ӵĻףǶУıˡ һϢӿȺ־ۼ̨¡3˹7ϳеĺĿʼ 櫵ŶŶ˹һԵĺ˵һ̲䣬ôڰ㣡 ؿŵŮ˲ؿЦ£͡ ģŲ̊ 櫵ıӰﶼε̾ϢҲֻΪԼԴù˹ɣô ʼźţȫź⣬ȫ˹ȥ˹һŮĹԭվסŮȴƮ˻ȥֱ÷顣 ˹ôͻȻôǿŮĴ۾Ŷ̨꣬һѹֵЦ ʵϰʱˣұһ㡭 ð˽һȥô㣡 ֻҰ˹ѸٵѵľܱԼáغزҲһ Ů۾ݺݵؿ̨µϢҡŵµԤҪӱˡ ŮһŽ˹ǫ̈̄ŵ̨꣬µغвпǷõ˹ ڣŮֹͣ˷Ĺٵش 𣿡˹ĵʵ ٷϻŮӷؽڶлʱŷĻ ˹ٵر任ŲӭĻ򣬲Ҿж櫵Ĺ򲻵ѾԲӲƴһҲ̨µĹǿ˹ķأ̲סһ̾Ůֹͣ˽ȥ׽ңȻӮ ðɣεˡڣ˹һ׽Ĵۻȡʤ Ůְο櫣ʵ˹ĽҲкܶģֻٶȲ׽ѡ츳ǵֻͣҪŬܹķصġ ţŮصͷΧ꣬һҪȫʰǣ Ҫ˵ʰǵĻƺѾܹʰ˰һߵϣ˿͵͵롣 9׶٣14ϳ أˣӮȥҳ Į˵ͷ̨ ׶Ǹʵ꣬һͨĵվ ûվڶ꣬Ǹöְ ׶վƣֵ۾Ҳһ£ߵ ʲô櫺ʡ ˵ǴңԶĹȴĵΪзӵı仯նܱ򵥵Ķɡ׵еʽܼ򵥣õĻȴ̫õûˡ ˼˵ǿ ţ似ĻӦò ô죿 иƣǰڶͿ֧ܲŵƷӵʱˡ ̨ϵؿٵΧ׶תȦʱ̽Ŵ̳һԶԶȥһʱ˸ĺΧŻꡣվŵ׶ô򵥵ļ£񵵣ɲصĽεع죬Ǳ񿪣ʱô㣬ⲻ˻ҪӲӭ濳ƽһ ԻĽЧ룬ôֻÿٵĹʹ¶ˡ ٶȻӿ죬վŵȻôȵһѶֵĽȫΡش˿ʱʱתΪʹؾ쳣ܡ һƬײУеǱ롣ѵһûУɽһվĶ֣ɥ룺ֻǿˡ һŸŨĺسȥ̨ͻȻʢźХһŶ֣׶ٻǲŲæһֿŶֵĹڣһֱ˿ Уǹ£һΪʲôһ㣿Ȼҿܻ˵ġ뵽ͻȻʦǰ˵ĻڶֻһĶ˰ħʴܣ𽥵ʴֵϰʱܵʴأһ㰵ڽʿȫİѪҲܲӰɡ ֻҪ㶷֧㹻ʱ䣬ôƾͻķչ׶ҲͨеĹϵеĵԱȸղſ켸ٶȵͷ¡ ڹڿ˫ͻȻ̨ĵ׷һ̣ۿź̼ζҪնϣǿĴӵӳȥŵ̵ٶҲˣ̨˳صĺ׶ͻȻһȣȫϣڿпٵؿĵʱһῳնȥ ޻ص̨µ̲סȻֵ ݺĶƵ޷ҲһȫźɫеĽɫһ㣬ӭȥһĵ̨ϵĶֹϿ˼Ѫڣ׶ٵĵͣϣصĽͣ׶ٵüġ ˡ׶Ȼ˵һҪһУһ㡣 һһξ룬سϿҵ˵ֻռ˶ıˡ ˾ˡ׶پ֣䡣 أʹ櫶ĵ䣬ôðյ飬ϴβ㱻ֲ㱻б㵣ĵʲôʱ򡭡ͻȻоΧղԵŮװʲôǣͷټ˵ȥ ŵͷ׼߿Ļֽ꣬е׶٣ ʲộָ ǲֵڴ֮һ˵ӰѾҵ㡣 仰갵ͻȻģҹأҾͻվǰ 緢ȥĻӰּ˵أ˹أҲӰѾ𹼸ҵԺ̫į أһߵ²ʡ ҲҪӰѾǣͻȻįתº͡ ţ˵Ůص˵ͷ 





       19أ21Žܿϳеġʼ󣬿ųأܿ˵΢ĻζͻȻһΪģĸȫһĶء֪˭ʵֻÿٿĵĸӰȥһصĵ϶ԷĽĸӰͬʱˡڶôŵػӵȥصĵ͵شڶӰڿյԵʣ岻ǰ塣ʱĸܿ˵Ľرȥ񵲵ֻþ͵һܿһ λˣͣŵ룺Ҳôȥûȡʤ ʲô书̨µʵ ӦǻһӦ÷ʽĸӰУһǻ񣬿صƺûа취жϳ˭Ӧܲͣر任λáһߵֻش𣺡ȷе鷳ҪǶͺðˡ Ҫôս ӦÿٵĹͬʱĸ񷢶޲𹥻ڶʱڰ Ȼֱ治Ǿֻз޲𹥻ˣôŵȫһĻɫеĵһ㿳ĸӰĸܿ˿ԷôĹתΪأصĽ У̨µ룬صĹٶȻܴﵽ޲𹥻ĵزôȥԼۿ塣 ϣ˿ǣԭʲô ˮϵħһӦ÷ʽ԰ˮضĵطԹ߽䣬ﵽӰЧ̨ϵĽܿƺӦ˾ħеԻϣ˿ǻشֵʡ Ŷ˼˵Ӱ񲢲߱Ҳûʵ壿 ǵġ üͷ̨ϵˣͻȻЦˡʺƽ £еôȥһۿ壡 еĵٶȣĽܿתڽʱеĵͻȻ٣Ӱӿȥһ󵶽ĸӰͬʱƮ ôµģܿɻ룬ѵҿˣԿ ĸӰվŲƮȥڿ챻еʱͻȻһеڶӰȥٺ˵Ľܿһ ֪ˡñҸķӦҵĽĶʱжϳ˭ȻԹֻҪûӴ֮ǰ٣ӴʱͻȻӿ죬ôͻᷴӦ ɶ񰡣·˼ڵ룬ôȥǰ취һһСģоˣҪĻôأôŵ̨¿ȥ΢΢һЦ̧ͷ˿գֵͷ˿ء 죿أɻʲôôŵҲ̲ס̧ͷȥֻĵ⣬ٵͷֻԼվ̨֮⣬ʲôҲûС ˵ʲô˼ŵһִּСǱŵͻȻһףѵҵûˣһǣ˷ܵӵȥȫһĸӰȥ һ죬ĸܿǱغˡ⵶ȫ˵ѾжϳҵôŵĽܿ˲ͣţÿһܿԣ˵Ѿˡ⾿أ ؿٵعŶ̨֣µֻһŻƹ׷һӰǣƹÿܿˡڣųصĸӰӺΪһˡ 䡣ܿ˾֡ôжϳ˭ģ ӰӡָָϣӰʵ壬Ӱӵġ ԭˡȻĽܿ΢Ц˵´Ҫѡ㽻ֲС ǾˡҲԶԷЦݵסԷ֣һ̨ ǿսһս26Űգ31Ƕϳ գ˵书ǳǰĶֶǱԻסġǶǷʦļжҪû𣿡վߵꡣ ģ̶ֳȵ޷ҡǶ飬Ϊȱ̫󡣡ôߵŮش վ̨ϵİȻɴһɫĳȹз·ɵӡ޸۾ɨ̨ĹڣŮ˫۶峺ᶨĿ⡣Ƕָ̡ Įػ˸ſʼŮӰڵƮڻӽʱϷɫĹâһеĻϢϨ𡣽ӽ˷ʦŮƮݵش̳һ̨һƬ̾ɲΪķʦʱӽǰʧˡ Ҳò˵ǶǱʹ׷顣̨µ˹΢ЦŶ˵ ǰػش𣬡ϧǲʹ 书ԻĹУͻȻ˽־һ㣬Ƕ ӯ׷ⷨʦŮע⵽ʦĳЩʱ򲢲ʩŻǶһսֵĳЩط˸΢΢Ĺâ׷ĹŮСĵرܿŹâĵ档 ˣֵϵˣ˵ͬʱǶѾѵϵĹâһƬλŮ֮䡣 ˣǶôѻʩ̨ߣʩ̨м䣿 ΪǲǻǼʲôħĹâǽƻءߵϣ˿ǻش櫵ʡ Լħ 뷨ⲻҪĿġĿǣöԷ ʲôã Źâĵǰ΢ͣһ£һԾķʦƮȥȹƮɵŮڿԽ˸Ĺâͷ͵⣬ԶԶȥڿзʹһİϹâһѶԷĹΣͬʱŮҲһ 赲ǰٶȣҵȥŶӶĻ򣬰ôôŵŮϵĶͻȻը˿յƮ𡣿ڿб׷ŵİգЦ˵ҪϷĻӦħ׷ɱʹɡ ôлħôܣڿƮŵİտŽµĹâΧԽԽʹҲǷǳħģֻҪҲȥû취֮ǰıֿӦôѵбĿģͻȻŮע⵽ԼλãѾ䵽̨ԵĿС ڷ˰ڼʹǶҲصĻ˰ɡ˹ЦŶͬ˵һѾнˡ ֪ϵ˵İ£ǲͣĴб·ıȴϷͺȥôˣֻҪȡʱͻлᡣôŵİճٵǶȥ ̫ˡ̨µ룬Ƕȫ԰еħųȥҪôԸƻļһˡ Ҳء׼귨ʦ룬ǰɵĳһӣͷǶһеĻͻȻʧɹĳһ ħɣôͻȻˣѾԮˣ̨µϣ˿ż롣ɵǶǰĳͻȻͣʲô谭һ濴ǽͬʱҲڳ⡣ ҮǶ櫸˵ ǣһߵϣ˿Ǽ˵ʹûɵǶҲôǿĻڡ ⾿ô£ ʱϯϵĽ̻վʩŵġ̻ʵ仰˰յʤ 㾿ôˣǶϣ˿귨ʦ Բ𡣡Ƕͷҷˡ ˡһߵ˵ѾˣΪԼеˣСŮɱǶöԸˡ һߵֿĿЩ͵Ƕ̾˿ 



߽

       ݵϢ»ص̨ϡһս3˹14أ ڹڵĻУվأ櫶׼ϳĺ ̫ƽ˰ɣҲѰôͬһߵ˹Ц˵ѵеλôԶ ȻŮԥػش𣺡˭Ӯң ܺؽˣô룺ƽʱض֪ȫֻʲôˮ׼ ʼźţһһȥ˫Ľ˺һĶǿҽϴתӲƴĻһԿֻй ̨ϵĺٶȻӿ죬һɫһĽӸֲ˼ĽǶȴ̨ϵ˹һ˹ɫâеĳǹ⣬ӭɫ硣 ˹ĽŲ̛µ櫶ߵ˵ֻأôȥ±ڶʴ𣿡 ÷صʽҲԽġֻش ڽһͽ͵Ĺ˿ȥûϵֻҪʱԽþͶԽôŵͻȻѳܲ͸˹˹ɫĹɽһƽ ķûܺӲƴôŵؿٵر任Ųͼ˦˹׷ɫĹ׷ ˹Ĳزض˵Ҫڵľ治ıĻûʤġ ˹ѹøое㴭ͻȻͣ½ŲеĽһĽͬһ㣬Уغ˹ֱ˿ˡ Ȼ˹ĶȽǿҪ˸ķأؼһƺԺ˹ƽôȥԿĻءΪһ˹׼ӲƴĻƴġ±صɫֶԽ˵ ǵС櫿ǳز䰡ѺѵĲô𣿡һߵϣ˿ǹʵ Ȼ˭˹ң ֻ ģôشŮϣ˿ЦЦı飬ȴط˺Ρ ׼ˣһĽЧˡƮɵؿŲͣ׷ԼĹ룺ѵķǵúӲƴ ٴα𿪵ͻȻ뵽ʲôӵñƽʱöٶ˹Ľųȥһ˷ֱƮˡ Ү˹Ȼ㣬Ҫ·ĹҪȫóϣˡ˷ܵ˵ ˵ô硣һߵ̲סˮ˹Ǳ̬ôչȥġ ٴγأ΢Цŵ˹Ҳڱƽʱͺܶλÿٵƽ˹ȥ ˣŵ룺ҪӲƴˣ ŤͻȻڿͣסٵתȻǰ˹ȥĽ˹̨վӣٵػعȥûˣôŵȫĶеĽɿ߽ ˣü룺ϲƴҪǶֻ˵Ļ һ̨ϵ˹ѵô뱻ɱˣ滹أҪһղסֵĻС櫻һӰɣƮɵ˹ڿлӳ˼䵽̨¡ ʤŲеҵ̨ҵʤ߻ҪˣǼзĻһɥ롣 лл㣬˹һ亹櫳Ͽҵ߹˹˵ οʧһ£Ȼȫͬ ߣãȡЦŮŤ Ҳ֪˸ղҪʵսлʲôˡֽѵŴͷɥأôƴĻҪܵˣҪ֤ԼǻģȻôȥ뱣ˣ ǣعԹԵػشͬʱ͵͵һ߶סԼ櫣ô죿ӲͷƤԼ߹Ůصȴżʹ أԺҪôϧԼˣòãŮпĿ⣬·𱻴һ㣬ʵĵͷұ֤Ժ󲻻ˡ أˣԱߵ̲סп ڶ19ض26Űգ Ͱءȶ׼ϳ˵ģҲᱻŮԻסġŴŭɬؿԼȣ̨ ڰ̨ʱ̨˾޴ĻգͰ Ϊ͵˺ܶأЦŶԶŮ˵ 㺦ˣȻôĻش ôܣһʲҿһȺ˵ļԶԶȲĳ˶ҵ֧֡ô˵̨µȵͷô Ҳ˽˼ĮŮ˵ 㲻˽ģˣ˵ϻˣǿʼɡ Ѹ͵һƿİ΢ŷ֡ΪʲôȫԻ󣿼ʹֿܵסҵĻþħұ书ҲźǿҵΪʲôȫΪǸʦҲǣҲǡ ɻŵŮϦһԾϦĳ£һһŮƮҶУĵˣ̨µȺȫˡһµؿٵѹľżѣôŵ꿳һӭŮɻȥ ص־ǿ̾ȻܲôĻԻס ⲻ֡һߵֻش𡣡ղŵ龰 ֣ܾʲôطԣое㲻Эŵ૵˵ ǵġϣ˿ǻش𡣡ûû취Χںһ𡣡 ô죿˵İԻҵȲѵҾֻˮ׼нٶͻȻӿ죬ٿܲٶȡʤػֲŲһᣬܿ˵Ľһ˰ա ҵٶȿһ㣬ûãȫشôŮ˿ȥֻܵȴ¶ˡ ̫ˡֶϣ˿˵ôˮƽƽȵķӣǲгӣҪأǲнġ ǰϣ˿ǻش𡣡ôʲô ֻǾ¶ѡֻæ ǿսˡôŵеĵһǿҵķտȥڽڰ˵İڱ̨ȥʤͬʱվ̨ϵʤ߱ ̨İվֱߵǰ棬ܸһ Ľҿ飬Ҳģ㲻Լ͸Ͷ뵽ȥǲսʤǵġ 飿ģʲôô뽣 СʱܵʲôεһܻѵǸӦ֪ôܰѻεӳôŵشҲܰ㣬ֻܿԼˡ Ŷôȥ֣ Ҳܰ㡣һ ܰң˵Ƕʵ ֻпܣһܳɹ ܱûнáôشŮת˿ȥ뵽취ȥҺˡ Ƕֵ𣿡̾˿ ֪귨ʦش𡣡֪ǣȥһʧܣԿ и⣬书Ը˻պͣԸħ޺ħͲʺˡ뿼ԵʱûԸһɣҪ취أȻᶼûˡ һᴦġǶش𣬡ǾΪףɡ 



ڰ˽

       ʼ14أ19ϳŲеĻ櫺ȷֱߵغصǰСģˡһĻŮ˵һߵ˹̲סЦ˵εʺеñˡ˵껰յŭĿ⡣أҲ˹һ飬ýҵʽվ̨ϵ˵ ֪ҲӦִ򷨵ġ ǾͺãŲеĿʼͻһȥ񿪿ĵػһѸ˿ ˹ǿƺٶû˹죬ҲȲ˹һÿٵĹţӵҵĶáôŵٵĽӽأѸٴ̳ڶԷ뷴ǿи񵲵ʱ򣬿ٰѽջ˿ ڵƶ΢̨µ˵زþƾôչȥģͿôֲԼٶȺͲϵˡ ˿յͣĽȻ죬ӦҪ鷳Ĳ̫죬ֲܺĥʱ䡣취ĽŲƶſԡ УĻƹ⣬еĵڿзţݺĶڿдһǿ磬Ϯȥ 絶̨¹ۿ׶룬ôĵʲôԼҲӦ֪صٶȣܿеİѵбͼ صӰڶпٵصĵѵ濳õǵۣͬʱ̨ıҲڲͣССʯҵɢڵϡ ԭˣ׶ٵ룬ǽ˰ҪʱעµٶȱȼòӲӶ濳ĵ⡣ ذѾˣʤĹؼͿֵܼܲõʱˡֶŮ˵̫ţֻһѡ ôȥҲŵ룬Ҳһֵܼʱ䣡 ͻȻϵĶҲŨ͹ƽĵֱزƽˡͼؼԼͬʱеĵҲŸĹʹذжת뵽ķ սеͻȻϿʼ䣬Ҳе㲻ˡˣĶʼˣĽˡ ֵ嵶˿ˣҺĲ죬ټһҾҪˡôŵͻȻضеѩĵźķԼ һþȫһȴһᣬϺ͵겻һߵȥ ϵˣŵ˹ȫĶһȭ޷ֻȫһһ죬߷ȥصȫ÷飬еĽҲղסµ˺Ŭذе¡ʱûսˣֻҪվסٹȥһȭͿԣ ˵̨ߵס壬˫׼ǰһˣ櫱˫۾ һؿ˵̨סطʱص˵ϡֳ˶סˡ ʤò˼е̨µ¶εЦݡ Ү˵һѱס㱵߻أͻȻһ߿ֵǣεطſֻ֣̫ˡ ֪˹ùǻش ȥŮڱͨ죬ͷ Բʧˡز˼ߵȵߡ ûϵ㲻˾ͺáŮʦؿԼѡ ڹԱά̨ͬʱȥʲô˹һߣ櫺شչȥ͵ֻ˵ûӦ ûϵǿԺѹֻҪ˵վͿԣ˭Ӯأ𡣡 ʲôɻŮ գ£е¡վİմк ʲô£߹İʡ Ҳ֪ѧԺǿ˲μӱ ֪ǻûֵʸ񡣡 ǵģû֣ĸأ ĸ ԣǰսӦȫ֡ Ը𣿡 ӦͺãǱ𡣡 Ŷϳ֣ҿԺֿ ص˹ϯ̨Ժ˵ʲôʲôԺȤص˵ͷϡ ڣ͹ƽ̨汻ŪƽˣĸԺ̨ ҵĺǣıڽˡվĸӣƾԼʵǻۺ콱̨ʧܵĺӲҪģҲֻãʵ΢еѣֻҪټŬ´վҲͻǣڰ佱֮ǰӦߵҪҪһССıݣ Ժʲǫ̂µĹ̲ס۷׷ףǰûʲôݰ һԺ˵Ҳǲ֪ǿĺӲûвμӣڣ̨ϵĸսͬѧ̨ ̨һƬž˵Ŀⶼϣ˿ǵ֡ ⼸һѵƽʱòεֿߵϣ˿ǡ ȥɣ֡ϣ˿ؿߵꡣ пܱǴŶ ģǲġŮض˵һ̨ ڣųβУŵԺ̨ѱϵ˫ʿų˰ұܺѽ˵껰ߵһߣѳֵıýվĸ˵ǰ棬ɣ ĵŲͬâӰӴӲͬķϮȥһȫҫ۵Ľɫâе˫׵ĵӰӴɫĵӰ׻һɢ ̫ǿˣֵסɵ롣 ɫĹâһ£İշȥãȫպȥͬʱҲɿغˡһ죬˺ǿһʹͣ˴ϢĽɫâסǡ ̫ǿˣʵ̫ĻᶼûУʲôıûãǳ飬ֻǿֶܼöѣ ִ̫ǿˣ櫿ֶǺҼѣսʸûУ治İ ̨ϵǵֿ׵ĺһ㣬һˣ𽥽ӽ̨ߡڿʼᵽ׽ľˡΪеʿųο롣 ڣһƬĽУĵĹâǫ̨̈̄ϵ˫ǰȫ˸ŲõĽ⣬ݵДһ㡣̨һƬž̧ͷߵϣ˿ǡֻ۵ ȫˮ׼Ⱥйۿŵ׶ٺ³˫΢΢Լıһ죬Ҫվǰ˵źţ֮ǰҪȰսĸһ򵹣 ˺ϵĹâȥʱˣ һСʱ20ӡʿų˫֣ͬʱش ôˡֵĻ̨µȫˣһСʱսᰴ˵ʧܣ ԼҪ̫ߡʿųº͵˵㸸Ͷһˮ׼ ҪŬش˵ֻгԽҲܳΪĽ úӡݰּϣ㲻㸸׵ĽҲнʿĽ ݰһöɫѫ´óؿڣ̻ʺԺɫվ ʥʿųݣʿЭƼֲμĽʥԣ֤ ֲͬμӡԺػش𣬡ǽһ׼֣ϣܳΪʷĽʥ ˵ľ̾У̨ϵλ˸񣺡ģҲṼǵ Բ𡣡ӭϣ˿˵ˡ ûϵŮħʦػش𣺡ӮˣԶĽ ڣĴˣǣ۵ģǻǣǱΪ¹ػ֮֡һ£ǶΪĳԼʵʱʧܣħըߣԽ֣һ꼶ѧϰ 




-- --




һ

       ǩ̹Ⱥк¼λУҽر˹֣ϣ˿ǣأغ櫣 ôǣβֻ֪õʲôöأ˷ܵһһŴ߽УҡУеࣺ櫣ԲμӣֱӸͨ ΪʲôŮɻʣѵΪ̫ΣҵԲȥ𣿡 ܷǳΣգһ˾Ҳܻͷˡ ΪʲôҪμӣǲǺΣ𣿡 вòμӵɡûСϵҵˣ˳Ļ·Ҳǿܵġ ǶһǵòμӲ𣿡ŮãȻؿΧǡ ǵġϣ˿ǵĻش˶˵ͷ Ҳȥ һ˾Ͳܻͷˡпļ˴ѣ ҪҲμӾûκ£ Ҳɣǻô񡣡 ڲ˳̫ˡŻ߽һˡҴ֪ʲôйأ櫺ǹϵôã˳һǳɹ˻ǲŹǰɡ ϰ֣ôˣ櫸˵˽֮ʥĻ Ϊ˿һ֡˭нʥô٣Ƽ˺͸ƫƫֶǣҪʥ֣ѡϰడ 櫿ܻΣգԺ˵Ļ ֪׵ָŮͷǲҲȥһ£һӲİɣ ô¡Ժ˵λŮϣ˿ǵ£֪ģλز˹Ǵغǳļ̳ߡ ǵݶô߹󣡡ܵŵһȴϣ˿ǱڻɵѾͷһϣ˿ǽ㣬ҲһֳԺ㾡۸ǣ ΪʲôҲҪȥ ϣ˿ǲ˼˵Ҹѧ ˣԹԺһ˵εǰѱµһ͵Ԥ߿ϣҰԹҵԤûʱпܻᣬҪСġ ǣػش˳ȥ ΪʲôҪأԺߵˡ ʱ߶ǲܵİɣ֮ʥش𣺡ҸϲڵĹһ㡣 ߵУŵͻȻŮ͸Ƕεʲôȥ׽һֻᡣǶش ԤԼҿס³˹Ϊ˱˵ĴҪ˶Ҫ飬һ˲μӣĿģԵҪȥ Һһ顣˵ Ϊʲô㲻Ůأأ˹Ɐ˵ ΪȲܻ޸һŮػش ݷÿġòضԿ˵ ϹءóһǩԼһ ǩһĺţ߰ɣϣ˿ǡ˵Żִϣ˿ĺţſڻͷͬ˵ڼ͡ ġ櫻ش صĴֺϣ˿Ǳϣڰ˵ӰŹϣ˿Ƿȫûһħ зħ硣Ůߵ˵ Ǳ뿪ߡ š˵ŻӻóһСѣţͬʱ淢Ƭ֨֨һȺӰ˹ Ѫ𣡡Ůס֣òеĽڿĵȫڵأǣӸԶ˴Ƭ ѪǾѵģйķ򹥻ֻСʱϣ˿ǣ鷳סѡŮ÷ס˻ѣһֻץס½ǡ ʧˡô˵ŵһסŮٵǰȥ⧲Ůߺȴ῿ꡣ ڴ!ڿֻѪ,΢΢ɿ֡ǰѾ⣬ǾҪ߳ͨˡɫδʵŮͷĬĬظ ͻȻͨߵǽڿٵм£ּæ˫һ֣סǽڡϣ˿ǣϿͨ ٵߵǰŮͷǽ֧֮ŵꡣִ磬ô죿 ûϵһסȥҿʦȥǳҡ Ůᶨҡͷǲܱǿģ ŵһʯŮᵽǽ֮俨סǽֳϣ˿һᣬ޴ʯ˿̫ˣ̧ô죿ΪʲôôûãŮǽ֣֮зỨ 



ڶ

       ŶǺǺǡտķͻȻһϵЦ ˭ŵŮŵ鿴ȴʲôҲûз֡ 
˭Ҫ.ֵش𣬡벻ͬ飿 
а취Ůϲʡ 
㿴ұߵǽпе͹ʯͷÿһأǻǽͻ˻ԭλˡ 
ģϲŮǽȥ 
ţΪʲôҪĻǽеʵ 
Ų㣬ȻҲټְСʱͬϵü𣿡 
⻰ϣ˿ǿٵߵǽߣԥÿʯͷһ˴̵ˣ淢ҩζ 
˹ҩˮߵ룬ĸ쵰ʹоҩͿ棡ǲ˶Ǹأ 
ԥϣ˿ҧҧ촽ŵϣ۾һգɫѪŮ˳ʹŮǽס֣絶ʵڸоѹһɵʱϿٵȥ 
̲סʹϣ˿һɣص˻ȥʱֻûгֱͨм䡣 
ִ磬Բ........Ůְأһᶥס 
ϣ˿ǣʹֽеǳȥǰɣᶨҡͷŮְѪס֣˳ 
ɵϣְŮ˽յ۾ߵ꣬ɿ֣ڳˣ 
ŮЦݵĿԼʹóҩͲϸΪŮͨˣֵп˵ҵȴǵİݷá 
Ҫ磬ôϣ˿ǾͿʹħΪԼˣΪʹŮֽ롣ͻȻһѱϣ˿ǣõĽɫâٶȥ 
ϵϣ˿ǴһȻĵر۾ͷ῿ֵţȻϴʹʱŮȴϣͨԽԽãûоͷڣŮоԼ¡Դ۾ϣ˿Сĵؽ⿪󣬰ɫĹâ˵֡أ˿ʧˡֿܣһҲ 
ȵġ 
ãŮΪԼľеο 
Ѿ˰Сʱˣӣضߵ˵ŨŨĺΧߣֻǿõǰߵ· 
ˣҪ 
Уرػش𣬡һǰиô죿·ҪСġҿɲԼһ߳ȥǳЦ 
ߣ컹ӲŮװߵŤͷ˵롣 
һСʱˣ̲סŮԹ͸սʱȫһһ·ʲôûУǰ𣿡 
Ĭ˽һߵĵƼܿϡ˼ǰߣǰͻȻͣסˣ˳Ŀ⿴ȥ櫿һ˵ĵƼܡ 
ôܣŮһֱǰߵİ 
һԣתͷȥ櫽󣬹һᣬԼֱ߷һϵĵƼܡ 
һֱͬһ·ߣô£κη߶· 
𼱣ҲˣҿϵƼܣǰͷǰĵƼܿˡ 
˼ǰߣֱ߷ֱ˵ĵƼܡ 
ˣ櫾˵ôߣڹ̶ľбϵĵƼܣһͬһ·ߣ 
Ȼ˶һѾϵĵƼܣϿڴɢĺڰϢתĬĬǰţһᣬϵģǰ˱ٴοϵĵƼܣϿɢĺڰϢ 
ˣŮᣬҪһˣ㿴ϿһڵϵصƼܵλöһҲֵطһӰ 
ȻĬŵ˵ϵصƼܡ 
Ͽڵ״λöһҶϿڶкڰϢѵ.......ΪʲôܾòأҲû˵ħŮ϶ﲻԣҪͬһεطߵĻΪʲôôߣ߲سأ 
쵰˹Ŷħˣ˭ֱ̬˰ȫģ¶ԷĶʲôճ 
Ȼɣվں˵һӲƴܳԿġ 
ȻǸˣ൱ɣȫģ¶ԷĹӲƴĻܻȲҲˡ˹΢˵ 
ţҪ˺Լ˺ֻöԶ̹ǵ濳ϣȻҲˡǸˣҪöǲװس˵ط̫СһϣȻԿһģ˭





       ԿԶĵֿ˵ŻȥտһҲͬĶһһ΢΢˻Σϳһ׺ۡ С˻˵Ǿħӻģǿֻģ¶ģ 
Ǿͺðˡ˹˵ˡ 
֪ػش𣬡Ȱѵϵʯذÿ 
ŵ棬Ҳģš 
ֻģˡؿ˿˵һڵĻֻһ롣ˡ˵껰ԶԶ˿ 
ǵġ˹رԹţڿĵطһ飬ذʯῪˡ 
վϵؿŶҲվϵˣĬĬһվšͻȻ˽µĵѿһӣȥ˿·.ҵ뿴ô 
ڵ˿Ⱥֺϣ˿ǣŮڱǲױ 
Ƕûִ磬ڿҿ޹ɡ 
ȶ׼߳˶˸ɫ˻ȥº͵˵ţȫˡ 
ǾͺãȻ֪ôȡЦء 
Ǹ𣿡ŵͨ룺Ϊʲôأ 
˴Ŷʮӣװճӳͨ 
櫣ðϵħ𣿡˼ŵ̧ͷſŮ 
ʲôŮֹͣ˿һ㡣 
ø 
ɻŮһᣬһɫı 
ȻָоԼĶȽϣǼһﻹǸְ 
櫣ˣûߴ·ҲԶһ·Ǽ߰ɡ 
صĻŮϲ̧ͷģô֪ģ 
ȻܰпŪķֺǣڶģ²˵ģֻðħ棬֮仹вġ 
𣿡ŮȻɵʣ㲻ڰοҰɡ 
ټ֪ˡ 
ڣСʱ֮ǰ⡣ 
 ϣ˿ǽ㣡Ů˽ϣ˿ǵĻҶΪˣ 
ϣ˿櫵ͷⲻûˣ¡ 
ͻȻۼŮʦ۽ǵۣôˣѵ۸ˣ 
ǵ......֧֧ػش𣬡֮ûʲô 
ˣ˵ˣǽȥɡֿ櫲˵ԭҲ׷ʣߵļ˵ 
šϣ˿ǵĻش߽ǰ注ŵĴš 
ӭλĹ١һϵʸλٺкιɣ 
ǿʦֹʡ 
ǵģҾǿʲôʦֻһͷˡ 
ʦҷ׵ԤԹҵδվһߵϣ˿һſ˵ 
Ŷλ....ɻʵ 
λǵŮϣ˿ǵ¡վһߵؽܵ 
Ǳµ𣿿ϧֻʧˡ˻ش𣬡ǰһԤзģħɣѾʧȥԤԵ 
Ŵǣʦ̾˿ʵԤֻǸָһõԤԵǲŬһաҲǰһˣҾ͸»طŰɡ 
˵껰Ŀʦдһţŷãݸϣ˿ǡȥҵ㸸˵ţӦˡ 
ǡԴʧϣ˿΢΢˫ֽӹš 
Ǽ߳ŵʱ˵һ˲ĸ֣ҪСġ 
׼𣿡ڼ߳³˹ǵʱԵǡôǻȥɡ·ϻкܶΣգҪСˣ 
𣿡һС۾ߵˡ 
ǵģǡߵ˻ش 
Ǹ꿴൱ǿǻȥǰɡ 
ǣҾȥͨӳ 
šС۾˵ȥˣ˵һǰߵĲݴ 
ǣ 
ʲôӳȥһ󺺽еּȥܲ˷𣿸㲻û˷Ĵ󺺴ʣµ£ٵ߳ȥ 
ˬ紵һˣУ櫸˵һһ߰·ϵСʯͷ߽ˮĺϷһˮ 
ͣ£ضߵ˵ǰһûУп 
Ϊʲô櫺ʡ 
ּںӦ洦ģǰһûУ˵ʲôѳˡ 
Ŷô죿ȥͻϮǣ 
ãžķΧԷӦкüˣϢˣӦöǺ֣ӲƴҲˣȸһˡ櫣ü۵ 
óְϢĵطһӣߣһֵķȥ 
һҵĿһСӣץҪǺÿ 
ӳϵʱֻںϴ۾һˡ 
ãС۾ĶӳԸ˵ǵǱȥˣ׷



Ľ

       ԶӰΧ˲ãԷʮңϣ˿׼һܰϢڸǵħȥӣأÿͶ棬˹Źϣ˿ǣȻڸǺõزĵطħ塣 ʲôأִ硣 
㰡Ȼϣ˿һİȫͿˡ 
šŮ˵ͷҪϣ˿ǽħڸһϢǵ˲ͻᷢ𣿡 
ҪǷ˵Ƭطֻˣϣ˿ǵİȫͰˡ 
ӳҾǻǱ׷ȥĺáǸ൱ǿţǽȥѲΣյġ 
Ҳе㱾£ͻصˮ׼ͣҲ·ϲõǼˣֱ 
ôֻˮ׼𣿡ӳ룬ǶӳѾŭͷˣȥǲܵġ 
˹·˹ʱ׼ԮͶӳһ飬һעֵ̫ˣֵҪʱ֪ͨͬ顣 
³һӾСӳ 
ŵͣӳǱߵħǳ֣оһϢ 
⻰Ķӳ۾һΪڸԼϢ̫ˡСǱ߿£ 
ͬʱ³ҲͨħϢ쳣ȻܿӳǾͲӦҲͬĴҲǸ塣 
뵽³עܣౣǸ塣 
и壡ӳ档 
Сӣ治֪ǵıؾ֮·塣ϧ̫ˣȻñǰãǻǲŵĶӳָӵȥ˷ɢעⱣ 
Сĵؽ˿ת˵ʲôʱ򣬵ðһ̣ס˵һͷԵˡ 
쵰ӳͨ滹˸ħ壬һͨħͷȻôõ壬Ϊʲô·ϲó 
뵽Ķӳͷð亹Сģ 
»ûӦһ֧Ӳ͸һ˵ͷͬʱԶһõĽҲǳ˹ 
˹ȥ֧ԮǱߣӳ˷˹ 
ӳͻŵºһĺˡ 
ôôǿȵ룬ﵽп 
ôŵ˶һɫŸոշİħվţ׼ӭֵһͻȻʣ·Լؿðһν⣬Ų˼鵹ȥ 
ĪĶӳֻ߳һĺ꣬ħЧԵϲʵȥ˵ 
Ҳȥ֧ԮأｻҾͺã 
ÿһ۹⿴˿ð亹Ķӳֵһȥ 
ӳˣҽе³жϡѡӳĿ꣬Ҫϵ˲ſԣǿˡǾ˵Ƭˡǹȥ 
Ƕӳô죿 
ȥѾˣҶԷܻ·ϻֻҪץסһˣͿԱǽԤԣ񡣡 
ǣػشϢķȥ 
һͻȻӵðĵ⣬³ǼǰӦֻŮ赲ǣ 
Ŷ˹ĵĵˣ櫵ֽס΢΢ 
̫ţ櫡ֻ֪Ƭǵľλǲֻ֪ҪøһͻٿԴһˡ˵껰ϣ˿ͻȻʧķˡ 
Ǳˣ櫽ŵĺСĵķ£ 
˽ӽλõʱ˸о洫ȵϢ 
Ǳзʦôŵ˿תϣ˿ǵķ 
ûᣡŬԼĺȫһһ˱ȥһҽУһ˱ش̴е˷һ͵ϮԼ˴ȥŵŮ͵һǿ˵һ 
ŮŴýԼķؿڿ˸ѪԼĽҲͣصѪ 
ɱˣŮԺкţûҲ˲һߵĵˣŵŻ¡ 
ԭŵ䱸ĵ˿櫵ķӦͷϲǵһɱˣץסĺûᣡ 
ôŵһ櫵ļȥӰһ˵ĵ˺ϣͬʱɫĽҲ̽ʺ 
ӳ!ĿӳһУ˽Ҫ塣 
!ԡѪսĶӳºһҲ!ǿ!ҪϢȥ 
˵Ķӳһ̴ţ˿˲õĽٵԼƮ 
˶ӳĲҽ³һҷֻһˣ 
ɫĹâƶ³ЦһһȫĹâ 
׼ŵ˹Ϊʲôܣһô˵ע⣿ 
ֿ˹رֱƵòͣǵķˣֻûͷ߳ŽɫĹâԼսе³󺰣˹ǿܣҪŻȥ棡 
ǳɫ˰ԼܵĻҲҪ¡Һǵ˵Ķӳôŵֿɢֻýˣ 
ŵ³һ˹أȫһȥŷ˹ĵˣȫõĹâһǰӳһĹâǰ³ȥе³ȥǿվȡ 
֮Уڽʥؼ£һʲôźģЦߴ¡ 
櫣ûˡڵϱ߿ޱŻµŮ̧ͷվԼǰ̲ס˽ 
أɱˣҺ£ 
£ѾȥˡŮͷްɡһͻúܶࡣ 
˿ʩһħϣ˿Ǻͺһ˿ֻӵŵˡ 
£ΪʲôɵȥִôΣյ񣿡Ĺ͢ʦʵ 
ֻԼŵùȥпţȥĿĲֻȥȡԤԣҪ·Ǿζ...... 
ĶѾԵؿǵͼ˰ 
һ֤ʵһ£ҪǣҸȥԤԣֻҪǽĶӦ֪Ԥʲôˡǣ˹ɵϻǻ˷İɡ̾ţǵһսǿиͬ飬񣬰





       Ŷ⻩ŵĴ꣬Ƕ̲סɧʲôطһݶûУô𣿡 Įؿһ۷ɧ꣬תͷɫڣڰŴأ겢ûͣ˼źڰԼ¤˼صСʱСݣس 
ŮĺͻȻóǶгɻ󡣡ﲢûгʲôΪʲôܵôصӰ죿 
˿ԶغӰڱ仯ֻɫѵ......ôŵķʦһ 
ʲô 
ʵǶش𣺡ģħ 
ŶŮĮػشȴţûôħİѵ֪ºڣôܣ 
յĺָ¶΢΢Цݡ 
ſ˫۵İտ⣬վֻԼû˯ôĹϵĽߵǶߣ׼˯ķʦſǽ˯˵ķʦƣɫŮȻֹͣ˽Ų 
ôˣֵ룬ϺܿΪԼҵɣϢĻͲܺܺõطӣǵӰ졣ʱȱˡ˵ԼŮܾԼʲôͷ 
۾ķʦõ⣬гɻ󡣡ΪʲôأǶؿԶŮһۡ 
ǾͳԵ㶫Ǿͳһ䵭Ŀ˵ 
ǺҲôŵǶһˮ򣬴æĨһ˼ڸ 
ǳɡʦŮ˵ 
ݴ˵˵ǱĶѨˡվһɽǰǶߵİ˵ 
ŶشŵŮ洳 
ýȥˣѣֻϢĵϿ϶ȫǱ飬սǲ 
ᶼ£ 
Ǹҵǲ¡ʦôش𣬡Ҫ׽ɱοиʡİ취¡ 
˯ѵıͻȻŵڴһ˵ɻĹųڵķŹʲôеֱ˱ƽǷǳΣյģ֪ǲڹʲôƭԼȥԡ 
ħǶоһħ𽥿Լ 
ˣʦôšٲƻ 
ԶԶؿȥȻվŮ˵˼仰˿ȥʲôĵصȺŵĹȵȫоϢСĵ˳ȥŹһ顣 
׼ȥʱ򣬹ͻȻȫ飬˻ΣһͷԵڵϡͬʱҵÿռħ˲ƵɽµǶһҩ 
㾹ȻԼҩƭĹŮǶ˵ͷβһҾʲôã 
еġǶЦеػش𣬡ҪʵƻιҽҩҪѱ鵹Ĺɽÿ㣬ʵڿǼһ 
׾ӵĽڡȥɽҼҲЩ°ɡôŵŮҴǶĻԣתɽȥ 
Ӷĸ˿һһֻħżķʦԼæվʲôɣ 
ͼ˺һֻ˵ħѧԺȥ 
õģȥѰ֡شŵĸ˱߱룺ǣλʦҲ̫˰ɡ 
ȥɱˣ׵Ĵ󺺺ʧܾȻ 
ˡһߵķʦȰҪȫսǾͲ֪Էʵˡ٣ԷȫܺڰħӰ鱨ǳҪ 
ṩҪ鱨ķһΣȥ 
лˣվ̨µ˵ͷĬĬ˳ȥΧ˶ǱͬĿ⡣ 
˹վһµ Ҫ֪ԤԵĽͲҪȥᣡ 
ˡߵ˰οѾˣҲõЩõ鱨ƱҪ׼ˣҲüӿ׼ſԡ 
ˡº͵ض˵ȻʦѾʧȥԤҲûа취Ȼҿддʲôɡ櫣أлǵİȫԲġ 
Ӧģ¡شŵؿ㲵櫣аģҲմȾѪˣ 
˴ʦţֻдһд֣Ϊ 
Ŷ˼šˣغǳ 
Ȼû֪δķҲֻԼˡǰÿ궼͵͵ǵʳͽǮ𣿡 
ڵģ¡ 
Ǿͺãǿʼִмƻɡ 
½585꣬幫йҪཻһɵĽǮʳʵ⡣ 
Ů鿪ˮһԤʾôŵĽ̻ʷݣ˵⼸ط顣 
ǣʿųػش˳ȥ




-- --




һ

       ϰ֣ʹѧԺգ۾ŮԼĸס ǰ֮ʥش𡣡þûˣȥμӴʦԣһؼҲû 
شŮʻ˶ߵ˵֣ڵʵӦڹ벻֮䣬Ҹط 
ǵġشҴȥ 
ððҲȥ뿴櫸˵ض˵ 
ţҶȥɡº͵˵ϣ˿˵ίУҪ;Ѳص·Ҫʱ䡣 
ûϵŮػش𣬡͵κˣ 
Ưһʯֵظţϧ̫ˡ 
ȻôϲǾ°ɡһߵϣ˿˵ 
á櫻ش𡣡ϻǵǮѾܲ˼ˣֶ...... 
Ŷôشŵϣ˿Ҳ֣һߵؿһۣĿתϣƺĺ櫺أ 
ϰ壬ˡӲ˵Ǯϰ屨ĿԼİ 
һȣϣ˿˵۸̫˰ɣ㿴طбĺۼʯСĲһ...... 
￳۵Ĺ¶޿κεЦݡ 
ȱǵǮ𣿡 
ǰõһְɡֻش𣬡οΪʡǮĽڣأȻһ 
Ҳǡػش 
˫ϰ忪һǮϳɽ͸㡣 
лл˵Ůӹڲϣ¶õЦݣÿ𣿡 
ÿ 
أôǮ˹Ůɻʡ 
...... 
Ҹ׸ġزΪҸװнˮÿֶģ࣬ǺܽԼôǮŶϣ˿ǴصĻ 
ԺôĶˣء 
Ŷش 
ŮС̯ɨʱԶһ 
ףվȥ 
ϲְµƢҲû䡣ôŵ˸ȥ 
Сû˰һ˰չٷŵϵˡ겻񣬺簡 
ˣ޼......ʵòĸ,޶....... 
ٷϻҹʲôˣֻ㣬ڽǲĻ̯˸ߣ 
Ҫڵϵ̧ͷͽ 
ס֣ȥһ˰ǰ棬ôԱˣ 
СѾͷ˰ٿǰСŮ£ŻĳȻҾԽҹץ 
С㡣ڵϵ˵лĺˡ㻹߰ɣȻᱻ۵ġ 
УǿŮ˵ȻҹˣҪܵף 
ִ磬Ϊʲôֹ櫣֪......һߵϣ˿š 
Щ飬ҪŻ֪Ȼô˵ŵġָпǰһμҲŵİɡ 
֪ôСѾͷ׷ǹʣôΪʲôΪûǮ˰𣿡˰ڵ˵Ȱ߿ִй񣡡 
ǻûͬģôһˣ 
ͬģ˰֮ԱǣȲ˵ǲҪ겻˭ǣʱǲǻվǰΪǳͷ˵ǿ˰٣ǾͲҪԷ֪ķϣǲ׷ÿ 
ƫҪܣߵŮеǷǵ˰Ǻˣ 
ŮŵϵˣǷ˶٣ 
ʮ 
㣡Ůʮ˰ٵ㻹ʲô˵ 
ûС˰ٴżЦݣĴž֪ǮҲ£Ǹ˰ֵǣߣ 
ߣ˵˰٣Ůһŵϵ˵ģȥ㶫˰ɡ 
лС㡣ϵ˼ѵ 
ÿŮ߻ػߣǻȥɣִ硣 
ŮתʱȫûзղΧ۵Ƕÿ׳һ۹⿴ 
·ϺŸ裬첽ͬǰ档ͻȻŮһӰԼֱӰƺԼǰˣæŬͣסŲȴ޷ȫסԼۿҪڵϡ櫼æһѷסˣԭǸĺӡ 
Բ𡣡סĺ˵ʵ̫Сˡ 
ûϵŮش𣬡Ժ·Сĵ㡣 
ǣлл㡣ӻ֣ôټ



ڶ

       ټ֮ǰȰ͵Ķһץס׼߿ĺӡ 櫾ȵĿУִӺóŮǮ 
С͵櫷ŭؽôСͲѧãôѵ㣡 
㣬Բ𡣡С͵ﷺỨҼ̫ˣûдˣҲû취Ժһˡ 
ĺӡͬķĵŮѵǰС͵ңҪô죿Ǯ㣬ԺѧգôΣյˡ 
šС͵ӹǮã㡣Ժ˭Ȣһĸ 
ȥСС;ô컬࣡櫺ţԺˡ 
ǡͷĺӿ첽߿һֹϣ˿ǿֵ񣬵˵ͷ΢΢⣬һš 
ˣ櫣ҴȥЩС̯˵Ů˵ 
ʲô 
㿴֪ˡϣ˿ǣ鷳· 
õġϣ˿ǻش 
ǰ档ϣ˿ָǰһСԥؿԼĳȹ 
Ǵ櫽ȥɡס𷢳 
ǡͷ߽С 
Сʲôջ񣿡һʵ 
õù͵ʱץˣһ飬˸ѻɻȥ͵ĸŮӻǸȻˣǮұѧ 
Ůסѣס櫵֣ҡҡͷ 
ԺѧգôΣյˡ͵ĺѧ櫵ǻ˵ޣʵʵѧգƴƴ͵ôǮڵοڵ˭ǣһгкȣżƭѰ׳գá 
ô˵ͲˡѵԼھ͵հӦûش𣬡㣬Ѿһˣ㵣ġ 
ɫԽԽѿ櫣ᶯ½Ų̸ЦŵС͵ֹͣ졣 
ˣǿ߰ɡ 
ãȥԣ 
˵ˣ׵ôǮ϶ҪȻǺܶԲԼ˵ŻС͵ǿ߳С 
Ƕ֪İɣ֪ǸСƭӣȴû˸ңǶڿҵЦỨŮΧˡ 
ǲ뿴Ц櫡侲ػش𡣡ʱǼʹҲỳɵİɡҲ˵Ƕɣûʲôġ㿴Щ飬ֻ֪粻ԺҪֿʱֻչˣ㻹֪ЩԺͻѹѧѧѰÿ˶ᱻĺĸжġⷭŮͷһԡ 
ȥԷɡ櫣ֵ͵͵̾˿ 
·гʱͬɨһ󲻳˳ȥһ˿һϹڵϣһõ٣ǰһ룬żﶪһ׼ǰȥͻȻͣסŲԥؿ֡ 
ǸϹӣɶҲԿĺֶ˵㿴Щ£ʱΪʧȥģ֪˻ñ˵ĺƭҪע⡣ 
Ҹôô֪˭Ҫ 
شСߣԺʱ˵ͺáʵڲֱˣƭ㡣 
˵ŻͻȻϵǸ˰ٳǰ 
ιͷպǲԵģӰݡΥ˹涨ү 
......ŵ˰ţҲ֪ʵ...... 
ٷϻǰٰ߻Լ 
εֻñ٣Źȣظ˰˰ȥ 
ߵսȭͷȥ 
šŮסȸȥ 
ͷ֪֪Ĺ涨ʾ°˴ã˰ڵʡ 
ˣ֪...... 
˺ˣ֪ͺáֵ˰ٴ˵ĻǾͿԽʡˡڴүã㵯Ӹ 
......ǡŵ˶ ٣ 
žžž˵ӵ˰ٺǹơôãʲôգ˰ٰԼ´յǮ 
 Ȼ˴ؼңԼס·ԺÿһΣҪгٿ㣡ٺãΥ飬һϳͲ 
......ŵۿ˻ǵᣬ...... 
ҵģûôʱ䡣¬ˣͷңֵܸȥѲߣ 
ʲô˰ŵסԼ˵ִ֪֪й񣿷ܴģ 
ûʲôŮ¶ЦݣҴˣǸˡ 
ˣ˰ٹЦ˳Ա̯ϵĵһ⴮һô˵ҡСѾͷǮûĻȥͷ㻨ν¡ҧ⴮˰ٴһȺ´߿ٵ˹ȥ 
˭֣Ůʵ 
ʥʦһĴ̡شŵϣ˿д𾴣ǸϺˣһ굽ͷ취չˣĽü˹¶Ժξܾ̻ܽ˵벻ĺǡоȲˣǮϲ,˻ͷʹءʱʱЩȼãȻͼֲȥˡǾҪ˲Ǯ





       óԣڳŷһ߳һߺ˵ ԡϣ˿ǹĵضɨʳŮ˵ҭˡ 
С櫣ҪеŮȻСԺûҪ㡣˹Ц˵ 
ҪܣŮһ˹ͷԡ 
أҪҵĶǲҪŮҲһߴȤ 
һĪشֻҪǱ˴ϲͺáΪʲôͻȻ⣿ 
ûʲôػش𣬡ֻĳ˷Ķѡ 
һȺеϻŮôţͷ 
ڳŷͻȻڵİﴫϤĻ 
֣ôͻȻǼֵԷ 
ϵܣұ˰û뵽иѾͷȻҽ˰ҵǮؼҲҪǮǸţǼֵԶ֮ơ 
˵úãǸɱףֱֶǶԵ㣡 
лĽԣǸɣ 
ǽǸ˵ֱƭˣͨվƿţȥһסֹأ櫣ֱ̫ˡ 
ںȵø˵ͻȻűһ߿ϻذһơ 
ʲôеԺš 
Ůּһš 
Ϥ˵תתۣͻȻɱװ 
ҵĽŲһʿ˾¥ 
˭£ͷĶӳʵ 
ˣҡɥӳߡ 
СѾͷ 
 
ãԼˣ֤ȷ䣬ˣߣ 
ţϣ˿ǰַ櫵ļϣֹʿֵŮԭġ 
ʲôԭ֮ʵȸ˵ 
վһ߲ͻȻγ˵һӷˡ 
ܲҾǣСǾܲǴҪͷĶӳ׺ݵ˵γϵĵ 
ûзҲûܣ𣿲ǵܲˣⶫȥͷ˿˵Żذһӳȥ 
ŶЦŵĶӳһֽӹ壬Ȩѹвͨ 
֪ϣ˿º͵˵˹˵Ҳġǲܣֻȥ㱨ˣ 
ȺЩͷӳţǷԸȥ㱨￴סǣ 
һģִｫüͷʡ 
ǵģ书ܸߡ 
õǵ 
ǵġ 
Ŷ......˼ŵĽվȥ㱨 
ǡɻĶӳڽ棬Ǽ˾ʲôݣ 
һŲص˹һȺ߹߽˾¥ڸжӭʿǻ֮,˹ʵܵ 
ʿǵָʾվԶϣ˿ǡ˶˹첽ߵϣ˿ǰ˸񣺡μ¡ӭ¹ٱֵء 
ض˹䡣º͵ػش𣬡һȺ¡ 
лµĿ佱˵˴ܶŹ飬ƺ͵µй......˹Ϊѵ˵ 
ҵѲ򶷡ϣ˿ǻش𡣡˹䣬Ӧô 
£˵һӦ˵˸⳥˵ظ棬ǻýд 
Ŷϣ˿ڵϵһңԼ˵ģ𣿡 
ǡϵңæػش 
Ȼ¹ٱֵأôµҼȥϢһ֮Σ 
ðɡϣ˿΢һ£˵ͷȻȥ׼һСʱԺȥݷá 
ǣٴεͷ˹ʿ˳˾¥ 
ȥɡ˵ϣ˿Ƕ˵ 
ã櫸˵ȴȹһ¡治ϰߣŮرԹ 
ӭ¹ٺ!˲֮!һƱſڵȺ˹˵ 
˹䣬ôֻ˳·ѣ̫Ͳˡϣ˿˵ 
ǣشŵ˹࿪ 
΢Цźܵһ˴кϣ˿һ¡ 
ۣµĽţԺҲμЩдˡΪʦϣ˿ǽ㾹ȻҲܼס˲𰡣 
Ʒصζ˹š 
Ż߽ʦһһֻСӣһһӺһ̵͡ 
ʲôֵ롣 
ȥֵĳʦѺӰù̶ڼϣһʦ𵶣һѺӵͷ͵ȥĺӷҽͣšʦŵĺϣ˿һ˵ǰ棬ã



Ľ

       һĻ櫵ͺһɫס С櫣ҽ̫ưɣôˡ˵껰ϣ˿Ƕ΢Ц˵˼ҵλѲʤҪϢ¡ 
õģأλС㵽ϢȥԼĹܼҷԸ 
أأҲȥչ櫡ϣ˿ǷԸ 
ǣ˹ػش𣬴櫸Źܼ߽˸Ϣҡ 
ȵߺϣ˿ĵһǰӣҨһ׺ԣȥ 
ζϣ˿΢Ц˵Լһ˶ҲãôҺһɡ 
źӵĳʦڵõ϶Ĵ𸴺˿ȥ 
ϣ˿ǽ㾹ȻܳȥϢҿһĻ櫳Ծ˵ 
ܲԣȻǶ˵Ĳءһߵ˵㿴֡ 
õʾ櫿ֵϣ˿ǵϡ 
Լ£Ƶµͻ³ɡ 
Ϊʲôô̵ĲˣŮߵء 
ΪĵˣʳѾˣԻЩ̬İ취Լ˿Ҳ͸סѧγɷҲŰ˵Ӹɣ̾Ϣŵ ˵ʵ׶һҲЩѼӸϵպϣȽԣ߰ѵϷڱŵϺǰȵܲˣֻúȵϣԣȵȡ 
̣˵Ů˵ѵǾͲĳͷԴ顣 
𣿡εЦЦһ˵,ֻд˵дںͳֹǻŵûһûǰʵʵ壬ôЩ̰ĵѱأڲ֪ж˸ˡ˵ֻõʱõĹ߶ѡ 
ΪʲôֹأŮ߷ߵ˵ 
ôֹεؿЦʹǽŹҲһᱻôɱֻܱ֤ԼôѵҪҰѵڱ˲ϱǷĲô 
Ǿôţ 
Ȼô죿 
Ҳ֪ŮƵ˵ĺܲϲ 
ϲԭ򰡣̾Ϣţ˵ˣǻȥ,ڵء 
ڿʼбݣ˻˹ 
һ߽֮ǿ׳ꡣֻףסҪλ 
Ǹ񶷱ʱ䣡ţħʦ𻤱ں˰γ˽ 
ʱΪСʱԻܶԷΪʤСʱ˫δΪʤڿʼ 
£˫Сĵֱƽڣսʿƺ˶Էһȥ⽻У϶˺˿ 
ǵַӲҲûʲôɿİôŵ櫿˿ܣֻǶ۾ؿűеǣ쳤˲ӣ죬ŵؿųڵı 
ЩûļһŮô 
ʱ䵽ͣ֡ϵ˺ָۣߵսʿʤ 
ڹڵĸ͵У˻ţϣ˿ǵķ˸׼¡ 
ţµֵȵͣס˽Ų 
˻ͬʱϣ˿ſ˫֣һƬ͵İ׹סˡڰ׹˵˿ϣֱʧ 
лµĶ䣡λսʿм˵ 
ض񡣡ϣ˿͵˵ǵҲΪԵʡȻ˿ѾˣĵѪһ޷ֲǻϢȥɡ 
ǣֹ˸ȥ 
˹䣬ԶˣֻҪһһȥͺáϣ˿Ƕվſ͵˵ 
ǣ 
ԶԶʻϣ˿ͻȻĶ˵Ҹм仰Ҫת㡣 
кηԸȻŹ͵ƵСʡ 
⼸꣬ڲǰҪڻʳУҪලϵͿɽ 
оâһѵ...... 
пܣϮҲӦ˵ 
ǣ֪ôˡ 
ϳԺϣ˿ǽӹֵݹëſŻֱʲôҲ² 
ƣϣ˿῿ֵļߵ櫣μ𣿡 
һ㲻档櫻ش𣬡ǶóԵ㣬ôÿ˽ô٣ˡ





       ͻȻʲôŮʵЩҲûʶôı侹Ȼܿôרע ǵûʶһߵ˵˶עԲôšڹֶ֮Ĳ 
УȥôʿȰ˵˶ᣬҪϢöָܻ 
Щʿרŵߡ˹˵ܶ඼ǴƶѡģЩǮʤ߻Եõ㽱𣬾ͻкܶӦ 
ôôŮߵؽеñݵôصˣΪԼѰ! 
ʵѾʴˡ˵׹һҪһܽ 
̫ˣ櫽ΪʲôֹΪ 
ôֹ˹ش𣬡˫ȫԸģǿֹĻǷԣƶҲᷴԡ 
Ϊʲô 
ƶ˵ҲǮһ;ңҪǱֺܺõĻĳ˿ϣͷҲûпܡ 
ΪЩֵöԼ𣿡 
㲻˽ƶֻش˵ͻˡʵֱǺö٣ƴΪ±Ϊ 
ԸģŮ 
Ҳǡػش 
......ŮһʱҲɣƵصͷ 
ӭ٣ſڣһݵˣӭϣ˿һˡ 
ӭӡϣ˿Ƕ˸񣬡ִˣҷ˵ѽʽ𽻸 
̫ˣ˸˵˵ֻ˵ˣǻǽȥ˵ɡ 
һһƬӵۿȥȫǺӣţЦţмŽϴĺӵĳİãǶ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣡мʹһĺϳϣ˿ǣ˵ؽ 
𣿡ϣ˿һ߱һСŮһߺͼĺ˵ 
ǿˡǻش 
԰ϣ˿ЦŻش𣬡ǽִ硣 
ϣ˿ǵĻִ˰һɫǹ 
ۣǸ˵ؽȴûһӵϣʹĺӰǹùֵÿӵССֱӾһʹȴСĵ 
ϣ˿ǽԺһǸĸס΢Цںм䴩ŵϣ˿ǣĽ˵ 
ĽԼûеĶ˹һ߷̵ 
ߣܱãŮػش 
̻͆Ůǽе 
Ŷǻķȥһᣬһһ˳ÿһ룬ڰȥŴѽƵƬõǰ棬Сĺ̲סſˮʹĺװͷ𿪡 
ѾԹˡϣ˿΢ЦŶ̴˵ҿʹ趼ûͣҲ˷ǳ԰ɡ 
ǻǺǳ԰ɡ 
ǶԵúܱˣеĺӶػشеĻűãԶԶܿԶȥȥˡ 
ˣ裬ǻǳԵɣȻҲġ뼴ʹҲϳԵġϣ˿Ȱ 
Щ......λ˲֣СĵسȥԶһĻ۾Ҳʪˡ 
ͻȻ櫿Զꡣ 
ʲôˣŮʵ 
ִ˵ġһشͬʱҲ櫵ס...... 
ǰԷߵ櫹еʵǵû˰ɡ 
ллĹģû¡߹ּ̣һ䣬±ô֪ 
ķأǻ𣿡ˣЦʵ 
лĹġķ𾴵ػش𣬡γȥ׬һǮһЩĺǡ 
ҲҪԼ㰡ǹҲͦġﻹֵס 
ˣô˵ػش𣬡ǵҲﳤģھ͵ǸĻرɡ 
ҾͲˡı飬Ǯ˵ǾμӸ񶷱ݣ 
ûе¡ķش𣬡˵𣿡 
ҲǣμôΣյıݡĵͻȻʲôǻûԶɣ͡ 
......һߵ˵ 
˳Բô࣬綼ˡ̻ش 
ҲԹˣҪȥˡˣԺлԴķȸˡػش 
"ô߰ؿ꣬Ժпն 
ǣ裬һ᳣ġشŵ˳ȥ 
ЩӦд˵Ķɡķ˵ǲԼôõĶġ 
ǰػش𣬡ҲǴ˺ʹԹõˣôܺ 
˵ͬʱشӻóӲţһķҲóˡ 
˵ŻͻȻǰվһӡ 
ˣкιɣϳ˶ŵĻԺɻʡ 
ĵӲֶ˵ôȥǰ취ǵ¸ǵƼţǿһȥսʿѧԺͶһȥħѧԺԺõĻиһְٰǰͱҪúܶࡣԸĻ̴˸ǳ֤ǮԸȥĻͰ˾ 
лµĶ䡣˵ϥ£һµĺ 
˵껰վķȥ 
Ժжߵĳɾͣ͵ֱ 
ϧ˵㣬ȻӦʥʿˡֻشϣ˿ǵʡ 
лˣϣ˿ǡ˵̶߽ϣ˿˵ 
벻Ҫôϣ˿ǻش𣬡ˣں쵽ʳʱˡ 
ԶԣҶˡֺǺǵشţװʳ𣿡 
ˣԶĳش 
ǳɣ





       ҲȥҲܰæĵطϣ˿˵ ƶֳŪǵ·ġ 
ûϵġϣ˿ǻش𣬡Ҳҵȥ񡣡 
ǳ......ΪѵؿŶʳ 
ȥ͸ϵ 
ִ磬ȥ·Ȼϸϴˡϣ˿Ƕ˵ 
ŶֻشȫЦ⣬ƭ˰ 
Ҳڰϣ˿Ƥػش 
ٻ·ˣ櫴ԭءֻϣ˿ǻһɫĳȹͷϸӵװҲȫж¡Ůȹͳ΢ƮţݣԶԶȥֱ·ӡվߵֻһɫףŽɫߣݵվŮߡ 
óƶ󣬴һʹ櫲ͣűӡ 
ĹûõĺܶණǴӱ˶ģҲһԲŻôؽ͵ 
֣Ǻûо櫳Ծؿˡ 
ǴСܹѵܼʲôʲôŵʲôװȫ֪ŷϹǣֻǷֱ¶ѡأǰԼ˵ʱӦþֵطϰ˰ɡػش 
̷ʳԶĵطͣ£һ˳ʳж£Ÿƶǣϣ˿ǷԸȥæȻǾ͵ 
˰ĸ̸꣬˵زк 
ţҲæڻشͬʱذһʳ³ڵȵеʳж̴һӣΧ£Աߵ˵ˣźöӣһ 
Ŀ֮£ͻȻĹâŹâţһҲæ 
ȵǿһ͹âӰŮվ̵ԣŮһȫ׵ȫŲõĽɫâ˲ұӡ 
һ̺뿪˵ЩʲôȴŮֹסˡ̴ӹʳˣоһůĹâסԼɲǼȫ͸оࡣ 
һ񼣣ÿʳ˶ô룬ȫŮա 
ħŰһߵȴһ ȻάֺʥػҲǿ£˶ٶȾȻ׷˲ƶ 
ʳһҼҵİݷƶǣº͵ʺǵʱһЩŵСŮսʿһֱ֮أŵʥâŵֻˬȫ 
ڵȵݷ˼ңŮ˸񣬡ˣȸˡ 
̻شϵĹâͻȻöĿȵâʧҲڿʧˡ 
ôãһҳҲûմϸĵ뵽Ǽᶨ뷨һ񼣣 
벻Զˣˡֶ˵̵ʱҪˣذɡ 
š̻شȴ˸ˣϣ˿أ 
еҪȻǵġȫЦ⡣ףһ·ƽԸŮǡ 
лףǸˡ 
㳡ϵȺϣ˿ǵû֦չĹ󸾵̸ 
ͷȰļˣ˭֪ѾǮõʲôطȥ 
ǰǼ˺СöǮο̻ܽᲦǮ˭֪ȥˡ 
ǰֵֵҲϧҲ̡ 
ڸੲݵĻУٴصǰһŽļ 
ͻȻӵ˶ּ̳˰ɫĹâŹâԽԽŲ̊ϡ 
ᷭļ貾Ů¶̨ϢЦ:ǵԸҶˡǵ 
˻Ůת̴:ˣ񿴵ġһΪġȸˡ 
һ䣬׹ŮҲʧˡ 
òϣ˿ǡֶ˲ƶسŮ佱ħ˺ܶ࣬ƭ˵ıҲ˺ܶడ 
ϣ˿ǽôģͬʱ˲ƶʥħ 
ǲͬʱʹáֻش𣬡ܶħʱЧԵģʥػʩԺάһʱ䣬ʱ˲ƹȥͿԡ 
ǰϣ˿ǻش𣬡ϧ㣬Ҫ˺ݴ˱ݵĻʥâаɣǲŽء 
ǿܻСϷ𣿡 룬ɿϣ˿˷ܵı飬û˵ 
ӴԺڵĳпʼһ˵¹Ů̵ĺϸжУŻԼս˼䣬Ϊϵף˵ƶļ貾ϵǣõˣʵԼԸ 
̱̻֮ʥ˵ĳƺţͬʱҲõ˻ʵ۱´ʵĽ͡𣬾ﲻֻϣŮٴνٵʱܿԼ֪֡ǣûԸ߸˵ʵࡣ



߽

       Ѿǵˣһ˰˶ǰһȺڵ˺Ѿ御ˣǻòҾǣٽͲǵݣ ˡȺͱȽϴ˰¸սڻûճɣʵò 
Ҳû취˰̾ͻȻҪ˰ҲֻʵѰ 
......Ⱥ˳ɵ˵⼸յôһһ......˼ҵ簡 
ҾͲ֪ˡ˰˵ǲƽͷ֪ġǲſʺ³ˣ￴ļġ 
ǵġһߵ֤ 
ǻǽǾֻðץȥˡ鰡˰ԱָʿǶȺ˵Ҳ˵ٽȥĻǾͳԲ˶ˣҪ־͹ֱ̫˰ɡ 
Ŷô֪һŮȺ 
˳Żȥһý˲ұӵĹŮվվżһˡ 
С㣬ô߹˵Ȼ֪ЩС顣ԷԼǵĽɫ˰˵ 
𣿡ŮЦЦ˵ôأ֪𣿡 
ǡ⼸ֻ˶˰һرƶĵÿ껹ÿһĲ 
ʲôЩƽɧ 
ˣҪ˵Ļ˰Աæصҥɿ⣬ץĻǺܴģҲ˱µļˡѵΪʲôˣ 
ûʸ˭Ů߰ػشתͷվһߵʿ˭ͷģ 
ҡһֵĴվ˳С㣬Ҳʲôˣݵģ 
˵úáŮ΢ЦŻش𣬡Ҽǵþڷսʱûеǲ뿪ģĵأ 
ʲôȨҵĵһĴǿӲ˵ֻоֱӸϼʸҸǿ 
ŶŮش𣬡һĸ˭ 
³ Ǹصش 
ô˹Ůһ˵ȥ³ȡǡ깧ػش 
ΧǶηؿصŮڲ²ݡ 
żٵͷ󺹵³ǽ˹꼱ҴҵظĽ͵ϥ:Сμ£ 
е˶һ˿ 
ǾͰ ϣ˿˵³Ƿзӵ 
£Сûзκε亹Ľش 
ôЩʿô£ 
£Сʧְͷ󺹵Ľش𣬡Сûзκεӵ졣 
ôԵˣ ϣ˿ǿŴӵĴ󺺡Ե 
ҵĴ󺺹ϣ˿ǵǰСĸ 
֪ͺã ϣ˿ǺŵϵĴ󺺣Ҳ֪ȫܶطǼȻ㱻ץסˣҲò£أ 
Ӧһ´󺺵ͷ 
³ ϣ˿ضһԷĽ˵Щʿȥ׷ԳΣԼ޷ȥдϽҪһص׶Ļְ̳סȥ֪ͨ˰٣Ҫô£ 
ǣС˳ȥƴԶɳۡ 
ڸõˡ ϣ˿ǶŴ˵ĺ³˵ۿҸ׷ļ˰ 
С......С......ŵٲͣغˣ˫ϥһ˰ٴ˽˵ģС˲Ӧò...... 
ˣϣ˿ǴĻ⼸Լ»㱨һĴȥԼܴ֣һȥ˱棬Ҫ˸Ұ㣬һ𴦷֣߰ɣ 
Ȼȥɣսսվ˰Աʿǣϣ˿̾˿Ҳ֪ɼҪýܳͷ׼ǵĸĸôôǣ 
л¡һȺ˵ͷ뿪˴ׯ 
ϣ˿ϻָº͵ɫ־ϲĴ˵ôܿˡûԱǵΡҴҵǸˡ 
˵껰Ů˸ 
С˲ңԼеĴ񶼹 
֪Ӣ¹˼伲࣬ЩǺΪͷĴˮм˵ 
ɡ ϣ˿º͵˵һһҸԻؼҰɡ 
ǡŻվ˿ˡ



ڰ˽

       ڤѵϣ˿վһֽţ߳˴š⣬صѴһſڹʱ ĳᴵţͷȴͣźϣ˿߳һȺ˻æ񣺡μ¡ 
ض񡣡ϣ˿䵭ضǰȺ˵Ҳ֪Ϊʲôˣ˵˵ô°ɡ 
ǡ£ĵ飬С˵˰ܼС˶ΣαС˵˵̰ 
Ŷ ϣ˿üͷһһ߷˰ܼ࣬𣿡 
С......С˲òϣ˶С˵ͺ......ֵ˰ܼ˵ 
ͺãأα˾ѹڣб˽ңʲô 
 
ʲô˵˰ܼͻȻ£СҲǷ£Сԩ 
վһ߲˹ͻȻǰȥһƴ˰ܼϣ°͡ 
£ǷҧһڣԩСˣ飡һߵæرš 
֪ ϣ˿䵭˵ô£ֻܾһɡҺúûȥ飬ѽ㱨׶ȥҾò⣬һµ顣У⼸̵ĹҲȫŸԺ׼ٳ¼ 
ǡͣźػش 
ȥһɡ ϣ˿ǶߵȺ˵˰ܼ㳡ȥնףȫȥ 
ˡ ϣ˿Ƕŵͷ˵㻹ԼҪ졣 
ͻȻϣ˿Ǵս˵ʵЩҶ֪ҲҪԺӦô 
ǡңսŻش 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬Ǹ˰ܼĻΪʲôŹϣ櫷߷߲ƽš 
Ͼ ϣ˿ǻشʹɱƹأҪǼΪɱ̫жĵĻ......˵ϣ˿תͷأһ·мˣ 
ˣٹ໤ѹڵԩ 
ֻ˳·Ӳ찡 ϣ˿Ǳ˵طиɣѵҪڱƷſϰݣѵһҪҰɱſԣѵû֪ǳԵõĶڱ˶Ǿʲôô 
һƬžû˳ 
۰ ϣ˿ƣ˵֪ΪʲôûЦˡϣصȥǵӰ 
۾Ůͷļϣִ磬ļ¡ 
ꥵĳУƣŮػĿаĵ˯ˡ 
ɱˆһȺӽкųһʻԱߡ 
ɱˣɻߵˣôĿŵɱ˱𣿡 
ǵǡ˹ش𣬡ӦʾնװɡǶԷȷʵʩĳͷԾʾڡҲȥ 
ڹ㳡мľ׮ϣһ㲵ĸˡ 
˼ңʲôߵһˡԩ̾ϢŻش𣬡ɷǰһչӡһвƶʵûа취ȥˣֶвǰʵûа취ˣֻɱԼӣȻͶˡ 
ô𾪵˵Ȼĸ׵ĻɱԼĺӣ 
ûа취 ̾ϢôȥʵǸ̵°ɣˣҪûа취˭ɱԼĹⰡ 
ѵûо𣿡 
ľȵûǸǮǮ......ҡͷ߿ˡ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬ģǰɣ櫶ϣ˿ǿ 
ĵȷңɱԺӦѾȥ˰ɡ ϣ˿ǲȻش 
㻹ʲôҪڵ𣿡Ϊš 
ҪĻˣҪ˵Ļûİɣ˰˵ػششٴһ仰Ҳ˵ 
Ϊɡ˳ȥǿһŸ߽۵Ů߽̳ 
ǡٻشߵһߡ 
ŮֽŸ˵֣ϵĹâͣر任 
ôŮȻôǿһߵڲͣлʥħͻþħʲô 
ҵĿܵȥҵĺĻԭ𣿡ŮϹâʧ૵ʵ 
ġΪû 
ҾͰˡ¶һ˿οЦݡ 
ϣ˿ǽ㿴ȥñ˰櫶ߵ˵ĳá 
˵µĵĲ£Χۿˡػش 
̧ͷŮӳ߻ϣ˿Ǳ˵ݵģһ˷ܵӡһĻӡŮԺ





       ֪Ѿдˣӽ10֣ڿʼдµʱ򣬴ûдô ʼдµʱһ鼫ȻҰʱұԹҲ鿴Լдһƪ˵дҸģҷһǰдĶġͶ˵ıûҺãдԵ͵ڡ 
ǣûϷʲôģ룬鲻õʱΪѲ߰οдС˿ģƺҲΪӦģҲʹӦˡ 
ȻǰԭĹ˼д¸ôȻҪԭõĹ±дˣǾʮҪдıʲôģ֪дǸϣԼҾʮǲ̫㣬ұˡʱһܴĳͻǳϲѪԵۣϲŬ˲ʸӵֲ£дڵӡ 
ҪǵˣҵҪǣҪŮΪǣҪãԣеƯ൱ҪиʱңóҲûﵽ⣬ѾԼ壬ȻӵָʾˣִֻУǾ櫵 
һӵָʾЩݴԺԺ͸һϤǢŮ˹³֮櫡ҰǸ´£Ů˹ħƬһ飬ΪѰԼˣǣŮ˹е˲ã٣Ĺ롣ǣ뱻ˡ 
ǣҷǳزġԣڹ棬һϷͽɫԸݾϷݺҲһģһ˹أڹҲŮ˹ңħƬĳҲգԭ;ϷѰԼĻŮҰ¡һŮǰȣȴϲԣҲûҵĹг֡ 
ʼ׼±ʵʱͻȻ֪ӺдǾд˸ƪҲ¶ĹˡΪܾãϷôߵλã뷨ܻЩԭ 
ڼ裬ῴʲô뵽ʲôŻЩ뷨ǣҾͰһӣ˳Ҳ˹صиԺǣ̫ƽϲǶҵһҪдĹ£ϲ 
ҲǲҪ̫ʧҸ飬ҲϲҵĹ£絽Ϸʱ޿޲ɣڴӦˣԼдԼǣȻѾҪˣҲͰԼ뷨дˣٱ뷨ҡ 
ԣںԽԽ⣬ŪҪԼ֣еĹԼдǻĹˡҪһ죬˿ҲʮŮ˹Ҳû潣ҺܴĻôҲˡ 
ȻԼдˣô˵˵صҾڹԶ˵ʲôҲдһñ˿ˣЦ£߾̾£ȻǵĹ£ñ˿Ժ󣬻뵽ʲôȻڵĹ²ñЦ»߾̾£ǣһŬʲô 
ΪƵǣȻϲҵķ񣬿ȴͣشҸ¡ǿѹ£Ҳòɿضӣÿ춼ŬϳЩӦҲ֪ʮֵһͣͻʲôӣܲдˣһֱڱҡǣôдĶ֪ˡ 
д˿ͷԺҷһܴ⣬еģ֪Ůӵ˼ĳЩ£Ůô룬ôȫ֪ԣҾͶȡһѣתдߵԡ 
ҿԼĹ£櫵Ĺâȫ֣ǶһԸסˣ˵Ů˹񣬵ΪֹȫʧܵġʹΪڶŮǵĹҾöЩ 
Ҫ˵ЩʲôԸҿʼ˵µдǣԺ󣬲ŷһдǶôʹࡣͣĿţͣЩԼ˵һĥңÿÿԼҪ±ʱ̲סҪЩܰĶȥ 
ڣ֪Լǽ¶ˡڣһҪдˣ׼µĹˡڣҲ΢£ٽΪĳˣҲʱԼ˶Լļ尾Լɵ㡣 
ٰҵıԣɰħϲ櫡ϣһ죬ܿд




-- --




һ

       ӣͽ³ɽˣҸ׺³ʦֻһ𡣡ֶͬ˵ǾϢһɡ õġشŵ櫿첽߽˴ӣһ³ʵ˼ңʲôĵط 
Ǵİɡ˿Ů˵˳˵⣬ʲôûУûʲôġСʲô 
Ҫɽȥˡ 
иƯżҲô˵Щ˰úõӲƫϲԼ鷳 
ƯżһŮʵżǲǴɴ 
ǰʶ 
ţӦʶشŵŮ룬ӦǶǰɡ 
ͬѧ 
İ櫻عͷһ׳ʵԼͬ˹ 
³ͬѧô 
ҵļҡش𣬡Ǹ¶СʦԺ󣬾һֱס 
һ̸̸˵˵߽³ļҡͻȻ˷һ̻ 
̻жϵпȵǶŵġһǿǶħûʱʩչĹڣȥ 
䣬ӰͰҫ۵Ľ⣬ʧˡ 
ǿˡһ˽ǿصĴ˰ɡ 
ǵģʦ³ض˻ش𣬡ǿشʦĶͬѧ 
Ƕôˣ귨ʦվһĵضǰʵ 
յȥˣǶ˵ƫƫзħ磬ҵò 
 
֪ķҵǶش𣬡һҶ˸СʯͷȥӦòǺ 
ǡѵ 
šǶ˵ͷȥЩ˴ˣסô𣿡 
סˡ 
ǰˡ˵껰ǶһԾ 
ڶҡҡͷֿٵɽȥ 
ڵĶڽһţͣطͻȻŮصŵİķȥֻ˻⡣ 
ԲҲСҲˡŻѵ귨ʦ΢Ц˵֮ǰҼ֣Ѿȥˡ 
ɴ֪ȥ˵İգ̲סһ´ǶԼͷû뵽ôȻǰôĿӡ 
Ůؿѵķʦӿֵĸоҷǿҡ 
⾿ʲôоԼΪʲôҾͻôģҲܰҾȳȥѵ˵ĸ飿 
Ů˦˦ͷǶ¶һӲЦݣлл㣬е֪ʲôиˡ 
ŮЦݣǶڳ׵شֻܿһЦʹôǧٴҲˡŶʧķʦյͷӻȡһɴԼס 
ϷһӴһ˶˶ 
ϣ˿˵окڰֽ˵ 
ڷħľͷһħһš 
ơ˵ڷħ﷨ʦħսʿǲܴ򿪵ġҪ⿪زô򵥣ǻǻȥɡ 
ϣ˿ͻȻӻȥһӣһӣ͵Ĺâ 
ǶӸ㡣 ϣ˿ǶԷʦ˵ 
ⲻǴ˵ҹ𣿡Ƕƴǵ˵ȫֻţôĶôҪ 
ĶҲҪԼ;мֵ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡˵ûʲô;ɶ㣬ͷǳã𣿡 
Ƕӹ˺ӣǷһ顣 
ǶѺӵݸԵİգ͸㡣 
ŮһԵؽӹ飬Сĵ 
֣ǵĹϵʲôʱôˣһΪǶҪѲƭµġ ϣ˿һߺ롣 
ɽһ޴ɽڡ߳һˡӭãҵĺǡ 
ˣֻΡȺɽƺһأΪı 
ֹ˸񣬡ˣ״ˡ 
Ǻǡ˺ˬЦ˿డþûôˡЩһûء 
һһߵˣе˶ó羴۹⿴ǰ˵е 
زҺ뿴ò׵ȵˣ櫽ʵ 
ǺǣǿûغͰؿǰСŮشҪͬء 
˵껰Ŀػͷеˣпˣ㣡 
ſصĻһֻ޴ĺųصĽŲɽ˳



ڶ

       ۣ˷ܵؽ󣡶Һ滭һ磡 ž޴ԴɨһվǰȺֵ˵ͷתȥ 
Ȼ۶ңоܵ˺櫿첽ǰ棬ڳ㰡㾹Ȼң 
һվǰŮŲͣŮ߹ȥ 
ſߣߵһŲ޴βϣҽ㲻ң 
ƺ޸оһβͣŮڵϡŮ˹ŵЦ 
櫳˽þȫһβϡһŮĽֱַķ飬һۼû¡ǰߵͣ۹⿴Ůһۣǿһ߻ضȥ˹ЦԽˡ 
.ö֪˵Ůָ߻ȥĺԿίС 
ǺǣֻǿʵˡЦŶŮ˵ڲ죬ȵǺӵˮ׼֤ͻԼ϶ϲߡϴ֪ж˷أһ쵽 
Ҳ˰櫾ȵ˵֪ˮ׼ǶǺܲ𣿡 
û취˵˲ŻбǸǿ˴ڣϺ³ԼֻðˡˣǽȥɣȥͿ㿴ˡ 
߽ˣվһɿݵǰ棬ͣرȻʲô 
ּۻˡЦ˵ԼԿԼ϶ 
һȺˣ۵˫ͣȥӭ 
ӭ٣˶شк 
ˣ³ 
ˡ³ش𣬡ΪھȥսƲǶ֣ϣꡣ 
𣿡üͷ˵ûգǺҪʥҪ 
Ҳںʱ䡣³˵ô궼ȹˡںͲ˵ϻ裬ʱϰ¡ 
峿΢ᴵţסȺɽھ޴ɽĶƽ̨ϣһſһȺˣػӶе 
ÿ˻ǧ£ֻͣ죡ҪģһζΣվһͰߺšԶǶϣ˿һ³ʦһߣڳֵĻڤ롣 
ߵ׵ߣͳأأ˹³ͰնˣֻԭأŬػӶŽ 
Ƕˣһ߻Ӷʹһ߽룬ҲҪŬ 
ôŵŮӶٶȼӿˣһߵĿؿŵҲϱ仯 
һ٣һʮʮʮģҪע⶯̫ż.ˣſصƣ櫴˫ַŶ롣 
͵˵Ȼü͡ڻʱϢȻһѵ 
ӣڳŷ櫼ҭסͻȻȶˣٵذ극ڽһѵ֮ǰǿͳꡣ 
ڽжѵˣæؽе 
ŲԸĲ˹ 
ǰԼĶ˵վ˻ǵʩѹÿҪ10ϣҪ10飡֣ 
ֵĲùâͻȻþӣһѰɽڵķȥһһǰֱͦ塣﷢һ˫ѵȳӡһһ 
Сʱˣؽеˣһһٵطֿ 
ˣھ൱ϢضԸе˵ٻоŴλᣬ𣿡 
ߵһߣؽţһʵĹâ 
ʲô櫺ʵ 
Ļָħղֶ˺ܴģºϰʱΪƣͿƲס˵ǣԻָһ¡ؽ͵ 
˻ĺֻǰţʾ⡣ 
һ˵ʣµһе˷ʱ䡣Լ˭ϰɡ 
ڵˣ櫿ŷɫâİգٿ˿ǰ޴ĺܶסô󣡡 
źǰצһλŮֻþ޴Լѹ˹ȥ 
ǵĻȻģһߵĿˣϾŮӡ 
뵽ĿǰͻȻֳһʹݡΨһ¼ֹһСʱĲǸŮ𣿿ϧһŮʿ¡ 






       λŮİɽϣϵĹâѾȶˡ ôʱ𣿡ֻϵѹԽԽ󣬡Ѿ춥ס˰ 
ʱ䣬˿صʱ䵽 
λŮֻѹһɣǰ˳ȥԶŵǶؼæϣһ˷סһŮϣ˿˫һ֣͵İɫʥƣˡ 
պе㲻Ըѵڽ궷ѵǶضԿ˵Ӧܱ櫼ֵøòŶԣѵǾ񲻼С 
 Ŷ㿴óʣôģ 
֪εǶԼԴָֻо 
Һ˵˵ɡ˵껰ĿϢǽеգһ£ 
ĮŮ˹ſء 
Ըлϰ 
νġġ÷ҵ 
ϰҪġ˵ʹĻνӵٶȺֱ۾ܴӮ㣬㼼ٸʲôãʱȷкܴãˮƽ¡͵սҪǶóȻȥͻΣաҪǿһܻٵ֣ļٸҲûáԼɡ 
ǼɺͲϰذǴһ󷿼䣬ĸħż 
ż³ݡϣ˿ǺǶһЭ³żĽҪΪ֣㲻òμˣȥͲɡ 
ĺصĻ˷ܵغš׾һ߳ȥ 
ķ˭ģسһڷüͷʡ 
ҡ ϣ˿վͨػش𡣿Ů˫֣ϵ·մ˻ҳ 
Ҷˡ۰ؿǰŮôأ֣Ӧϣ˿Ļ 
ҪԼġҲѧ ϣ˿ǻæֱ⡣ 
ֺǺǵĿЦŶϣ˿˵ѵģǸúӡתͷѵԼĶӣͲһ߰Ż߽𣿡 
Ҫûִæϣ˿ǽɡ櫿һҳ֣͵͵롣 
ѵӵĿػعͷº͵ضϣ˿˵֪㲻ϲԵħսʱأǲĺʱҲҪæһ÷ʦҪԼóķ֮⣬ҲҪһˮ׼УȻҪõʱò鷳ˡѾ۵ò˰ɣϵ˶ûκáι³һ£ 
ϣ˿ʵ극ɢŵ³ߵͽ˵ϰԵرҪʧܵˣԼ䡣ҪҵĻһν̻ʮа˾ŷĪˡ 
ǵġǶش𣬡һһĻҿǿӮǣĻûһһĻᡣ 
ǰ³ش𣬡Ϊ˺Ĵ˶Ծģû뵽СӾȻͶзˣǺǡôرŮ 
ûεҪҵġǶʣܰҵĵĻǳɹ˾Ͳˡ 
а𣿡 
ûСǶش𣬡ҲԸԼġ 
Ұʹ֪ûʲôᣬҲԸԼġôŵ³Ժһλ׹ֵŮʿĶְ֪ڵ㣬ﱼæأ 
һʱǴáضߵĶ˵ǶܵõʿƺţǴ˲ϲҲйءǣ츳Ȼȵݲûһ˿ôĿġԺĳɾͣ˵ 
ǵģסֻش𣬡ر櫣غ˹Ķȫڽϣϧˡ 
šϣԺףϣʱʵ͵ϣ׵ʱҪ̫ͺˡˣˣҲϢˡǻҪء 
ǵĿˣƣضߵ˵ôϵĿŭĺ˵ĿûЦôŬһѵֻݣ 
һߵʿųĬĬؿŽ̻ʣȴ֪ΰο 
ͻȻͷ̧ͷߵŮӣһ죬ұ˶ħôԸأ 
ˣʿǽ̻ʿ 
𣿡סŮӵ֣Һ㰡ݣȻҡ 
ԼֵˣŮʿ¶ĹâĬĬ룬һҲҺ㰡ˡ



Ľ

       ȥɽɹ³һˡ ʦҵͬѧ׶١ڱǺԼһġ˵ͬѧҴһûõҾͰˣԭ¡ 
ǺǣûϵؿǰĻ꣬൱ǿ갡 
ʦԼһЩ֪ʲôˮ׼ͬѧָһ¡׶ٶԿ˵ 
Ŷؿǰ꣬ȻҲ֪ʲôҾڵ㣬ӦûǺӵĶ֡ 
֪׶ٻش𣬡ֻ֪Լڵļޡ 
Ŷػش𣬡ôȫֿ 
վ˳ֳŲõĽ׶ٳȥͬʱ׶Ҳİ׹⣬վŹۿز˺һ 
ʹƾվһߵλʦͷ𣬡ôֵ𣿡 
ʮӣ׶ٵĵأ 
С,ͻȻиԾɡض׶˵ԻܿеȻӦûټʮӡ 
ǵġ̻¬ʦȥʹҲõ˽ţñҾͺԼ 
ʹƾȷǱٻõͣᰶ޷жǵϵǣǻʮ갡ֵ𣿡. 
ʦǿʱʲôʱ򣿡 
ʮҡʱڸ߷壬гɵˣҲֻܵʮܻ꣬ܿ½ǿҲܳȫʹãȻԼȳܲס 
ҵĿܺͱ˲һ׶˵ˣ¼һСʱصϣûУҲֻ¼һСʱ 
˵׶ٿ˿ߵ֣֣ˡ˵ĻҵĿǴ㣡Һ㲻һûʦСʱҲ֪Ҫȵ׵ʱѾһξ롣ҽʱҲţֻøַǻľ룬רĽмɵоʦ˵ڎpʱܴ㣬ȥҲû˼ˣ˵ܻʮ㹻ˣ 
ӵ˭ҶȤض׶˵ 
ҵʦֻǸСʦѾȥˡ׶ٻش𣬡ֻüһѵҡ 
ﵽڵĳɾǿѧ 
ǣԽչ 
ʱɡ˵ڿѧǰӦܴﵽʥʿˮ׼ȻͿԽħѧԺоˡҺԾԺܻţʱӭѧϰˣϢɡ 
ǡشŵĻȥ 
˲ţظ̾ 
šһߵ³ش 
ҪǶཻһɵǮףӦô죿׹ߵʵ 
ǲͽˡǹеػش𡣡ͷ˵Ǳ½ǶཻǮƽԺҪཻһɵ˰˲ſҪҲǡ 
Ǿǿ˶Էʵ 
ཻһɵ˰ĿԶԶҪȥĶֲ࣬Ǳ˵ʲôǹش𣬡¶ְ 
ţǿչʳϸͿɽս׼ʳͻڸۿһǱȽԶֲǵӡӵʲôԤأ 
ͲˡһֱĬҷ繫˵֮׼ƺǸãԤԣٲʤԤԣȻô׼ǻȿߵɡŬˣԤԶҲûá 
ǾҪɽˡض˵ڣɹ֣ȫ 
ǣشŵֹȥĻɽлšֻɽŲõĽⲻͣײ 
ǵʽһšȴߵ׶ĿţﻹͣϵɫҲϱ仯 
ó˵ı仯ԺҪһ׷ϵĿˣܲˣֻڶǲܳΪʤģ 
ӦûˡһֵĿ˵ʱһȥģģֻҪˮ׼ûġ 
Ǿȸˡ ϣ˿Ƕǳλ˵ 
ţϣ˿ǣڲħͼɣѾӵʥʦˡŬȥһĵһʥʦĪˡ³ 
ûǶǿ ϣ˿ǻشһӦģ³ 
ǺǣǿϣħͼǿþܳΪʥʦȻôôûһأҲ־ڴˡ 
ˣ˵ôˡѵĻǽʥԵʱټɡ 
ǣλ˹ɽȥ 
ϻ飬һսԺҪǲĻҲˡ³Կ˵ڵ˺ܲδͽǰɣ 
ǰ˵δӦþֺϣ˿ԼǶ׶ٵˣ





       ħѧԺһȺѧţһ޴Ľǰ棬۹ⶼվſڵϡ ûôˣ֮ʥߵ˴к 
ʮ˰ɡСӵ˵һڸ˰Ҳϣһᰵˣ 
˲õ갡׳Ĵ˵͵ʱʥʿءϣԺ൱Ķֲźð  
˵ؿһˣҲμӿԡ֮ʥ˵ 
ʥ 
ʥʿܿĻӦǵһѧܴﵽ⾳ˡ 
ѧˮ׼󺺾ȵʣѧϰߵֻ书Ǵ⿿ܴﵽܸ߾Ĺ򡣡 
ǵġشŵ֮ʥſڴ򿪣׶ȵ˳ͨءӢ۰͸Ϸ׼ϳˡ 
ϲͨʥʿˣԺһöɫѫ¹׶ϣҴѧԺоỶӭļ룡ϣٽһܵϽʥı 
ꡣػش𣬡СꡣԺһҪﵽʥˮ׼ 
ڹǵĻУһȺ˴ӵһƽ˹ 
ϰ֣Ȼ᲻Ҫ̫ŶԼĸ״кȻĵشսʣɲֱִͨǹذ 
ɵѾͷ֮ʥЦΪʲô԰ϰţλҲӦ 
Ů֣֮ʥ˽ܣŮ櫣ԺǸ鷳ûҰĹ 
Ц˵ܱǹ¼ҹ˺úܶడôɰŮ⣡ 
Χ۵ȺͻȻֿһ˴ͨ·ֻżһۣûֱ 
أڵ˵仰ʱ֮ʥŮϷ˵ƣűƵòͣغˣƺȫûио 
þòߵǰĿض˵λˮ׼˹Ŀ࿴ 
ֹˣ󺺻ش𣬡˵ҵˣ֪ʲôʱ˶Ծʱֵ֪ͨһ 
һһʱλָˣ 
ңСӻش𣬡ںͲݴûˡ 
øλõˡŮ£ǰλˡ 
ôһμǷֿء󺺵˵Ͳ뿪ʱ˳ûɱĽ̻ʴˣ 
ɱ˵Լɣػش 
ƺ˵ĶԻʿųؿ˿һۡ 
ݣþòˡѸתƻ⣬֪㵽ʲôˮ׼ˣ 
æûʲôȵϿר 
ۼΪʵ˵ŻĿؿٰγ˫ǰ˸ֵơߵ˱˵Ʊ˻Σǿվȡ 
йâһеĽһԲҪһ 
ãããЦŵĿ˽ѹֲ˵ǻҪ꣡ʱҵҪ˭ǿûԾ 
ʱûζҪȥʹǲҲԲŹһսСӽʥ˵ 
ǰ󺺻ش𣬡˵Ӣ۵ڳˣҪǿһڵɱ 
ˣ˵ˣǿʼв԰ɡԺԷλʥÿһֻҪͨ˵Ŀ鼴ɱΪͨ뿼볡 
λʥ࿴һۣ߽˴š 
Сİϣ˿ֵ֣ͣؼһһصʥħӻҪ̫ǿԼˡ 
ϣ˿ǡһߵĿ˵ԼˣôӻҲûõģȻᰳʣеļӻᱻƵģ֤ͨ 
ħӻʧ֮ǰᰣʡҲá ϣ˿ϼһӻ 
šֵͷº͵ؿǰŮҲʧġ˵껰תȥ 
ǵӻƿһƵ˰ɣһߵĿؿһĵϣ˿룬ˣܲô˵ɡ 
߽ź󣬳صĴŹˡڵһУĻŷ 
ģʲôôŵתͷĴɫ԰׵ϣ˿ǲͣصʲô 
ϣ˿ǽִ绹ţŮ͵͵ 
һСʱ󣬵һͻȻ˶ĿĽ⣬һ󣬻ֹͣˡվŵȺϣ˿һΣҧ촽Ŭվȡڣһ˶Ŀ̻ 
һͨˡصοߵϣ˿ǣŮһϻָѪɫ 
ͨһغһƬõļž 
ѵִϢҲôðɡ 
վŵϣ˿ԽԽģֻ˫ȷ 
澿ôˣΪʲôִһϢûУѵǹһصʱ̫Ժ͵ڶصһ־͡뵽ŮæͷϣܵģһûµģӦǷ⣬ 
ôοԼŮû뵽ӭ洵 
ġذοϣ˿ǣʧܵĻҲӦϢġûдӦڽв֮ı԰ɡ 
ĵȴ֮󣬵ڶҲ̻ 
ڶҲͨˣôŵϣ˿Ҳվȣ岻ͣҡšؼæһӣСĵطŮ¡ 
һᣬ˺ɫĹâ 
ϰһأ櫸˵ضϣ˿˵ӦûˣҪǸҲͨȥҪÿ 
ϣ˿ǿ˷ܵŮǿһ˿Цݣϣˡ 
ԶԶȥɫͺɫĹâ׷ţȴûз˫ 
Ǽһںʱ䡣Ůѻôϸǵġ 
ڣһСʱȥˣͻȻ˺ɫ⡣ 
ʲôϰ֣Ȼٻˣ 
ɫһ˲ȫ԰׵ϣ˿ǣ櫼æοǿǸϰֻ뿪Цѡ 
ĺХһֻ޴ĻŲõĺ⣬ɫĹâȥͬʱҲͻȻըҫ۵ĹâŴءһ󣬽ⱻϻ 
 ϣ˿ǾվֻһͷĿѣһʱʲôҲˡ 
֮ʥһסɳȥִ꣬һõ̻ 
ͨˣسһŮļ 
ͨˣ ϣ˿Ƿסӣš 
šֻǿԵǲӵнʥӦӵеʵһӮɵġ 
̫ˡ ϣ˿ڷﺬżỨֻȫƣ󾭹һսһ 
һᣬŴˡȫ˺ۣ·յõ߳˴šϣ˿ǻæӭȥͣϼӳŸħ 
ϰ֣㾹Ȼôݵ֣Ĺĵض֮ʥԹ 
ѽǽʥ԰Ҳͨ𣿡֮ʥЦŻش 
ߣŮŤͷܸ׵Ľ͡ 
ϲͨʥԣԺһö˫ɫѫ±ڻ·ǰ˺װ 
½586꣬ʷĽʥˡһ꣬21ꡣ




-- --




һ

       Ǳѧڵĩԣ̹ٶ̨µѧǺϹأǩˣУҽر֣ϣ˿ǣأ˹غ櫣 ôǣ̨һƬ۷׷ףûһͨǲУرŴرֱӸͨ 
˵ʲô˷ǵˮ׼ܱȵȫǴǰ˵رһǺܼ޵Բǽ֡˵ʹֱӸͨҪǵǵˮ׼ֱͨҲû 
ɵ˱˵òҳˡ 
ᳵ·Уҡ 
˰ԺǴк 
ǵģԺָʲô񣿡 ϣ˿ʵ 
Ǻǣͬ񡣡УЦŻش 
أ˹Ρȥر߾ΣѵͼѧУǵ֤ 
ǣ˫ֽӹ֤˳ȥ 
أʵ 
ټǡǵ´ʲôҲ֪ǵȥͻˡֻǸҪǿҪʥϵħֺء 
ҪأΪʲô櫺ʡ 
ȥ˾֪ˡ 
İ棬ϣ˿һڵŮϦھ޴ĽϣɢŽɫĹâ֮䡣 
ۣΰվŮſ櫸̾š 
߽˴ţ櫿վڹ㳡Ů񣬺ǵ٣Ůݴ˵ܵ𣿡 
Ȼǡܾǰˡÿһ˶ء·ٻش𣬡ǰ˼ˣ˻ټǡ 
ˣҵĺǡ˼վͰض˵˵㡣ǻط 
ʴʲôأڽ̻ʵ鷿ɻʵ 
˵ˡ̾ȥһ¡ 
ҡ̻ô˵еæվ˵ 
ʮӢۺħսĴ˵ǶӦ 
ǵġ˶ش 
ÿжʣΪʲôͻȻ£ 
ܶ˶ΪֻǸ˵ɳǶ֪ʵӢǰħֳ߷Ժ ѸƬӡ 
ͣһ£˵ӢȻӵ޷󼰵ǱϾҲˡھԺõķӡʧЧʮǰһӡƣħһƬõɣϡ 
һ̲סʣƬ˭ϣ 
̻ʵ۾ɨǰһ飬ص˵Ƭϣ 
ʲô˶һԾغ˾룬㯵վԭء 
ܣع櫴ħˣֻͱе㲻һѣ 
侲㣡̻ʶ˵ʼҲţһֱҿأȷʵ룬ƽʱǲǷǳʥϵħϵħ˺ܶãЩǱħƬ˵Ҳĵ伮ĽصӦƬеġ 
Ҳţƽʱıôħ櫾ܾŽ̻ʵжϣƽʱֲɱֲ̣Ҳûʲôֵľٶһжϴˣ 
ԭˣ૵˵ԭЩ˶û˵Ǹ 
㲻ǵģﷺỨأһжϴˣŮ˫̻ʣһˣ𣬴ˣ 
ɵϡŮԴ˵ĻӦûġԭ벻ͨڶˡʲôҶءħҲãҲã𣿡 
οŮתͷԽ̻ʣرҪһǿʥϵʦһҪ𣿴ˣٴηӡɡ 
˵ˣһ¡ش𣬡ΪҪ㣬õһʥϵʦ 
ʲô£ 
ħƬӡʱ䶼쵽ˡգ˵һ֪ʲôϡСͺƬΪһ壬кܺõӦ־ǿҲܱ֤ԼױƬ־ơȥռƬϣټӡ 
ռʱҲҵڰɡ 
Ҫ־ǿһֱƬƵĻǾͲ㶯̻֡һȻһǿ뽨άһӡûġ 
ӵƬʱͲһѹˡ 
һܻʱ򡣡 
ǵռƬԺǲǾһֱס 
һóһ˸ʵˮ򡣡ķħ⡣оֵεˣܱ֤һֱߣ԰ܡǰֻҪƾǾͻͷųԵķӡӡӡάֵʱ㹻̻˸ϵάˡҪģһϴƾ򡣰ԼӡǣҾ㣬˶Ļ죬ʱ԰ӡ 
ҷġذѾӽ̻нӹݵԸΪұ𣿡 
ŮͷСĵذѾ 
е櫽ӹʱһ



ڶ

       ΪʲôذеƬȫռ? ϣ˿ʵ Ϊһ߸Ƭȫһϣħͨ˵帴ֿܵħȫ־һҲðա˵ʹֿܵˣҲӵȫħ֮ûаܶԸ 
ӦôѰأ ϣ˿ʵ 
ѾҵһȷеħƬĵطˡش𡣡ݼأӦƬеġӡĵط 
 
³ɽµһǵͼ˵аڷʦҲǲ˷ӡ⿪Բŵһ 
һȵõӦô죿 
ħƬǿ߻۵ıܣ֮Źһȵõôǵҵɱ߰ץأһɱһƬˣϵƬԶתƵϣҲһ 
ӦвٰڷʦѵҪȫҳɱһӡȴ򿪵Ļ 
صǴߵĶǿȺܱһʿƬ֮йӦúܿҵ 
ˡǰĸ˵ԭѾˣأԸ𣿡 
ɲ˵ɡ̾˿ҽܡ 
ǰ,ǵ޽ԼһΥĳŵ,㽫Ԥʩӵķ𡣡 
ε֣ڽ̻ʵϡ 
ǵͼѵͼϣ˿ǣ£ҽЩ 
˴ԼһСʱ̻ʰѱϣ˿Ǵ˳ 
ˣǳɡʲôҪĻ򸽽һᷢҪȫǵж 
ǡ˸תͷ߳ 
ⲻ³סǸ?򿪵ͼü,ѵƬϣ˿˵кڰǸ? 
ԼҵԺ,³ɿһ 
ͣһ߿ŵİ˹³˵ô£ôĲӣѵĩûͨ 
ǵģʦĩԺɡֵͣ³Ĩ˰ѺŰ˹˵ʸ⣬ʦ 
ʲô⣿ 
вôŬ׷ϲϵʦ 
֪˵ʲôӡ˹̾˿ʦ̵޷ˡ 
ǵģʦ³æ͡ڿشʦҾиоˣͬĶԱȲҡ 
ӣе߶ϣĸ߷壬Ǹλõֻһ˹Լİͽ˵ߣһֻΪﵽǿǶԼ޵սͱҪ˶ϰġ 
֪³еĲİʦ 
˹ؿԼĵӣþò 
ͻȻ³̧ͷ¶ᶨı飬ȥһȥѰΪʲôĴ𰸡 
ðɡ˹ش𣬡ȥҲã⿪ĽᣬٽһġԼҪСġ 
ǡ 
ɱѧ׶ɵӣôľٶ 
ģʦ 
ŵĵĻش𣬰˹̾˿ 
ɽ·ŵ³·ߵ̲ݣУȴ˿Ŀָо 
һѾǽʥˣһҲѾʥʿˣңʿҲǣҲˣڣ׶ҲŵĽŲѵ޷׷𣿡 
յ·ŵ³ͻȻǰðһ̡һγһΡ 
ڷʦСĽ䱸ʲô£ 
ģҲκβľٶڷʦ޹˵Ҫ㲻Ļ͵Ϯ˰ɡ 
﾿ʲô 
һϢڷʦ¶һѿЦݡ 
ǰڷʦҲ˴Ϣ 
󵶣ǲֺûģֻǿõΣ𣿡ڷʦ¶ı飬ôƾһʲôܾж˵ĺûأûжˣ 
³ʵ˵һ仰 
㵽ʲô 
ǰʱ䣬оǿĲصعû뵽ȤĶ 
ǺʲôϵǸȤһǺö˵껰תߣȻҲܱ֤㲻ǻˣҰﰵڷʦ룡 
ǿ𣿡ڷʦʵ 
߿ͣ˽Ų 
ǿһڷ񵽲ֶΣǺĵز 
ˡڷʦҡͷ˵ҴһƬġǰʱ﷢һȤĶûʲôáҿǸ־ˣæ 
ʲô 
һ߶Ķʦ˵ĶǿһҲغеİħ 
ôõĶӵôǿĶֲ°ħǲϿٵ͸ˣ 
Ϊû취ٵʦش𣬡Էʦûãò֪õԼҸɿˣӵðȫ 
㲻ҵõɱˣ 
㲻ˣҵ۹⡣ˣ꣬㾿ԸԸȥòʣԵپܾ 
ðɡĵ³˵ͷ





       ھǻˡʦ˵˵ҽп֡ ³꿴ŷʦ֣Сĵؿһ£ڻǲȥ 
ڷʦ½Ц£˻ȥߵһǰʦһȥ 
³Էʦ˵˵кڰкǿķħ磬򲻿ġ 
ʦش𣬡ȻҾͲٴȥˡ˵´ķɡ 
дķ 
еġɽһ롣ֻҪڷΧԶħ򿪵ڶؽ磬ôͿԽȥöˣ𣿡 
ǵǣħû塣ô֪ʲôûȥ 
ԶħӢ۵Ĵ˵Ӧ֪ɣ 
֪ɺʲôϵ 
Ӣǰħֳ߿ӡԺ󣬾͸Թ߽ˡٺһսʼоǿԼķоУֳɣһǴӢǵļĹħ͸ڶһɾǴħ򵽵İħͰڶ 
ǵ 
ǵġ˵ħֳ߿Ժ󣬷ӡڲͬ߸ط˽죬ӡʼɶˣԳ˰ڵĲ˵ע⡣ݼأǱӡƬ֮һ 
ͷħָŷʦ,룡 
ֻħƬһ顣ָԼӵĳʦΪ־㹻ǿͿԷƬԼ־ûģ 
˵ģ 
ΰİġ 
ʦԣ괹 
ôôܴǸ磿 
Ŀǰַ֪һǹϵķôҲ֪һ־Ҫõķˣ㲻Ϊ̻˻򿪷ӡɡ 
Ҫô 
Ҫʮ˵ꡣңڱħÿ춼Ҫһ˵ѹħʴ 
ҪȥɱʮˣȻԺÿ컹ҪɱһˣΪԼǿҾԲģ˵Ż¾ڰΪ˾ͲӦţ 
ҪЩ˸๼أѧǿʤ⣬Ҫȥɱ˶ˣ˶м㣬˳Լ˽£Ҳ𣿡ʦη壬ŭꡣ 
ô֪ȥɱЩȫǸˣõĳĬɵ˵ 
Ҷ԰ģҽȥһôԶڰ䣬ҵԶðϢ 
ֽסԼϵɫԥڣ³̧ͷʵһ 
ִİޡ¶˵Цݡȥ£Ǹʲôˡ 
һġҷƭңһɱ 
Ϊ˱ʾҵĳģ㣬Ҳκη˵Ǽٻ԰ɱ˵껰ķʦݸһƿӣߣɱԺƿӶ׼Ϳԡ 
ã˵껰³ӹƿӣתɽȥ 
³ӰʧҲɽ߳ħӡĽһŮʦð˳ 
磬Ӧˣ 
Ȼ 
ԺָȥɱһǵǸ𣿡 
ĳЩϣǾԲѵģñΪЧϸ̫ˣɱɱꡣֵȫһƬ䡣ɱЩˣúʵֶζԸˣͿԿƬǵˣ 
ǵġŮش𣬡ԲǾٴηĿǶҪ 
ԣʱҪѹƶֻøǿĶѹƣֵŮͷֻҪǲжҵħԣֻǿˡ 
ǿִ𣿡һ׳߽˿ִ壬ڴڵǴš 
ǰ꣬ʲô£һʵ 
һˡ 
˭ء 
һа޵ˡ 
Ҳʶˡ˵֣˾ŵػشͬʱ첽߿ܱΧŵҲһɢ 
˶˵Ҫ취ȥһſԡ 
ڴӷԷ̧ͷ߽һȺˡ 
˵ղڴͷʵ 
ǵģ˵һǲֵͶ 
Ŷʲô£ 
ŵ겢شֻǰĹһ档 
˲𣡡ͷ֣Ҵӭ㣡˰λӢ۴· 
Լ߳ȥԺͷ˶ϰ˵ʼͷϡ 
ǣǣߡϰЦһ˳ȥԶȥȺϰ˲ͷϵĺһ



Ľ

       ӭСطһһƿߵŮӣҧ⡣ضԱһȺ˴ӵ߽˵˵Ͷң ǵġش𣬡һкþˣѾ˵ˣҸͶĵط 
Ŷŷ糾͵꣬ͻȻһȭ˵㱾ºܲ 
ǹˡشŵһ࣬һİޱǰ塣 
˲𰡣վİ޶˵ˮ׼´ȥãΪʲôСطͶң 
Ҳʶʲôˣû·ش 
ôʵ̫ˡ˺ܾõİ˵ҿ԰Ƽ峤Ƽˡ 
¡.ԥ˵ 
û⣬ǸҸֻҪԺɻڴʱѾͺá 
ʵ̫лˡмؿŰޣҲҵİġȸˡ 
Ŷסɡ 
ˡѾõ궨÷ˣˡ 
Ȼˣټˡˣʲô֣ꣿ 
ҽ³شŵ߳˰޵ļҡ 
ô߳ȥ󣬰߸ղŴˡ 
ƺͼıʲôͲ֪ˡ 
šʲôǶҪСġʹ˵һԼǿ˷ʵ̫Σˣû㹻ĶĸԸΪЧɼȥס 
ǡ 
һǲİ˶ŵ³룬 üСå뿴סңʵ̫ˡ 
·ͻȻһŮӴҴҵشӷǰ߹ 
졣룬ҲӦʶ˰ 
ڰߵǸŮӣԷ˭꣬ɻ󣬡춼ˣʲôҿܱ˵ӡ 
ŮԶʧ³˾СåֻԺӰһʧȥӰ 
ĸףһˡ첽߻ؼҵŮӶһ㲵ĸʵ˵ 
ɻˡŮ֣ԴӰްԺһΪ.ǻûɡ 
ûСȻô˵Ůӵȴ̲סҲǺúõػ𣿡 
ǸħϲΪʲôֻôң 
˵ĸסŮӻæסԼĸ׵죬ŵ濴š 
ͻȻ߳һ׳ꡣ 
ô𣿡 
ϳǰݷð޵ˣŮӾŵر⣺ĸʹˣе⣬ϲ˵ˣ档 
ģҲǱߵˡ³οǰŮӣ˵һã֤ʵ¡ 
ģŮӻɵؿǰ꣬ʲô 
˵ǰʱѲӵɡ 
ǵģϧûشŵŮȻͷ 
Ѳоڸ̫ˣֲչ˵еطԣɳܲøأóιˡҾеһ 
Ůûɵ۹⿴ǰꡣ 
ҡϿҵ˵ǸûᡣǲסĻԺûֻˡ 
ðɡŮ˺ܾãҧ˵ͷҾͶһˣ.ҽɡ 
Ŷô໵°ĻȻƽȴȼŭ𡣡Ϊʲôظ 
ĴﶼͨˡϣûǮʲôŮӻش𣬡ҪǵڹǮƣЩ̰˭ 
̾˿ʵ˵Ķģһҵ֤˵˵ǼٻǱͷĿɾˣ 
˵Ķģ 
˵ģһһġĿԶȻ񲻿ϸͷǾ 
ˡŮӽס׼߳ȥ֪꣬㲻ղ֪㲻ǻˡϣ²۵˾ͺá 
ġشŵ߽˲ãҹɫ 
һŰ߽;վ£Ȼȵϡ 
˰³žƱİ޶кҾ֪Ŀģʲô 
㼸⡣³ڰŮӸļ˵˳Щ𣿡 
ڴЩ鰡վΣϣǮƾǵº͹Ҳļ𣬿ΪѾǿҪ¾ܵõԼҪĶˡ籾˳ˣ㲻뱻ԣֻгԱˣ 
˵úáսҾͰɵ 
嶯ߵĵɱң׷ĿĴһ֮ܵ㶥 
ǾͲˡشŵ굱ͷһ£㻹ô־һɡ





       ڶ죮Ƿְ޵ʬ屻ԼſڣȫһɢֻмҾΧʬޡ ˭ǵֵòٿǽдŵġɱ³һд֣Χ۵ǡ 
ǵʱŻˣǵˡ޵ļҾµɱǿ书ǰЩвĻ̲סֻǵǸ׳ꡣ 
أΧĴ 
ˣԭ֪ʲôģôرȥסһ˰һ˻ش 
ǰΧ˷׷׵ͷÿ˵ﶼ¶˵顣 
ƺ⼸Ĺ˵ء룬Ӽʹ֪Ҳ˵ġ 
ֻ֪ɱ˵Գ³ˡ½۵ӦǸųĽ׳꣬书ܸߣҽȥ㱨˷ͨǣҪǻʲô͸ߴ峤תҡ 
ٿߣ 
Զȥ٣Χ۵ȺҲɢˣûļˡ˵켸˼Ҷ˲ˣףһ³Ҳʼͨġ 
³صħӡɽϣԶԶͿȺĿ֡ 
˰³кʲô𣿡 
Ѿɱˣ¸˭ 
ִóһᣬΪԸɱˡڶǰõһ¡ʡɱˡ 
ѡش𣬡ҵк˵Ļ 
ɱҺˡ 
ôûпأһĶ˰³ʵ 
ǸˣֵſֲĹâ㲻ҪɱԶԸ 
кĳ𡣡ôʣǽҪȥɱ˭ 
ȴȥסĵطɣԺ̫鷳Ҳ۵ġ 
ˡְһƬյϣԴŸĺۼһ򵥵ľݵļӴҸЩҶͲݡ 
ǸʦûԸǵòãϿҲû˸ңԾҸһ䣬Цˡ 
ŲһȫڲŵŮͻȻǰð˳ȿ˺Ů˵رſ֣ˡ 
һˡֵд޵ᡣ 
һ¡ֶŴһ߲֪Ǻõ³˵ҵã˹˹³ 
á˹³˸ 
ÿ³æ˸ 
˹ղʲôԼá 
ݶе©ˣҸղ뿳֦ŵݶϡ 
Ҳæˡ³˵ǵҾҲҪɴǴСݰɡе 
ǶлˡŮش𣬡㲻Ҫ 
⼸ˡ³ش𣬡˴򿪽İڷʦûڶ˰ɡ 
³ľ׮һϴʦҲŬİ³õľͷ 
ܴˡ³ʦе鷳øң 
õģ˹һ߻شһľ˹ͻȻŮĽһ˳ȥԶ³æٵ˹һѷסˤŮסŮֵ³ֻȫûԼ˵Ĵֲڡ 
лŮԼл 
л³ڿŮһ㲶԰׵ף˿ȥϧֻϣȴһ¶żǿĿ۾ĳǡ 
ˡ³վǰеĿִкСԴ֡ 
ģ㾡ȥ顣 
磬ĲΣ𣿡ıӰʧԺŮ̲ססĵԼֳ 
ǿֻش𣬡ҪֵҪʿĸ֡ڸϵȫǸûʲô󱳾ǾͲǳһĸ֡ 
 Ŷ 
ȻôҲȥæ 
ˣ硣Ů˵˵ҺԼĶǸѾûб˰ʸˡ 
֪ǲǰӡֵ˵ǣûһûʸӵаġ 
Ů˵ؿԼֳһ仰Ҳ˵ 
͸ˡԼϷɱ˰ȷİޱɱѾʮ˱ɱˡȫǳԳ߼ҲûʲôԼÿ˵ĵطǽдһд֣ɱ³ץ˶涼ԡҽƵǣȻû˼ǵñɱħģ˵طƽǿµɱħԼڵĴׯУɱ˺˷أʬ岻֪ա 
ѵͰڷʦйأյΪʲôֻɱˣ 
档ع߽˼ŵ㱨ݸϢӦ죬ýӴ׼ 
Ϣͷˡʱƫƫãôźأ 
ڴڵİ˹ؿͨɱħ³Լ17꣬ߴ׳óոǿѾɱʮˣ֪ϢߣϵٷáͨϢĺͲ˵ģ֤ʵԺ󣬽öʮöҡ 
ôܻؼҵİ˹ٵشҪô£





       ˹ҽץֻҰ㿴Ҫʲôã³һֻ˵Ұǰľϡ ˡӦŮϴЦ⣬ܾûˣ֪ܲܳء 
һܺóԡ³ش𣬡ЩûóԵĲˣôҲԲϣǳȥ 
ֻҪϲԡشŮŷԼĻЩԣͷѸٵش³ܹȥ 
ԶĿֿˣ۾¶ӵɫ 
Ǻܺóԣ³ҧĿȣͣسޡôˣ˹ɫôףһãٲԵ㣬ͻˡ 
ѾԱˡŮ˵Ŀ³ڵسԼĲˣܳԾͶԵ㡣 
ҾͲˡ˵껰³ҧ⣬һûԹôóԵĿأٲԵ㣬Ҳûóˡ˵ĻͻȻе㱯 
ģ㲻Ƭģ˹һûµģһóԵĲ˵ 
һᾡģĲһûԹء 
οŮ³תʵҩ𣿡 
ˣһʧܣҾʹ˹ܵһԺͻ 
ȥǱϴ롣ʵȥŮת߿ˡ 
˹ֻûܷ飬ϣִضŮıӰ 
֪Ȼôش𣬿ŮԴſǻ 
ڶ죬ڿлʱɽ¡ 
ֻ͵ˡֶ³˵ٽȥҾòħˣԺ£ˡ 
ġ 
һֵĲˣһҪԡŮ˵ 
һġ껰תɽȥҲͷ 
ıӰʧŮҲ 
磬Ҫһôҡ 
֪ˡ̾˿Ҳ̫ˣģһ˶ס 
Բ𣬴硣ұӦá 
ɵѾͷõԴģµġˣӦõˣǿʼɡ 
վڱӡǰ³ſ컭õħѹסһĽţһվűߡͻȻеһĲԼɢͬʱħҲʼһᣬһ޴죬յŴˡ 
³һ˽ȥһ̴Ʈ˳굱ͷ׼ͻȻֵĻ˷ӭȥ̰ȫɢĲһᣬ壬ƣ۾ȥ 
վɽµڽصš³ɽ˵˹ܹȥȴԼֳסһƣߵ˲Զĵط˵˹кóԵ𣿶ˡ 
˵ˮŮȥס³һ仰Ҳ˵˿ȥԶԶؿӵˣ¶ϲ 
Ҫʲôڳζ³ſ֡ 
ϰ죬ӦͻȻԺȥҿء˵Ǹֵʱ򣬿¶ĺ³ȫһ䡣 
С˽칫æӭ٣ˡһȺ£վ·ӭϣ˿櫡 
ǵ˵ˡϣ˿櫶˵ҲеҪæĵط뾡˵ 
ǡڸ˵ؿŹ꣬ҪϳֵĻͺðˣ 
ˣǻԼҪ죬Ҳرʲôˡϣ˿櫷ԸǻԼš 
ǡһȺ˿ȥ 
˰ϣ˿վڶĬĬ룬Ǳڷʦ򿪵ģ³ɱҲйɡרɱ˵İڷʦȤء 
ǳɡװ³һװɽӣƽ˵Ǵ·ɱȴۺÿˡ 
Ů˵صͷ 
һѲߵʿɽ·Ϻ³һ˲ 
³ɡʿڽʱ˵ 
һѸٷֿʿΧ 
ģûж⡣ʿſ˫֣³ѾˣǧҪСġ˵껰ʿٵԶȥ 
³ôˣһ첻µزµ³¶˿־ı飬˹̲סʵ 
֣˹ǻȱһͷȹ˵ɡ 
УѾҲȲȥˣ㲻ȥԼȥ˹ԡ 
һ³¶˼ı飬˹Ǳֱ֪ҲҪȥĳıһ 
ҲȥɣϾұǸ˽ǡ³ᶨ˵ǼסԲϳǵݣһòͷܵ 
ôǿ𣿡˹Դʡ 
Ǻǿķʦ³ش𣬡µĲߵǸˡ˵³Ź̲ס΢΢ս 
Ǹ˭ 
ʥ֡һǿ˫ˣҪܵܵԽԶԽãǧ֣ҲӲһ 
ˣʥ 
ǵģ21꣬ͨʥԡ 
³Ļشüڵϡ 




߽

       ǰˡվڴڵ۾¶ӵı顣 Ƿͷȥ³˵Ͼ̫˿Ǻһ𲻺á 
ǡ 
ҲáִõĻỵֿԺʲôǿԻ֧Ԯ˹ǾҪʾǵ֧Ԯ³ʱֲ 
վڴ³ĪͻȻİ߽Լ塣 
֣ôˣĪֵ룬Ѿʮûȥ˰ 
ȵȣݵĪæŵؽסˣǻû̫ˣٻˣܰɡ 
󲮣лĹġ˹԰׵˲ĺΣ·һˣӦǵæ 
˭ͻȻɢҵĹâ𣿡 
ǵġ˵ķӦŮ¶Ĺâھ·ϡ 
ˡû뵽Ҳܻſ졣̲סݺᡣ 
һ׳꿸Ź߽˽Ծذһǰ档Ŵš 
˭ﴫͷ 
ǿؼ𣿡һЦʵ 
ǵģʲôˣ 
תˣҽ³صݷġ 
Ҽ˲ڡԱݺ󣬿ŵ˻æشѸٵţ³⡣ 
ⲻ֮ɡ³һ߿ţ溰أ³ˣ 
һæҵĽŲһȺӵһ˳ 
˰ǿ򶨣˵רɱˣϲʲôˣ͵ˣҿɲִУбҵ 
Ȼ³ðһɫȺȥȺѸӸ³³һһգصķȥһ󣬿صȫһߣ˱ֽţ 
ΪʲôɱңֽŵĿصڵϣ³ 
ҴӦˣҪǴ 
ŶʹĿ˭ô ӣ 
ǡ˵ȥؿİˡ 
Һʶǡɻؿǰˣҵ˵̫ˣ˭ģ 
ǿ㣡˹˸ſµĺ⣬ɻǵÿ 
ŶĿػȻ򣬡Ǿܵð̫ϧˣûնݳڱǰƯ˰ǿϧ뵱㱻ҡ 
쵰Ů˺ɫĹâȴԼֳס֡ 
ŵ㣬һɱг˱ɱ⣬Ը 
Ůߵ³ 
ؿЦţ³ϲǲǣ֪¡ 
³ȥһ˿ص°ͣһ߽ 
ˣڴڵǡ˵껰³˿ȥ߽˷ӣŹϡ 
һСʱԺ˳ݺȥ˵ǿһεĶǿصӣû¶ƺ˿ɱȻû˻֡ 
Ķ˶𣿡 ϣ˿ʵ 
šֻش𣬡ǰĶûĵĻˣֵĿû¡ 
ѵǺͿʲôϵ 
ôŵϣ˿ͻȻشǰ߹ 
ʲôˣ 
£³ɱˡǺɴĿء 
Ŷסİ ϣ˿Ƕ˵鷳Ҳ¿ʲôǿĳˣǰɱмͻȻ䲻ģҲ³йϵ 
ǡ 
졣³ͽʮҡ 
μϣ˿ǡ 
£ͿгĸƺûУļܵʮңпܱҡ 
Ŷڱɱмˣ 
ʮˡ 
ŶȥЩӿɡҲûʲô飬𣿡 ϣ˿ͬ 
ðð櫸˵ˡ 
ɽŵ³ͻȻһֵٻԼ 
֣ô£ţȥ 
߿һ£һᡣ³Կ˵ 
õġ˹˵ͷ 
ԶȥıӰ˹ſ֣ܻȥʲô 
֪Ӧʲôûаգǵžˡ 
ڴǰ³ԽԽظоһٻԼͣǹԴȪǰš 
ɽ·ŵͻȻӿһֵĸоԽԽǿҡ 
ôˣֵʡ 
ֻ֪Ǿú֡ػش 
ͻȻͣסŲߵ֣ȵ˭ 
·Ҷһ֣һغ۹һԣɱ˵ͷһ£ýһܣһɡͬʱ϶ðһ 
һϣ׷ȴԼǰվһˡŽĽ˱˻ȥ 
³ 
ϣ˿һ˶ȵؽɵ³ȫ񱼡 
Ȼ ϣ˿롣 
Ȼȥɡ ϣ˿ǶԻ˵Ȼ³ǵõƬˣƺûơȻȥӽ֣ͬʱҲ˻㱨ҵ뷨



ڰ˽

       ɫҰܵ³ɱֺ˹һ ôˣ³˹ʡ 
Ǳֿˡ³ѪܸҵϢܲġոҪ飬Ҿͻزˡ 
ô죿˹ŵ˵ 
ǷŹ³ֿܡַһǲɱ³ɱˣϾڴ˵йǺѹյ˵ġڶҳ³һˣʲôǶֿжȽϺáǲҪ뿪̫ԶиӦ 
˵öԡ³˵˹鷳¡ҸоԶȥˣƺ²ΪңȻ׷ˡ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬³ӦþӵƬˣѵҪɱɲǻ˰ڻȥ·ϣϣ˿ʵ 
ǾͿص˼ˡϣ˿ǻش𣬡ǿԸж󣿡 
ץȥػش 
Ŷ㻹ʱ俼ǣ½ۡ ϣ˿˵һ³ɱˡȻĶɱɱСҲȲɱð 
ĶˣЩʲô˰櫺ʵ 
һȨƵˡ ϣ˿ŷ̵Цݣܶ˶˵Ӣû뵽ΪǵĴڣЩ̰ŻƴѹЩˡҪһ죬ûЩĴڣƽӷúðɡ 
ϣ˿ǻһ˵ҵǸӵƬˣֻɱ˵˰ءϣ˿˵֪ˣҿʱ֡һʲô֣ 
ֺ÷˹ 
ɱļһڰǾ鷳ˡһ³ܻ᲻ʰ 
ҪҪ˰ǽл 
ǲһȥ˰Ҫҵѹסǵĸֲſԡ̻ʿһᣬͷһ˰ɡ 
ɱħ³һʿųԾۼڹ㳡ϵĴš 
ˣʵİգô֪ʲôɱħһսսػش 
㲻֪ЦŵĽʿһŰѻش߷ɣǻ᲻֪ȥĵط 
ָԶѪĴ񣬽ʿҪ˵֪ҾͰһɱ⣬ΪǰߵĴҾɱ˲ˣ 
ɱħȺ˹̲סվ˳ 
СﳤòȻү档ʿǼЦϱˣȥǸͨˣȫʲô¶ûˣ 
Ǹٻ˰ԶôЩܿ˽ΪΪ 
ĽʿʹڿȥֻһɴŮһŮ˹ 
ʲôˣʿڰ참ӵ˰ͨ 
ƾʲô˵ڰ참Ůʣô֪㲻ǼװִԱµˣ 
㿴ˣСʿóһƻһ£˻ȥ 
ġŮ˵ 
ġߵ˵ǵʮš 
֪˰ɣʿЦ˵СɴҿĻͷһ 
ʮ𣿡ŮȻ䵭ӽ쿪ʼûˡ 
Ϊ˭ʿ̲סЦˣ˵ûоûˣ 
ԣ˵ûоûˡŮͻȻ¶˵ƣѾִԱˡ׿ڳɱ˼ˣˣɱƽʲô 
Ů˵ĻʿͰͻȻһ˵еɫˡֻǰյ¶ǾϲʿȴһƬҡ 
ҧҧĽʿͻȻ˹ȥڿеʱֻ߽һһâһ˶ڵϡһĻ˹ȺеĿֶ̲ס亹 
Ϊ³˵ǽӲһǿû뵽ô˹룬ô죿 
˹ȥ˵ĴĹͷӺãιҩ߿ϣ˿Ƿʥâס˴ 
Ϣͺˡϣ˿º͵˵ҸԻȥɣǸϢĵطͺá 
żæذϣ˿һ˴棬ڵ˼̺ӣȻ˿ˡֻǴ߿ʱⲻ뵽һ⣬ҪǵԸ³ģӦô죿 
˹͵͵ϣ˿Ϣķ򿿽ֹĿ̾˿Ҳȥ 
ִ磬ǻжʱ䣿 ϣ˿ʵ 
۳ȥ㱨ʱ䣬Żһ¡ 
ŶǾٵȵȣ³һɡ ϣ˿˵أ𣿡 
ǵģץȥͺá 
ɱɻǿܶࡣ 
ʵץȥӦãû취 
Ǿôˡ ϣ˿ſöصķһۣ³һɣ羰漸졣 
֪Լˣĵ˻ȥ 
ô ϣ˿֣ 
ܵôεİڷʦǺֻش𣬡Ǻ³йϵ 
š ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ǾɨЩİڷʦɡ



ھŽ

       ³!Ϥĺ,³Ѹתͷ,ķ,ֻô˳ ʲô飿³ſã˵÷ֿ𣿡 
Ǽˣ˹˵ 
ʲô³һû°ɡ 
û¡ֻش𣬡ûΪǵ˼ֻת㣬ʱ鷳 
һ°³ЦǾ¾ЩɣԺڡ 
һԺô죿˹ŵ˵ܲ׽ϢˣǸôǿ뵽Ľ⣬˹˸ս 
һԺҾͺǷֿҪץҲֻץҡ 
УŮҲֿģҡ,Ǿһôܶ㲻ܣ 
𣿡³ЦţŮļ򣬡ôõˣʲôɣȥԡ 
š˹ͷӦţȴ׷׵ش 
³һ⣬·ŵ³ͷ¡ 
ͽĻҪȿԼı£Ҫ³һ˶Էĵ 
ģ־ 
֪˶ٶ£³һѶִɣϻһ 
޴ҲǸˣģ 
Ŷ³ٴΰ˴ɣ뱨ñɣû㣡 
Զȥ³ɵٴվ 
Ϊʲô֣㲻ǰڵʦҲΪŰΪʲôֻԱ߿ֿ 
Ҳ㣬ûðһʦûĻħ֮ħûáҲܰ㱨ǶԼЧˣˡȰ㻹Ǳɣ㲻ֵġ 
Ҳģ 
Ҿͽ취ɡֿ˵͵˵³ϼħƬɱ˻ԼһǲЩνĸ֣ǿԼˣġ 
Զȥͬ飬ֿҡҡͷȥڼֵ߽ʱĳͻȻðŨҵĺ̡ 
Ѱ·ֿżǰߡ 
˵һ飬°ϵӱ 
˭ 
ҽһ¡һٴӺ˳μ棬ҽ֡ 
ֵֿ֣һ±ò԰ס 
һĶԽԽˡ³˵Ҫطˡ 
ǰˣȫˣѾüûɱˣ޿쵽˰ô죿 
ץҾͺá³˵ʵһʱҲҲֻ˥˶ѣûʲô˵ġ 
ǿɲУ˹˵㱻˵׷ɱҪ½ˣͺΣˣ 
ŵͻȻںС 
һȣһڱ󺰵 
˼ңʲô£˹һˮݵ˵ȣǺˡ 
ǸùﰡСĵغˮ.,˵ģû뵽·ˣǡ 
Ҫҵס Ҳ֪ǵط 
Ҳ֪ֻ̾ײˡ 
ʲô˰˹ʵ 
̵ˡٻش𣬡Ϊа˾ͺԥĲһ̫Σˡ 
ǰһвٰڷʦ˻Σյġ 
ҵĵЩʦٿЦеİڷʦ 
ͻȻ˿µز³ 
˼ңôˣ³ֵʡ 
һֵϡ˵һֺǿĺڰ֪ˣǸ˵е³ 
˵Ļ˽ŵˡ 
šЦе˵ҲǲҲͦ͵ġϵĲֵģôάֵģ 
öһۣ˵ 
ǺǡټЦſ³꣬ǲɱ¾ĳ嶯ҪԽԽ˰ 
ô֪³ɫˡ 
ҵĲ²ûˣһİƣһðħ˵άϵǴ˵еħƬ 
⻰˶סˡ 
ʲôˣ˹ʵ 
šЦֻǻıȽϳ֪¶ѡ벻֪ôڵ״̬ 
֪˹ʵ 
ǺǣСȤ˵飬ôʲô̲ס٩ 
˼ң 
Ǻǣʵ֮еʽǿƬʽôȥħƬԽԽǿһѹסǡ 
Ǿô˥ȥ 
һִʵǺƬںϺĲӦֻҪֹͻáħоħǿԲŻô¼ 
Ҫ죿 
ڵŲڵԺҪҾӦ 
̫ˣ϶¶ϲɫ 
Ǻѧϰħʱ䲻ֻѧħ 
ѧħʱֻ̫̣רѧһ 
רһûǶҲҪ˽ſԡԷûϵħҪˮϵģͱðϵĸá 
̽ǰɣүү˹˵⻰ʱ򣬺ֳһۡ 
һǸ֣ܷŹᣡŮ



ʮ

       ôԽԽˣɻʵǰס˵ĵط𣿡 ˼ңԲ𡣡˹ˣ³⼸״̬ãԶ㣬һ£شӦ 
ŶýţȻﲻһǿ԰֤ġ 
Ůˣʵȥʦ 
ʲô٣ǰڷʦǼܻġ 
ʦ˺ܺõġ˹˵˱˵䣬һֱòˣҪʦܽû˿ϰɡʦȻǰڷʦǸˣġ 
ǺǡٴؿǰŮȥɣҪҲȥǰҶô죿 
ʦǻֵŮ˵ضһСľݽе 
ǻ˰߳һݵˣûʲôɡ 
ͻȻ˿Լͽİˡ 
ǡ 
¡˹Լʦ˵λ³ҵġҵѣλ˼ΪƵġ 
Ŷؿ³תͷ˵Сͽ̫ˣܵ䲻κõģסһͽȥ 
еǰϵѪ䣬ǰڷʦµ䡣˵ 
㿴ó¶һ˿ȡ 
еʱ䲻˰ɡ 
ʮˡ 
Ŷ۾¶ֵɫʮǰһڷʦΪ˱һӣѰ֮ʦɱԼҲˣӴ˲֪աҼǵ˽а 
ô֪£ 
ڱϿġٻش𣬡ΪưɡңҲٶˣ֮Ѿˡ 
κã־ϲ˭ôǿ֮ 
ˣɰɣҪʼˡ 
˵껰͵ĹâѸĴغȫס³âƵòͣغˣԶԶվڹâΧ 
ɭǴ󣡡һʿһ߿ǰ֦ͬ鱧Թ 
ǰˡ߲ȥ 
ȵȡ˵ĽʿԶյİɫâǱߺʩչǿʥħȥ 
ˡĨ˰ͷϵĺˮʱ̫ãԺҪԼſԡ 
лл˼ң˹˵ذһݵǰ 
Ǹĺأ۾ܿ˹³ǺӺкøУǲԾӱܣô£ 
иᡣ̾˿Լ⿪Ļû취ġң˵ģ³ǺӵʱҲˣ 
Ҹоûɱ³˼Ϻ³һ𱻹صĻ 
ΪʲôһҪ³ 
ħƬ֪ġ˵ҪԭΪǿҪʥʿˮ׼ĻΪҲܷŹ 
ᵽ̻ʵʱֱֵģ㾿ʲôˣ 
ҪɡЦˣǶˣǳԷɡ 
ڼ˳ŷʱԶ֦˶վǸȥ 
߳ˡһߴĽʿ˳ 
ǰһĽʿشͬ飬Ҳ˳ôôవڷʦ 
ջ񰡣ߴĽʿش𣬽ǿҵİɫâðȫ 
ǿߣԸҶסһ󣡡 
ʦպð˹ 
ˡߴĽʿ˵ҪƽʱͷֵܵһܡڣһҲܲǲǣֵʦ 
ߴʿĻ˶סˡҲǿҵİ׹⣬һʹҲ֡ 
˾ؿԼΧм䣬ȫһƬžֻʹĴ졣 
֣÷˹˷⼸˵ϣ˿ȫȨǲò֣˵ 
ǷŹǰĻ᣿Ҫǿأ 
Ǿȹء 
ֵĻشһ󳤾õĳĬ 
˼˵ֻǲܶ÷˹Сĵʡ 
ǡ 
ˡֻش𣬡дѰڷʦɱαðսķա߰ѣ÷˹ 
뿪ˣһȫʹҲʧˡ 
û뵽Ǵ˵еʥˡ˹˵ллξǡ 
ֻǸĵĳƺšִؿǰǣǶֻܲǣһϣ˿ǶԸǵʱһǱվǱߣҪ˼׼ˡˣҲҪǸˣԸǣҵĺǡ 
˿ԶȥıӰͷ޸п 
µ׷޷ӱ𣿡



ʮһ

       һһըը죬껩شϳҹɭʱʲôҲˡ üʱ³ߵĿ˵ 
ǰ춼һͣס 
ǰ˼ʱ䣬ҵܵĶǶصĵطˡ 
ǴҲ뵽ᱻҵɡ˵һвٸ֣֪˭Դй¶ȥˣɱĸֶ 
ֻҪֵ¶ֵͿˡ³ԳЦЦһ֣û˸ҺԼĴɡ 
һսҪɱһˡ 
ңǡ³ЦǵĿֻңұץԺͿˡ 
㱻ץԺֻܿˡ롣˹һ㵽κεطġ 
˵ŻͻȻ˹˯﷢һ󾪻ŵļ³Ϳֶ³ߵĳ˳ȥԭҲųȥĿͣס˽Ų 
˹˰ɡ룬³ȥͿˡ 
˹ôˣ³æ˹ 
ûлشֻгصĺ 
³ĵƣ˹ŶڽãһСҵضԿ³ӶЩ 
˹Ұ³³˹е 
ŵŮǺҵػĵôкŵŮﲻͣˮ 
ǱضŮ·Ĺ³һŮƽ 
ôˣ˹ 
ЩŮĵӵøˣ᲻ͣӿۿ㣬 
˹ʹһϣͬʱŮСҲϡ³ȫоʹذŮӵԼŮ˴̶ļУš 
˹£ң³Ҳ˺ġ³Ůıذοš 
³ŮŬֹ֣ͣ³³˺ҵġ 
ǵģҲ˺ġӵ˹ֽ˽ңҲñ˺ˡúϢɣ˹һ߱ġ 
šŮڰͷ³Ļһᣬ˰ȵĺ 
ɫһҹҲͣˣڱϴˢҶϣҶ΢΢˸Źâһ㡣ѵ˹۾ȴԼһ˵Ļ 
˰³۾Ůº͵Цš 
ôˣһʱӦŮԻ롣 
ڣȫѹ˹ģ飬̲סһľСͨվ 
ллˡŮŵ˵ʵ̫ˣллҡҡҶû˼ģҺܿͻǵҡ.û˼ȳȥˡ 
˵껰Ůٵ˿ȥתͷʱ³ˮֹӡ 
˹׷ȥ³룬վסˣһ̾Ϣ 
ǲǰ¡ߵ³ߣϵС˳˳ʩ˸ħ 
ǵ֪ġ˵ˣһ¶ǲءܻһΪװ裬һΪ˹ 
˵Ŀͣһ£ȭͷָյ÷ס 
Ϊ˿ǲķˣͬʱִ˹ɫǰ治ͣ˹˵ĿˣǸûõֳԼԼǰ˰ٰ裬ͣȣȴҪװɷ˵ӣҡ 
֮˹ΪǲٻǣҲװӣ֮ǰ֪ܵ˶˵Űֵ˻ȻЩˣȫɱˣǣǰ飬ǲǵġ³˹ԼѾٱκ˰ˣ㻹Ƿɡڷü 
ˡ³ش𣬡Ѿˡʲôˣʲô£ԼѾû취ҷˡ 
۾գһֻжʮʱˣ˵ЩˣҪ飬ȻԺھˡ 
³Ůţ֪ҵģѾˣҲûʲôźˣҡ.ŮĨȥϵỨܺһ͹ˡ 
ˣ˹Цӽе 
¶ĲЦݣִһ 
֪ûЦôˡ³˵Ļ˰ɡ뵽ָмؿԼߵ꣬Һ߰



ʮ

       ִһ³һȺֶϽŵԱ˹ȥԽԽǿأҪСˡ ǰ˹гǣ֪˭ħƬϵϢ˳ȥô׷ɱ㡣 
˵˹ͷ³ĺúѡ㣬㱻ô׷ɱҲΪԭҪ׷㣬ҪûƬ 
Һ㿴һ³ǰŮ˵ҪǲҵңҾͲܺʶ˲ҺҵҰлˡ 
ǿסˮŮ̧ͷ³˵ɵ³ 
ƻʱǾӦߵǼ˶صĵطˡ³ϵ̫ǣʲôң 
Ҫʲôˡ˹ڵεϣһ˿ 
·ϻҳô󡣡Ů۾˵ 
³ػֻǸŮĬĬţؿŮ 
ͻȻоǰðһǿɱ 
ҵˣ³һͷҷȥ൱㲵ˣһ·ϡ 
гϢѧһ£ɱ˼ʮͰڷʦһ㡭Ҳ˵ȥһǿҵķ³˹ 
ʦ³æӭĳҡ³ǿѹƵ˵ 
λһߵ˹ֽţ侲㣬ǽͣ 
ʲôý͵ģ˳ûͣ£ǿ˹ƣڷʦĻţǵţɱͽԺǣ 
ߣ͵һ³æҵмţԲ֪Ǻõλʦ 
ֵ˵ͷõ֣˿ٵڿӰԶʧˡ 
Զʧ³侲ظš˹ĹԽˣ˿Ƿأȫͬھļơ 
ӦԶˡмŵ³룬ʦͷϣû취ͣһܰɡ 
붯³ȫһתܡͽܲսӣ˹һӦ׷³ 
оʦȻ׷³һᡣƽʱʦԼ޵۰Σȴ͵Ļᶼһһŵ³֪ƫԼԭԤķ 
Լܵһ±ϣ³ͣס˽Ų 
ˣСܴܲˣ³ɥ뵽ڸô죿 
ҿܣ˹ɢű˵ɱһر˹ 
ʦҽͣ³ 
ͣǲҪЩ˲ɱģ 
Щ˵ȷɱģǡ 
 Ǿûʲô˵ ˹ϵӵĻеĳķɨ³ 
Ƶòͣ˵³ԼѾ˵±ߡ 
ʦҪɱ𣿡³еһҵΪʲô͵Ļᶼң 
ɱħӻûУ˹еĹһȻŸҵķ³ȥ 
⻰³ͷһʹг̲ס˳ȥڹӳʦɨȥʱ򣬿ʦܣ̲סֳͣǰʦԼĺǻͽ̻壬ֻһ 
ˣͷһƬհ׵³ͻȻԼһգ֪ԼѾɽ£зһ̾ϢǰֳһŲ԰סϣһֱȥźáôŵźķȥ 
ԼͽܱԼ£˹վ±ϣˮ૵غ³֣˹һ±ȥҲȥ 
ڿе³ײ˼ϵ֦صˤһС 
ˮȻˣ³Ż壬ûʲôصˣĵ˿׼ϰʱͻȻһӰӴ 
ʦ˺³æٵ˹ȥѰ˹ѵʲôְʦˣ 
ʦòᰡʦ̵壬³ɿϰҲβô죿˵ʦκˣûһҪɱҰ 
Ȳôˣʦκ˵³ҼǵøĴиҽȰʦȥɡ 
Ű˹³ʦԼϲͣؽԼ֣ͻȻ˹ 
ʦΪˣԲģ뵽³ǰԼСʱʦԼ񵶣ʦһνԼϰ䣬ʦԼˣ뵽ǰ֣³۾Ҳ̲סʪˡ 
ʦһֱǰҵģ³뵽ʦΪԼɱħʹļҪɱԼΪԼԺִͬһԼᡣ뵽 




ʮ

       극Ŀҽţ׼Ժһ裬Ϣһ󡣿ǣõ뷨һ󼱴ٵˡ ˭е㲻ҽԼҵķţǰվһ׳ꡣ 
³ѸٵذԼƽʱΪԺ˹һ飬Լûʲôñɱ飬ҽкҼкιɣ 
иˣκ³Ѱ˹ӱϷ£ҽڿĴϡ 
ҽߵߣͷóһϸؼ顣 
ֻƣ͹ȣ˷纮ûʲô¡ܺãֻҪûʲôˡ 
̫ˣ³ϲɫ˵λʦеᣬҲչҪ죬ʦȷ⼸죬Ǯ鷳չ 
Ϊҵңҽæ³ݹǮ˻ȥģұ֤˼κãմʲôԵó³ 
УҽӴ˳һӣǸõķҸװˣҪóأ 
ǵ 
Ϳˣմﲻɷ˵ѹ³ϣ¾æȥɣʦǺˣ 
Ƕлˣ֪޷ܾ˺³˸ת߳˴ӡ 
ˣ۾İ˹һϸ˵ϲؽе 
˹ãؿΧ 
ֵô壬ҵŮմϸ˴ػشȻתͷӣˣ 
ϸ˵Ľһȥҽһ˴һȺ˽ 
ˣǽҺõģ 
ʲôõĵģҽ㶼Ų 
Ҳǣ¸һ 
Ҫ˵ֻ˴ù˵Ļ 
һȺΧס˹ͣ˵ŻͬʱʳƷҩҲѰ˹ġ 
⾿ô£˹ֵ룬ҲˣΪʲôô飿 
ΪʲôҪңȺֹͣ˹ʵ 
ѽôô˵ǿȥҽ˻ش𣬡Ҫиһôиҵˣ 
𣿡˹ЦһЦɱħ³ʦ 
ȫһƬȻͬ 
ǰһΪѣ 
찡³ôҼҰûѧҽ 
е˾ô˹ա 
ǾôˣǵķӦԼĳ󣬰˹ΪԼΪ˻þ 
˺ˣλѣǱ̫ˣҽȺȫ˳ȥԺкܶģ 
⾿ô£˹Ի󲻽⣬³ʦӦǵͷܲŶ𣿡 
Ǻǣ³Ȼɱ˺ܶˣȴǵĴ˰ҽЦŶ԰˹˵ɱȫЩƽʱѹƽ޶ĻЩˣСϰղҶǣ±ֻǵ⡣ҿ³ȫɱܣǲкӹ 
𣿡˹ȻŽɣͰڷʦһ𰡣ۿġ 
˵˹СͿɡǿǺ˰ҽп˵ħǿҽ֪˶ˣȻǰڷʦҴû˵ɱʲô޹ˡ 
𣿡 
ǵȻô˵³ʦ֤𣿡 
𣿡˹˵ȴĻᶼ£˵İ˹ͻȻվУȻû³ҲûҪȥһ 
̫ҽһѰס˹ļ򣬡³ģİɡ 
𣿡˹ҽ϶Ŀ⣬ãá 
İ˹ͻȻվ 
˼,аĵطԼһ¡ 
еģҼҵĺԺûˡҽ⣬סɣ³ºġ 
һ߽Ժİ˹̧ͷգһξô¹ôˮ۾ֻǣˮѾǰôɬȴǷ 
ڻˣ˹ųٵ·۾˹ĺϲãûʲô°ɡ 
ãֻеᡣ³ش𣬡ԺȥʦͰɡġ 
š˹³ȫ飬һģ 
Ǿ׼ʼɡִԶ˹Ѿ׼ˣٹСʱ͵ˣǾʱɡҲ׼¡ 
á³˵ͷϵ£ֹһ˰ֻʮˣ



ʮĽ

       ǵ˵Ϣ³ѾϵصˡһһĽʿ㱨˵ˣΪʲôȥһ ˲ôöԸġаյĽʿش𣬡Ҳ˵Ⱥܲܳɹʹǽҵ֣µ˺ҲǱһһסˣ˭ӹһز֡ǱߴǿȨܺӲһʺ϶أɱ³ġһƼֱӵףû˶ˡ 
һ͵µ˲ǡ 
һڵġ˵ڵ³ǸʶԼҲ֪ôˣ϶Ҳ֪ЩϵĸֲŹᡣ 
ӢӦô죿 
һսӦûȽϷɣֻҪõ²ߵʱ򣬱ǲòǶԾͿˡ 
ֻ˶ܾİ 
˶һͬȱ㡣˵ǵ˽лɣⱻˡ 
ÿ𣿡 
ˡעˣǻעЩûȥĺְɡ 
ǣ 
ϢĵطΧܴ󰡡³һɽ۲һ߶ߵĿ˵ 
šֻش𣬡˵˲٣ǹưһϢĶˣ޷ǵľλáǿ߻ڷʦ 
ǸϹˡ³˵ 
ŶҲӦõ˰ɡ 
ǻȥɡ 
߻ػϵص˾ȵؿڵǡ 
ڼ˰³ͬѧһ¹ûŮ³к 
£³ʧ룬ôôˣо. 
ֻҪϺͿˣߵ˸³ͬѧʱҲתء 
޴վ֪Ǻá 
ġ ϣ˿͵˵Ҷʱ仹ûڲǶ֡ǻûԶɣǸǳԵģԱ˲ܡ 
һԵְһʳﶪ˵Ľűߡ 
ԱϢ͵ˣǶֵʱ䡣ϣ˿˵ǿҪŬˣҿɲô񡣡 
˵껰ϣ˿Ƕ¶ϢЦݣټˣλףǺˡ 
Цݣ˶סˣûϣ˿˵ЩʲôֻǴؿϣ˿ֵ֣櫣ʧС 
ĺ͵¶Ծ𣿡ڻعĿ 
ǶԾЦŵ³ش𣬡ȳԶɡ 
ζ˹һҧȥʱ̲ס̾Ҳ̫˰ɣ 
¸³ش𣬡ġ 
ã˹͵͵˿ 
ϣ˿ǽǸм㣬ָ˷ܵ˵ 
Ӱ ϣ˿ǵһЦԺжͻЩ 
㾿ڿʲôĿתؿԼϣ˿ֵʡ 
ϣ˿ǽЦôᣡ˵һɸղ˵Ͷɡǿ϶ͻԹͶ 
Ҫͺˡ ϣ˿ŮСԴϧûô򵥡ôЦҲɣ 
ϣ˿ǽûߺ櫵ͷ 
ôʱ仹ûڴϵ÷˹رԹ 
𼱡۾ûϢķΧ˷ǳ࣬Ȼṻɱġ˵Ŀ겻㣬ȴҪӲͷȷ棬޴Ϊˡ 
ʱĵţҹɫȴԽˡ£̫ûʱ򣬴ȫĺڰڵϣͻȻðһͣسѿһεĺӰɽȥ 
ôôˣһŵĽʿɽµغӰɻ롣Ƕǳٶۣٶûã 
ǰ治ԶиӰǽʿĵƵ˺棬һ̴˵˵ࡣɵ˺޸оȻӲתһѶסʿʺ 
ʬ˵Ľʿڵر۾ôаڷʦأ 
ǣɽϲҲʬһʵʱһ󼦷ɹԭžɽϱһҡ 
ڿʼˣ÷˹˷ܵվ֣ǳɣ 
̫ңҾͲȥˡ˵֪Ӧʲôְɡ 
Ȼֻش𣬡ȥѲ鱣ְĵطСʬŵð˸ֵó֣ 
ֿ˵ıӰҵĻҿ϶·װʬȥ



ʮ

       ʼˡԶðѣĨĨ࣬ҪȥˣҪעˡ ΪʲôȥʣкڰϢװʬǺܺ𣿡 
ǿɲСֻش𣬡³Ҳȥִ治ȥǴȻʬһɡؿɶסʥħĺ 
Ǹʬе֣ɱһֵ÷˹ŶһĽʬȻһӲһûУǵеĸֻŻ͵Ϯ 
ôŵ÷˹Ǹʬ߹ߵʱȫһȥΪֵ÷˹ǰһգǽʬͻȻʧͬʱԼļҲᰴһ¡ 
ˣôŵ÷˹ڻԺȴԼûɻؿǽʬԽԼʬ߹ȥʱͷ˻֣ȥһɫĹâ 
Ҳˣ÷˹룬ǵҲӦڸսǾӮˡ 
ȥϰɡ ϣ˿Ƕغ˵ 
õġ 
Զ˸ŵ͵İ׹ȥ 
˰ֿ߹ˣϣ˿ǣæͰǻ 
߾߽ʬֶ³˵ 
϶֡³Զɽݺİ׹⣬̻ĸֱӳȥģ˼˵вٸ֡ 
ҲûˡֿԶգȻִһɽͷܻûˡʹ˵ĸֶסǻܽӵֵĹ𣿡 
ãװɽʬһֿԶð׹⣬һңеʦĸ֣׼ɽͷ޲𹥻ȥֹˣҪϿܻɽſԣ 
ôŵĽʿҲ˲αװתܡܲͱһߴӰס 
һˣ˷ܵؿǰŵĶ֡ 
ձȫˣųҲĺڼսɽȥһƬҽɽͷһõĽ׹⡣ 
ֿԶֵ֧ˣ÷˹Ϳ˵ˣȥ̽·˵껰󣬽һɽɽȥ 
ǿȥˡ˵ûôཀྵʬ 
ɽʱĲҽС֮׹Ѹٵɽȥ 
̽·Ǹšɽǰ³ͬ˵ 
Сİе˹ĵĶš 
ѾûˡִӶ˳ˣŵ˶ЩصĶһʮˡһСʱԺҽȥ㣬Ҫһʬ壬ǾͰ׽³ʱǰһ졣 
ܵøǼʬǱԼɡ 
Ҳǻнʬꡣ˵ҿɲԺ׷ʱԺܶཀྵʬ 
ǻǱҵ⡣ֿԾԾԵ˹Ҫ֮ܺҿĻֱӻȥˡҪСûĸ֡ҽԺҸطֱǶΪֹߵȻ͸ǻȥҲԡ 
ǲŲߣ˹ش 
³ϣ˿ǽת㣬ʣµʱﵽʥʿˮ׼ǾͷŹ㡣˵껰ǿҵĹâǰʧˡ 
𣿡ֵ˵ھôǿħ󣬻ĸ֣ȫ¶֧ӣ 
ɫĹâһֳڵȴǰ 
һˡ 
ˣ ϣ˿ǵ¶Цݣû˰ɡ 
û¡΢Цһߵ񣬡þòˣִˡ 
ǺǣҲӦýƣػɣҵħԺôоͷӵء 
֪λشεվ 
ˣҲøˡ΢Ц˵Ķߣвٰڷʦȥأ 
Ǿʹ˸ˡ ϣ˿ǹлİ 
ǽҪʲôӶ߳³ſ֡ 
Ѿûʲô˿ɱˡ˵ȥʦȻ˵Ҹطʹʥʿˮ׼ҲǿԼ 
õġ³ԶȺɽǾͻȥɡ 
׼߽ӵԶԶһȺΧŰ˹˵ʲô 
Ѿʦ˵ˡ˹³˵óܸˣµӡ 
š 
͵͵ȥһϲɡ˹˺¶ƤЦݡ 
ðɡ 
ûϵŮɷ˵³˹Ĵĵ߹ȥ 
˹ԭʽ³ʱ򴲰һСʡ 
ǰ˹شʱҲǸСһΣȥԣ·˻ŵֱء 
ұһСŮ˵·޵ġ 
ʦһȺ˵ԼСʱĳ£쳣ε³֪Ǻãֻվ涫ȴж˹²³ﲻһ̾Ϣ 
ʦһˣоٲֹԼԺû˹ǰ̧ͷ³ӲͷƤе 
˰Ϥ˹ֹͣ˵˵ػعͷԼͽܴһŮ˳ 
 




ʮ

       ³磬˹㣡ǿˣ˵Χ ڲԶŵİ˹űΧӦһȺӣο 
ڣɢˣ³˹ߵ˹ǰ档 
ʦλǡ 
λ˹ˣ˹ͽܵĻ˶ڿǸŮأ 
˵껰İ˹´˹ͣصͷ˹ͨ죬ɵͷȥ 
㿴㿴ڿ˹İ˹ʼǴ³ɫ֪˼Ҹ˶ٿ࣡˼ŮôףֶôֲˣôչŮİ˼ҿɲţһ񣡡 
ѵ³æ֤ԼԺһСĵע⡣ 
һ߿˵ŮԽɬˣȴۡ 
ǴԺô죿˹ˡ 
Ǵȶ㼸졣³ش𡣡ЩҪŬ´ӦҪ׷ǰʥʿˮ׼ͷŹң֪Ҳˮ׼Ҫ֤ǰҪԼɱˡ 
ʥʿ𣿡˹˵ȷǲܡҲԷһɡ 
ʦȥ˹ʦӵǺ͵ս͸аЩ³˵Ǻò˦׷ٵˣ¶ˡ 
š˹˵дţңҵطȥҲڵʱǱ¶档 
ǣʦ 
ˣˣձ棬³ͻȻʧȥټ 
ŶѾǵټˡ˵ʧȥǵټģ 
ܰһͼڿָһط 
ǵ 
ڳϢûǡ 
Ŷȥһɽ֣û˾סܾõ³߼ʱһĳԭЩ˸ס¡ 
ǣ 
ŴҴ߳ȥ£ճ˿ 
뽣ʥͲôһѣֻҪܵõƬһܹΪڿغݵĽʿôŵİսȭͷһҪõ 
ˣ˹ԺӺϰ³е 
³Ĩ˰Ѻߵķ£ԵȺ˵ôҾõˡ 
֪ͺãô˵ŵ˹ʢһ뷹ѹ£һףݸ³ 
óԣ³ɿɨǰķˣ˹ĲôҲԲ壡 
𼱣ԡմ迴ǰ꣬Ժû԰Ҫһأ 
̫ţһߵĿЦ˵ĲҳԵڶû 
ǵȻȻûС˹ãҲ 
Ĳ˶˳Բˣ˹Ĳ³ô᲻ÿͶƴԣҪʮͺˣ 
ͷӣմЦἸʮʲôã˼СѾˣ㻹ʵʵ̫Űɣ 
λЦ˹³͵͵ŶԷĿϵʱֿٱֻܿǣʱ˵ȴġ 
⼸ʥʿǲˡ극³ߵ˹˵ 
ѵǾֻ־𣿡 
û취˭㰡³εЦһĶҲɱòˡ˹ұץĻ￪ƬɱɱѾˡ 
˵³̾˿֣׶٣Ƕ޷󼰵ţǲ׷ǵġʱڸоҵѧ֮أУ˵£Īˡ 
˵ˣ˹׷£ 
ԺпգȥҰɡǹҷǳġ 
˹ͻȻͨ죬˵㱻ץҡ.Ҳȥֵأ 
Ǿ̫ˣ³ϲһסŮ֣һΪԺҲԲĲˣ 
˹ĸˣȴ³Լֻ֣оһĪࡣ 
̸ŵˣг˰οǣɫͻȻ 
кܴı갡յĿ룬֪ʦܼܲʱϵ 
ֻˣǳɣ ϣ˿˵³ڶûǣǵˮ׼ˡϾ漣Ǻѷİ 
ˣձ棬³ˣ 
ãԶԶȥˣ 
³ʦ˹ź˴кб꣬Ϣһͣٸ·ɡ 
õġһµİ˹ʱ仹ͷӦˡ 
ˡϰŵ³ͻȻͣסһʧˡ 
˹ûлشֻ³βסŨŨıˡ 
ͣסˣָŵͼϵһӣһһӡڵĵطӦò³ڵĵطƲ⣬׼ȷס³λõĻ³ܾյֵָô塣 
֪ͨңȥֵô壡ֻܶһˣһжûܲˣ 
ǣ



ʮ߽

       û뵽ⳡµôã˹ͰٵɭǰǸϵʱޣϣܸϵü ͵ˣ ϣ˿ϵĳҪԾ𣿡 
Ǵܵҡ¶˾ĵϣ˿ǶԴ峤˵ 
ʵʲôԸ 
֪³ֵô塣ǰ¶𾪱飬ϣ˿˵վûȥҾҪжˡ 
ǡŲ֪Ǻõ߳ӣٵֵôȥ 
ɫ治ðտ¹⣬СǰŪ̫󶯾õ·鷳ˡ 
в͵͵ӽֶ³˵鷳ģǿֻҪȵͺðˣ 
š 
ʧҹɫС 
³նԾۼڹ㳡ĵĴǺ 
ô֪һش𣬡ôǰ汩¶ٰ 
𣿡ջӽѻش˿أ㳡һƬһΣ³ 
شһƬĬ 
úãǶйĲ֪Ц˵ҾͰһɱ⣡治ǵùɣ 
˵껰İһһ˵ԴǾܣȴյǸ˻ȥ 
Զŵ³ų̲סվ 
ȥ³һ˫ˮĴ۾ԼȻ书ҿóǸ˺ǿ򲻹ģ 
Ǵ򲻹³۾ƽᣬѾнʥˮ׼ˡǡҪʱؿŴɱһϲ³𣿡 
ҪȥŮ᲻ͣţҵСҲã˽Ҳãȥ 
Բ˹ؿŮҲԼʱ򲻳ȥҪҵңֻҪҳȥͺˡǷһѻ𣬵¿һϹġֻҪܸϵǾоˡ 
㡭 
Բˣ˹Ҳû취ٳĲˡ³Ů,ƺҪԶӡԼԺ̫ˡ 
˵Żʱ򣬿Ѿĵ߿һᣬԶķͻȻ 
һ³վ㳡ȥ 
ڹ㳡ɱ˵İͻȻоһǿѹԶۿȥһųһݲ԰׵Ů 
³˹С㣬ΪʲôҪҽ̲ס󺰣ֻҪȵ졭 
˹Ϊʲôҽĺ³ŷŮһֱԼ 
³˹ƽһˣҪΪж֧ұԺһȥΨһɡˣôҡŮ 
ŬʱҪ뵽һˣȫΪŲȥġ 
һᾡġ³ϴ΢ЦҴӦҪһġ 
ڻǳˣϴŵЦݣֻҪڵ¸֮ǰͺã 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬³ҪһǺÿ櫶¹³˼ϣ˿˵ 
û취° ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ɱʵ̫ˣϵƬҲ̫ջ˰ʵи뷨 
ʲô뷨 
ץȥʥʿˮ׼ͬʱһֻҪŮţͿˡ 
ǰһӦģ櫸˵˵ 
ϣˡ 
ͻȻ˿Զð˻⡣ 
³ڵĴӣ˵ϣ˿ǣ˷³ˣҪɱ 
ǿȥ˵Żϣ˿ԭʧԶ֣櫣ںߣȥˣ 
յ³ڵĴӣ˹˵϶ǿĵˣȻûʱģǿȥ 
ǶԸЩʬԼ£ 
ָӭĳյЦɱҪ鷳СӣϵĶ̫ˡҪ֣͹ɣ 
һԵ³ųÿһͬھĴ򷨡Զ˹ͣսĵطŰħ 
СŮ鲻㡣룬³ƴһɵףҾ˳ɵСŮɡ 
ôŵİ³һӻóһСվڲԶ˹˹ȥ 
û뵽ԷܳԼ˹һڽʱǿӿʧһطԺȴַһСӭ 
ھŴι˹Զֺһѣ 
˹ܵԶԶİ³һ߶԰սͽ͵׷һߴ󺰡 
ܿȫԸ³³һᱻɱģ˹һҪסӵʱԽԽ 
Ůļ󣬴ϲİ˦³ȫһ˹ȥ



ʮ˽

       Լ˹һ׼ÿռħʱͻȻһƬ ˣħĹȣòħˡ³ؿŰյĽ˹ 
оѹ˹۾ȴӰһһ˵Լǰ棬һ 
оİմϲȴԼеĲСŮһꡣ걻̴ͬʱҲðŨҵḷ́˹ 
ٺ˵İջǱסֻ֣һ飬ʲôоҲûУһڵϡ 
磡˹޽ţΪʲôҪҰ 
ôٴοǰ˺޶ԣֿѪǴѾⱲӶˣһΡ. 
û˵껰ĿһҵĿԣ³ѪͷȥͬʱԶ׷ŰµĽʬҲֹͣ˻׷׵¡ 
磡 
֣˹ı³ѳԽˣһҪɱ㣡 
úܣСӣִԼùһѽһ³ɻȥҾֻ֣һܰǸɵ 
³ƲֻҲأȫƴĴ򷨡 
첻ˣտ³ĶҲһϲá 
ΪʲôϴУ³ŬչҪǿ㡭ΪʲôҲǿ㰡ôŵ³ͻȻԶ˸һ׹һ⣬Լλÿ 
ָˣôŵ³ĹͻȻֱˡ 
ôͻȻоˣȻ龰ȴҲŲµԭ򣬡Ҫսſԣ 
ͻȻղ³Ĺȴһڿ߿˹ȥ³һ𣬳ȫյĽȥ 
˹İȴͻȻ˽һתƵ³󣬴̳һ 
³룬һֱǰ壬һ˹һ 
뵽³ҧҧһԭվסͬʱյĽĴ̽³ؿͻ˳ 
³˹ȥ˫ȷվҲվһ³ð˳ڰϣ̲סЦһ³嵹ˡ 
Ҳã̫ˣ˸磬ֺ³˹һţһ³ȥҲΧĵˡ 
ںڰʧʱһտЦһȥһ죬˱һˡ 
ǻˡĬĬ˹Ŭİ³ȥϣ˿ǵ۾ʪˡ 
Ź㳡˵Ӱ֯ţϣ˿ǵͷһƬ𾪡 
ִռ·磡ϣ˿ǻæϼӳʥػ 
鷳е룬ںԼ 
ǵˣ櫵 
㳡ϵ龰櫴סˣ𣿡 
س֣ͻȻһֵһȥǿһرɣڰմ׷ʱֵ֮䡣 
Ƭˣ ϣ˿룬ִ粻һܽ 
ôŵŮóһ̻ȼ 
ɽֵϢ÷˹ͻȻԶһ̻ 
Ԯźţ÷˹ȵ룬ϣ˿Ԯ 
÷˹µֺͿֽеϣ˿Ԯ 
ʲô˴һֶԸ˵ĵˣ 
 
Ѹٵ̻ķȥ 
櫣أ㵽һȥ˵Ŀ㣡һּӳʥħϣ˿һָӵ 
ϺİշصķȫȻֺϣ˿ǶԼĹȫֹҲһѪۡ 
һֵĽһʹ񿪣ͬʱȫҫǿҰ׹ĽʿҲսš 
ʹ죡һĺ˵ĿִЦֻӽԶַʥâס㳡 
ŶԷĶִһһ϶Էֽ֡ҽŵİնһֺͣ÷˹ѽû˫ȡİһ˱˳ȥɰҲ˵ϡ 
أϣ˿ǵشӰð˳һ̽յĺġųĲҽڵϹһᣬٶһɺ̴ðֵķƮȥȴǿҵʥâˣֻõϡ 
˶ŵؿűֵأ櫲֣óħ⾧ﲻͣ 
ڣ۾¶һЦݣû¡ 
˶˿÷˹ʣ˵ϧ 
һߵ櫺ݺݵؿһۡ 
λ㣬Ѿ³ˣ̫˰³Ϳֵʬϵ˹˵ 
Ѿˡ ϣ˿Ǳ˵ؿŵϵˡ 
ŵߵ˵ߣֻ˹˫һ³֣һſֵ֣Ѿֹͣ˺ϵڻ¾Ө˸ţδ紵ɡ 




ʮŽ

       Ӱڸϵİ˹ͰϵľȫסˡƺʧȥһԼͽڵĵطŲȥ Բ𡣡 ϣ˿ɤӶλ˵ˣҡ 
λƺȫûϣ˿ǵĻ˫ľȻؿǰߵԼͽԣˮ¡㳡ĴǴվţԶĴԼķݣȴû뵽Ҫȥ 
ϣ˿ǵڴۿڽµĲݵϡ 
Ҳã ϣ˿ǰͷֵĻͣسΪʲôҪôʱ䣬ҪһʼͰץûЩˣҲɱİΪʲôһҪȥɱֻٿֵٹһӣȴ.ִ磬ΪʲôǺģƫƫȵ 
ַſŵŮļıһ仰Ҳ˵ 
Ȼ﷢ĴԼŵϣ˿ǣһ 
ȥȻִˣ鷳ʥħǵʬʱ櫣أȥͨ棬˳һ˴ȼ÷˹֣ǵȥټħơ 
ңϣ˿ǡ 
ǰֵָʾĬĬɢȥִԼȥˡ 
ϣ˿ǡŮĿֹͣ˵кܶҪȥǰɡ 
š ϣ˿̧ͷ˫ۿ֣Ѿû鷢ˣڣִ磬ллˡ 
˵ʲôº͵ؿǰŮҿ¹ػ߰ȥɡ 
õ³Ϣǣ˷ڴۼǣñκμᶼࡣֻǣôûһЦӳ˱˵ա 
¸ҽʱѵ 
³Ѿȥˡ ϣ˿ǵħ´ȫһ˿ɳƣûж˵磬ˣȴԶʧԺҲûа˵ӢˣҪǵ磬ֻпԼ˫ϣǲҪԺɶ˵ãԸĹԶҫӢ۵꣬ʹǵõõİϢ 
˵껰ϣ˿һĹѨ˵ϣţ֣֣أ櫣÷˹֣ԶǣһŶˮϡڴߵɽϣһ߸ߵķضѡ 
ǰһʯĹǰ˰һֽŵϣ˿ǰ 
ΪǵĹɡ˿š 
ϣ˿ֽд³ʺȴͣ˱ʡ 
Ůò۹⿴Լִ֣ߵĹǰγ˳ͬʱзʦоԼɲȫʧ 
ᰣ룬ôֱʰ 
ԵǿĹâӽĹȥųĻ裬ʯͣص 
ϵĹâʧĹϳһд֣³˹֮ĹԾҪƿշһ㡣 
ϣ˿ǻһֽϣ˿ǡֹϣ˿Ƕ˵ԲҵʵڲʺΪǰ⼸ֿڱװɡ 
Ǹмֽȥ 
ɫȥڳصУɢˡ 
ǻȥɡ ϣ˿ǿ˿Զ³Ĺ̾һĿƬأ֪ҪԵʲôˣϣҪ³˰ 
һᱻԶסİɡ˵ 
һġ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ǵ¼һᱻǱɴ˵ԶȥǿӢ۰֪ǣֻҿʲôأ 
һӢ櫻ش𣬡ڵ¼ѾǱɹ´ˣ 
Ӣ𣿡 ϣ˿ǿЦӢ۵ʱǶʱõʱǲӦȫûӢ۵ʱأ 
үүҪѧ򣡡һӲŰ˹ 
үүҪѧħһӲŰ 
ҪѧЩʲô 
Ҫ³һѻȫɱ⣡ 
Ҫ˹һȺܶܶˣ 
һ𣿡λ˿ԶͽĹ۾̲סʪˡ 
ããүүͽǡ 
ɽϦ³ĹϣߴĹһɫĹԡ̫£޴Ĺûڰ,Ϧӳ¹Ծ޴ķĹ,ڰȫûĹǰڴӢ۵¼ǵƮӢ۵Ĺ½ԽԽԶһֱľͷȻԶȥ




-- --



ڰ
һ

       治ضߵ˹˵߼죬Ϳ԰ѵͼˡʣµʱʲô ֪˹ش𣬡ҿɲ㣬ڵš 
ٺ١صЦҲһ˹˵вŮ͵͵ϲŶҪҪ 
˵ؿźѵɫͻȻѿ̲ס̾һ 
ǴڵжԵļ尡˹ 
Ҳ֪˹ش𣬡ǣе鲻Ǿǵİ 
ǰˣǱ֮أǺúÿΰɡز˻⡣ 
š˹ĵصͷ 
վɽϣԶĳС 
൱ѹơ˵֪ûܵС·ͨ 
·פĵ˱ɡ˹˵Ҳãһ˵ؽǸء 
һҪģȻԺͻȻӺðͲˡü˹񰡣 
еˡ˹ش𣬡Ϣһ°ɡ 
վסһѲߵʿɽˣ 
ʲôˣǽȥʲô 
ħѧԺѧЦǵĿǻһĵͼǵ֤ 
š֤ʿӳ˵ͷǽ涨ǲܻĵͼġħѧԺѧķϣѵͼóǾͿˣ 
ˡؼЦǿԾͨ˰ͨ¡ 
ҲʲôԵ飡ʿӳͨڣٲѵͼͰץ 
߿˹һƿ·ʿӳ 
쵰ʿӳγ˵ֵǣϣץȥʣ 
ʲôﳳ֣һŮԶʡ 
˹ɫ䣬¶˿Ц 
ֺƳһװŮϴű˵ӢһѳǹŮǰˣһƬȡ˹̧ͷȥŮ۹һһ𣬼æͷȥ 
ǰŮ˵ 
ʶǣӵʿӳʵ 
ܾǰˡŮش 
λܾò˰Ů˸ 
ǰػ˸񣬿˴һ߲˹һۣ겻ԽӢˣ˻ء 
ŮĿɨһֱԼ˹΢΢һ죬ңزЦˣλԽӢء 
˶Իʿӳ˿˵ͻȻˣɫˡ 
ʿӳ˲ò㱨˽ѧУԵڻһĵͼ 
ŶŮһۡ 
ȷȷʵʵĩԡػش𣬡֤ҲԸǵԺѯʡ 
λܸܲСһ桭 
ǵĿô죿¶ɫ 
λĴǣӦòûа취ɡ 
ðɡõشӰóһŵͼݸŮôлǣ 
ˣ㡣Ůѵͼݸʿӳ 
ǡʿӳԥ˵һǻš 
ġŮش𣬡Ҫǲһ֮ͺãҲû취˹ɲˡ 
ǼȥѲ߰ɡŮʿˣھƺͳԵǱҶλ˵Ļӭ͸л 
Ŀ˸ʿӳ룬˻֣ʿǴˡͬʱŮױѸٵİѶںá 
ҲϰšغŮ̸˼仰һںȸɱеľƣһǿ羰ȥ 
ױΪѵؿŮ 
ǲĿԸȥ΢Цţ˳ﲻȥȻ˺ˡ 
ױǸΪѵؿŮ 
Ժҵͬ˺ҿ΢Ц˹ѽҡ 
˹⿪ϵĽݸء 
ˣҵͬûˣҿǷ˰ɡ΢Цţ·ɡ˹ɽ㡣 
Ů˵ͷױǴӵɽȥһȺߺֻԡ 
겻ÿɺãŮŵ 
˹̧ͷŮ۾㣬겻˺ܶడ 
һΪҲûĻˡŮһ˿Ȼû뵽һ档ֻ´μ棬ǵʱˡ 
ܼһ棬Ѿ֪ˡ˹һеľƣվֻ󡭡ֻԺĻᡭ 
˵껰˹վתߣɽȥŮῴɽֻܻһͷȴһͷԼֻ̲סͻȥֱ˹ıӰʧҲһͷŮ۾ֱ˹ʧĵطڹ 
˹ͷɽȥ޲ٻͷٿһŮһͷҲԸ뿪Ųӿˡߵû˿ĵط˹Ĩȥϵˮһɽȥ



ڶ

       Ŷһ̽ΰǹŻ㱨˵һĵͼأ һߵĲıǰһŵͼ̯ϡ 
ţСӻؼҵʱҪ·˹ɭ֣һûʲôˣǷֿĻǸûᡭˣأ 
һԺһںһ˵Ż 
ˣھӪϰ߰ɡ 
ɺˡش𣬡Ҷܺã˹˶ҿǿ佱мأ˵лӳأ 
ӳ𣿡ؿŵܵܽ׳ӣˣְλ̫ΣˡؼҺ͸һֻһܵܣһʲô£ôȥĸĸ 
硣겻ΪȻؿԼֳѧһգõųһĵڶˣȴûڼϧ𣿹Ҳֵܿһ𡭡 
˵ˡشϵܵܵĻǲһؼҵˡȥʲôӳҰĵýͿԣȻҾͰץؼң 
ǡͷػش 
شˣ롣ܼҴ˵̸ 
Ҿʲô£ɻ룬شãҾȥ 
أ˰Цݣеضк 
ʴʲôأ 
Χˣ¶һ˿⡣ 
ȥɱһˡ 
ˣ˵Ҳμ֮ġ 
֪Ƿһŵ𣿡 
ǡصͷҪҶ𣿡 
˵ͷ 
Ҫȥɱ˭ 
ء 
㻹ݰܺΣֻҪҲҶò˰ɡ 
˵۾غ˹һػؼҵʱҪ˹ɭֻ֣ҪĹá 
ҿûա 
鱨ǺŮ档ش𣬡˹Сûػؼҵġ 
һһֱһأ 
㾡ȥǡǷɹ˳ŵ 
áӦŵĿ߳ţͲҳȥתһȦȻܻ˵ʧˣ 
ЦŻش𣬡˲ɣοƷŵù 
ڱõĵͼ»ñǵƣ۾ 
Ȼ̫Ҳˡ˹ҾҪȥˣȥҼ𣿡 
ˣ뵽ߡ 
ͼһһݡذһݵͼ˹Ǿˡ 
ͻصˣ뵽ڼеȺԼĸĸȣůģ²ӿ˽Ų 
ǰͻȻǰ浲סһǹꡣ 
أϳǰ˺󣬾ȵʵʲô 
ɱ㡣 
㲻ȫǼҵĶô 
ŵεػش𣬡ɣ 
һҳ£֪һΪܵõ 
һúôʬ壬κ˷ֵġ룬ǱҲӦñгˣֻҪȥͿˡ 
˵껰곤ǹһɱסء 
γ˵ֻһԼ 
ǿƣ룬˵Ѿʥʿˮ׼ˣܽӵĹ𣿡 
ôŵ겻΢΢һ 
ֵӵغˣһȣһǹǰȥ 
һ񿪶ֻֽһɺ˳Լŵĵֱһ飬æصĳǹӰ棬ż˵ꡣ 
Ȼ룬ұˮ׼ͲҪ·磬ȫûϣˣ 
һðɫĶУǹӰСһ˷ֿˡ 
ԤҪǿöడؾȵؿŶ洭ϢأѾʿˮ׼ˡ㻹Ӳˣ 
ҪǰʱڿشʦѵҸֲڣϴż˿ڵ룬ǰΪûʲôҪںںеˡ 
ŵͻȻԶ 
鷳޲ɱҪҵ滨򣬻ҵˡ 
ţǾͿԻȥˡ 
˵˵شϲþؿһöԷʱȫ˵˵ķȥ 
׶٣æи׷ң 
˵Լɱ׷һˣ׶üùǰأһڽ׷صǹϡ 
ֿ֣ͷһݣ룬Сĵضš 
ԷϷĺ׶ٳʵأ 
ǱΪŵ׶٣ؿȫɢŰ׹Ķ֣Ȼ鴫 
ǣĵֱֱؿȥ 
ӲһĿشЦźˡ 
ߵȻҽ첻ģлٽְɣأǺð 
ЦͣЪصӰҲʧˡ





       źȦ˹ھƵžƣÿһͷһȻһ󣬳̾һһںȾеľƣʣ߳Ƶš ȥˣҸһɵһŰɫ·ߵ˵ 
ǡ 
ˣǹǰ㱨£˰ɡ˹أ 
Բˡ˹˿˹䵥ˣһɵʱ 
𣿡ü˹һֱϲôϣγֵʱ򣬲Ҫѡϰ 
Ŀĵŵ˹߳ķΧҰȥ̫Ҳбˣ紵ŵϵĳݣţƺ˵ʲô 
Ϧŵ˹ͣ˽Ųת 
ûʲôˣҲԳˡ 
еʶ֪˸ס㣬ߵֵطһµĿ˹վ 
Ҫ֪˸סҲѡ˹ĻشдųһŰµҲˣ 
ҲƤ˹ҴΪŸҪʲôֶξܰɵ 
ŵ˰˹˳˭ɵ˭䶯Ͱĵعɡ 
Ӱһ˹˹ϷһĽ˹˹ 
˫ཻ˷ֱƮ 
ȻȹƵǿǻǱȲң˹룬⣬һܹɵ 
ôŵĿ˹ָ߸Ծ𣬵ͷһ¡ 
óӿ¹˹룬ڹʱڿУ㣬ֻҪץסͿԽзˣ 
ӰϦоţԶԶȥһֻŵİɫڲͣΧһɫĹ 
һֱأڵ¶˹ЦҲûҪҵҪбҸǿ͸öٶȲſԣƾСӣûܣ뵽˹ϽһƸˣ˹Ƶòͣغˡ 
ȥ˹취ſԡ 
ôŵ˹ͻȻӿ˵ٶȣһߵСʱ̫ѾƽߣѪҫŴأؼһƬɱ 
֦Ӱڿеж˹룬뵽󣡡 
˽Ŀ˹֦䴩»ٶȸˣһʱ䣬˹Ǳˡ 
һͼֲסˡǿֵ˹˹жϣΪӽֶû뵽ȴǼӿԼ 
ʱ̫ȫ£еĿ˹ֻǰһһʱ俴ϵ˹ȷλáһ£ҹյıԵ÷ۡϵҲʼ 
ãҲȵľʱ򣡡ôŵĿ˹գסԼȻһʱ壬ֻҪ۾ӦˣӮȻң 
ʱ˹ԭɫâͻȻ˹ؿ˽׼Լ 
ûҹû뵽̫ҿλãûʵսĴү 
ͻȻ˹ִֶ̹Ľؿ죬һĿ˹æӿ콣ٶȸȥһ˹Ľ˹Ľȴûı䷽򣬴ӿ˹һ롣 
ô᣿˹ɻ룬ʵΪʲôڲó 
ͻȻ˹۶Էĺֵʱ˵˹ʱԴ˵Ļ 
ҪϺ֡ 
ǳ֮Ӱ˵е˾ȻĴڡ˹ʶ͵жˡ 
ڵÿ죬̫ˡ˿ڣ˹óҩԼơҪϻȥȻ־鷳ˣ 
˰ǹ߽ŵĿЦ˵ˡ 
ʧˡ 
Ŷ 
ڿֵʱ׶١ 
Ǿû취ˡǺðˣȥϢɡ 
أŵˣԺ󲻻԰ɡڿؿ߳ŵʱ򣬹ͻȻ˾䡣 
鷳Ժ鷳ġ 
Ǿͺá 
߳ŵĿأЦܵҾУվܲΪЧģ 
ˣѾûп˹Ϣˡ򹫾档 
˹ˣ⼸һء롣 
ķӦߵĹԱ 
˰պȻʾܽܣѾԹˡ 
µ֪𣿡 
֪ˡ 
ã˰ջָǰ״̬¶ҪĲҸ֧ 
ǡ 
ڱǣףҷϣǱ棬λ飬֪޷ٸ˰գʳϽҪཻ˰ա 
ж˰!Եλ˵ǻû£ء 
ǵģ¡ 
뿿ǵԹûܵģǻǻ֡¶һ˿οЦݣϣ˿⺢ӣÿɫ 
ǵ̫ߣԺعֹ 
ġش𣬡ɵҲԣιͱָˣҪеһλӹҪñƵĲС 
ʥ



Ľ

       ϣ˿ǣϢһ°ɡֹĵŮĨȥϵĺˮ ٵһᡣŮҧ촽ҪŬſԡ³ǾΪ˹̫űɱҲϣԼʱ˹ֿɱλã 
ҲҪעԼ尡º͵˵ٲϢھͻˡ 
ġŮ˰׹⣬Ѿȶˡ 
ʵϣ˿ϵİ׹ʧˡ 
Ϣһᡣ 
㣡Ůŭؿ꣬޿κεϢ 
֣и뷨˹ 
ˡʿųһ 
ԺҪϣ˿ϣζֻõ֣㸸ײͬ˫ֵˮ׼࣬˫ֱȵҪǿϣ˿ڵʱ㲢ܷǿ 
ǵġ 
ԣһѽǰõĽ㲻ԸĻͰ彣λûһ£Ȼϰ 
лˡ˼һֽӹʿųĽ 
ôԺһֱƲ֣֮ʥԼŮɻʣѵز۸׼ˣ 
ϰ֣ҿЦںܲá櫵Լĸһۡ 
Ǿʲô°ϣ˿Ҳ˹ 
櫰³Լĸ˵һ顣 
ĺӣϣ˿ 
ĺӣ֮ʥ̾˿ߵһۣؾôһӣҲûĻˣǱ簡 
ϰ֣ 
Һ˼ȥ棬湻˴СӻؼҺúùӵģڿǲˡ֮ʥһƬ棬³ǵܵ˵Ϊ㡣ػ̫עҪǰڶǶսʱк֡ǣ³Ĺ´ԺǾͻ֪ʱߡټصıͻȻͻͽƵۣԺǵĿˡ 
Ӧû˸ϣ˿ǽִǰ涯ǰɡ 
ǲʱʱ̺̿һһֻֿҪͻϮ߰ɱǾΣˡ 
ڱ³˺ܶ࣬Ӧòôױɱġ 
á֮ʥҡҡͷڻҴģЩ֣ˮ׼Ҽһεĸ֡ˮ׼ٽһϼѣͻȻ֪иԼһжܲģϰңҪһڿϼһСʱ;û⣬ܺͿһս 
ϰ֣㲻صɣ 
ڲܶнģռٸɵˣҲħƬŮĵҲ˵֮ʥЦؿߵ꣬еĻһɵ㣬㻹ûаɡ 
ϰ֣ 
ϲϣ˿Լɷһۡ 
һ㣬֮ʥ˵ԺصõƬ࣬ɱȷԽԽѣǣһ㡣 
ʲô㣿 
㣡ɱףǣץס㣬ѡ֮ʥԼŮǰǲϣɱɱ㲻Ҳ㡣ڿˣֻҪץס㣬ؾͻ׸Ժ󣬰ԼͱӡԼԣֻҪץס㣬ؾ͵ˡ 
ԣ櫡ҲҪúˡǸûıģǱñ㶼ûȵĵز 
֪ˣϰ֡ŮͷԺһŬġأȥɡ 
Բ𡣡Ů߳ŵص˵ˡ 
֪Ůһߵ꣬ŬĻԺ͵ȥɣ 
߳ȥˣ֮ʥ򸾶һۣ˴˵Ŀжǡ 
Լ￴ŶϵһС⣬Լǵ龰Լըβųɹģ׼ˮ֮ģǴ֮ۼħġ 
þõؿǰĶҧҧŮȫɨһСĵذħϳɵ棬ȻһѴ 
櫴˴شӴ˳ȥ첽ߵߵĺӱߣ櫻ְԿ׶ڵˮˮŮ 
Զ£ĬĬؿš֮ʥصļӣת߿ˡ 
վںӱߵ˽ӽæˮٵתͷ 
㣿ȵŮæһЦݡ 
櫡 
û¡ҿǼǿŮȻô˵櫵ȴ¡ 
ȥŮӵڻ 
ĺܼǿġŮˮһֱֹסǽúÿһޣͽϡأЦңҾͿһϣͺˡ 
ûлشֻǣŮ֣ˡ 
һ죬һЦŴǸӣﰵġ





       أ㻹Ȼõ֤顣櫸˵ضߵ˵ǾͿһҵˣ ҵȻҪõش𣬡ҿɲϣǶһ취 
ŻΪȥ櫷ȴغ 
þòǻôܰػ̰˵٩ 
˹أת˴кôȫˣ 
һС⡣˹ش𣬡֣ؽ겻Ǹϣھ𣿡 
װĺǣһȵ似¡ؿʼˣĸ꼶ѡ32ĺǣΪԼսǼסѧϰգԼԼ˺Ҫǵǣ¶ݣ۸СģԺڱǰ´ǽ 
ϴε´һģһ櫵˵ 
½ѧûʲô֡˵ 
˵˭ùھأʵڴ 
׶١˶սԺֻش櫵۾һ˿ʧ 
Ϊʲôؿսʵ 
ϴӮӮڰڶϡ˺ܴߣ׶ٵõʹƾڷءˮ׼ͱظߣ˶ԾʱĿܴ󡣡 
ܺ׶ٿôŵ˹Ѹٵغضһ졣 
ǣ׶ںؽǰǶǶһĵܶġ 
ϵġֻش𣬡ĶԾ˭ʤ˵ǣǶ֮ǰ 
бʤǶȴִ򲻹׶ٵˣ 
еġָһ֣Ƕ׶֮ǰ 
գ 
ǵģȻڵûдͻƣЧãǣնǶȴǾЧҡͷǶ˰صġ 
𣿡Ůгʧ 
ġŮļ򣬡ٹ꣬˵׶٣Ҳһܴùء 
غ˹ؽ 
ִ磬ٹĻôǿ𣿡 ϣ˿ǿΧûˣĵ֡ 
ܵõʲôƬˡֻش𣬡˵˼ǿƬȥáӵƬܴﵽʥˮ׼Ǻпܵġң˵еħħնмߵˮ׼ԺӦħ䶼һˮ׼ 
ǣһԺȥ鷳˰ 
áϰ츳˵ģȻǸߣҵĽȴҪöࡣĻʮܺһսģֻ׶һˣϣ˿ǣҲ֪һᰴ˵Ĵ˵ɡ 
šΪ˱£ǹƥħսСʱһֱȵǸϵԮ ϣ˿¶ɫһ˺ħսСʱǶô˲ﰡ 
һ˺ħսҲҪһӵƬˣֵɢ˵ƣϣ˿ǣ һǰ˲ôԶ𣿡 
ᰴУǿһλǲǣִ磿 
Ц̧ͷյ¡Եطš 
櫵Ľǿ찡̨ϷɵĺӰϣ˿Ǹп˵ 
ǰδѾˣԲſ¿๦ɡֻش 
ʤ̨ϵĲ 
սֹȻֵĹƷչš 
һ櫶أ̨ϵĲ 
̨˲У˵˼仰˻ȥ 
Ȩʤ̨һƬʧĺ 
ҪؽʡҲô԰ɡ˹һ˵ 
ҲӮα˷ôʱأ櫻ش 
һҪˣޱӣػġ 
Ҳûôɡ 
ȥҴʱˣƭһ׽ 
ǲһһߵ˵书ģҪѧص书͵ģûν 
Ŷ˽ˡ 
ˣ߿ˡ 
˵ʱ׶ɵش˰ա 
ض׶٣ 
ּˣ׶ٶŶ⣬Σٰܸˣ 
ָ̣ػ˸ 
̨ϵİ׹ͺڲͣؾţʱʱཻ̨µĹǶôˡ 
ĶôͻȻôࣿ׶ֵ룬֮ϣڶҲҿӮһң 
صĶôͻȻôȵֵ룬ǰʱ͵һѵǸģ 
ôŵתͷ˹Сؽ̸š 
ĵر̨ 
׶ʤ 
ʤ̨ߵֵǰ档 
ҵǰֻˣ 
аյĻӭʱǰ 
ս֮ǰౣأ˵껰ת߿ 
һĴ׶ٶڶա




-- --



ھ
һ

       ½576꣬ǣѽһһȴŴ򿪣һݵˣһС˽ֵ˵Ƕغк ³ˣɢ 
ǰӳߡ³ÿк˶ͷʾ⡣ 
С˹ô˰ 
ǰˡ³˵ػش 
ѽѽž갡ô׳ҶΪʮˣ 
ǰصӣôҲĺء 
³˶ԼӵĳޣЦ˻ 
˭һ·˿Ƕ³ô飬ֵʡ 
㲻֪˭ʵ¶һģĴ³㶼֪ 
Ǹ³ʻŴ죬һֱΪӦǸͰӡ 
ûʶشҡͷ߿ˡ 
ź߻ؼҵ³ſھۼһȺˡȺæÿһ·߻ؼȥ 
ʱ䵽ˣ³ڴæ׼ŵĹܼҡ 
ǵģˡ 
ȥæɡ 
ǡ 
ˣ˵ĺѵȺſڵ˺Χ˹һнӹͷ 
л˵ʹͣϵ鿴ƾ٣һΪ͸ġʳ˶мضվſڵ³ףš 
վſڵ³źӣЦš 
˹ҪסڱҪʱһҪȥȵҪʱ򣬱ҲŻǡĹѵʱǲ˰ġ 
ǡ˹ԹԵصͷ 
һ󼱴ٵԶԶڽӽŵʱͣ¡һᣬ˴æ˽ԺϢ³㱨ˣүˡ 
ϢĿ˹˵شӸ׻첽ܳȥ߽ŵһꡣ 
磡 
ܵܵĺͣ½ŲһѱܹĿ˹߸߾ 
С˹гأڼǲ 
ڿɹ 
Ǹúӣ㣡 
õĿ˹˵ЦţرŸ硣 
˰³߳ԺţԼĺӴк 
ǵģ״ˡ 
˰ɣȽ˵³ЦǺǵؿԼĴӣ˹Ϲڸϣջۡ 
׵Ļ˹̴Ӹסֳ֣һһظŸ߽ 
Ǳߵ³ԼĶӡ 
ܺãǱмڸ߼չҩģϱչһҩģ˹³ܼѺҩȥͱ档 
ˣȻˣͶϢ졣ҩĵ˵ɣȻ·ϳʲôһͲöԱ˽ˡ 
ǡ 
˹ϣ³ܼҳüؿŴ⻩ŵĴꡣ 
Ѿˡ 
ˣһʱͣˣ˵βٵطˣҪߴһʱ䡣һߵ˻ش 
˵Ŀҩİ³ͣ̾ٲϿҩ˻ȥɣҩľҪùˣ 
õ³˾ġ 
ٵ죬껹ͣǾʹɽ·߹ȥ 
Ǵˣ˵һǿĵ 
֪ҪǵҩķùĻǾͻѪ޹飡ֻܶˡ 
˹һڲͣ꣬ˮģ³һʱزˡ³Ŵ˵ 
ҩģһ̫ãùĻҲãǮȫͶ뵽ȥˡ 
ôܹ㣡˭ϵ갡ҪùҲû취¡ϣ³̫żɽ 
û취ˡ³ܼҿȻڲͣŵĴ꣬ҩİã׼Ȼȥ֪ͨˣǴɽȥ 
λֵܣҲŸ·³ͬе˴к֪ʲô⣿ 
˷ֵʳ⡣Ĵ꣬һֱ¸û꣬ٲȥȫˡϸʲô 
ҩġҪû취˭· 
ǰ֪ЩӶܴܲùǻǿ˵˼æס죬˵ʲôǵȻһ·˳磬ƽƽػصҡ 
Ը˰³ 
Ϣ³ͻȻ洫ҵĽŲ 
СģӶӳеϮҲҪңⱻԼˣ 
֧Űɣôŵ³æ·˳ߵĵ 
߳³򿴼ΧԼڵ̶ӣͷһ 
̫ˣǵӶסġ 
ӶǲͣطҽУһԼ£³ߵˡ 
ƺΣˡʲôңװȵԺȥ㱨ˣ׼ 
ɴ 
˵ļҲȫˡ³ǰһܰѻȥҲûȥˡ 
ڣҽʹֹͣˣΧסŶǵĵһ·һ˹ 
!ճɺܲ󺺵ؿΧװĳ,Ҿ֪⼸в֪·ȺǶʱˣ 
ˣ³ĹǸ˶߶µذ󣬡˵ʳȥҲôǮãֻ· 
ߵһŵǰ棬һͷ 
ֻҪɱˣĶͶǵˣ˭ּۻֵۣǣϣ 
֪޷˹ĵӭȥ 
ѲڵڲǶ֣սǿǳŸ裬սƷԼɽկȥڣְֳֻŢĵϺ˵ʬһս 
ֹһᣬһӰʬײײԶȥ



ڶ

       ӵ³ĵϢѾˣôһϢûУ½ȥ ڿɲ죬·ҪСģ³Ӧûô쵽³οԼĶӡ 
Ȼô˵ҲӦɸͨϢѵĳˣķҡ 
³ҵĿͻȻôԼҵĴš 
˭˲ؽеż 
򿪴ŵĿ˿һŢѪ۵վſڡ 
ǡ 
˲شһƿˣȥ 
ʲô˽ظ󣬿Լӣһˮȥһɻ󣬡ôôϤǼң 
̧ͷϳȵؽôŪ 
ȥˣ³˳ˣ 
õϢ³¼æ˳ 
Ŀߣµһ৵رòҰף£ڵϡ 
ˡˣȥϢ³ǿ򶨣Ը˰ѿȥ 
ףô죿ǵǮͶ뵽ҩˡҩı 
µżҲûãǰҲ˲ˣǽǮתһ£ӦÿԵġ 
ڶϣ³ſʳǿ˴ųӴæ߳˼š 
Ǻǣ³֣ϡϡͣʲôİ˿˹ЦݷõĿ˴к 
˹֣ҲϽˣҾֱ˵ˡ³˵ϣе飬æ 
˵ģ¾ҵ£ÿʲô֪ҪΪʲô 
˱ҩ⣬˵⡣³̾˿ʽеתֽǮ֪ͷԣԣ 
ǲҰ˹¶һͬ飬˵˵֪Ҫ٣ 
ǧҰɡ 
ǧ˹¶Ϊѵɫ˵ôǮһǲģɲһɰҴæҾҵҲҪæ˹ǧ 
ˣ˹޵ĹܼҴ˳ɫϱһʲϣʽתҪĻʵò 
𣿡˹һĽô죿 
Ȼ˹ͷ㣬ұ˺ˡ³һ˵ 
³֣ǱǸ˹Ǹ⣬ҪæʱȴﲻϡҪҪԵ㶫ߣˣ 
ˣæҾͲˡ 
ŶŶߡ˹ʹ˳ȥ³֣ģȥǮȴյˣͽ͵ϡ 
Ǿл˹ˡ 
˹Ǽһ·߷ߵ˵ǲǮǣǻ𣡡 
ˣҲҲ˵³̾ȥһҰɡ 
һȥˣϦ³£ƣӰԼȥ˶ŴкǼòЦݣܵصͷʾ⡣ 
ʮңûһԸǮǣһںȸĲ裬ҾͲǡý˵Ǯת 
³̾취ɡ 
ڶһ磬³¸׼ţ˻㱨ˣ˹á 
˹֣ϡͰ³к֪ôкιɣ 
˵˵ôã³ּЦˡ˹ЦݣСһʴ⣬ʽеתˣСܼǵ³һҵծ֪³ַ㲻㡭 
˹Ҳ֪³ϳΣֵһ⣬ұɽˣʽеת֪˹ܻܲ졭 
𣿡˹һƬ𾪣ǲҰСĺܼ³ֵϣСˡ 
л˹ˡ³ЦݣҪҪԵ㶫ߣ 
ˣˡ˹æƴǣһ飬Ͳˡ 
ո߸˹³˵Ļ㱨ˣشá 
ɰļ˵ʽתĻծģ 
ǻﱻٵ鴫˰ɡ³ش𣬡Ҳ֮鰡£Ƿ˶٣ 
ǧʮҡ 
ͷó٣ 
ֻٸҡ 
ŶǾ͵취Ǯ˰³̾Ϣţڱָˣȥʲôɵİɡ 
 Щȥ˰ɣǰĶ³˵ 
Ǹףһ˵ȥĸ׵ 
ɵӣֲȹһأٰͺá 
Ŷ߳ȥˣ³ؿ޵̾˿̬





       ³ſڵǷʱ䵽ˣȴû˳ʳȺɧ ҰҴҵ߳³ſڵȺ˵ҼЩʣʵòʽˣҶɹ⼸죬һٰңԭ¡ 
ⷬǣ߿ˡ 
ͷھôһû˰ɡһ·˵ҾͲô˻Ǯò 
Ͳ֪ˡһ˵˵³Ϸһҩģ˵·ˡ 
ô֪ 
иڸ˹˼˵ġ 
Ŷ. 
˵ŵ˽Զˡ 
ǻ٣һû³ߵ¡ 
ǧҵĿա 
𣿡³ŽǵĶӣֻˡ 
ף󾪵½ծ˲ǸļðֻǴӴԺ󻹲ѣֻҪܻ 
Ҳ֪³ش𣬡һǲǾͻ浽ȥɣʱòǮһҲ乫 
ҵĴ°ûڵȭͷûϵı仯³ܼңֺ 
⣬ܹġ³οԼĶӡ 
ˣȺˣ˵ôҲϲߡ˻㱨 
Ҿȥǰɡ 
λҼķ˱ʣҲϾȼôңҡֻҪ⼸죬һٴΰҵġ³žۼſڵ˵ 
ˣ˵ˡȺ߳һͷˣǳɴչˣѣҲ뾡 
ô˵ŵ˴ӻСĵͳһС 
ǴҽյһǮ֪һ㣬ǰңһʮöҿٴһǮ˼ҡ¡ 
лҵ⡣֪޷ƴǵ³˫֣ӹӣͦӣԺһ 
ˣһƽȹӵģϵڿأͷ˴³ǲĻǾȸˡ 
ˣ˹޴˵Ĺܼá˻㱨 
룡 
Ҽң˵ʵڴղôǮЩӵʽתˣһϰǮ͵˸ϡ˹˵ 
Ҷлˡ 
ңС˸ˡ 
ڶ죬³ſҲûһˣȴۼһȺˡ 
Ҳ֪ҵ˵С⡣³˵ѷˣʽҸӹۡ 
һȺｻͷӶڣƽϢˣһվ˳ 
ҳһǧҡ 
һǧ·ŭؽֵⷿǧ 
𼤶Це˵ּۻǺ飬⣬ԿۣҺ˵ 
ɲŸһǧҲ̫ôõķӾֵǮ 
е㻵ˣʱҪһЩװأҲҪ»ǽҪ·ˢݶе©ˣҪϡ 
һּۻۣǧҳɽһõˡ˴ϧ뿪ˡ 
ôĲ̣³˹ǧٸҵƱݡ 
ˣ³ 
ôԣҲǿԣˡ 
̾˿СǮķӣʵЩ˲ԲŽͷѡ߼ۣҲҪۿˡ 
Ҳ뵽ˡ³ã֪ⷿӵҵλأ 
СĵؿΧȷû˺Сػش𣺡ǿ˹޴ˡ 
Ŷ³һ±ò԰ףлˣߣ͡ 
Ҹˡ˸˳ȥ 
ҵĺѣ³ЦŶһԵ˵ҵʱȫƲʱԼʲѺѵʱҴûʧҷӵȴ˵ûǮҵ 
³ͻȻһѪ 
ף¼æס³󺰣ȥҽ 
ڶ죬³ﴫȥϢǷ׷׸ϵ³ұʾοʡ 
ֶӣ³ϸôôȥˣҴҸĿ˹ϳ˱ˣǰ廹úõģô 
հծŪ»ͷſ˹ޣг˷ߺޡ 
˹޴壬ͱϷˡ˵Ҵ£Ӿ͹ˡǧҾôõӣһҪϲأ 
˹εվԭأǳɫҲǣҲǡ 
ˣλҲˣҪҲˣծҲˣһȥɡԼһᡣ 
ЩӦõġ¶˵Ѿ֧ˣԺҪʲôԱɣ 
ǿŵϵĲȴûһȥ 
ˣΪɡ·Ը 
ĸ׳̧˹ײģĬĬȥ 
һȺƵΧ³ſڣվţȴû߽ȥ 
ÿһ·ǣ̾˿ 
ɡ 
Ĵ³죬ֻļ˺һȺΪᣬǰЩǣûһ˲μӡ



Ľ

       Ҳˣǻȥɡ´ŵܵܣڳԼ˵ ˣɡʲôǻܰ 
лˡһҲȥˡ¿ԼסĳУλ⣬ˡһ죬ܹҫĻһٻҵġ 
ǻģˡ 
´ŵܵܣ˳еǿųڳԽԽԶֱ׷ɢˡ 
˹Էˣڼغ 
ޣ˹ڻشгӡ 
ϴϴ֣ٳԡȥˣŪһࡣ 
ǱߵݿϰءĴǽҲٻĶӦҳԺҸգ 
𡣡ŵܵǸ˵ӣѵõ¶Цݣǿ˹ҪúŶǲ̻յġ 
š 
ѧԺ׼ʲô 
Ҫ򻵵ˡ 
ǵĿ˹ǹԺءԷɡ²ͣذѲ˼еܵܵ 
ڽɢֵͻȻŮӺȵ 
ںȣǿȥŵܵܣ򷢳ĵطȥֻΧһȺˡ 
ò׼ȥֵܿСåΧһŭŮӡ 
컯֮£ʲôŮŭţǿÿ 
ŮͷåЦ˵ԼҲܼįӣֵܿ 
.ǡٲ߿ҾͽˣŮӶţִ 
Ѿ˺ܶˡåͷЦ˵㿴ô˹û뵽㿴ôľС椣Ȼϲڿʱô˿.˵ŻåͷŮץȥ 
ŵŮӼæŬ㣬·ȴץסŮһ˻һ·˺һ顣 
ȺåŮӴţתͷΧ۵ǰҰ 
Χ۵ûһվм˺󼸲 
Ǳååͷ֣ýˣû˻ġǰĵظǿɡ 
ס֣ò׼ǰ¿һĻ±ŵĵܵܣŮǰ棬סȺå 
оӢ۰åͷӿվǰ꣬ϧùµˣǻġ 
˵껰åͷӻ˻֣һΧȥ·ֿţΧ˿ŴŵȺȴûһȥæ 
Сӣ治˼ȭåͷ߳ŭ৵ذγһذף´ȥû뵽¶ذش̽Ķ 
磡ֳУ˹ڣǰ棬åҧ 
ԼȻ˶֣åͷӴ˴òæ£ȺԶȥ 
磡ֳŶӵڵϣѪͣش˹ֽţΧȡ 
˭Ұλȥҽˣ 
Χ۵￴ţܿ˹ôôûһæҲûһȥҽǾôһӣվ˵߿ȴû˶һ 
ʲô£߿߿С޽һѲʿÿд£˹Χ۵ȺֵȺһȫɢˡ 
Сӣʲôϵ˭ʿӳʵ 
Ҹ硣˵ʱ˴ˡ 
Ŷʿӳ㣡ȥиҽ 
ô£ʿӳº͵ſĺӡ 
˹Űӳ˵һ顣 
úӣޣһץסǻˣ籨𡣡ʿӳοſ˹Ȼתͷʸҽ 
ҽεҡҡͷ 
ʮӡ 
仰˹ǰһڣһȥʿӳæһѱסµĺӡ 
ĺӡʿӳ̾ȴҼңȥѰ֤˺֡ 
ǣʿǷ׷ɢ 
ѹĿ˹ڴϣ۷ֱһ 
Ե㶫ʿӳʳݵ⼸ûһ˿ָ֣ٲԵ㶫ǳȥߣ˭ɱǶ֪ 
ӽӹʳĬĬسšʱʿӳſ 
˭ 
棡һʿ˽ץ˼ɵˣȥ 
ȥɡӳ˹ȥ 
ڱץȺåͷӣ˹ȥͷԵҴš 
ʿӳͷʿ˹˰åͷץڱץʱåͷĿΧ۵ʹһɫµ˵ͷΧ۵Ⱥ





       ɱһй˵Ϊ˱ʾԭ򣬴˰ڣ빫˵ £У21꣬ˣǰܵضӣûˡǰбõ˺ݱ˵ĵܵܵĳΪⱻõͱ 
ҽ 
˺Ǹ̵һ߱к󣬲ܵõʱΣʧѪϻһЩ΢ףΪʱ£ǲش˺ 
֤ 
һʿСĵضһӣһذףذźɫѪ 
ˡΪ߷ʿӳԣѾذӵУҲϵȷѵܺˣߣظɱå 
šʾʿӳ£йű棬ذ׵ȷģɱ𣿡 
ǵģˣذ׵ȷС˵ģҲС˴åͷӳϵΪС˵ϷŮΪС˺˵ƣ·ʱײһ£С䣬죬ʹС˲Ƕ֣һʱͿõ 
ݱҾòӦбɱΪӢĴͬʱҲû֤֤еϷŮУҽӦбڶŹ绤Ĵ 
ѣ˹кܶҲģ 
Ϊʲôûһ֤ˣ绤ʵ 
⡭һʱ˵Ŀ˹ͻȻŮҲȺæ˹ȥס· 
㣬ҸȵĲ֤ 
ſңס·ŮһƬͨ죬Ҹûκ˵Ϸ˰ 
Ůô˵˹һ£ϸؿԼסˡȷŮԺ󣬺Ӵסˡ 
ô᲻ʶǣҸȵľ㰡 
ҸʶŮ⿪˹֣ȺŻŵˡ 
ǵʱҲڵİ˹ϳ˼ʱڳˣǿ޵ǳ֤ 
ָŵļûһվĵŲ 
Ǳ淽֤Ļ𣿡йʵ 
ǿ֤åͷӵļվ˳ǺһȾƣͷβһ𣬵ȷ˵ 
ʵˡı绤վʵ类˵ԭĳӦ⺢ΪԼֳɱܵӶþԼֳΪĽ 
ˣݱھӵһ˺ƣˣΪһС¾ͺͱͻġʿӳż˵ 
ˣǸˣô侲Ҳг嶯ʱҾԭ淽˵ֻ֤ܱƽʱ״̬ܱʾ˵ʱͲͱ˷ͻ绤ش 
ǣ֤𣿡йʵ 
˫ʾѾûκ֤ˡ 
Ҿоˡй˵˫ĳгͻ˭֤˭ԭ򣬱жĳпɿԣΪе֤֤о淸жŹʧɱӦ򱻺˵ĵܵһ⳥ʮö ͬʱо˲ֿ֧ظ淽г 
ˣʿӳ˵Ǹå֤Ķ£ǵĻпԣ˼ 
ǲΪһǰΪж˵Ļǻѻй˵ҪƷҵоȥҶĵ֤Ȼղþн 
˵껰йٶåͷ¶һζЦݣֻּ̨̨ʿӳ 
ɱ㣡˹оåͷ˹ȥͣҴåͷӾվҲ¶Цݡ 
 
йٵʿ߹ذѿ˹åͷקһʿåͷӴߣΧ۵ǿнҲȫɢˡ 
ʿӳȭͷһ߿ֱֻʣһСӰվڷС 
ӣȥɡʿӳſ˹ļ 
һ˦ڼϵ֣عͷʿӳһ˫۾κθ顣 
ǿסġ˹૵˵ǰôôҪʱҲġĹѵʱû˰ҲһµʱֻܿԼҲűˡ. 
ĺȥСڷпȥôرˣʿӳԥ֣ڳ̾һ֣ĬĬؿ߳š





       ³ɢĿһӿٳԼߵʱϵĿڴˡ ţͲֵǺܿ죬ŲƽҲǿϣ͵룬ȥ 
ܵû˵ĵطСĵĴȷû˸ں棬ŴӻóһǮǮĺӿĴң¶˸˵ЦݡĺͻȻһִֻԼļϡ 
ʲôˣһɴڼϵȴȻȵͣֵһӶԭأ޷ 
ĺתͷְסԼǸղűԼ͵Ǯˡ 
ֺܲǰĺӡ 
Ǳץˣﲢûоŵɫ¶һ˿ĮȻȻץˣҲûʲôý͵ģɡ 
Ŷ ôشĿ˵ΧźӴת֣ӵȣصͷϾǻϲɫ 
ôŵĺﲻֹͣǰǴ˵ֹ£ͷð亹 
Сݣûʲô⣬óԵģ 
óԣһͷˮĿһʱӦ׺󲻽Цļأ 
ûˡ 
ŶԸԸѧ䣿 
ѧ䣿ΪʲôҪңô֪ 
˵껰ĺͻȻǰһϱõ·ѿ紵裬ɺȴûһ˺ۡ 
ʥʿ͵˾ʱˡȥԤԼҿΪҵδԤԣ˵һʮ꣬ҾʹҸˡҿĲҲͦӣ̽㣬֪ϲѧ 
ȻϣʥʿԸԼػش𣬡ʲô 
һش𣬡ҽ֮꣬ΪƵԭҽ˲ӽʿľ磬ʱҪȫһսˣͻ£Ӧ𣿡 
˼˵ҰԺҪʿľ磿 
ǵģȻ 
õģҴӦ룬ҧӦˡ 
Ǿͺã߰ɣʲô֣ 
ҽп˹ 
ʦһˡ׳ϵ 
ţ 
ڵϣ̧ͷͻȻһ⡣ 
æˣͬʱγ˽Ŭмšʱţ꽥֧˵꽣һ䣬ʹͳ壬ƴʢɽȴˡһĽڵϣһѩĳʺϡ 
Һ˵˶ٴˣ˹ѵԼĵӣ·ʱҪ侲ȻռһʱϷ磬ȴͬʱҲԼ¶УղٹλᣬΪʲô 
ʦµ塣 
¶Ҳã¶Ҳãһ֣лͲܷŹõĽ֣Ҫ侲ҪţԼһܰסᣡҪǽǵľͻΪûסϣסܶʲôˣҪÿһս 
֪ˡ 
꣬Ϊ֮ɡ 
紵ҶɳɳţůҫŴأɽ͵ģɽϵһڣȴɱ 
ڵһˡԼĵӣ˹˽⽣ʿľ𣿡 
һõĽʿҪ飡ܶ˭߷ʲô£ܱ侲ָ˸ԮҲûҪôˣֻԶ侲̬޶ȵ˺ˣ 
ããԭⰡôɣҿ⼸꾿ѧʲô 
Уһǲʦһ㣡Ƶòͣ˵Ŀ˹룬ʦҲˣ϶ûҺáֻҪܼȥӦþҵʦԷ 
ôŵĿ˹ȡƣСĵزԼ¶ĵغͿšһСʱ󣬿Ľһ 
ᣡ˹һ򿨸شȥͬʱĽҲӿٶȣ¡ 
ȥܾˣ˹ţû취ˣѾˣ 
һ̴Ŀ˹е統ͷѹ£۾ 
ʧҲãȥ׺͸ˡ 
ôŵĿ˹ͻȻʦĽͣԼͷϣٿ£Լһƿ 
Ϊʲô˹ԼʦͬھĽ֣Ϊʲô 
ұϾ顣Լĵӣˣ㻹šʦһνˣҪסĻʦǰ 
˵껰ĿȻأ˹ʦǰĲᣬѪ 
ڶ죬˹ԶǰʦĹ˸תͷɽȥɽ꣬ϴĪĺߵĵطûжҷκϢ



߽

       ˹һƣĵԼȥ Լٲ£һ쵽С͵СϷŮɱ˸ˣ 
ΣԺûŮ˸ҼԼСʱһɼˣԼһò֪ˣαص 
пŵİ˹߽һڵС 
߼͵ˣѾƺ꣬˯һ¹ģ 
µİ˹ͻȻһϮ̲סӡʵۣ˹һվԼǰǹɺƺǴϷ 
㡭˭·ʲô졭ÿ˹˵ 
ҵˡ겢ÿ¶ĺ⣬лûȥֱ𣡡 
˭ԷĻôŨĺ⣬˹ľȫ亹Ҳ˲٣ǲϴˣҲʶ㰡 
ϵͺãϵĺˣ˹غһ 
ǰɱ˸ˣܲǰɡ 
ǰ˹ͻȻʲô˺˼㡭Ǹӣ 
ڼ˰ 
˵ɱ磬ǹģҲɱ˰ңҲ˰ 
öҽˣĻȥڤͰɣ 
оİ˹ſںȣȴһǰȻ󣬾ʲô֪ˡ 
һؿڵϵİ˹ŵ 
ڼŲˣغŸ衣뵽ɷҪػ뵽ͻĺӣġ 
ҪʲôأôŵŰϵĲˣյ˼šȻӵĵưһһ˽ 
˭ҼʲôŭؿŲ֮͡ 
Ǹծˡ 
ծɷڣ𣿡 
ǷծĲ㡣 
ңҴûʲôծϴ˰ɣ 
ҲǴϷĺһսծѾǷ˾ˡ 
ꣿֵɫò԰ףǸӣ 
ϳͺãǷôãҲûˡ 
˵ʲôԼĺԼ 
裡𣿡 
꣬סֽһ 
㣬˺ذ󣬡ֻǸӣ그ңûϵ 
 
⻰һ򶨵ش𣺡ûأȥɣ 
šӵĽŲԶȥˡ 
û¾̫ˡؿǰ̫꣬ˣҲ´ȥԺӰҵҡˣûʲô˵ˡ 
㲻ǻˣϧ¡룬õֳ㣬ԭĹİɡ 
˵껰˻֣ȥ 
ڶ꿴ŵڵϵĸƽ˵š 
ҡҷУ˹ظ˵ǮС̡ 
ڰӣӦôأҸһң޼Ҹһʮǰ˵ǿôһ㣬Ѱ찡 
ѲʿĿ˹̲סԼ϶֡ 
άһ´֪֪ͨ˶ˣҪãģͱˡʹôˣֻһʿӳһ㶼ûǨҪƨã 
˼ĸ˹ͻȻһûˣͬʱһһվԼǰ 
˭֪֪ҹլǴ˹ضǰ 
Ǹծˡ쳣ƽκθ顣 
ծЦ˹˵Ҹ˹شûκһǮʲô 
Ҳɡش𣬡ϧǷҵĲǮ 
ں˵ʲô˹طŭؽ˰ϳȥ 
ˣǶˡ 
㡭ʲô 
˵ˣծġ 
Ҹʶ㣡 
ʾɡôƽǰйһ˱ɱİ 
ǰˣ˼ŵĸ˹ͻȻ㡭Ǹӣ 
ˡش𣬡ڣ㻹ծʱˡ 
ʲôűƽӰ˹ؽ֪֪ɱǺܴģңɱֳ˲ң 
Ҷ֪ңҲ֪ 
ô£Ѳŵά¿˹ſڵȫΣæͣ 
˹ش˿ܳˣǽȥ 
ʿ˹ؼҵά¿һѽ̽˹صؿڡ 
ߣά˹ȥһǹ˴ֲ̳άصǹһͷ¡ 
ˣ֪ԼͶֲ̫Զάر۾ɽȴͻȻֹͣά±һƿ 
ô£ά¿ŰԼƿĵˣʡ 
һԾʿǵǰʧˡ 
һд 
ڶ죬ݸϢһа˱ɱȫǺ;ǰ±ɱһǣˡ 
һǺӣάʶ۹⣬ģѾȫռˣ



ڰ˽

       ºһ¶Ӱ߽ǡڶ죬Ƿֱ׸˹ޱԼſڡ ѽѽֲһ·˵ 
ǰھ˵˹ֵֹúǱɱġһ˵ 
Ϊʲôֹ 
Ͳ֪ˡѹ˵ʮǰ˹޴ⶰӡⷿӰǰ˵ġҪæʱ򣬿˹޴˲æ侮ʯ˻ǸӦڤǰ߳ɹˣص׷ɡ 
ǱӦ 
ǰھ˵˹ڲͣڣƴԼĴǹǲϷŹ 
һ꣬ڲԶľƹǵۡ 
ھֻʣˣôŵĿ˹ʣ߳ƹݡ 
ɽϣһ챨档 
ˣɽм˾ȥǨƽ񡣡 
ȥи𣿡мĴʡ 
ǵĽŲ鸡Ӧû˻书 
ŶһȥͺãǵǵĺϢ 
ڿɽ¾İһͻȻǰ浲һǿ 
.ôǿﲻɽϵؽ 
˼ңûŪȷɽû涨ֻⰡͷǿӳ˵ 
ǿǶЦ 
λúֻǰҵƽûʲôĶǷŹǰɡ 
˼ңǿʿ 
ǮͶλãֻǷһ· 
ͷǿҡҡͷ 
ǵԭǾڣָ̫ǣɣ 
˵껰ǿͷӻӻ֣ǿΧ 
ɽŵĿ˹ҽͣ˽Ų 
ƺǿ١ɽԶҲܵõʲôõϢôŵ򷢳ĵطȥ 
ֻʣСˡһǿŵڵϵİ򣬡ٸɵ 
ǵı㣬̫ˡ 
֪ 
׼жǿͻȻԶһꡣ 
ʲôˣӵǿʵ 
Ǹ·ˡģҲ⣬ֻǼ仰 
صǿʻӵǿЦʲô 
֪ɽһǿ𣿡 
Ȼ֪Ǿˡ 
 Ŷû뵽ô˰ȻôԶ١ 
ʲô 
һˣ㡣 
˶ԻʱǿɢΧȴƺȫ֪ 
ź͵Ϊֹˡӵǿһ֣ϣ 
ǿǴ˷˹ 
ǵɽկ˵˹ŵصĴǿȫԼĺѪ 
ԼȥҲ֪ˣӵǿŶԼϵĽüͷҲ壬Ǽʮ˾ˣǧֵܣƾҲȥ 
˵ĻҿԿǷŹ㡣 
ǿشֻǰͷһ 
ؿǰʬ壬ת׼߿ 
ллҡ걳һ΢Ҫȥ 
лĮػش𣬡ҾֻΪҵĵ˶ѡҪȥˡ 
ô죿 
ô֪ش𣬡ûչ񡣡 
ȵȡ 
ʲô£겻ͷػͷŸվŮ 
ҡѾûпˣܲҸ㣿 
ңҪһ׸ʲô 
ҡҲѧһգһϴ·ҪĻһԡŮҧ촽ңҲѧգҲ뱨𡣡 
ϴ·ҲᡣҲҪŮˡĮػش 
ŮǾ΢΢һ£ǰԼһʱ 
ˣȸңѧ㶫ҪѧõĻҾͰߡ 
һŬġŮоһƬϲҽаôƺ㣿 
˹ 
ˣȥԷ˹һҶŮ 
ң꣬бҪȥ򷹳𣿡 
Ժõ䡣ԺԵеʱҿɲ㡣еСһ£һۣˣǼٵġ 
ȥˣôأ 
ѾԹˡ 
ŶǣҪʲôܳһأ 
ҾͲˣˡϲôþôá 
϶Լ̣ŽĹǷʲôû꣬ͻȻԶԶһƣŮ 
˼ңϴ׺𣿡Ůóһһۼҡ 
ʲô 
ҵ 
Ŷĺӡ϶𹤾ߣϿ˸ףʵϸãݸŮ 
ллŮԼĲӡ 
ˣ˹߽ŵİ򣬡ҵʲô 
ǺҪĶ 
˸Ķ𣿡 
Ůְؿڣоɢһů⣬ص˵ͷ 
Ǿ׼Ϣɡ㷿䣬Լȥ¡ 
ͷŮ׼˳ȥȴһ󹾹 
ûԶ˹Ůô£ 
ҡҲСİǮŪˡ쵽˶ 
𣿡˹üͷһ¡ 
һᣬ˹һʳ˽ϡ 
ԡҿɲչ㡣 
Ůͷߵʳǰ棬ڵسһ߿ŵĿ˹ͻȻһ˿ů⡣ 
ô£˹ͻȻԼҪԱ˲κκøУԼҪ 
ˣȥǱϢɣҿʼ㶫 
òװֵĸоѹסĿ˹Ѿˣ˵ 
šŮͷ˳ȥ



ھŽ

       츳ϧϰ̫ˡ˹Ŭϰİ˵ ְ˵Ůϰ䲻ãҪҲĻʱܡȥ 
ôҲûˣǺúϰ䣬סôɡ 
ü𣿡Ů˵ʵҲӲˣֻܶԸһСѡ 
ЩرķһʱڰԼߺܶ࣬ǴҲܲء 
ѧ 
Ժ˵ɣĿǰҪǰѻʵ˹ţҳȥ£Լԡ 
 ȥʲô 
׬Ǯ 
Ҳȥ 
ȥɱˡ 
ɱ׬Ǯ򲻿˼ʡ 
šٱͨˣٷͽҲЩˣû취ͨͷͻǮ˰æȥԸˣǱٷͨˡ 
𣿡 
һ㡣 
ҲȥȥŷҲá 
ҪȥҲԡ˼һĿ˹˵ҪԼָһΣյʱ㡣 
һúչԼġ 
ŵվһڰĶǰϸ׼š 
ڶ׼ˡֻҪܳɹħԼˡ뵽¶һ˿Цݣʱ򣬾û׷ɱˡ 
ʱ䵽ˣʼɡ˿ɫһװƿӣʼʩչ 
ɫ̫ˣױְ¹⣬˹ﲻ롣 
ϵٿߵ̵꣬ģԼʲôˡ 
ͣ£ǰн硣˹˰ĽŲ 
ţǸ磬Ƿֹ͵͵׼ġúܼ򵥣˺æ׷ɱ˻ôģѵȻܻڡ˹룬˸ƣ˳˽ȥ 
˹ˣƫƫʱϣ˲Ҫ̫ǿ 
ȥע⣬֪м˹԰˵ԼСģҲġ 
ŬӿʩٶȵԶиŮڿԼ 
ٶȲ죬ϵ֮ǰʩϣɱôжϵķʦʩ 
ŬӿʩٶȵķʦͻȻеһʹһ֧͸ͬʱҲˣʵķʦ۾ȥһӰٵǰʬ塣 
ϹİͻȻһ̴ӿ˹ɽð˳ѿ˹ 
˹ȴֻؿſ˹̰ס һ취ûС 
ڣʧˣ۾Ŀ˹Լǰ޴ؿš 
ûʲôÿ޵ġ˹ƣ˵û뵽ǼһȻԤõķЧôôǿȡҵ־붼룡 
̫ˡİ˵û¾̫ˣǻȥɡ 
ţԺֻһ߿ޣӦԶԶ߿һô죿 
߿𣿡ŮԼȻϵóۣҾԲ߿ģ 
Ůǰ濹ʬĿ˹ﲻҪұǵ̰Χ߿𣿡 
һŮεصó𰸣һ߿ġ 
ˣҿʼɵķԼҪע⣬ͷҪãΪ壬ʧȥ˹԰˵ 
ʲô 
׼Ǻ÷ˡ 
ѲĶ֡˹һŬмŶԷ籩Ĺһ룬ûĹҺǿȻѿˣٷôߵͽȻԭġ¶ٷɡ 
ʱٵĹȥˣɶֵĹȴûзļҲûʲô 
鷳˹ҲеסˣҪĶͣһ¾ͺˡ 
ôŵĿ˹ͻȻֶԷĶͣһ¡ 
֣ɻŵĿ˹ûзŹᣬһ˹ȥڶԷϻһѪۣԷһȣСĵؽء 
ıֺԼҲȫûԤϵԼͣ٣ô£˹һ߽һ룬ֻҪͣһ£ڣ 
ڿ˹ôʱ򣬶ͣһ£˹ĽĴ̽ࡣִɻͲʵȥ 
ѵɺϣϣͣٵʱͣԼҲȫû׼ô£ѵԼû˹վڶֵʬǰ˼ȥºãҪ̫ˡ 
·ʱͻȻĪͣһ¡ 
ô£ɻؿΧ˶ֽţûзʲôԵĵطΪʲôͻȻͣ 
ЧĿ˹룬ȻֻöԷͣһɲǣһζֻһڵ˶ԾУѾ㹻ˣ



ʮ

       ǵıҵֻҪܳɹǾܹٵشѧУҵˣ̹ٶ̨˷ܵѧ˵ϣͨĲԣǩͬѧرϣ˿ǣ֣أ櫣գǶ λǽ̻ʸǵ񡣡Ժվǰϣ˿ǣ֣أλ˵ǵȥɡ 
ǡ˳ȥ 
ˣˡԺǶϴεɵúܳɫҺ⡣Ҫܳɹ׼ֱӱҵҶǺðɡ 
ãϴεǶͷһƣʲô 
ţģзȥҵһѣĻûҾͺá 
Ǹʲôر𣿡 
ûУǸͨϺˣգħҲʲôıƣĺˣҲġ 
֪㲻ҡǶ룬͹ը˰Ȼ޵ڣС 
׼ǵĳƱҵѽס·Ǵ壬ȥ֪ˡҪĻҴɽˮͼ 
֪ˡǶԸؽӹ 
ٺ٣㲻벻ͨΪʲôġԺ룬˭Ϊ˸СŮըҰң 
ӭμǵšЦеضǶ˵ķأˣôżҪƱ 
ţǶεؿߵİգûзӦֻתͷͣţħѧԺѧȥִбҵģûˡ 
ǣοǶ۾ﾡֵɫţ֮λƱϳɡ 
˰ϣ˿һ˵ 
ǵģ֪ȥ ϣ˿ʡ 
ǵ 
ĸɻذ񵥵ݵ̻ϣֱӸͨ 
Ϊʲôֵʡ 
֮ǰѾƬͷˣֻ֪ƬڵĴŵطȫ֪˭ӵҲӰǵѧҵ 
ص 
ڵͼָط 
ȥ￴ɡ ϣ˿˵ 
ãħѧԺѧ𣿡Ƕˡ 
ǣʲô 
Ժ˸ĻԸҴɽˮ 
ŶǷѾˡ 
Ҿ֪ԺͷûôġǶȴұֳ 
Ƿأ 
ǰһѽȥͣɽǿȥˡҲȥɾ˵ǵͷӺϲǷڴ 
Ǿ鷳ˡǶüǰѾй˵ǿˡ 
ûе¡˵ϸ»ﱻء 
𣿡Ƕ˵Ƕлˣȥ 
ˣϲɫĿ˹߽ţŷİ˵ӭɵú˳ 
ţǮ׬ˣȥɽ￴ 
Ҳȥ 
ֲȥֻȥȥʲô 
ڶ죬߳ŵĿ˹ŮҲʰԼ档 
Ҳ˵ԼȥͿ𣿡 
û㡣Ůֻȥɽȥ·ֲֻһߡ 
±ָҰ㡣 
һ߶һԶȥ;·˿ǣ¶رЦ⡣ 
棡ɽ˹۲ɽկڱλկ㱨 
ʲôˣ 
һˣһһżķʦ൱ǿһ¾뿪ˡ 
ŶȥɡҪǶͼԺǻġǼǧ˵ɽկǺǿ߾ӣ빥´ʱúøסǡ 
ǣ 
ĺܶ࣬ķúܺãֱӳȥǲܵġ˹ߵİ˵Ҫ취 
ô죿ǼǧˣǶġ 
Ѿһˡ취ֵϢУմ˵ΪˣҲˡȻȥɡ 
ţ˵ķزӲĲܣ̫ˡǶ԰˵ȹ۲Ǽ죬 
Ϳλţϵ¹⣬ﴫͻȻԶӰͿ⼸۲Լɽկķʦֳˣߵż֪Ϊʲôû֡ 
ᣬÿζǹķΧ⣬֪۲ʲô 
ں˼İͿֻԺһ£Ȼʲô֪ˡ 
ǶðͿ·Լϼ˸һߵİա 
յ˵ͷ



ʮһ

       ɽŵڱͿ첽Լ ôڣܻˣʣн𣿡 
Ϳ˵ͷ߽ɽկ 
ɽկԺ󣬰ͿĴ˿ȷ÷ɽկȥ 
Ϳʲôסŵȥ 
Ϳش𣬼ȥ 
վסγ˵ͬʱͿòһˣһ֣ˡ 
ĺܵǿһȺΧ˹ͬʱҲ˷ҵĽŲ 
ǼҲ̫˰ɡǶε̾˿⻹ǿֱӡ 
ŷʦӰԶ֣ҽϣһС׷ȥעΧˣûصĵˣ 
﷢ɧҡԶԶŵĿ˹ Һ׷ʲôˣӦǹ۲ǵǸʦ 
ߣǶӭİ˵ʧˣ׷ңǰĹ۲죬Ǳˣǰѵȥ 
ǸᷨʦԼһˣ˹֣ĵãȴŵ˵Ĺ١ 
ͻȻͣתԼһСӵĶӳЦ 
֪ܲ˵˭ģشĻȫʬ 
ǶЦ𣬰ʥâ˳ȥ 
żʥħҲ̫ż˰ɡȻüһŵĿ˹룬żշǳ֣û㹻ĶûսҲѹⷨʦôˡ 
˾Լߣ˹˵İ˿ٵسǿ 
һǿѸΧԲ󣬾ؿܡ˹ͰӰվ 
û뵽һģǿӳ˿ܣһ㹻ԸˣĸҶǺ֣ƽҪˡ 
뵽Ķӳ󺰣ֵǣǺƴˣ 
źŵĵ˹ķȥ 
ǿڳ嵽ǰʱͻȻһǰȥͱһ̴ؿڡţǿϱ׶˹ͰҲ˼öյı׶ 
ǣȻұԷʦǶĻǿ쳣̶ֻĸˣͶɣ 
۵ǿתǶڳ嵽ǶԶĵطͻȻýһݽ˵ 
·Ҫ·ǶЦ˵λôأ 
Щõ鱨Ȼɱˣ˹˵ 
˰Ƕˣĸڵǿֵؿķʦ˾ 
ţвõ鱨ԺжˡԺǵڿӦûǿٽȥѡǶԴʲô 
أ˹ʡ 
ִɽկһ 
ɱǿ˹ش 
Զ־򡣡Ƕ˵Ҿþܡ 
뷨 
ˣһϣҲˣǻȥɣԺ 
Ҳá˹˵Ժһһ棬鱨ĵãжҪֿжҲı˸Һ档 
Ƕָָ 
ڲв̫ˡ˹ػش 
⡣ŭɫղսʱôҷһƬ׶ֵҵعһǱɱô죿 
ʱ˲٣ȫǳȥǶ˵ǵ弸ȫס޲𹥻ǵĿܱȴǵĿܴܶ࣬ǺҶ棬ֹܷı׶Ǳ˵ĿܷǳС 
ʹķҲȫȷġ˹԰˵ָڹ˵ʱʱ㣬˵㣬ûʸ 
һô顣ǶЦ˵ˣȥסĵطɡ 
棬ȫûֵһСӵټҲûǵʬ壡ȥѲߵǿ㱨 
ţȫˡԺÿڱλã뱣֤ܿһСʱһΡֵټʱ򣬲ҪжֻҪͿԣԴȥӭУ 
⼸ǵľܸ߰Ƕſ˹˵ûʲôᡣҪ˰æˡ治Ƿ飬ԺҪܻ˵İ 
ǿдȥѣǸŮģ 
ѣŮġǶ޾ɵػش𣬡ǷĺǷŮ˵ûʲô֮ϵ°ɡգһ 
ˣʩ˹Űʾ⣬߳ӡ 
֣ⷨʦżзǳرĸ顣һһ룬Լżˡ




ʮ

       ɫð ϣ˿վ·ɽϣֵļɽºˮĺܾûôء ǰϣ˿ǵļ򣬡ͱ̫ˣúÿ羰°ɡ 
š ϣ˿ͻȻ̧ͷִ磬ҵӸ 
õġִߵİó٣ݵϣ˿ǵ 
͵¹ɽ˵ϣذǡŮӵͷӵĻزŪҡؼصţɽµˮɽϵķһ˵Ķ 
ϣ˿ǽ㵯ڲԶ¶ߵ˵ȫů 
ص˵ͷס櫵֡櫿ߵˣۣһξãر֣ů⡣ 
ҹϵħװͻȻüֻߵϣ˿ǵǰ棬еϣ˿ǣ˯𣿡 
ûС ϣ˿Ǵ˳ʲô£ִ磿 
Ƕҡ 
ϣ˿ǽӹֵװãעħһᣬǶڿгˡ 
ûдǰɡǶڿл죬ǵ𣿡 
ǵĲ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ʲô£ 
ڶԸɽǿ̫ˣһӦ 
ǿǰ𣿡 
˵ˡǶش𣬡֮ȵ˵ҵħɲֵܽꡣ 
Ǿȥϣ˿ǻش𣬡 
ɽµĿ壬һ£֪ҵסҵԵġ 
֪ ϣ˿ǵ¶ƤЦݣֻҪҸԼżı̬ʦͿ˰ɡ 
Ƕ¶һƬЦڿʧˡ 
ˣѾ˵ˡǶ߳ţȺ˵⼸ǾϢ£ɡ 
һȥɱڱá˹߿ 
Ƕҡҡͷ߻ӡ 
Ŀ˹ͻȻ񲻶 
ôˣֵʡ 
֪ʲôںҡ˹ֵ˵ȥ 
·ؽŲͻȻͣ 
ôˣʡ 
ҸоƬںҡ 
 ϣ˿ʵ 
Ǳߣڳǵķ 
ҪǿӵУ̫ˡ ϣ˿˵ 
棡ڱկ㱨ɽĸ˾ 
Ŷʲôˣ 
ˡ˿ȥǿͷǸŮģǳǮҷǳƯ 
ţСΪáͨɡ 
ǡ 
ʱһڱ˽ 
ӳԼʮ˳ȥˣ 
կվ֣ȫ 
ǰŵϣ˿Ƿǰ·ϵһȺǿ 
վס٣Ϊ׵ǿе 
ǿҺܲ񰡡 ϣ˿Ƕ˵ִ磬ɡ 
ģ 
ˣǶӦ㹻鱨ˡ 
šͷǿȥ 
ǿǿԷֻһ߹Ϊȡͷǿһ³ 
ֻǲǰߣϲʱһâǿǲҽŷ˳ȥϣ˿˸ţ߹ǿס·ڣŲͣһͣ 
ԶĿ˹һĻס򣬶·ߵ 
Ǹ·̫ˡſ˹ 
ϣǸʦˣǣǾϣˡ˹ش֣꣬˵ˣ־Σˡ 
ϣ˿ߵ˹֣ͣ 
ɡ ϣ˿͵˵֪ҪǽȥץˣͲˡ 
ȥǸղŵӰʧƭǳȥݺݵضվ·ϵϣ˿ǣԽƯŮ˵ĻԽš 
ȷ֪˹ش𣬡ߵǸһٻңӦøоõҵλá 
Ǹаĺˣ˵һ֪ʲôˣŮƭǳȥøɵǡ 
벻ڣɵǵĻղǸ·Ľ㹻ˡ˹Űֵʣô㿴ŮӺܲ˳ۣ 
ǹ㡣˵ŮסĻˡҵĳûأҿɲ군 
ҵͬ黹ô治ϳȥĻֻץǳȥˡ 
˹Ͱһתͷղſ·վ 
˶һֻۣ֣߳ߵϣ˿ǰ档 
𣿡 ϣ˿ָſ˹ʡ 
ص˵ͷ 
⡣ ϣ˿Ƕſ˹˵ǲһɺ̹ȡ־ 
ʲô 
ϣ˿ǿ֣˵ͷ 
ԲҪץ ϣ˿ǶԿ˹˵



ʮ

       һ˫˹׽˹йâһֵͻȻͣһ£˹ûԱߵȥȴһ˵Լǰ档 γ˽׼ȥæֻӰһĽˡ 
صͺһ綾һ˹ۿ㲻Ŀ˹˹ĹâصĶͣͣ˹һ׼Ŀ˹ͻȻоһѽԼϡ 
𶯡ֵ˵ 
˹˫֣ѽڵϡ 
Ůˣץʲôϣ˿ǡ 
Ҳץ㣬ֻҪ ϣ˿ָſ˹вòץɡ 
ץ˵Ůˣץȥʲô 
˵㣡ضŰ 
ϣ˿΢΢һЦο櫣СŮһʶ櫡 
õٰͣɡ ϣ˿Ƕſ˹˵Ҫץ㣬Ϊӵرȴû㹻ʵӵ 
֮ȤĲˣҵĺ̰ɡ 
ԣѾΪһˣҪǷֿǰɱҲɱ㣬һˡ 
ҪܣҲǸ鷳ɣӦҸҾʹӦߡ 
ʲô 
Ҽǵʵ˹˵ֻҪܹɽ³ԺҪȥﶼ⣬ɱҲν 
Ҳá ϣ˿ǿһᣬͷӦҲӦѵæġҪӦҲܳ嶯ҪǸˡ 
ġ˹ش𣬡һڱȥɱǵѣǲһֵķʦֽǶģ 
ʶǾͺðˣ·ɡ ϣ˿סִֵ֣磬ȥڽչˣ 
ϣ˿Ƕǵӣĵصͺһߵǰ· 
կϵʱֻʬ塣 
ʮӶѣʮֵܾôˣ𣿡կ˵ 
һᣬͷ̧ 
ҵԺټĸˣһɲ׼ǷͻⱻǷ֡Ժûҵ׼ɽ⣡ 
ǣ 
ţԭǶĳϣ˿˼ţҪֻȥûĻ⣬ǿµᵽΪ󡣡 
ӣǶ̧ͷʵľһǺйģûǾܹˡ 
Ҳľӣǰһ֪ͨҶ磬һ֧פڸ׼ϰһȥһˣ߲һΡʱҲûãȸһȥɡ 
£ԭҸղŶ򿴵ϣ˿ߵȫ߿ˣȥصǸ 
ûϵ ϣ˿΢Цţܹͬ鰡ϧȫоء 
ֻԼѡ˵ 
ҪģŬɣܱǶǴٵ򵥡 
ˡϣ˿Ƕܿ˿̲סʣΪʲôϲԼż 
ż ϣ˿һʱӦһЦ˵ǰհɣ 
˵ ϣ˿ǹص˵ǶСʱĺѣǸܴŶ۹Ҳǳĸߣ˵һҪҸӣΧŮϡ 
𣿡 
ǰ;ԼһȻһиˣȻȢ 
̫˰ɡŴ졣 
Ůı飬ϣ˿͵͵һЦ 
ϣ˿ǣٿЦˡվ˲Զʵȥˣ߹˵ 
ˣЦˡ ϣ˿Ƕ԰˵ʵҲǵͬѧʵڲԼĸѡ 
𣿡ŮŽɣܾԭ˵Ļġ 
÷˹ͻȻԼͨѶˮ 
׹⣬ңҸʲôѸٵİԼǵöĳŵһ飬ƺѾȫˡ 
˹£ӽԼŵķʦ 
ʲô££ 
ϣ˿ңæ 
ǡ 
ŷʦħ룬ϣ˿ӸڿС 
ϣ˿ǣʲôʵ 
磬һ֧һϰɡ 
ԡ˷ܵվҪã̴򣿡 
ɽǿûбڴһǧ˵ĹģľӲɿĲȥΧˡ 
˵Ϸ󵽡 
ڲɡֳ˷ܵӣϣ˿ʡ 
ﲻҪӻش𣬡ȥټ 
߳񣬽ڱ֪ͨµĽᡣ 
ֵǣϣ˿Ǹ˱⣬׼ãĿɽ 
ǣ



ʮĽ

       ǵƽǸ˵ؿڽֵϳüվһŵĹԱǺڵȺʲô˵ĵ ʲôҪ³ϵߵˣôǿô£ 
ϵ֪ǹҪˣǺÿˡϵߵŬѹԼ˷ܣش𣬡ƽʱˣڱӦͷˣôܲ£ 
ǵĸ߹վ£һ罬ȴû˸߿һҲûΧƽǵ˽ֻһﲻͣشС̣ĺͣزŲ֪ΪȻǺ¶ĺ 
ڣȺĹԱǿԶ˼Ӱæվֱ壬ĨһѺŬϼЦݡ 
ϣ˿ǺһضӭĹԱǡеĹԱﶼֹ֪ͣ·ʲô⣬ǼǲǺԼйء 
ΰǺð ϣ˿ϣվһߵĹԱǳ𣬡ȻҶǿ˭㱨˵ɽǿǰͱģ 
֪˵´ԭվĹԱһﰵпࡣ 
£ӲͷƤվ˳ԭɽǿȷǰˣڳֵӦǸճֵǿС˹طõܵʵ 
Ҳʲôʱֵǿ ϣ˿ŭ˵ʮ֮ڸŪǵĳѨȻԴȥΧˣҪҷ˺ǹᡭϣ˿ǵԼ 
ǣȥ죬Ϣŭ˵ 
ȥɣ 
Աǵͷæҵȥ 
ѾҹˣŵƣһȺԱš 
ô죿û뵽µͷϡζû취˰ 
û취ˣֻȥˡȻǡ 
Ǻļ¼ģ·Ҳ 
ŵù˴ȷ棬ڵ¸ϵ֮ǰȫɱΣ 
еģҪڵĻֻҪǽǰȥץͿˣû취ץ֮ǰȫɱġ 
ô죿 
ǻǷͷɼˣ˴ϢɡǴԼŵȶһڻõΧˣǵҪǰȫˣϢ˱ץĻֻϵùˣԲԹˣ 
ðɣҲֻˡ 
ǻж˰ɡ ϣ˿ڵ룬֪ץأȺ޴ļһﻹΪǵı 
뵽ϣ˿ߵͨѶˮħ 
ӪϢ÷˹ӷԼͨѶˮæڲԶϢŵĵŷʦк 
ϣ˿ң¡ 
ǷʦæħעӵľСһᣬϣ˿ݳڿС 
磬ľڵˣ 
·̾͵ɽģ߲ǵõһϢġ 
Ǿͺá⼸һᾡߵϢβԴɡ 
˵أ 
ҪСİαأ 
뿴÷ˣܿ԰ɡ 
˵ˡ ϣ˿ǵ˺ΣʧڿС 
һƥٵرǵš 
վסسǵʿеʲôˣͣ 
Ǹ˹˵аƣ 
𣿡س˵߳һˣ΢ЦŶϵ˵ִʲô񰡣ҿԿ𣿡 
߳ǹߵǸϵ˵һ±ò԰ס 
ǹ˻ȥԼѡɡֵضϵ˵ 
ڶ죬ϣ˿ټйԱᣬû˯õĹԱһǿĵվڹǰ棬ַ֪ʲô顣 
Ҷĺʧ ϣ˿ҪֻѹգСС̰ܻߣֻҪҪ̫֣ʾڿͿˡǣĺ£ 
ĹԱһƬĬû˸ 
սսվ˳ 
֪Сַʲô£õŭʾ 
Ϊ˷ֹͨ籨ţⰲµ濴أû뵽ɹǾ˰ ϣ˿ǵ۾һɨվĹԱǵϣмԱɫ԰ף 
˴ 
ϣ˿ǵĻִǣһȺͷɥ˴ 
˭£Ҳһˡ ϣ˿һƬŭΪطԱȻԼ˵Ҹôɡ 
Լ±ԼǰмԱ˫Ҳ֧Ųס壬ڵϡ 
ȥغãַԺʣҪǿãҪǳʲô⣬ҾͰܵĹԱɱڵﴦãǸҳȥ 
ʣµĹԱͷðźСĵ˳ȥ



ʮ

       ϣԱּ û취ˡ̾ôƺɡ 
ѵҪһԱ˵ɴһݣȵµʱ򡭡 
췴ǸԱҵƽʿеֱĴڣɿǶԿ£ֲĻƾǼֶԿ 
Ҫô죿 
û취ˡ룬Ǽλˣ¡Ǽûк͵ֱӽӴļ¼һʱҲһеˣһܵɡ¹ҲѲߣôһָ棬ܲܵͿԼˡҲֻܰⲽˡ 
ԱǼۣûʲôֻͬķ 
Сά£μ£һɵ˹ϣ˿ 
ض񡣡 ϣ˿ǺͰضǰ˵ҲĹԱ͵˽˰  
ǡάµͷֻСְλ̫ͣܶǷֺ 
϶һδصذ ϣ˿ǵ˫ۿǰӣϰ𣿡 
ΪЧСǣ 
Ҳ˵ôˣ⼸˻ܣŵˣסţκιԱȥһ˵ҵֿǷ 
ǡ 
ӭ¹ٺᡣЦӭϣ˿һˡ 
š ϣ˿ǵ˵ͷ߽˴ôô٣ 
Сòִ٣ڸе¼Цˡ 
𣿡 ϣ˿ЦЦǾ͵һٽȥɡ 
ڶŵά¿һӱ̧˹ 
˭ά´ʵ⼸˵Ȳóǣ 
Ǳľ񳤿һӴӽ˳¹ҪȥַҪȥӵ 
ԭǿˡάһ񣬡֪Ƿе³ǵ֤أ 
СҲҪͷ£۾ֲǲʶңÿ 
ˣʵڱǸάϴЦݣµҲ֪ģ⼸첻׼Աǣ¡ 
󵨣Ҫǵ³ʱΪ׼㣬ʲô⣬㵣𣿡 
ɡά¿һᣬСȥ»㱨һͨɣȻͷΣ 
ˣÿ 
ǸάһãСʵڲÿ˼£ 
󵨣𣬶̧ε˵ϣ 
̧ε˰γȥ 
סǣάţ 
άش˾ڡ 
ĸŴļϣ˿ǵ¶Ц 
Ǻˡ ϣ˿תͷԸԼĻ˵鷳ȥˣִ磬ǽȥɡ 
ǶǶһֱۣıɢ 
˻ٰ ϣ˿λϣſյĿ˵ 
ȺѵͲμҸ뿪𣿡 
ȻĿ˲ôĿˣᣬҽĵطɡ 
ǣǣС˻ͷһسͷȺҲμˣ֪ʲôˣǿһЦݡ 
Ǽ˵ϻˡ ϣ˿̾˿ʵҶô£Ҳ˵ˡ̸ôƺɡ 
ǡվļɫһɲǶûҰҴ˳ȥһᣬһȺ룬طֿ£Ȼ˲ˣȴûʲôռơ 
֮ǰ֪ΪʲôŰѸλˡ ϣ˿Ƕ˵ﶼǴݺ͵λˡֵ̫󣬱Ҫ˸βУȻûڽˡ 
һƬžû˷κ 
ǶǼҪԱ ϣ˿Ǽ˵Ҳɱǣ̫ѿȻǺɱˡ죬ĲٹپҪɱͷˣΪֱӹǵˣҲеʾſԡǼȥǵͷɣȻǼô꣬ҲӦ㲡ʲôˡ 
ˣɧҺѾƽϢˣȥɣִ硣˵껰ϣ˿ֵ֣߳˵Ӱʧ󣬴һƬ 
Сʱϣ˿Ǻ˻һӵ˶ڵǡ 
£һߴȺ߳ǳˣ¹Ŀ 
ˡ ϣ˿˵Ŀǰץ˵ԼʲôҪɱʲôҪɡҲѡһӢܸɵˣֻϣԺлʱ򣬲Ҫһ׼ͺˡ 
ȺһƬĬ 
ˣ͵˽ɡ ϣ˿λôʵںܱǸȸˡ 
ĬĬɢˡ



ʮ

       Ǳߵ ϣ˿ߵ֡ ץ󲿷֣мܵˡ 
ţѾͨ籨ˣҷͨͿԡ⼸ˣлл㣬ִ硣 
Ҳ˰ɣҪע壬û¡ֹػؿϣ˿ǡ 
Ҳû¡ ϣ˿̧ͷȼնԺǾͿȥˡ 
š̵ͱˣָӾͺá 
֪ġ 
ڶ죬һΧˣһȺƽʱ߸ϵĹԱڵϣͣض£ÿվһõĴ󺺡 
ǣʱ쵽վԣƽʱæ岻ʣԾһЩҪ齻ԼΪεȥû뵽ǹҵΣ£ѹڣ͵йᣬѾĻԣҺùڶ̶̵ʱھץˣҽȫ֮Է죬ͰǴ˿ΪԼС񵳣ΣڣΣҵˣʲô³ 
ʱĵǻ˵ͷأ΢۵Ⱥ˻ 
λԶˡϣ˿ǶŹ͵ĹԱ˵ǻȥǵ°ɡ 
ǡɵʣǵ£һԱָӣ 
ˡ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡βľӣҶľѾΧˡˣҲ֪ľƣľûսĻһʲô£ôˣԼɡ 
ǣС֪Ĩźˮ 
ά䣬ԺΰͿˣϣ𹼸ҵ ϣ˿Ƕεΰά·Ը 
Сһҹµĺ 
ôǸˣλΪ֮ɡ ϣ˿Զɽڸûͷˡ 
棡һڱŵܽɽկɽͻȻִӣǱΧˣ 
ʲôмλõվΪʲôǽеľӵǻȫûϢȺһʲô 
ľӡһ˽ӵ÷˹ӵֱӡ 
ֱӣȵʣǾʲôˣȻӵĲӳ 
棡ӻ㱨ٹصˣɽȥһľ١ 
ȥ˵Ϳԡ 
ɽկڱһǱľٴ˽ 
ʷ³㻹ѾΧˣʡ 
һˡʷ³ͣĴϢ֪ʲôʱٵϣ˿ǹµͷˡѾˣϾҪԸǡƴϻ棬û뵽ñؾΧǡ 
ѹӻԳҴ֪ʲôʱͱ©ˡ˵㻹ʲôΪʲô 
ûõģ硣ʷ³ش𣬡һͨˣͨˣ˿ģһǻʹһսˣҪҲҪһ𡣡 
ڽˡ̾ҲûץסˣأȥǰĹ¼ȫˣǺǺô꣬͵Ǹıɡ 
ǡ˳ȥ˳ƵϢ 
𣿡÷˹ߵĽ졣 
ȫˣ£·ڶ˺ϰɽ°ΧȦ100׵ĵطȫϣԲиĿռ䣬λҲźˣӦûǡ 
ǣǾ͵ϣ˿ɡ 
磬õˡ ϣ˿ӭԼ˸ 
ԼôʲôӾֱߵߣļ򣬡÷򣬴ʲôʱװ 
ֵͷһشϣ˿ǵԼĸһۡ 
Ҳð÷˹˵һ£һûݵһ쵽ܣͬͬס. 
磡 
ѽҲΪǺ 
˵껰ѸӭĻ 
ˣʽ֮ǰΪ˷ֹɥĲٶǶ޷ɣ֮ǰҪɶȡɽˮ񡣡·ս˼淢ԣǷֱüִɱȵ˳Ժ־ͳȥɱĶԽԽãֵĸһˣԺûкӹ͵սǰϷˡ 
ԼжҲϰ߱˸Һ档˹˵ 
㡣ӻش𣬡ˣõġ 
֪ 
Լһ·еΣա ϣ˿ǵݸһ򣬡Σյʱʹ 
ֿܲգɡ



ʮ߽

       棡˷ǽƶܴ󡣡ڱ㱨 ûǱأ 
Ǳߵڱûл 
𣿡ЦǱ߲Ǿټ֣ȥǱߣɱǸѾᣡ 
˹ֺɱһڱ󣬰˵εҪɧңôĵɱ˲ðɡ 
㹻ˣֻҪǾͺá 
ɽկǿͻȻһͨ˹ 
֣ѾȫΧˣǴģѵǵ˵ˣҪǵˣԼһʲôڱӷɿתţдȵվסʲôˣʲô 
ѵίУõ㶫ƽ·Ҳ죬ܴȥ𣿡 
쵰Ϊʲôطڱų˹Сӣ 
꿴ųĵˣҡҡͷйâһϢصˡ 
ǿһѸٵΧ˹ͬʱ˴˾ڡ 
̵ִһڱĿ˹ͻȻе㲻ԣ֣׼ˡתʱ˻⡣ 
û뵽ֻޡݺݵضˣҲ֪ʲôҲܻˣ 
˵껰˻֣˹ǿҲźΧ˹˹˱мܵ˵ĵ 
һ˹Ľĵײһ˵嶼˻Ρ 
Σˡ˹ͷļһһǵ˵ҪһҪɱᣡ 
ôŵĿ˹йâһĶͻȻͣһ£˹ûϣĵڵϡ 
磡Уеǿ˹˹һǿ嵲ס˹ıɱһ˿ٵذ 
æҵظǿǷ񹥻Ŀ˹ͻȻĽŹĹâһ󼱹ѹ˹ǿǱˣһס˹תܣǿһź׷ 
ղôõĻΪʲôܵ˹һһֵ룬˽һܣ𣿡 
һ󼱱İϵĹâٵذڵء˹һѱɽȥ 
סİ׷ԽԽͻȻϣ˿ǵĻæӻóڵϣһƬɫĹâ֡ 
˹ˡ ϣ˿Ƕ˵ȥԮɡ 
ãһʿȥԮͿˡ÷˹ش𣬡ϣ˿ǣΪһ֮˧Ҫ͵˷ӴȻһʲôһʿͻȫõָӹ٣Ǵ͵ֱӽӴָӹ١õ˳嵽ԼǰָߣǺʧܵġ 
һȺǿǿĵֽŷؿŲԶԼ֣ݸ졣һǿͻȻһеĵԶȥǿҲźŶеɢӡ 
ץһСǿº͵š 
ǿһ仰Ҳ˵Ŷָһ 
ŶǱְ߰ѵ˶£Ƿȥл㣬ټ 
ټֵǿǰһڣ˹ȥ 
ԭվڻǰϸؿţû治 
껭ְѻ¾߳ɽȥһȺǿֻԶԶؿţһֱȵ߳կţСĵ˹ٶȰѴס 
һܵĿ˹ڿ۵ʱ򿴼ǰһȺʿʿǿٵطֿͨȻѸٺ£гɶΣеĳǹָź׷˵ǿ 
ʱΪʲôûܵýң˹Ű򣬡ʱ˵עȫϣȫܵġ 
ͷʣΪʲôֲԼܵ㲻ҵĻ˾û׷㡣 
ǰ˹ֵԼΪʲôҪһϣҪԮĻܻᱻɱΪʲôִ£ 
ΪңҲǲµġ˺ܾõĿ˹һǿ˵Լɡ 
𣿡ͷøˣ͸ŨŨʧҾΪǰȹң˭ҲǷ˭ˡ 
ԭõشĿ˹ӹһ˿ֵĸоôˣΪʲôôʧһشʲô 
ʿǶŵǿͻȻҵĽŲ 
棬һǿǱ㱨е˴ɽկǵ˵ֵסˣ 
ʲôŭ룬ԭնǵճȥɽկ 
ȥǿɽϳˡ



ʮ˽

       ϴŰ߰Ѫִɽһ͸ӭӵϣ˿Ŵˡ ôôˣǿôǿ𣿡 
Ӻ÷˹ãϵǱ˵Ѫ 
ûˡô˵ϣ˿ǵɫŷ 
ǿ൱ǿֶ˵ϤĵΣǿĻҲһʧ 
ȥֻ˻Ѱɡ 
ţһŻǵĲֿ⣬˳ƻɽϵˮԴ 
ǵǽͺˡˣȥ˵ɣٲȥϣ˿ģȻû£ҾҪˡЦؿ߱⻰˵ðãϣ˿ǣ侲㣬ƻҪڼҺһСܡ 
ԡϾԼĻҲһ𳤴ˣ֪ʲôˣ㾡ܷɣ 
˵껰ֿʼٵŷĻ 
˿ݰűջٵĲֿ⣬ǵʳչ⣬ƻˮԴǳȥƴжʧ󣬲õ˳롣˶ٵˣ 
һ 
һ¶˲ŵı飬Ǽֵܣһɱ 
ǵġվߵŮӻش𣬡̫ǿˣǵסӦþǴ˵йߵǸߡ 
Ǹʥ𣿡һƬЦǲﰡʰֵǵʬ壬׼սɡ˵һ 
ǵģĿǷ 
ҪǷʲôǻҿ˼꣬ûʲôİɻţˣȲˣôսɡ 
Ҫǿ֪ԭƻȫɡ÷˹ӿŷǰĻҲûʲôر 
ǲر𣬶Ƕɲһ ϣ˿Сĵؾûȥ 
ϣ˿ǡϣ˿׼뿪ʱ÷˹ʣôȫֻΪֵĺ𣿡 
ܴԭ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡УǷǵ飬Ϥ֪жΣա٣ҲΪС 
Ŷһġߵĺ֣ҲֿҵĸӪȥɣҲʹˣмְʿԸԷĸ֣ǴҲЩ 
õģҺ־򣬾ÿɡ 
Ǿ鷳ȥ֪ͨˡ 
ӭĵǶ·ָÿ˽סǶ֣µķʦӳˣսʦӾͿָˡ 
ⲻϢǶֻεص˵ͷ 
ȥ£Ѿ˰źˣġÿ˽Ƕ߽񣬵ض˵ 
һϤ˷Ǹλãеͻ𣿡 ϣ˿ӡ 
㿴ϵˣܸе㱾°ɡ÷˹ش𣬡Ҽʹʲôᣬ⿿ʿҲԶˣֻʧٵѡ 
Ǽһﰡ ϣ˿¶ЦݣһǲϲͱӲƴˣ֪ʲô 
ǰһȽ϶б¡ǶŵΣҪǵ˴߽ĻڵǰʱкܴĳǹֵĶбҪʵſԣȻͻбɢĿܡĻõʱͻ̣˫սʱܳ 
Ƕʲô뷨𣿡ųķʦÿ˽ʵ 
ţʱһ뷨֪òõϣҪ˴Կɡ 
ֵǣվڸ̨ϣضǿѵڵƣҲ֪ˣҪһֱõ˹ǾͻᱻɽµĵȻ࣬ȫȥҲЩֵܳΧȥҲ˵ʲôϵķϻˣΪԼܻȥƴɣ 
ǻ泯ɽӰӰ´µӰǶ̾һ浹ùأ 
￿ÿ˽ţ׼ǹ󣡡 
˹ˣӦʲôָʾһʦǶʵ 
Ƕش𣬡Ƕ˲ħʩŵɡ 
Ҫʲôˡ 
 
ʩǸǶԡ 
ǾͺãȻһҾͰʩɡ 
ǿźų󲿷϶ʪ˵ţƤ¡ 
±Ǯ˷ǲĴˮÿ˽룬ǵĹͷʦķЧǵвڸ񶷵ʱǶǵ˺ҲСϧԵǣô׼Ҳûã 
׼˱ƽӳָӣţ 
һƬһǿǣûµǿȻηؼ 
˺󣡡ǿǱƽӳǹһͨ·ù˵ȻѸٺ£Ρ 
ǶѾ쵽ָĵصˡ 
Ȳ 
˵ȷѾָصˡ 
ٵȵȡ 
ԼһҵĵѾԽָصˡ 
ãڿʼ 
ڿǰһǿͻȻýһԵڵأǰٶ̫죬صǿȻǰǿҲͣ½Ųǰ浹µͬڵϣɽ¹ȥ 
ûʩǿæŬͣסŲײһţмҵ˱ùȥòͣǿСĵؿŸղŻúõĵ档 
ҾӻǶ 
ں͵оӴǿͻȻûֵܼһȴͣײԼû취ս 
ٶ˾ôˣɽϵŭضŵоӣʦҲô𣿱Ͼǿ 
ˣεǿ˻ɽկ 
ٶʮˣҾʮˣս÷˹ӿսʦӵս˼ǶͦȤġ



ʮŽ

       ǵĲάּ죿÷˹ž١ ʮ졣 
ȥҪ죬ôͽɡӷĸÿһǧоಿע䱸ֹ©ĵɽܣ 
棡һڱŵس˷ĸǽÿԼһǧˣ 
˰Ĩ˰ټǣ 
ǣʣ˵˵Ĵ󲿶ӹˣû취Ӯǵģڣάϵʱˣɱһɱ׬ 
̨µǿǻӣܶﶼűľġ 
죬ֵڵ˵·£죬Ǿ͵ȥΪսֵܱ𣡸 
￴ս治Ӧ ϣ˿ожֳԹ 
ʱԲû֪սϻᷢʲôͻһǳ£߱ץǵʿͻжʧܡ÷˹΢Цſãϣ˿ǣͳ˧ǽҪǰսˡҪǻʤɱС 
׼𣿡æµ¡ 
ǵģ硣һǿǰ϶ʮľͷ潽͡ѷӲˣҵôõġ 
ţǾͺáɽڱƽĵˣȻǿϾҲˣҪǳʧܵζ 
˵Ķе֡Ƕŵ˵ķ򣬡ʦעڽӺɽʱ׼Ԯ 
жӱƽĵˣ¶Ĺâ 
𣡰ľͷȥ 
ãɽϹһƬȼŵľͷǶǽҪס 
´ʿǰðһǽ޴ľͷǽϣĺǶмʦɫͻȻò԰ףȫҡΣڵϡ 
ѡǶһӣǽѿһӣȼŵľͷȥ 
ǽϻоѹ𣿡Ƕʡ 
ûˡ 
ǳɣʧ˼ˣ 
ħþˡ 
ϢɽǻȥϢǼڲӺ棬Ҫʱע˵Ķ򡣡˵껰Ƕָֻԭ״ǽҲʧˡ 
ɽϵǿĿɿڴؿŷһС 
ʦֺ޺޵شߵǽϣǣû취ˣ׼ðɣ 
ǿÿﶼ¶⡣ 
ӻ˫ѾƽǶһ飬ÿ˸һʿڵɱУ͵˿̫Ҫע⼰ʱʿǼӺ÷ɧŵˣǵսʿᡣ 
õķʦɢˡ 
²ʱػ˿ΪҪԶıֿˣԷһ˾ʥħӻƣҧø졣 
ˣε˳˵Ǻս 
ʱľҲԹ˵˵ķء 
ˡڴɥضߵλ˵ˡиصĻأҲ֪ģǽȥ㼸죬ȵ˳Ժٳܻȥ 
磬һɡ 
еġش𣬡죬ҪץңǾԲߵġǺúöԺлĻһǸָӷʦˣһɵ 
磡㲻Ҳһ 
ҪҲȰǼһɱˣң 
˺ᣬת˿أѿ 
ڿյĴ̾˿оǲ 
ȻˣͲôˡŴ˵ؽɡ 
Ż߽һŮ 
ǰſ˹Ͱ򣬡ɱҵһΪɽĽʥء 
ҪΪԼļ˱𣡡ǰˣ۾ˡ 
Ǿɡս˵վһ֪ɱ˶ˣ˭Ҳ֪ˡб¾ҵ 
˹Ͱ˵˳˹ȥ˵ཻ 
սеͻȻһĽ֣䵽˵ϣͬʱ˹Ҳתһ̽ĺġһþˣεصȥоǲʡ 
ɱˡ˹ŽϵŵѪһƬãԺҪʲôأȥһ 
µĿ˹ͻȻһ죬ͬʱ򱳺һˣڿٵǰ壬ȫֵĹâ 
ǰĵ˰ɡ˹룬һҲһôŵĿ˹еĽ硣 
ڳҲǰˡҪסĵˣҲҵסĵˣǾûΣˡ˹ＱٵӹͷȻ̷ôű˻᲻Ҫҵɱһ 
¶ĵĿ˹ֻӽȥͬʱ˰УǱʹĸ顣



ڶʮ

       һĽס˴˹һ˹ĽֵĸͬʱһؽӰؿͻ˳ 򣡡˹ؿͻȻеһʹҲʲôˣȫĹâȫĵɱȥ 
ȫмſ˹Ľ͵Ϯһغˡڣĵ˱˹һ 
򣡡ɱ˵Ŀ˹˻㶥סҾȥˣ 
ˡŮſ˹֣ûˣ֪ġ 
ģȥˡ 
뿪ҡŮֽס˹ 
ΪʲôҪɵ£˹ˮۿô˽˻һ 
ΪǸɵŮػش𣬡Ҳ֪ʱ㲻ңҺţĻҵһԣһҪ㵲סһϧһǶˣǲһζѡ 
˹رŮͣᡣ 
˹Ҿ㣬ҲΪ㲻ҵġᣬҶĶˣԽ졭ȻˣǣΪҿޣҲúܸˡԺûչˣҪ. 
û˵껰İͷȥֹͣ˺ַؿϣóʲô 
˹ľȻرŰ壬һƬհףþòŻָǡ 
Ķ˹룬ҰסԶļɡ 
ôŵĿ˹ŮƿСĵϹŵĶȻһһ۵ҡ 
Ҹң˹ţԺֳ˼ʱ龰 
һֱҿҪˣôңԼңȴˣ񰡣ΪʲôҲκ˵ʱŵǰ棬ΪԼ˽ʧȥΪʲôű˵ʱ򣬱ңȵҲκˣôϷŪң 
ڵϣ̧ͷգ죬뺰ʲôǣȴκͻȻ˹ϵðŨܵĺסˡ 
ˣˡضߵ˵Ǵʤأǻȥɡ 
õġ 
ת׼ɽͻȻػعͷ֣ôôǿİڹ 
ԶŵʿͻȻһȫźӰӿٵشԼӹڵķٱȥ 
˹ôˣأϳ˿Լˣشʵ 
˹شصʣ˹һͷ¡ 
ֲؼæ˹һγ˽ֵܿһ˹йâһصĽһۿҪУʱһѽѿ˹Ľˡ 
˹ôˣ櫴ʵǰ 
ȫ櫵ʣ˹Ľ籩һ˴ȥ˺Էһʱ䱻Ūæҡ 
ҺһֻܶԸһˡ櫸һ룬˹ʧˣҲҪʿ֪Ƭܡ 
ȥ»㱨˵˹ʧˣСıȻܻᱻˡһߵֵԷĹһ߶վһ߲֪ʿ˵ 
ԸʿؿٵתԶȥ˹Ҳæ׷ȥ 
ʲô ϣ˿վŴŵʿʵ˵˹ˣ 
ǵġʿش𣬡˹ȫƣǻ˵˹ʧʲôġ 
 
֪Ըɽȥˣ˹СҲȥˡ 
֪ˡ ϣ˿ǻӻ֣ñŵʿ˳ȥ 
ִ磬ô죿һиʲô⡭ϣ˿ķҵضʡ 
šֻش𣬡ԾĻصʤЩοڡ 
ǣҪһ 
侲㣬ϣ˿ǡĺܵӦöѰҰϢ˵ʱ򣬰ڲӦûԡ 
šϣ˿ǵͷһ۾ĬĬظΧϢ 
磬Ҫȥһ¡ ϣ˿Ƕ˵ 
ǺͿ˹ظղŴ򶷵йذɡ÷˹˵Ҫȥ𣿡 
ˣԼȥͺá ϣ˿ǻش𣬡иܣ֪ԽԽá 
ŶǾȥɡ֣עⱣãǵĹϵѾҪ¹˵ĸˡ 
ϣ˿ǵֳһۣˡ 
鷳˵һڿ˹ϴһ˿ڣͲںԼˣһҪɱң 
˹ĽѸ櫴ȥͬʱֵĹâ׼櫸һضһͣһ͵һ˹Ľһ櫵·һӡ 
ô£룬͵ҰΪʲô櫵Ķ 
á뵽˸⣬ҵİڶҺͿ˹ûӰ죬ǶȴЧ櫸ղŶǱҵĶʴˡֻºˡ 
ôŵزйǣеĽӿٶȣָķҲȫǿ˹Ҫ 
ôˣһŬصĹƣһߵĵ룬ΪʲôͻȻôݶѵҲƬˣôŵ̷ԼĲ룬ܵģزûô 
ȫĽ£˹Ҳ˲櫣еľϡ 
櫰ѿ˹Ľ񿪵ʱصͺһеĽַɳ˹ȥ˹âһڿж˶٣ǰɣ˹ûĽȴѾû취ƵԼصĹ 
˫ִڿ˹ϣһŤһ˹ͷת˸гµ˹ð˺̣סء 
أôص֣櫾ˡסأ櫼æó򣬽ŵصȴšһᣬϵĺʧˣ۾һƬƽ櫣û£ǻȥɡ 
š櫲˵ػشţڱ˹ʬҲĲȴκα⡣ 
˹Ҳ˰·˵ϣ˿ǿſ˹ʬ塣 
ǵģѾˣҵû취׽ 
һֱ֣ʲôˣ˹ܵǿҵĴ̼ƲסԼǣԲŻᱻɰɡ ϣ˿Ƿ 
¡һʿԻصӪصϣ˿ǻ㱨ڵ˵Ĵ﷢ְС壬˵ҲˡδС壬ʾ 
𣿡 ϣ˿̾˿ǻԼ𣬽ⰡѰȻͿ˹һɡ 
ôӻʼһֱضģڿذѿ˹ʬ屧櫡 
ĵ˹ȻץסģǣؾȻɱˣ櫲ػش 
º͵˵·Ҳ˵һս¶ֵʱ㶯Ѿٶ˰ɡ 
˹ǳ͵˵Ķ 
ʱ򱻳͵ء㶯ԭ㱻ڶʴˡֻش𣬡ټսȥ㶯ԽԽڿ˹ľǰԼΣա 
ǣҲΪܾɱ˿˹ 
û˱Ҫ˵㴦ΣյĿж룬Ҫһ죬ַˣҲҶֵİɡ 
ġæش𣬡Ҳ뿴ΪҾɱ˰ 
ǾͲҪԼôΣյľءֻش𣬡Ϊɱˣ취һǾܿΣյĵطڶǿԼԼɱֵ״ 
֪ˡ櫵ס˽ 
վȥˡ ϣ˿վڷǰֻץġ 
˲Ҫ𣿡÷˹һʣ˵˺йء 
ûϵѾˡ ϣ˿̾˿һ治ϣô񰡡 
ɾͺãǳüģϣ˿ǣӦø˲Ŷԡ 
ϣ˿ǣ̫ѹˡְϣ˿ǵļϣѾˡܶ飬˾ġôѹҲûˣҪǣԺô鷢 
š ϣ˿̧ͷ֣һΣԲٳˣʲôڣ뿪ߣ 
ˡˣҲûȥˡϣ˿ǣҵ¸°ɡ÷˹ʵ 
ǵģллˣ磬Ҳȥɡ 
Ȼȥˡˣϣ˿ǣɴɣ˫ϲš 
磡Ӫϣ˿ŭ㻹ΪҲ㰡 
شϣ˿ǵĻģ÷˹ʵЦ




-- --



ʮ
һ

       Ƕ㻹˲𰡣ô޵񡣡ԺһЦݣô˲ţҵ˲ʵ̫ϧˡ ˡǶش𣬡ǸޱˣֻöѣѧԺҸߵ˺ܶ࣬ЩʺϽǡ 
ɱеĶҪˡԺȻЦݣмҪ㿼£ 
ʱ򡣡ǶҲȻЦݣҼǵ̻õĵʵĻŶȵȣЩ޵Ӧʵ߳ˣȥŸȫ 
𣿡Ժ¶ʧı飬ʵǱģͨЩԼĻᣬʵ̫ϧ˰ 
лĿ佱Ƕػش𣬡ʵѾԼļˣֻװñȽϺöѡԺΪһʱжϣʵطԼĳŵһ޹ѧԨɡ 
㻹ǾԺεؿǶɡ 
ǶСĵذ񵥵ȥԺǩ֣񵥻˻ȥ 
лл⼸չˣҸˡǶԺ˸ 
ҴӦҵ¡ԺƵؿǰ꣬һġ 
¶˸˵Цݣ˳ȥ 
Ƕ߳ŵʱԺڱ𣬡֮ǰҪ侲ҪΪĳЩ𺦹Ķ 
⼸Ľ̻壬̵Ƕ֮߳ǰش𣬡ԺҼűҵΪʵû¸񡣡 
ߣСӡԺ 
ڽбҵĵ죬ѧԺ˽ŵգӵʿڲͣѲߣвٴװˣؿܡ 
Ĺడһѧߵ˵ºλӴ˶ˣ̻ʴҲˡ 
ǵȻġѻش𣬡ϣ˿ǵ½ҵҸˣô˳谮ôǿļ˺ͳ߻ô˷ĵıߣѽѽҪҲ 
ǰҪ˧͸ˡ 
ˣλӵҪ֪ǳ 
ϣ˿ǵµòĸӦòɡ 
Ҫ̫ˡ 
¼ݵһĺʹڳǰ˶ͷϥڵϡ 
ԶԶģһȺ˴ӵһλͰ˹ 
ƽ˵º͵Ĵ磬˵Ķߡ 
˶վغ˱һξ롣 
״ˡһʢװϣ˿ӭ˹лμҵıҵ񡣡 
ıҵôҲμӣº͵ЦȻһᱻĸ߶ 
Сֻл÷˹ӶԼֳ˵ǲӦġ 
⻰ϣ˿ǵԼֳһۡ 
磬·Щң¡ô˵ŵϣ˿ǰַŵϣװ·ӣָš÷˹ 
лˡ÷˹Ц˵ϣ˿ǣʦôšʹʿأ 
˵껰ͻȻһĴʹ 
ñ׶̫˰ɡ 
˺ˣôˣ滹һߵİӰ¶º͵ЦݡЦݵŮǣ˷˵̾ 
̻ʴ˵Ĺæվǰȥ 
ˣþò֣ЦǺǵ˵ 
ͱӭӡ˸񣬡ģЩСµˣʵںա 
ϲμСŮıҵѾָмˡȥɡ 
Ѿ룬Ժ̨ 
ǵʮѧҵӣҵĺǣͿ飬ɫ˸Ǳʾףأϣ߳УԺȻŬʵԼ룬ֱʵ֣ 
´ǣ 
ǣǶǻõ룬ѧУġھļŬԺڴҵˡڷлصϣ뿪֮󣬲ҪĸԻҪμԼѧϰħʱǴģҪԼ롣Լ˵ʱ򣬲ضԼ˵Ŭˣʹܴҵ룬ǣȴûʲôźˡҪΪһʱ;ʱ̫źףǣϣǶܴԼõ롣 
棬Ǳҵʱ䣡 
ǰĹأѡҵǿ϶Կǽҵĸʵ̫ˣ֪˭սһʦʡ 
ǰѧʵǽʮǿˡߵͬ»ش𣬡֪ҵ˻᲻ս



ڶ

       ̨̹ ֣ϣ˿ǣǶ׶٣ݴˣѡսʱ䣬뿪ʼ׼ 
ϣ˿ǳս𣿡һλʦĵԺһô죿 
ġԺش𣬡̻ʺͱ»ᱣģǾͰĵؿɡ 
.ֺϣ˿Ǿݵ̨һᣬǶ׶Ҳ˷ֱλʦ˵İ׹⡣ 
ڱǶԺ̨ˣҲʤĻжûģǶֻʲôأ 
򡣡͵𣬡ʦֻҪսʿֱУг֡սʿһˣжϲʺսг֡սһСʱ˫˳֣жʤѡʲôҪ󣬿 
˶һۣҡҡͷ 
ôڱʼ 
ȫҫ۵İ׹׶ٳϣ˿ǣֽŲһᣬ֮䡣ͬʱ׹⣬׶һź 
Ƕ׶ʩӵѪܴ׶ٵĹ׶ٵķҲ½ԺȻϣ˿ǵħȻ޷׶ٵķǳȥ׶ڶ֮󣬾пܻˣսپ 
ǲȡ׵İ취ϾʵȶԷǿռʵƵһʵһùҲϱҳʶ׶ٵĹάְСʱͿܲСʱڰϣ˿Ǵˡ 
׶ٲͣر仯ŷΧϣ˿ǽֽŲͣйȫסϵػħȻάֵʱϣ˿ǲͣ򸽽ĵʩЧ 
ϣ˿ǽʲô櫺߹ս÷˹ 
ڷֹǶڵ÷˹ش𣬡Ƕ̫ϤˣӦÿԤжֵĽŲһ²ҪߵĵطӸСʲôģ־ͻ鷳Ƿֹֿĳ֡ȻȽϺְֻܼСʱ־ûϣˡ 
Ƕֻϣ˿ǽִӷʱֽˣ 
Ҫжϳϣ˿ʲôʱӻֱȽѡ 
ӻʱƵ֪˰ 
û˹涨ϸӻʧЧԺҪһֵȫûмӻҲֵܵ׶ٵĽϣ˿ڵǱ֤սʿôȥԷʦֽŵĻᡣ֮ʥ͵ 
ʱɿţ̨ϵ״ȴȻûʲôı䡣ͻȻ׶һȣеĵֶϣ˿Ƿȥ 
һûʲôǰϣ˿ǲܱϡԺ˲ƵĻ׶һƴס֣ǶԾĻᣬǾͿеϣǲ״ġ 
׶һȭԼĵѴȥͬʱֵĽҲϣ˿ǰ¡ 
һõٶȼӿ죬Ҫպʱſԡ룬ֵʱˣȫϣ׶Ҳִ᷸󣿡 
ڿзеĵͻȻͣһͣ׶ٵȭȫڵϣжʧֵĽѾ˵ϡ 
Ƕ֮ʹ˻ڣͷһ𣬡ڵ˵ǰӰҵжϣһһѽ 
ôŵתڶѽɹĵȥ 
һ׶ٵĵָˣѽȫ棬ŲҲˡ׶ٴһȫȭϣǰȥһȭϡϽɫĹâһɢ־ۣһΣûе¡ 
ǵĿ֣룬ϧ׶㣬ִܰ򵹣ƻʱһ޴ϣ˿ǻӮˡ 
ϣ˿ǵĵͺֻ׶޷׶ٷȥۿҪڼٺ˵׶ϣǶͻȻǰð˫ֵס˱׶ 
ڵˣֵ൱ءǶǱսʿУ֣ϧ.Ժҡҡͷ 
һʱ䣬ĸ˻ţʵİ׹⡣ȫһƬžֵֻڻ졣 
ȭֿЦһѪ˿ 
ϣ˿ǣ侲㡣ְο־ŭĹƱȿʼ󡣡 
Ƕ׶ٶһۣҡҡͷ 
ҪѵͺˡǶźؿ׶˵䡣 
ҲǿôõĻֶܰ򵹡 
ûϵˡǶϴ΢ЦԺлᣬֶԸǣ˼ġ 
һƬУһʤ 
ϣ˿ǣӽѵãղ˵ʱѾʧȥ侲ˡסʦҪǶ侲Ľɫκʱ򶼲šҪʵսгǿĻǾΣˡ 
ǡ 
֪㵣ֻ˶ѡ˵ʱҪ侲ܸõر 
ǡ ϣ˿ǵͷ





       ϣ˿ǣȥߵԼǰŮԸõİɡ֣ҲȥһףȻ½ ǡ˸ȥ 
Ǿˣߵӡ 
λӶһۡ 
һͲܺˣҪ 
Ѿúˡλӻش 
һᣬǰһʢװϣ˿˹˵ĺֹͣˣûע⵽߻һӡ 
Ůվóһ֧ħȡֻȣæվ˶ȥ 
ˡ̨µȺҲÿǽӰ˵ˡҲھ֤ҵľǾؿǲǵԺģԺ󣬳ش⣬Ȼġ 
˵Ĺӡ 
Ը𣿡 
ǵġ 
ѡ̳ôһϢ֪ ϣ˿һǴˣҲ֪ҲᷴԵģҲͲˡ¶粻Բɡ 
ðǿҵĹâ͵İ׹⣬һᣬһŮڿг֣ͬʱ˵ȫѹˡ 
쳹ȫӽ쿪ʼ֮Ůϣ˿Ǽ̳С 
ңȫϵϣ˿Ǵڵϣ֪Ǻá 
ϣ˿ȫûзӦߵⶥϣ˿һ¡ 
סڷӦϣ˿ǻæ˵滹λ磬ǱҸʺϵ븸״ؿǡ 
Ҳǵľ˵ϣ˿ǣҲ֪־ǣΪڣֻΪˡ 
ŮȻԭزȥ֮ȷŵŮ̨һƬ 
Ϊʲô ϣ˿ǵһƬңұֻ󣬾ͺִһһƽƽӵġǣԺҲûаӹˡ 
뵽Լǰ붼ˣϣ˿ǵﷺŲ̛́µĹڶΪϣ˿̫˷ܶᣬֻв˽ȴҡͷ̾Ϣ 
Ժӹÿˡض˹˵Ȼʺϵˣ־ڴ˰ 
Բˣϣ˿ǣңܶ飬ԼġӵһŮߵ˵ 
֣Ժϣ˿ǵİȫͿˡŹŮߵӣԲܳκ⡣ 
Сֻش𣬡ֻҪһϢд棬κ˺·ֺ 
ϣѧԺʢᡣ 
֮ȵÿ°櫶Ը˵Ȼѹ˵ 
֧Ǻǿ֮ʥش𣬡ܿ⣬Ҳиȱ㡣 
ʲôȱ㣿 
֮ȣʹٻŮѹΧһӰԼķӡ ֮ʥ˵ҪٻŮ񣬶ԳߵҪܸߡٻͬȼ飬ֻٻ߲ٻһٻҪٻߵȫղֹмԼֹٻһʹͱŮֵʱڰʧȥĵȫ򵹣ԼͺΣˡ 
ǷʦûĵˣȫǲѰɡ 
Ҫǵ˺ܶĻ˵ˡңûеʦٻŮġ 
 ϣ˿ǽŲûˣ 
ʹûظħʱ򣬻ܽԼܶħġ֮ʥش𣬡ϾŮ޵ 
ϣ˿ǣôü÷˹ЦľžƱԼãȻװЦװ󣬿ǿɲǱˡ 
ǲãΧûˣϣ˿λֳԹΪʲôԼȴƵͷϣ 
Ǻʡ˻ش 
㲻ǾҪ˵ù˰÷˹ش𣬡û취ҲҪԼʵһи취㾡־ġ 
ģ 
š÷˹ش𣬡ټָʮԲ⣬ֻҪϽ飬ȵλʱ꣬ϴλͺˡ 
㣡 ϣ˿ǵһ±ͨ졣 
櫡֮ʥŮ˵Ȼһ¡ 
ϰ֣ҳʲô 
ҿı¡ 
ɻʩչȫ죬׹ȥ 
ȻǺܽ⣬Ҳȥˡ֮ʥ˵ǻҪȥƬɡ 
ǵġ 
ôѽԺסɡٹһӦܽгķˡ 
 
ģɱϰֵˣһֻ־óˣסɣ̫Σˡ 
֡ԺǶ˸գסԼĺѡ 
ʲô£ 
ӡ⡣Ƕó򣬡Ժңˣ᲻࣬٣˳µʱҲҪñ֪ 
硭 
ôΪϣ˿롣ǶֵĻ֪ҵΪˣȥٵġҵӡǣ㡣 
ˡǶӰڷʧȴȻֺϣ˿Ƕ߻죬ӴԺһԺ󣬲֪ʱһ£ֲ֪ʲôʱǴսһ 
ϣ˿ؿԶһεεӡ



Ľ

       ˼̳˰ǹеĲ衣 ǵġǸϣ˿ǡ 
ȻûͿءȷǸŮʺϵѡһǳɹҲ¸ 
ʲôʱɱͿˣ 
ô򵥡ǹź׹һɱֵһΡҪһõ£һ̯ӡҪǾôɱԺһԴԴϰ 
ǲɱڣһɡ 
ôԶˡҷ繫˵ǿôԸɣƣҲ׼òˡ 
׼ˣŴغǳ 
Ѿ׼Ĳˡعش𣬡ҷʳƺԤսصԶԺ󲹸⡣ 
ţҲῴһ㣬²ٸǵʱˡüǺ̫Сˡ 
½588꣬·幫һְͬǰûйľٶ 
ǣ׺ҷʾڹµͻȻ޷Ͻ˻ɵԱȻְڴϵ׶ 
ͷ׹ߵȫȥȻ֮סǣһһǸɵ 
ûôֻҸǿĽڣԺԸʦˡǹ˵ 
ˣʵΪ̫æͿˡǹżĹԱ֡ 
ˣ±¼˿ΪŭС˵һСҪΪ˱Ⱑ 
ġǹ˵µΪᶯһëġ 
ϣԡԱüص˳ 
Ҹô϶²ᶯ㣬Ϊ֪ûǹԶȥ 
˹ҷ繫µӶӳѾˣ׼𣿡 
ǵģһжռƻС 
ǾͿʼɡҷ繫գڿʼˡ֪Ժ˭£ 
ۡ˹߳´һԷĶƺϾҪʼˡ 
ʣµʱôأ˹ͷϵֱ̫ܲӻؼϢɣҪٻȥЩɱҲɡ 
ôŵ˹ͻȻԶһȺʿž 
ȥʲô˹ߵױ 
ǴĶӦȥԡױش 
𣿡˹룬Ҳãĥһʱɡ 
ǻȥ׼ȥԣþûˣͷ°ɡ 
ǡ 
ջ治ء˹ԶϦٿʿŵ¶һ˿Цݡ 
ɵػؼҵһͻȻһĲҽС 
ô£˹ؿĵطȻ˸ڶǸɱˣ 
ȥ 
һ˿ӱޣѸٵ򷢳ĵطȥǸϵʱֻһصʬԶʧ˵Ӱ 
֧Ǳǹˣѵɽǽ͵ˣ˹ӷɿתţҪǵĻϣ鷳ˡ 
Ǽȥˣ˳ҽ٣ע䱸˹ 
˹Ÿϻĸס 
ȷˡǳش𣬡ȴˡ 
ѵԼ˸ɵģ 
Ҳɱ˵ַ䣬ۼһǿַ 
588£ǳͱǹʹԼϱɱǹǸͬշӵƲϧһдۣƱҪץ֡ 
£ǹǳ׷˵ЧʱʾɣƽɳԱЭ飬ƾݿɿϢ˹·ʱֳϣ˹򹫾˵ʱͬʱΪֹɱʹߵ죬ǳĵ飬ǹı߽ͨ· 
ǳ˹Ϊܵţ״̬һֱܲȶԶУҪϸѯʣӭǳʣǳһдϡͬʱǳѾ߾ĲҪעĿԲܷκο롣 
£ǳ춼»㱨˫ʿʱгͻҹģԽԽ˫ǶԷȶ֣ǴԷԼʿ 
£˳ͻԽԽأֱɱפ֮ص֮ͣ󣬱Ǻҷǳֱ㱨ƶԷƫ̻ѣʹͻأڸ鶼֮С 
£ڸϰ÷˹ʲȥ֮ص֮ͣ飬÷˹ƫ̻ԷʹԼֱӾ˺ʿ÷˹ҲʿĿˣϮֱʿ 
ӴʼҲǰµص㣬йԱӵָȨӣӷ䡣 
ʾȻǱϾǳͻһֳ»ƫ̻ܵܵΪϣǸѡ 
£ӼӲָӣΪϮҲӡŭӣԣѺ⵽׶ͬʱʾ׷²С 
ʮ£ھǣʵص飬ƫԷǵʱ˽ͣƱػܵڶԷؽΪֵܵˣȵ侲Ҽ飬Ͼ 
ڣսȫ汬ˡ





       ˰Ϸ˺Ƥ˰Űϵս΢΢Ц ϣ˿ǣˡ۰ؿŮ㲵ݣѾòˣֵҲˡھͳȥ 
ǵģס ϣ˿ǻش𣬡йҵ飬ӦҲҪλʱԺҾͲжˡңӵƬˣ֪ǲǵзˡ뾡²źãȻͲǹˡ 
Ҳǡ룬ȥ 
 
ڿսȲȥΪãȻһиһ 
븸׷ģֻҪ˵Ĵ󲿶ӣûܰһСĵغͱϵȷоλõġ 
ô˵ʵ㻹ǲԸֹ͢ɡŮҲգ⼸һܸɣȥ߰ɡ 
л״ˡ 
š֮ȵݵϣ˿ 
ף֧ûʲôãɴһ ϣ˿ƴǵסɡ 
һ̣ʤϣȻʤһ㣬Ľ˵˵һսҪδʤϰܡһӮˣòöһһˣҪ֮ˡԣϣ˿ǣս֮ǰԲܳκⰡ 
һɴ̿ɱô죿 
ģô˵ҲǸʦķʦ ΢Ц˵˺Ҳʲô˶Եģҡ˿ϣ˿ߵ֡ 
״˺³ʦϵֻ㱨 
ˣһӻݵĶҪȥĺ˹ͲǸȥɡ 
ǡ 
䣬¡Ӳ󣬹ԸŴӵĿֽ 
֪кηԸֽǲ⣬ôԼһ֧ССѺӣܹ¼ġ 
ʿٰҵзֳһ˸ָӣزܳκ⡣ 
ôˣֽԽ⣬ѵ֪һϮ֧ӣرȫӸҵĲǰûϮҵĵˣ 
䡣Ի󲻽飬˵βôྫ㣬Ϊ֪ʲôرһˣĲһȥ 
֪λСĲǰȥս 
ϣ˿ǡضԿֽ˵䣬ȻҪǻиҪ飬Ҫס 
С֪·ģСȻûӣɻ֪صġ 
֪ͺãȥɡ 
һ쵽Ƿ׹ڷﲻͣȥսѵȫɵ 
㻹ô侲ǹ˵ǳˣٻ飬Էüٸʦ͵ֵסһʹûЧҷʿǷǳصģԷǻ࣬һãǶȥˣ˭Э 
սڿʼ˰վ鷿ߵŮ˵ԺÿĿܶɡ 
ˣӦô죿 
һ̻Ѿ¹涨̻᲻׵սԻ˫ı֤ܸһѵĵط˵Ȼֲ̻٣࣬һƫ̻ĳƱػ⵽һĹԱװ 
Ǿôȥ 
ҲڣҪѣڻǳֵʱ򡣡 
ǵıΪʲôôã׹żıͼ 
ʲô𣿡 
ĲΪʲôڰǰ棿ѵͻƣıҲǱߵľ񰡣ܳԵ𣿻У˽ֵܵס÷˹𣿡 
˺͸˹Ǵܵˣֹ˵ĽҲ֪˲ֵܵס÷˹ûа취 
ôǿǰң÷˹ѵ˻İ 
ǹشߵļǰһᣬóһļ 
ǰƽʱıͼ 
ԭˡ׹һҲ֪ĲãԸǱ߽ 
ս޺պ֮ǹ̾Ϊս֮ǰѾɱʤ̬ˣ˸սһսɾ÷˹м֪ʵǿĽȴǰˣϣǱܾסˣǾӿͻƵ˵ķߣսϵпܴλӡ 
ǻȥǲ 
˵ǲñǰߵλǿ󷽻кܶҪʿģЭҪǳ氡ϼһĲȵʱٶ֣ɻǱƵǰˣ 






       ɫһڿƽԭϢ˶ԶãȺɽ̾ Ϊƽƽعһӵģû뵽ͷսˣЩȥܿĻǡһ˵ 
ͱԹˣѾ˵ЩѺֵܣѾˣսǻؼҰɡߵ˵ 
ܻ𣿡 
ôҲûãһһɡߵ˵߼죬ܵ˹ˣﲻսӦûõ㡣 
Ըˡ˵˵Ӧð˰ɣҲǻҪȥԶĵط 
ûߵȥĵطȫˣǰѵ˰жԹˣƤǡ 
¸ǾͺˣҲֵ㶫ɡ 
̸ŵͻȻԶһ 
Ǿӣһ˾ŵ˵ǿܰɡ 
ôܣһ˵ȫƽأܵùʿñ˿һǾܣᱻɳǼϸиѾôɱġ 
ѵǾ 
š˵ķӦǹڻ񣬺˵ͺá 
ϣǽǶܲˣɱɱɣǹˣ 
ԶĶǵߣǿһ֧Ķ飬ȴкܶ˽ظһСƺкҪĶ 
һʳǵĶ̲סٿȫװʿǵͣ˽ŲֻҵſˮԶԶš 
ͣ¡ܱĳﴫŮǰĶͣ 
ʲôˣһʡŮԸ 
߳һ׳ʿߵǰ 
Ҹ˵ĸҪʡ 
ǻƼţڰһ˼˳ȥ 
֪ЩʲôƳսսʡ 
£ֻǵ¡Ůʣ񣿡 
ˣǿڴ̡û취ӣֻܳˡǿɲǼϸ 
ʿͲ˰յ𣿡 
ǵģˡڴ̵ʿһ㵹СչȥһǴû취ٹ˵ˡ 
𣿡 
ǵģˡв˲뿪磬Ҳвٲ̫Ͼ̫Сëû취ֻܳˡ 
ŶǴ㵽ȥ 
뵽˹ȥﲻ̣Ӧûù㡣 
ҸմѾڳطˣȼҲˣȥӦܹȥ 
𣿡ʻ¶ϲɫǵȻ͸ȥ 
ǿܶûԶ˰ֵܼ𣿡 
֣ʻ˵Ķ 
ˣǺüûԵˣƴҲȥģܲܵͿ˼ˡ 
ŵ͵͵̾ϢŴˣ߳һŮӣ߸һͨĽʿ 
治ٰŮӵ˵в˵ˣ˹·м 
˵ŻŮߵǰһʿظŮӾ֣׹סǣϵ˿ˣҲ˺öࡣ 
ħû취ƼŮ˵ϣǾһȥ˹ 
Ůӵò;ٶٿߵ˺;ؿܵʿǵͻȻһ˵е˶ع 
£ 
̫ˡ ϣ˿ü嶼˥ºѼֵﰡ 
°ġղűʻش𣬡һߵŵ´ǹӣ 
ֻûõģС ϣ˿˺ܾãڽеֽ 
кηԸֽæʡ 
ǳԵʳж٣ 
£ǵʳܼʮ죬ﵽĿĵظ·ĻҲҪ죬ʿпҪսԳԵĲܼ٣̫࣬ǽԼʳﻹǳһ졣 
ǡֽɲһʳǣ 
¡Ϊѵ˵Ǿ˵ġ 
һѣ±ɣʱ˵ͺá 
С±ͷðźǰߵʿҲڵʳһ·ϰʳַ꣬ûʳʿǣʿܵӰ졣 
˵ôء ϣ˿ǿſֽһѡ 
ǡ 
˵ˣѾһʳ ϣ˿ǷԸŽСӵĶӳȥжһʳ 
˼ƶŲȰ 
 
ԡʱһ˾ȵؿ˹ȥ˵վϣ˿ߵ֡



߽

       ִ磿 ϣ˿Ǿȵؿ˵ӣΪʲôҪԣǰҵҪ˰ ֻ֪ش𣬡ҪסʿҲǵڱҪҪöࡣ 
ûʲô˸Ҫ ϣ˿˵ֲȫǣֻһѣôʿѵһʳ 
ܿͷϣ˿ǡ˵Ըһ˽⣿һ·ǻһһôͳȥӪﻹж٣ǶĿɾʿ 
ѵҪҿҵǰȴΪ 
ϣ˿ǣʱΪ˸ʤСĲǱģ˵δ㣬Ҫǲ˽㣬ԺԶ޷ιΣ 
Ҳ˵Щ ϣ˿ǽҲ뵱ʲôʱˣҿ 
֣˵ǳǰ¶ǵϣ˿˵һΡ 
ǡضϣ˿˵£ǳʱгͻΪ׼ 
һߵͷ 
еĿɿڴؿˣ֪Ǻãʿװʲôվԭؾ䡣 
ǶȥԼȥ ϣ˿ȥӰһֵǰϣ˿һͷײĻ 
ÿ ϣ˿ǵС÷ס 
С 
ÿŮâһ֧׶ַȥּȲ㣬Ҳ˶ֿ͵һ׶شֵ̽ļ 
ִ磡 ϣ˿Ǿʧ룬æҵظʩΪʲôÿҲֵ 
Ϊǣ¶ˡһ߿ŵǣﶼỨ 
ϣ˿ǣ侲һ㣬ܶº͵ؿſ޳Ĺ취ġ 
ʿ֧˴˽ʳ˱նʮˮһǳϡࡣȴʿǰͷֺãһݵС 
λ־࣬žۼһ˵ҲǹΪѣҲҲ̣ʳǾʵǲܸǣǰߵʿҪսˣһͻ࣬ʱµ¶ûаӹֻܶԴұ֤ǻᾡⳡսõδٴҸ 
˵껰һںȸе࣬Ҳ˫֣ϣ˿һеȥ 
أ¡ȥҼʮʿȥһˣЩͳʿӪʺַԸ 
ִ磬Ҫȥ˻ûء ϣ˿ǵĵؿ֡ 
ɭֲԶ˵һҹӦܸϸˡ櫣Һزڵʱϣ˿ǵİȫͿˡ 
šִ磬أ·Сġ 
أԽô·ϣߵꡣ 
ǶԵġ 
ϣ˿ǵ̫ˣиڱҪʱֹĲΪ죬ˣʹ벻ˣҲҡⳡսУָӣڵȵȣǶﲻæֻܾȡˣٲԷ 
㵽ųֹ˵ôĻǹİɡ 
ֻڰݺԼĽɫѡ 
ҹϣ˿Ǻ櫾վ⣬ڵգ˶˯⡣ԭϾĵģֻзںХżҹʿĵ̸֮ûʲôԶǼһȡůһһš 
֪ ϣ˿ǿԶڵա 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬ôǿġ 
šǽҴִ磬ܾúõģ᲻ҵأ 
ôӦúܸ˲Ŷԡ 
ϣ˿ǿǰŮҡҡͷ 
ǽϷ櫡 
Ϸǣȫ 
ʱ򣬹ⲻԼסҲϷһ֡ϣ˿ǿǰԻŮҲŵǲִ̫֣粻ˡ 
ִ粻ģôϲ㡣 
ϣ ϣ˿ᱧס櫣ôһãҵҸءˣϢɡ 
ڶ죬׼ǿԶٵĳ 
ҵȵȡߵǰʱֿٵشӳ 
ǿʿŬشӳϰһֻֻ޴޵ʬ塣 
һϾܴô޲ҰǰǾηؿ֡ 
Ǹǵʳֶǳһٵˣ²١ǾҪˣɽǱ߻ʬ壬ʮʿţȥԼˡ滹вϣ¼׳Ӵǣתվ»̻ʳҲܿ˵ұ֤˾Բ 
нʵû취 ϣ˿ǿǣϣλ¸ҵˣҽӴ񡣡 
ɡȥվ˳ܴ£ϵҡ 
лλˡ ϣ˿˸񣬵˳ʿĲȥԶԶĿŹĳӣֱҲŻع򷴷ȥ



ڰ˽

       ģɵ쾡ͷƺʹһƬҡŹͺͺֻ֦мֻҰ˺ҧżŲơһһֻϢ֦ϵѻԶһӳӾ÷УҰҲٵܿˣֻзŵϴŹĲźҰݣɳɳ м· ϣ˿ſֽ 
£Ǹ·ĻҪ졣 
𣬱ԤƵʱ˺öడҵΣ·ͣ 
ֽЦǴ̲Ϊ˱ǵ𣿵°ӣһ·ΣѣǵĿģǾԲԹԡ 
Ҳ˵ĺҿˡ ϣ˿ǶԿֽ˵⼸ڿҲˡôȣҲܰһʱѣҽ󻹻иҪ׵ǰֻоս 
Ӣ 
֪ǶˣֻΪҵݣԺܶ໰˵ѡִָ磬͸ľҲҷḻö࣬ԺǾͰΪȷɣҵپͺãҪΪҵԵˡ 
˵껰Ĺ߽ٳĸͿ֣һӵ 
ܼʦӳ߽˹ˣ˵ϣ˿ǵ¸ֽѺӣƺܿ͵ 
Ŷп֪Ϣ𣿡 
ӦòܣƵͻᵽ塣 
вٲߵˣˣǼһʲô 
ǼһﰡҷȥȻǿɱˣἫܻҾҪиӣߣ 
ϰֹǲСǵʱȥѲߡ 
˼ǡ 
¿ģǿԳ鷳ֻ˵˵ѣôܲ 
֪ˣȥš 
ҸõĽڡ 
֪ 
£Ǿܵˣﻹв˾סСģе˵ļϸֽضϣ˿˵ 
ﲻǰ?ôƽ ϣ˿ʡ 
Щ˲Ը뿪磬Ҳܲˣɴˡ˫ʿƽʱؾͣ˫ĲҲܸϣԳ˸𲿶⣬һ㶼˺ƽ񡣡 
𲿶ӣǵľ𣿡 
ֽԥػش𣬡˫ĲӶУҷЩ˶ˣԲᱻųġ 
𣿡 
棬ǰл⣬ƺϮһʿֽ㱨 
㲻˵˫ʿع𣿡 ϣ˿ǿſֽ 
ǿǵ˵Ĳӡֽð亹Ҳǵ 
е ϣ˿ǿſֽתͷߵʿжϮׯ 
ʿԥؿ˽һۣεص˵ͷ 
ţһңҡҿӱʶӦҷĲӡʿСĵػش 
ȥ ϣ˿ǶȻ˵ 
һǼһĲӣֽ룬˹ʲôѵ. 
һϣЦŻűӣָµʿǲͣ׷ſ޺İաüտԼķӱˣһеԼȥȴʿǵס 
ֵǣϵĿкţֱ̫ˣѵóΣôͰ 
޺ŵİͽ͵ؿԼļڴȼաͻȻԶٱһ֧ӣʿǻŵСɫĹâ޴ˮˡ 
ʲôˣһø˵ʿֵ֧ĲӣʣҸɽִо񣿡 
һƽСʿԴʿһĻٵΧ£˹ 
ĸӵģȻ˺ִоʿѵûо𣿡 
ʲôˣСﴫһŮӵ 
ǿ˹˵Ĵӡһվڳ߿ӳʿش 
£ 
ǵģ˵˼ǰȥ÷ͣͬʱҲľ͹û뵽Ӱ˵µĲܵˣ 
ǸΪңϹĿ˹˾ȻôӰһᣬȰץɣȥʱ˳ȥˡ 
˵ȫԼͷðŭ 
Ǽִо񣡰ļϸȫɱϣ˵껰ĿһԼһƽͷ 
쵰ŮסǣеΥģɱۣ 
һ·ģ̫ˣŮӵɱȥ˿͡ִ磡 
ֵ֣Ŀ֪Լ˵ʲôˣǣûתһͷѾһѽ͸塣 
ﱻɱԼԵĶôǿĲӣʿǱˡֿһ󣬾ͷ׷׶еͶ



ھŽ

       Ǻ˵˵ʿʲô ϣ˿ǴӳѯŹڵʿǡ ͷɥʿǻ࿴һۣм߶˶û˳ 
Ƕ֪ǵĳôǵģ ϣ˿ŭʵǵĳ٣ҲʲôٽһΣ 
ǡߵʿǸǰɤӣҲλ˵ȫһһͬģǾˣΪѹգΪ˱նڵģλĸĸҲǰգԼģһѹǵֵܸĸãǻô룿 
ʿȻ 
ִоʱ˽˺գʲô 
 
ȵȣһڵϵʿеӦðǽֱ٣лоǵ㲻˽̣ղɱ˱Υ˾ͣ 
Ծͺ ϣ˿Цһְλֱϵг֤֤ǷʱȨȶǵͨǵֱ˾ҿԿ϶غ˵ǵﶼ 
һŮҲ˵ִ󻰣ûϣʿƿڴһ˻Ůѣƾʲһ仰Ͷǵ 
쵰һ˵Դףд̵ϣ˿ǵ£ 
⻰ʿԭһ߿ƽһʱȵ˵ֳʱֵļž״̬ 
ˣ˷̫ʱ䡣 ϣ˿˵Ȼȥʺ˹Ⱥ˰սͿԣӵǼһ⣡ 
ʿ󣬴ӵܣȫնɱˡ 
ټɡ ϣ˿ǿԶİգԸ˵Ȱȥ󷽣̫ΣˡֽҪȥǾͺá 
ĸλǲԸ뿪Լļܵġ ϣ˿ǶԾ£Ÿм;ηɫԼƽ˵죬ҴӾҪȥϣܺһȥԸ뿪ǣսԺǵļ绹ҪؽʱҲҪؽԼļ磬ǲܰǵġ֪ԼصˣǣһǶǣԺǵļ˭ؽѵϣԶٷ٣ǣΪǽصĽʱ뿪ҲҪİĹΪ˸һõδ 
ƽǵһᣬһվ˳ 
Ϊǿǣٲܾ˵ȥˡǻӵµּ⣬͵µĲ뿪ġؿϣ˿ǣֻи󡣡 
ʲô󣿡 
£뱣ԼΣǶϣָؽ԰ҪΪսʹʧȥˡ 
õġ ϣ˿͵ػش𣬡Ǳ֤ؽ԰ʱһǡ 
һѹ罨øãԲʧ 
 ϣ˿ߵĶӳжʳûյ 
˲٣Ź⼸Ӧûԡ 
ּ죬һᾡذǡ ϣ˿ǿĵʬ壬ͻȻŰǹ 
ӦñǵʿȴкҵЩλߵΡ游ǵǸԭǹϵΡұ֤ԺֻҪһ죬;ҵľ飡 
£ϣ˿ǵľٶİȫæͣؿͷǶ֪ӣ²ҪôԼǳܲ𣡡 
ǳɫ˲ŰվһߵĸһĻľԲǵ˵ģӽԺΣʹƴҲҪİȫϣ¿ûǣûе£ 
ϦŹڵϵŮӣһȫװʿվߣϷŽ⣬ǷڵϵİաɫĹâϣ˿ǣʹлŮ 
һҪܺõرȻ͵ȫأһҪǣԶԶһĻĿֽԸڣ󷽵ľһǵģ 
ǡߵʿ𾴵ؿŹڵϵŮӣһʤΪߣ 
ǵȻġ 
սʱڣһֱȫţ˵º󣬶Ķߵ˵ܣΪҲųΪ˱Լڵµ쵼£ؽǵļ磡һʤģֻҪȵ죬ؽʱ򣬾ͻñ֪ǲų򣡡 
Χ⻰󣬶ᷢĻ



ʮ

       Ӧõˡ˹ߵķʦӳǵ˰ɡ ǵģƲԺɳڱͻ 
ˡ˹˿пյĽ춼ټ齻 
ټĽǿź˹Ӫﲻͣȥ,ȴκ. 
棡һڱ߽˴Ӫӵˣ 
ûܵϮɡ 
ûС 
Ǿͺá˹ŵȵòͷȥӭǰɡ 
ôˣɻ룬һֵ֧ȫԱӭ𣿡 
޴ľӪǰ˹һӽ죬Ⱥšĵģֻз紵Ŵ졣ڣԶһ֧ӣӪ 
ȵ߽ǷʿûлʳǽظһС 
ǻʼӣмʶĽ쿴СĶı־룬ѵлλӶǰߣôѵǡ 
˹һµĺ˼룬Ľ켱æҲŹ¡ 
С˹ߵϣ˿ǵ¡ھ޷Զӭˡ 
λ񡣡Сﴫ˵ŮΪһ˽£ҪһÿֽҲҪҾ˳ˣλ鷳ˡ 
ҡ¿Ϲ٣ǵҡﲻ˵ȽӪ 
õġ 
ŮĻش𣬳ӽ˾ӪһȺСĵظСһֱ˹ǰ 
ŴˣһŮӺһӡ 
ⲻ˵еĵ°ֵ룬ô³ҲΪ 
ôŵֿŴ򿪣߳һͨӣôȥһͷ֣ס߳һŮӡ 
ֻǰһֹͣˡ 
ΪЧҲֵˡкɫľ롣 
棡һʿٵس˹ϣ˿ǵգ 
ʲô£˹ĳʿŻع 
棡ʿֱͦ壬ǵѲ߲Ӻ͵˵ĲӽӴսˡ 
鷳ʦȥƣȻٹȥ 
ǡ 
ȵȣһȥɡ ϣ˿˵ҲܰæǿʦӦòࡣ 
ССʿƣα͵´ݣϢ.˵ĺ˹ϣ˿ɫƣæĿڣ¸ 
ӵҽɢһ˵ʿ棬ţţҽͷʦȺвͣĴҩζʥâͻȻ䣬Ϣֹ˶ֱֱؿ߽һŮӡ 
ϣ˿ȫĹζ΢ЦʺԱʥâÿ˱塣бƹʿˬƺ˺ܶ࣬һչǵʿ޲˵Լ 
Աϣ˿ֱ壬عͷǣվص˸ɫ 
櫡ؽߵŮӡ 
ţʲô£櫵۾뿪ϣ˿ǣء 
ʱϣ˿ǻعͷ¶һЦݡͻȻһ飬ǰһڣ˵ȥּæһѱסϣ˿ǡ 
£żľٴ 
ղŶִµ֡ǰλĸһ룬ĳʵ̫ˣ˺£Ҳûã 
ôˣһȻĺ˹æ˹ſϣ˿ɫ½յ·ϵͶ٣һҪ˱ϣҪʲôⰡ 
û£ֻ̫ˡӵ˧ɫʦӳػش𣬡ֻҪúϢͿˡ 
ǸΪƣ۵赹Ůӣԭϣ˿ǵ£˵ʿз⣬΢ˣҲܵõĴ˹գӽԺǵµˣ 
ϣ˿ǣʵڱǸˡֱԵŮӣĬĬصǸ߳ӡ 
ǵսΣߵĲı 
ռϷ磬ǵ˼زʱҲòǡ 
÷˹Ҳࡣ룬ϣ˿ǵ˹ˣ 
ǵġ 
˹ô 
صһˡʲôҲʲô⡣ 
ȻôϲȴҾͶɡǧȥ÷˹ 
ǧ𣿡÷˹ϴŵЦݣСóͷټǧˣʹĲһȥ˹ 
ľӷֶԷ֧ԮֱǴλӵĲľͬʱҲյսϢһʱ䡣ʿ񣬹ʿ



ʮһ

       ǰս²ǹս˺͸˹춥סˣҲ·硣 ˵ĶڿͻƣĽ춼ֻӲӲˣǲֹۡҷ繫˵ 
ǻȥ 
ȥˣӦ׼ˡǸϵսˡһʧԺ׼ɡ 
̫ոմӵƽ𣬴ӵʿѾڲٳϼ紵Ŵ죬졣ٳϾĵģÿʿ϶¶˽ź˷ܵı顣źŽǵĴ죬˹һȺ죬ӵϣ˿ǣ˽̨ 
ǣ˹Ĵɤħ¸ڲٳϻصߴҸϢλӵµĲѾˣ˵ĸˣھͲˣҲ֪λ¶ѾɳԮǴˣǶȲѾΪǲǵųڹһŲҳ죬Ǵȥסǵβͣ,ϼȥ 
ޣ̨ 
죬ϣ˿ǵҲһ˫ۼ֤ǵʤǣųʿõ˫ۿһһʤ¶ǵޱΣڣǳ 
˹ƭʿأ ϣ˿һ룬Ȼʵһ 
ͬʱ˹ҲڶʿǷ˵ 
ҶˣĵоѾҾѹסֻֿܵˣǵļ磬˵ĹǲܺˣȻǵ˽ᱻūۣ뿪Լļ磡ΪǵˣΪһ˫˫ں󷽿ǵ۾һҪʤǣҪסһʧˣĲǣǵѺӶŮΪǶսɣ 
˫ʿڲԭϽӴˣһ𣬷춯صź 
ôȥƴİ ϣ˿üȻʿռƣôȥҲܿɹۡ 
˫Ľսġֻش𣬡սǰѾ˵ģûбҪʱԼš֪Ǳռƻô̫Խˡ 
棬ҾѾʼͻƣ֧Ԯű˹档 
˹ԤӶȥ˹Ը 
ʿͣռţôȥʤ㲻󰡣˹һᣬ˾ģˣ 
ʴʲô£߽ 
սҲˣǲһ֧񲿶ͻԷ˧һᾡоǿ·ͻԺͱܺսֻ֣ǰɵ˧߱ˣˣˣ 
뽫ģ˻Ž˷ܵ飬˳ȥ 
˵Ķ죡ооǰ壬˹룬˹ʲôȻʱռϷ磬ҵоȴܣͷԿô࣬ռƣԲӦͺã 
ôŵĺ˹´˶ס˽ 
оڿͻķߵʱٽһˣЦŵĺ˹´˷˵ʱһӺڼͻȻӹгֱ˹ķ 
þͻҾҽ˹룬˹СҰѵҾûо֣ 
ϣסǡ˹ߵļ˻֡ 
Ҫͻˣ˷ܵ룬ֻҪȥֱƶԷ˧ 
ȫǰĴͻȻüķԼ 
зĸҲˣٱסĻڻǵʿͻᱻȫ𣬾ҲûˣôŵĹâսľͻȻһס˵ĹƣһǹĶټæΧȴֻǿֵס 
˵Ķӳƴ˰ֿȺͻĴˣһ֣Ժ˹˵ 
ŵ˶ӳ 
ֵ˵ͷ 
˹˿һߵϣ˿ǣϣ˿Ҳ˵ͷ 
˧ȫ赲Ľɻÿ˵·սеĴ˿ͻȻÿæһо˧ķȥͻƵ˷ߣʿǣֵֵס˵˵Ĺơ 
ʿֹͣǰĺڼꡣ 
һƥһ׵Ľ죬գشӺ˹˧˳ڴ˺ͼ˧֮䡣 
ǵ˵ĴˣĽ˳ȥֻҪɵֱӹ˧ 
ôŵĴ˴һµսҲӿٶȡð˵ĺ⣬˱һŰţƺ׼Ľ˳˹ȥ 
˽Ӵ˲䣬˷Ĵȣҫ۵Ľ⣬ʱȥһ󣬴˵Ȼǰ壬ȴԭز˹˾춯صĻͻȻڷɱϵĴ˵岻ͣζԽԽһµս˵˧ǰһһѰסͷҲ޷ʱĽ⣬ų˵оɱȥ 
һƬž֮󣬺˹Ļȫɱ浨ӵĵˣڵоңܽסһϡ 
ˣ˹εط 
ѪĲУ˹ʿǳս裬˷ܵɨսϦĽڻĽ׽ϣʹս 
ִ磡Цŵϣ˿ǴӭӵĽб˳ժͷ¶ֵݣϣ˿һº͵Цݡ 
Ϊǵսɱ˹칦־˾Ʊеµ쵼䣬һʧܣ 
ʿǻ˱еľơ 
ʦӳͻȻ˹˵ʲô˹üվ 
ǣӦģǲΪǵ¾˵£Ǿ;һȻص˵Ļɣ 
ʿźЦеľƣͨϣ˿Ǹ߽˴ʡ 
߽ʵַҵĿԣµľƺѪ˳ߵϣ˿Ǽæס 
û¡Ϣһְοϣ˿ǣ껹治ҪһҲҪ۲С 
ǹǰս˼ã̧ͷ 
ȥ 
ˣʲô£߽ŵĿʡ 
ǹ˵ֻǰսݸء 
˭ɵģ۵Ŀʡ 
˵𣿡 
֣ҺƲؽסеսһᡣ



ʮ

       ǰǵ˵ˡ룬Ҫܵһ·ҪСˡ طֶͣ 
ʲô£ 
棬ǰһǿ 
񣿡뵽һ·زҡҡͷעⱣʳǲʳĻǾɡ 
ǡ 
ʿǰϵһߣִÿ·СĵؿŶһ 
٣кãԵİɡ񼷵ʿǰ˫ֿ 
вУ߿߿ʿͷػش𣬡ǾҶ 
ĮؿϤһĻͻȻе㲻ԡ 
ǵȻ࣬Ƥȴܽʪ󣬲ָɰͰ͵֣뵽ؼæ䱸 
ʿؽ䱸״̬ͬʱ£ֿٵóСɵأȥ 
һȫɫĶγ˵񿪼֧ɹǻǱһ֧ش̽ȡڷӦʿǼæһӵϣǼ˴򵹣ڵϡ 
оһľǴʹĸоͷһ𣬼æһмĵطһҩ趪 
İɱ߰ɣؿűڵϵļˣܵѵ̫ˣȻ԰ɱġ 
ޣڵϵһ̧ͷصķһҺǱصƽЩɱģɱҵĵ֣ռҵķӣѵüλ˸Щֻϧܵɵ⹷٣Ҳˣ 
ǴӮĻǾҵֵܱɱҵķӱռˡؿűǣɱˡ 
վͻȻһͷΣֻȥߵʿæסķʦҲٵظ˹ 
⼸껹ǵùǶһȺм䣬ſǰѧУͷ˼꣬òױҵˣɢɢģս 
ǶһСĵǶһЦݣֿûˮˡ 
ŶǶĵĻش𣬱۾ԪصĲ 
ĵ²ˮǶָһӲݵĵ棬ȥͿˣŪˮӦڳˮҪˣøɾĲˮյšȣȻġ 
ǡ˸˵˻ȥ˴кͬʱûһɾĴ衣Ƕһᣬ豻ˮװˡ 
ںõĴӱϿ⣬˵سŸ衣 
Ƕ̫ˡһп˵гкȣڼҹӻãϧҪˡ 
ǰǶǹ֣һżչ˵ôãһǵһμԶżء 
ʦеڲͬϰ߾ͺ 
Ա˵Զɢһɾĵطһľ衣Ƕˮעľ衣 
գϴˡǶߵŮ˵ 
յ˵ͷߵľߣǶǿطĿִֺǽ 
ԡİɢǶּҴҵ˻ 
ʲô£Ƕסһ 
Ƕǰ֧פ˿ͨ 
ľӣ 
Ӻľӣǲ֪Ϊʲôͣ 
Ҳʲô鷳ˡǶ룬ȥеԲϣ˿ǡ 
վסʿһżķʦԼ߹æսеٿҾͲˣ 
ᡣǶͣ˽Ų·ķʦ˵оפﲻͨص 
·ķʦʿͷɨǶһۣ߿ҪҽĻеá 
ҽҲһ㡣ǶЦػش 
𣿡ʿ¶ŵı飬иԱ鷳￴һ¡ 
ʿ߽ӪʵǶһɫ԰׵ˡ 
ԭ˰Ƕأ˵ϴ㱻شֱ㣬˶ǹùء 
ã˵ǵ㱾ûκҵģ㵹ǿ԰ҴЩѺҿ԰Ļȥˡ 
⣡Ҹմսȥˡ 
ʳ˸ºֵġ 
ҿԱ㵽 
Ϊ㵽ﻹܵõ 
ĺͺĶẦˡǶε̾˿㰲ĵػȥɡ 
Ƕ ϣ˿ǿѺˣȵʣô㣿أ 
˵ˣ·ңͰζңԼȥˡ 
𣿡 ϣ˿˵սԼ߻ΣյģȺһɡ 
һΣաǶôţεص˵ͷ 
عŴ߳ҽ 
ж̫ˣһּѾˣƲԺͻỵȡ 
û취𣿡 
һҲԡ̫Զˡ 
 
ǵģסڿ˹ɽҪȥҪԽ˵ĵ·;ңԶܻܲŵﶼǸⰡ 
ǰعüͷֲɾӱ̫˷˵ľϮ 
ˣȥˡһŮӴ˳ 
ȣعǰŮӣ·̫Σ˰ 
Ҳ뿴Ůӻش𣬡ˣҡ 
ΪףȴڶҪʱﲻæعǰŮӣȣذˡ



ʮ

       ְǶںӱæµĹﲻӪ󹤵ˡǴ˳¹ˣ ǵģڵ˵Ĳб˵ɣ֮ǰѴˡɺӵĻҪԽ˹ɽʵ̫ˡֻҪ㹻ĴǾ˳ȥƹɽоֻش 
ô˵ԮҲˣǳӲ̡ 
û취£Ҿʿ߰൱ĻӦû⣬˵ıҲˣҪóҾöʿܡ 
һȥˣֻܽˣ̫Σ𣿡 
вðյսֵһ˿Ĺâʤʹͨоͨ·˵ĶǶҾв֮¡ֻҪ㣬̾ʤһˣ 
ҲҪܲܶסķˣȥѴù⣬ԮͲǸ⡣Ƕ˵ 
Ѿ֪ͨ󷽵Աˣڽٴӡ 
һǶ˵Ҳİ취 
ʲô뷨 
ս֮ǰȥǵ˶ѷݵļط֮һǶ˵ܰˣһʱضΪңǰĲضӦϡûʳľӣٶҲûá 
ǿ˺͸˹֧ӵĺ󷽲ء˵յݣ˵ľӱضҪˣλӵľӾֱƽԭв׹׶ǣǺ֮һɽ֮仹иչء 
ǵġ㣬ҪػǸؿʲôˣ 
Ӹ£ֻһС·ͨһ˺ֱӽҪҷصĻѡֺͷʦ 
ǵģŵ֪޷ôԹؿĽ貢ġΪʵû취صô߼ʦԶ̹Ϊ˷һ㣬䱸˴ʦٲսʿҲǻᡣ 
᣿ ϣ˿ʣǷʦӲõǰ 
ҷ֡Ƕش𣬡ǵһСʱڴ򷢵ʿҼķʦǾͱҪܾĲӣúܶ࣬Ҫܲ¹Ĺõİ취йǿĶһʱӲµ˵йһ֧ʼӡ 
ҪǣǶ˵ڹƹؿҪڵ˷Ӧ֮ǰȻ󷵻أҪжҪʮѸٲſԣȥֻǾðķղҾιСΨһĺôһʧܣʧ󡣡 
ʧ󣿡 ϣ˿Ƿŭʣһʧܣִ͡ 
֪Ƕش𣬡۵ս顣ҾҿʹʧܣִǱĻԶȥԺ󱻵˻ܣҾдĻҪöࡣ 
У 
һڷϣ˿ͻȻһֻסԼ֡ 
ȥɣϣ˿ǡֿŹһƽġ¹ûţػôأ 
ǡһ 
ûвðյսҡ 
ҡִ磬㲻Ҿһֱ 
ġֿϣ˿ǣǶʱ󲻹ӣʵûղ˵ġ 
ϣ ϣ˿ĬĬ룬ҪִиһһǶɱˣ 
ȥִôΣյ𣿡˹ʣһһСʱ£鷳ˡ 
ǵġֻش𣬡Ȼմ󣬿ǳɹĿܲͣһʧܣʧҲ󡣡 
𣿡˹ҡͷȻѾҲ˵ʲôˡ 
Ϊ˰Ҫھõ˷ǣһԮǶ˵ 
ȻҾͱװල촬̵ӣһפ˭ȥԸ˹ʡ 
ҸɿĽˣʦĻŵùңҿ԰Ƕش 
Ҳȥ ϣ˿˵ 
ȥֻ鷳Ƕ룬ʲôɾסֿܲ˰ɡ 
Ǿôˡ˹˵³һ֧ȥһĵоʦӳǵ£ıǶȥ׼ɡ 
ڶһ磬ĸ֧ۼڲٳϡ 
ִ磬ذ ϣ˿ǶҪ̫ǿˡҲǣҪġ 
£ΣС˶ܵ˺ġС˲ڵʱ±أϣ˿˸תȥ 
ˣҵĺϢɣҲڵʱҪءϣ˿һۣߵǰ棬´ 
ϣ˿ǿȥķ򣬾þòԸƿߣֱԶĺڵʧתͷԵȺԼĶ˵Ҳɡ



ʮĽ

       ˹վλϣźǷɽµС· ҪվСʱĸڲ˽ӰࡣЩҲǣǽע˵ĹľôһС·һܹĲʮˣôĴȺʦĶ֣ĵڱʼ˼룬óʲôˡ 
ͻȻ˹ԶһСڵ㣬ԼķѸƶһᣬؿһӵоԼĹؿ 
Լ۾ȷû˹˾ڡ 
Ϯ׼ķʦӳһԾﾡ˷ܵɫҵҪʲô˸ǽ 
ӵķʦԴ˾ۼħſٿĵˣ׼֪ӭͷʹ 
ΪʲôҪʱĿԣ½Ҳĸһ߿ٱܣһ֡ 
ᰵһֻһΡֻش𣬡ǣþܸϵֱӶԵ˷ʱղã˻ˣǶܲ 
˽빥Χʦӳ¶Ц߸߾ȥʱʦͻȻ֣Χħȫֹͣˡ 
⾿ô£ԼؿѸٽӽĵоȴް취ʦӳֻּţΪʲôǵò 
Ϊʲôʿӳ˹س 
ǲħòʦӳش 
ʲôʿӳһʱ䶼֪ǺˣǼʿô͵˶Կ 
ڽӽˣֻʿͽ͵صֿĶֵĽսԵشһߵ״̬ڣҽֹͣˣʦֿ־ؿűƹĶ֣óСͷȣһ˳ȥʱ䣬мʦħָˣȴطԼΧѾȫǵˣȴֻмˡ 
սɹؿصʬ壬ϢһᣬҪˡ 
ǡ 
ڶ賿⵽˵ϮȫǼ侫սʿеݱһѻչ⡣ݷķʦǳƣݱյʱ෨ʦͼħ𣬿ȴò 
棡дǧĵǵķ̽˹㱨 
ǧǺ˹ľӣǽӰ촬ƻɡ˹Цţͬҽҿɲ˹ 
׼ӭУ˹ 
ˣǲҪ֪ͨ˹ˣʦӳСĵʡ 
áҰѵ˴仨ˮȥ򸣿˹빦ǳ 
˵ķû治˹ŶĴӪҪǿнĻʧСҼ˰ 
Ŷĵ˵Իϣ˿ǵɫ÷࣬³һ߲ͣذοǶһеغŲ衣 
ܲˣ ϣ˿ؽеӹˣǵ죡 
ϣ˿ǣ嶯Ƕ˵˾ǳȥǲϵƵǣкġٳȥ㵱ͺˡ 
ô侲Ϊ˵Ĳ㣡 ϣ˿Ƿ㿴ô˵Ȼ˵ҵΪҾ£ҪûӦĵ˴ȥִ֪ˣôͣ 
ʲôõĵġǶ˵Щ겻һʱóֻ𣿡˵껰Ƕʩ˸磬ʲôˣٵȵȾͺá 
˻ǲϵµʿЩˣ˹˸ֹͣƣǲϳˡ 
ôŵķ˹ͻȻ˵ӪŴˣʿشٵչ죬ƺЩҡ 
ᣡ˹룬ӣͻ 
ʲôʦӳżس˹ˣûĵԷķʦ֮ǰͻ 
ʲô˹𣬡ҵɲһ֣ȫףҲлףһħǸûã 
⣡ʦӳˣѾзͻæʦ˲Ƹϣע˵̷Χλ֮ʩЧħڶСӶԵ˽л򹥻 
ͻ ϣ˿Ǽæʦӣ׼ӻ 
£һʦæ˵Ӧʱ 
Ϊʲô 
ɡǶ̾˿ʦӣעþ룬һ׼ڶ׼׼ѣȥ֪ͨ³Ҫѣ⣡ 
űƽĵӣǶ¶Ц 
ӷʦĽ죬Ҫ㳢ۣ



ʮ

       ڿӽ˵ĲӵǰͻȻһµȥ ôŵһĻţʦӲʱϵʩЧĻǶ 
ǰս׷󣬺æס֣ͼսͣ£ȴ֪ʲôµսײϣ󣬶ʿҲײս϶ʱһƬҡ 
ڵλķ˹ʦ֮Чµصڲ³׷״£ǣȴѾв˱ڵײ˵ʿǣҲڵšһǵصȴ׼ʦǵĻڵסòöӣּǰ 
۾۵ͬʱҪסԼս۾ÿʿӳԼ·ͬ 
һ۵ĹǰըˣһʱʲôҲǿµսܵţȫܿƣĴҴвתͷȥ򼺷ĶȥмûзķʦԼײʦҲæ㣬ʱ˲϶Ե˷˹ҲԼӳЩˡ 
ͻ³ʿźǰȥ 
һʦŵ㱨ܵϮȫչ⣡ɽϹؿȫо𣡸˹Ϳ˽ˣ 
ʲôǹվȻȫķʦݱյʱûзʦü𣿵˵Ĵôɽģ 
࣬Ǿķʦ˵ں͵սʱ޷ʹħ 
޷ʹħǹͻȻ뵽ʲôо︽פǲǺ˹ 
ǵģ 
ԭˣǹһȭصشϣһˣΪʲôû뵽ܣ 
ⲻܹ㡣ҷ繫οû˻뵽ģҲû뵽 
Ӧ뵽ģ 
ˣٺҲûˣ취ƺɣҪ͵˾սˣø˹Ϳ˳˰ɡ 
˾ôͨģ׹ʡ 
ᰣǹ޺޵ػش𣬡﷨ʦ̫ʿ̫٣ֻҪȥǵؾͲһ 
棬ӪϢҷϮĶѾصӪɹɣҷʧΪˣŵķʦ칦³㱨Ϊʤʹʿַ˻ 
Ϣϣ˿ɫһ±ò԰ףҲʲôˣæŵٱȥڳֻϣ˿ǵӰڿ£ʧڴӪʵſڡ 
Ժϣ˿ǴϢʱҪټһ䡮𡯲ſԡǶ΢ЦŶԲԵĴŷʦ˵ 
Ϣһվ׼߳ŵʱͻȻ־ַǿҵĹâ 
ô£룬ղŴŵ˲˵Ǳߴ˸ʤôͻȻôżشϢôǿħҶ첻ѵǵ£ 
ɻæħעˮϣϣ˿ǵڿиˡ 
С˲μ¡ 
񡣡 ϣ˿ż˵˵Ϯ 
ϣ˿ǵģ¶ɵЦݡ 
ԵȣСȥ 
ִ磡ֵϣ˿΢һ˳ɡ 
˳ 
û˰ɡ 
Һܺãûˡ 
š˵˲ˣڲϻȥȥοߺӵսʿǣˣҪȥμ칦ˣһᾡȥġ 
õġŮ˼ֲ˵΢ЦŶϣ˿˵һһ·ҪСġ 
šشϣ˿ǵӰڿʧˡ 
ˣҲϢȥɡֻͷ˿һ͵͵Ц 
̫ˣִû£ ϣ˿ǳһڵϣȫࡣ 
Ϯƻɹ˿ս˹ͿһҪ˱ˡսȫڵ˵ȼգҷǼ顣ǣ˹ֵΪˣӦ벻ּƻϣ˿Ǹ˵ˣ˭߻أ 
Ǽһﲻһϲȴ𣿡÷˹룬ôִôƫļƻ 
֪˭ƻ𣿡÷˹Ŵŵķʦ 
ӳ˵ϣ˿ǵµһʦѣС 
ǽǶ 
ԣ֡ 
½589꣬ĸ˹Ϳ˾Ϊ󷽲رգȳ˵춼һ˹ͺԮϣػǣ棬λӱϳһɰͳ븣˹ţ˹Ȼ촬˳̬ƣǣ˹ԮӺϳһͳ죬˾ں߾ɴˣսصתƵء



ʮ

       ʱ֣õõһȥЩƣŮӣһñһ·Ͽٶȶʻš·ûʲôˡһȺѻѽѽֻҰڵȥڳӽӽʱѸٵﵽ·ߣ﷢صĽ Ůӿ˿ɫһһôȥŮСĵؽ⿪ϵϡǣŵϳҰݡŮóһƤһᣬƤװ峺ľˮ 
أȵˮԵ㶫ɡŮضų˵ 
˴˳ţ·һӢӡ 
лˣȡشӰнӹʳˮЩӿɿˣһ·ôҪӦҪչˣûá 
˵ġӴµĳؿأǺܾûܵһءȻ㣬һǸ˵ġ 
˵ŻصϰĦ 
ǰǺ÷ִˣ֪ûˣȻᵽԺûҾȥҳԵģԼҪСġ 
ֻ˶ѡεػش𣬡ȻҽŲܶǻõ 
˵˾ͲҪٳӢۡȺ˵ԱǹԹˣ鷳 
ǣǣȴˡؼæػش 
ߣŮصһ¡ 
ûʲô˰ȿĴׯƿһõţѽһŴˣӭȶģĻҳ 
ﲻ֪ûˡűӣǿһĵطСĵذط˽ڳŸʱͻȻһ 
ȿٵսеĵ˾طֱŷķ 
ڣжϳԴԺصһţǽڻȥڽӽǽʱһȭǽϣõǽһ󶴡 
ʲôˣʵǶȴûʲôֵľٶȻֻ 
ȵҳ䶨˿һ·õˣڵϣϲ֪ʲôҧˣֻ浽Ҵȼæóˮ͵˿ڱߡ 
˰Ŭǵ۾Ѿʲôˡ 
˼ңôʵ 
ˣܵĶˡ˵촽ţǿʱ룬ˣܲˣɴڼˡҵТ˳ҲԸҡû뵽˰̣ǰʱ˰ȫץˣһͷֲãǲûҲߡû뵽ǰ첡ˣûԵģҲûˣֻõû뵽 
˼ңģǻչģģгԵģҲˮͺáһ˵һ͵ʥâˣ 
лˣĵŮţǷʦҲӦ֪ҵʲôˣҲǶ컹ٻѡ 
˵ֻȼæοˣǺķʦһκģ 
ǺǺǡ˷ǵЦٰɡܶŮģҵ廹о𣿡 
⡭ 
ûˣҲ֪˵ӲȥֻҸʹѡˣʲô£Ҳˣǰĥѡˣ¡ 
˼ңʲô£һᾡġ 
Ǿͺá˴һǣɱҡ 
ʲô˶סˡ 
˼ңôҪ󣿡ȼæһŽˮë˵Ķͷڷգ˵õ˵ɡ 
û˵˵Щʹһĥң˾ҧңֻһѣƫƫɱûУֻһ޾ĥˣڸҽѵĻˡ 
⼸һֱģ 
֪ĵŮ㻹ᾡӳҵɡ˵ڱ˿ơǣڿĲ˵ֻӳʹѡľǽѣҿЩϵڤɣ 
ȵ׷£ҵĽûɱ޹һ 
ʹһ˵ĿҲϴӦ𣿡 
˼ңȽôܶȥɱһӦȥεˣʹԼ󣡡 
ɡһֱ˵ͻȻ֣һ̴˵ࡣ˴Цݣ鴤һ£˫ۡ 
ŵ˵ʬ壬ȵһֱû취ֹͣ 
ΪʲôأҺսڿ޵ػܸܲңΪʲôҪ̣ 
һ仰Ҳ˵ֻǽرסŮӣ͵͵̾Ϣ



ʮ߽

       Ҳûʲôء˹ȶԳ˵սǻ֪ʲôʱǰһ Ժͻˡ 
֪ʲôʱܴꣿ 
ܿͻġ 
ͻȻһӳ嵽Լǰæס˻һںӸǰͣ 
ǣͻȻˣȥӴſǻ˵ 
ޣԺӣȥɡ˵ 
裡ҴˣӸ˵ضԼУסǻκģ 
ȿڴϵĸ˵ɫͷһ𣬡жûˣ 
˿źӣ¶˸Цݡ 
ţǿбˣһκģ 
˿ˣ¶һЦݣԺ⺢ӣλչˡ 
Ϊʲô 
жԭȣͻȻһźɫֽƬ 
ʿ֪ͨ 
Ϊʲôβһ߿˵ĺӽ 
ӣⲻǲ̫ˡ˵ƣβõġ 
ģӽǺͰְ˵˵ģһҸӣȥô԰ְֽ 
Լȥ˵ġ˴ؿźӣԺ費չˣҪĻŶ 
˵껰ĸ˱۾ 
裡ĸϴޣְ֪ˣҲҪˣ֪ҲԣҰҪҰ 
ɺӲͣҡ壬ȴκηӦڣӵĿͣ 
߰ɣĺӡźӵļ򣬺תͷϴŹЦݣһˮ߹ 
֪ˣҲԣװңҹͻˣһܹԵġЦŶ˵ 
ˣȴһ̲סһ 
һűһһ߿һ˴˽ݵĵκ󣬳׵ش 
һˣŵʱҾ;ɩӲԣû뵽ˡ 
壬һܹԵģͻˣ𣿡ճյЦŵĺʡ 
ǵġ꺬ش˸ 
֪ɩһиλˣǣҲѾǴŵΨһˣλҴһᾡܺúչġ 
ز˵ֻǴӻóһңٴӰóʳһƣݵ 
ıߵʿȥǱߣ˾ͰƸǻúչġ 
˸סӵ֡ 
߰ɣС 
ȥ 
ȥְ֣Ȼһ 
ãЦݣס֣ǿ߰ɡ 
뿪ıӰֻһᡣ 
ǰôˡųȻͷԳ˵ͳսˣǵӦûõɡ 
Ӧðɡػش𣬡ֻҪȥ˭֪᲻ս 
ӭ١ùϰЦλǴսǱİɣܵ漣ء 
ǰҸˣ˵ֻߵһҽεúãǾðչˡҺŮıӻڰȫˡ 
λһд󸣵ˣԻóԸģҪ 
䡣 
Բ𡣡ȷأ׼¥ʱһӵ˽סˣλǴսģ 
ǵġȻش𣬡ǴǱ߹ 
ǡо÷ִ𣿡 
Ǵﾭ 
ʡ˵ͻȻúܽţûмһλˣ 
ǲұе̣ 
ǰǼʣǼʱɺã 
ǼؿˣоǱˣѾȥˡ 
˵ʲô˴˵ 
еһɡȥǰһֱڵǡ 
˵˰γ˵ָأңѣȻɱ㣡 
û˵ѡزָԼĵؿ˵۾ 
һеĵ˵ϡ 
Ϊ˸ףֵܵӱΪڻұɱˣƴϻȴҸˡ૵ô죿ô죡ô졭 
ͻȻһ´ӵ 
һƭңҲţҲţŵˣѸٵسùݣսķȥײһƬˡײԶȥķ˱˺ͬ顣



ʮ˽

       ڵˡĨĨͷϵĺˮݳǰҽĵַסǰɽϣܿҵκá ̫ˡ۰ؿ㲵ȡ 
˵ʲôȺһۣӦõĵܲκã 
κõĻͲҪģβõĻٵҲûáЦ˵㣬һ۵˿ô찡 
˻ûˣƤˡװ˵ġ 
֪ļ𣿡һλɽĿˡ 
˵Ǹҽ𣿡 
ǵġ 
·ȥܼˡ˺ĵָ·İɡ 
ǵġ 
ǸƢܹ֣ǺεĲֵģ 
ֻϣҵصȤˡЦ˵ҪҪٿԼ 
˵صԴһ¡ 
Ӵؽһ䱿ģɵԺҪһӣ 
˭˵ 
ڵ·ľͷͣ˨·ߵϣߵһСľǰӵš 
˭洫һû 
Ǻ𣿡 
ǣģ 
ǵģҵֳˣ 
ʲôˣˣ֢״ 
Ǳ˵ģƺжһǰ߲· 
һ£߲·ǻж˹ЦСΪʲôˣ㿴Сˣ 
ǰҽ˵ֻκá 
Ǹڴع췹Եļһ 
Ǹƹ񡣡һ߻ش 
β˵Ķ㻹ܻһ£͸ŨŨľȣǽ 
ƿţ˽ȥҩζ˿һݵ˶һͷҷһҩ޵С 
̧ͷһۣǰ¶Ǿǻϲı顣 
ݵĶһܸߣǼһﲻβˣֻҪĶȫƵȻеͿԣң԰ 
˵ŻĺٵóһѷСϿ˸ӣһСƿӽסѪСĵ 
ҪѪ𣿡ʣҲæ 
˭˵ҪѪǵһⶾôöˣҪŪѪоֻɲǾеġ 
Ⱥضһۣ¶εĿЦ 
СӳĿ˼תתȥⶾѣѾڲܿϵκζ 
ĺܵǰ棬óһ룬ش̽˵ϣشһͷ亹 
֪ʹγ룬ÿĦѶȾСˡ 
ҩҳԣҪȥ˼ǶԼȥҶԣҡһ߷Ըˣһ߽һС䣬Ź 
֪ܲܰκãĬĬ룬صĿǡ 
¶ǵĿ⣬ظһοЦݣû£Ǽһһκҵġ 
Сʱɫ԰׵ĺС䣬һ顣 
а취ˣ 
ģ־ϲ 
ǲңһƬŭֱϲڸˣǿҵı£ 
˵껰ĺߵǶҩ￪ʼ 
˳ĺͻȻ̧֣ͣͷ¶ʵı顣 
ôˣȼæʡ 
һҩûС 
ʲôҩȥҡ 
ѡ 
񣿡 
ǰû˵ﾡǱģֻϲһȺһĺɫ񡣡 
֪ʲô񡣡Ȼش𣬡ȥѣ 
һһȺش𣬡̫ȺˣҿɲȥҵҪоء 
ȥãżʡ 
ߣиɽȺס档 
ȥ 
ȵȡ˵ȥϲϢ˯ʱ򲻿ģֻҪСģ˲ƽȥɹĻҪȥǴǾվ㿳Ҳܰ 
õġлˡ 
ش𣬡лҵĻȥʱǵöüңҽȥ˿ɲࡣ 
һΪǹؿЦ 
ҵȻİش𣬡һˣôõõѣ 
ô˵İ룬ӦǹѰɡǸˡ



ʮŽ

       һ˯ŵȾϴ˰߳˴ţӳó׵Ĵߣ͡ 㣡ŻŴˣ˳Сһְ 
ҲԵɡóһ룬װһͣݵǰӹĺһڣɴ۾ 
ţóԣͷСŮôóԣȻҿܻῼϲκãķˡ 
⻰ȴ֪Ǻá 
ûĬУֹţȻŴˣôôûְҵ£ĺܺóԡ 
Ļһ첽߽ӣز˳ 
ش촽¶ȣȰӵݵߡ 
ˣԺˣ졣 
ԼԾͺáؿЦֻúõģû 
·˻ӲſȻҴŶ 
عԹſ죬Цˡ 
ʱһȡ 
Ȼ֪Ϊʲôװã״˵ 
⻰˶ͷ 
ҳˡ·˵ 
šػش𣬡·СģǿԼ 
ġ 
ԶȥıӰصǡ 
վҩһͿԣиҲûϵ 
ҩһȥѣһۣҽ񡣳ҩ 
ҩĲ𣿳ʲô 
Ķѹư 
ҩֻһ˯Ϯȥ 
ӦǸɽˡԶԶؿһлͣĴɽϢʱ仹ûҪȵȡ 
ôʱϲȽؿŷȥʧȥյĺ侲ʱԶһȿĵȴУȺȺڴӲͬķɽɽٳ 
һⱲˣվµĨһѺõȵȡ 
ȲԶĺϷŴ۵Ĺâв֪ͣǻ˻ƵֻڵĻڿţʱͣڶߵϣ޾ɵصͷ 
ˡôŵȣɽ£ 
ڶڷڵĻͻȻİĶӽæ쳤˲ӡ׼гʱǰһȻͷָղŵĶѾˡ 
ڱֵŤͷĴȴʲôҲΪԼ̫ۻֵͷ 
˲ƽĵȽŶڣŬؿԼĺǰģһƬͷ˯ڵϡ 
ڱûʾο룬Ҫȿŵĵطˡ 
ȷŵȵӰԭʧȻԤĵص㡣֣ԽȺڶ֡ 
ͨˣȿһ½ŵ飬ֻͷħе󣬲ڿɲǵϢʱ򣬵ȻᰲȫȥԺͿϢˡ 
ôŵŵǰߣǰ淢һڵĴӣһѶȵȪˮͣطš 
ˣԼϼ˸ˮ̳ŽƤ 
߻Ⱥߵһ÷λ˲ħڳڵڶŵʱͻȻýһ˵ȥ 
ãˣڵͬʱŬؿԼķ򣬲ˤ 
һˤһȺ˯ĻϡѵĻһʱ֪ʲô£ҲѣҲʱһƬҡ 
ڵϵȼæ˲ƣͬʱЩӦĻҲߣȳֵĵطɻ滹ûȵӰʧˡ 
һֻȥָ£ڶϢĻĻ棬ס˶ڣֵֻһӭæٴηħ˲䣬ȱһɻɨ 
ʧȺĻҲɳɽԶֵӰƴ׷ȥܽһ֣ʵȺΧסͣŻڣһӰӴӳ߳ȥһȺӰΧȴ޷˺ӰֺӰӵϺʧˣǧĻںţȴӰٴγ֡ 
ڵϵȳһ˻Ӱħתȥ 
˰ˣȡ 
šȰѴӵݸ˺ 
ȥƿҩȣˣҩ 
ӹҩȣʱžĵʹ 
ȼæҩֻ˿һƬ 
ҵˡκ𣿡 
Сβã 
˺Ժҵ°ɣ 
յ˿ȫָԭΪ񰡣ֻܰκáôˣС 
ûʲôشŵдſǻ



ڶʮ

          û°ɡǿסԼʵ ˵Ǽһҩѹסԣ˳˵˯ҩ˯һ߻شһ߰һ񵰴飬ҩýҩСӹͻġ 
Ǿͺáοػش𣬿ȴŵĿɬ 
¡˵ 
ʲô£ 
Ҽе£Ȼȥܲܰչ죿 
չ㶼ܰˣںǼ죿ɲһܰʱĦҩʲôģһʲôҳԶжɱҡ 
ĻȳĬˡ 
õģҾ˺ٻȥɡ˵˵˵¡ 
Ϊʲô 
Ҳ̫ģֲʲôˡ 
Ҳǡ˵̫Ķûô 
۾ؿԼͷᴵһҩ 
˰ظ˵˵ûʲô°ɡ 
ûСȻش𣬡Ҳõˣҩ˵ãͿ·ˡ 
Ǿͺá˵ﲻɴ˰ɣϴ᲻ġ 
صĻذĦȵֲһ 
ôˣʡ 
ûʲôȻæش𣬡ͷҳִ󣬴ɴȽϺá 
𣿡Ҳ׷ʣ۾ 
СӣָĲʱ򣬺߽ӣָúܺãͻȫˡҩ 
˵껰ĺͻȻһѵԼĲϡ 
ʲô 
㾿ʲôɱ 
ʲôֲҩֲǲˣһʲô 
ƭˣӣһ֪ԣң˭ 
˵Ǹ¶Ȼ飬Ǹԭҿ֪ 
֪ؼæ˵ڳһЦɨɨ 
ߣһҴӦġ 
㣡ְŭѹȥֻǴӦ˵ɡ 
ǰȻ㣬û취 
еġ˵ֽͱʣֻǴӦ˵ûӦдҿ 
е 
ߡصĻҽ˵߳š 
СŮ𣿡 
ͺáҽ˹ȼæеˮ 
￴ֽдĶֽϵͣ 
Էˡ߽ӣز 
Լԡض˵ǿ˲ߵʱҶˡ 
Ҳǡջ֡ 
ȣһ·϶㣬ˣһﱳؼȥ 
˵ɡ˵ҿԶˣϲţ 
ҿġ 
֪ˡˣȥԷɡȻش̲סһ 
Էˡʢ÷ںãȴز֡ 
ôˣԷ 
ûʲôιϰˡز˼ԴһǲˣιҼɡ 
ϳԲСֵΡ 
ʲôЦ˵Ѿˣô˧Ҳûˡ 
ں˵ʲôȿ˵ţһ״˵͵ߡ 
Сӵ˾ȫˡأԺעͰĦͺáСӣЩ췴˲٣濴ÿ 
ֻҪ˾ģ˾ͺãԵ£˯㣬Ȼˡ 
е 
˵ʲôһ׵ʡ 
˵ҵ˰ػش 
ҹˣȴðĵƿطţ¹Ӣãǰȥ˯صһǣ첽תȥ 
ôˣȥһĨһŵһϤں 
أô㲻˯𣿡 
û취ˣô˯ţػش𣬡ôˣܳʲô 
ҡ˯ţɢɢ 
ɢŰʲôҾʲô뿪ң 
ûûС 
ΪʲôҪߣ 
ҵˡĬãȵ˵ 
 
Ѿǵˣ䲻ˡ 
 
𣿡Ȼش𣬡˲ϲ˵𣿡 
ؾþòش 
ˣأԺҪע塣ȵ˵ǰȥ 
ȵȡص 
ʲô£ 
ȡû˵˶ϲ˵ģҲ⡣ 
仰𣿡ȵصĽŲԼ޲ܵȴ޷ 
ߵ󣬰ȡϵɴСĵزȵᣬذڻ 
˶ϲˣȡضԻ˵֪֪ͬˣ˵ĶǲһġҲڱ˿ѿУա 
ƭҡ 
زٻشֻȵͷ˫ӡȥ



ڶʮһ

       棡һʿӪֻ㱨ǽɳ̽鱨ʿֱˡ Ǳְ㣿 
ǵġǸ˾ѻˮ׼̫ˣҲ󳬹ǵԤϡ 
𣿡ֿߵǶ֮˰ 
ǵʮˡȥ¶ҾʿӰȽϴ󡣡 
ţǶԷأԶץסѰ 
㣬Ǽһ̫ţ̰һϷŹôȥһᱻץ 
ô˵ûǵʿͿˣû˴̽Ϣҷܲüɸȥɡ 
аһĿ¾ءǶ˵˶ΣգǳȥĻӭǵĻǴ 
Ǿôѹס 
ټҲûáǶش𣬡ԷǹеĶ֡ôǿҲǸ֣ϰ˼άжʽоһһĵΡ 
ڱ̽Ϣıؾ֮·ǶڵͼϱطԱĹӳ˵㹥һЩط 
ǻҪ֪գľڻȵȡ 
𣿡Ƕ˵һСӳȥ档װڱʿǼһĸһṥرˣĿ겻ϡ 
ȥӳԸǶſڵĴű˵ 
С˲μ¡ϣ˿˸񣬡˵Ƕң 
ǵģЩ㡣 
ʲô飿 
мпǿǼ 
һ 
ûɼҵм 
ȥѲߣ 
ùӳڱȥתתҪôû㷴ӦҲỳɵİɣҪɸ˳ȥ 
ҳȥɡ 
Уȥ´ξû˳ȥˡȥʺ 
ȻԺȥرעǼλǼĿܾʹܶࡣ 
ֻǶͻȻʵ¹ڰ𣿡 
һԺͲƶ˭ռĵط壿û¹ҿ¹ 
徭һ仰֮Ҫ㼴֮Ҫ㡯ܿƺʱ͵ص㣬µ˿ĵطĻͲǷˡ 
ʣֲֶĸм 
֣غͰգ櫵ԸʺϴҪȿ칭ӳıܾĳȥװ 
ŵķ˹һʿӵһȫװڱоӪ̲סЦ 
˶װԸңҲ̫СҵıºƵĹˣ 
ڷλãû뵽˻ǵǻʱٶֺˣʱ̫ķı䣬ûôˡ 
˿ϵ̫˹롣 
ѲߵʿȺСĵתһȦȻϷشӪ· 
˽ô֣ʿΧŵĹֵ룬ͻȻʿеĹӳĺҵ 
ָʾĹұߵ£ˤһ֧ϡ 
˻Ҳи֣ϧˡźŵķ˹䵹ԼʿתʧС 
ΣǶŻĹӳ 
ĵθӣĵص㲻٣ҵ˹ȷӦҵҡ 
滮·ߣ˳ʲôʱʲôʱ˿ĵص١ 
ȷ𣿡ۣǶŹӳ 
ǵģʱһСʱľ⼸ص㡣ٴϸһĹӳĨĨ 
ȥʱĵطʱĸصġǶţܳȥֻˡǵԷĸԺʾĿģǾͰ˰ڿǵصصɣմ㡣ʹʧܣҲ˶ѡ 
¶˾ĵǶ̧ͷ 
ˣȥɣ˳Ұؽ 
ǡ߳ӪʵĹӳһӭվţ÷紵ԼĺˮҪǶԸңһĿж󣿡 
뵽⣬ӳֻһ䡣 
ȥصǶָŵͼԼļ˵ﻹ˿Գ첻㻹ʱ䣬һץһǻ֣⼸Ҵָûɡ 
û⡣



ڶʮ

       Ҳִһȥ˰ո󡣡 ϣ˿˵ СǶһھܾȥֻõ˷ֶѡ֪֣ȥֻƻƻִС 
ֻļƻܲܳɹѡ ϣ˿ǲ˵ʼӵʿִðգҪʿնں˵ 
ϣ˿ô˵սֽһ 
ͺӼƽϣաǶ˵Ҳû˵ϣںǼˣ˵Ҹûϵϣ˿ǣΪֳȥ㵣ģճȥҾͲģ㲻⣬ԺҲκˡ 
ϣ˿ǲ˳ȥ 
Բ̫ˡֶǶ˵ 
ûʲôǶش𣬡ҪԷҸġ 
ڱĸǿ˹Ϊ־ҵһģֻжԷ˧ѣԲгȥĻᣡ 
Һ˵صķ˹˿˹Ŀĵ 
СĵעŹӳ˵ļλǰСͻȻйâһæ򷴷ȥļϣһȺʿźķȥ 
Цŵķ˹תʧУõʿֻþɥػȥϸĵ˾ͻᷢʿ 
գͬϷһΣֻǣʿû٣ضĵط˼ʿµʳ 
ˡ ϣ˿Ӫﷳ룬Ǹӳȥˣǻûץˣץʧˣ 
ϣ˿ǣôɹ𣿡Ƕϣһߴļһʡ 
Ȼôˣ˭ʧܡ 
ʵǿһĻˡ 
˭ 
Һ㡣ڵʱҲΪ֪һᷴԡǶ˵ʧܣҲǾͻΪһʲôֶζҳȥٺһȥ𣿡 
˺ܾõϣ˿ҧ촽˵ͷ 
ǸŮˡϣ˿ԶȥıӰǶ룬ǿȥңһұϮԺϸϻȥĻ᣿һȥǹֵĻܻȥдˡ˵Ů˸ʺ֡ 
γǸ֣ǶԷǰλ˹˷ܵؿϵֻһιĻᣬҪСĲſԣ 
ѡصķ˹˿˹ȵ˽빥󣬷˹һţҶȥоڱӦ¡ 
ɹˣ˹ɵһȫڴʱͻȻһķϮ 
еûʱҽô֪ѡص㣿˹ɻ룬Ҳ̫СҵĲˣңûôף 
ôŵķ˹̧ͷ뿴ԼϮˣ˴Ĵ 
ĽȽȽ˹оȻĪؾ˵ůһʱƶͷֱоĴʹָֻ˷Ӧ 
Ϊʲô˹ʵ룬ƺһҵһû壬ΪʲôָоΪʲôͷԸ⣿ 
֮ǰ˹еĹ 
ĵ𣿡տŵڵϵĵˣϧûȫգΪʲôֻ뵽Ҳܷӳε𣿡 
ֵʿǺܿ˳أʿǵ϶˷ܵЦݣӵҲˡ 
ӴĲϿ⹭ܱԶЩҪܴﵽľ룬һǲ֪ĵطͷӶֻ㱨 
𣿡Ƕ̾Ϣϧ˰ѹˣڣʾˡˣ⼸ۻˣϢˣָ֣Ȩ㡣գлˡ 
ΪɱˣȥնԼ͵ȥˣ˰С㣬᲻÷һԺɶ֣аնù𣿡Ƕ뿪ƣӰĬĬ룬ҪҪҸɵ 
ôˣѾɹˣΪʲôȥһϵķ˹ûвһġ 
ڶһ磬˾ڱֵоһСԼӪسæɿĵоֻǰһʬ嶪ڵϣͿٵתˡĿһϵʬ壬̲ס˹ 
˹ҷ繫еսˮӻ֣һҪɱ㣡 
²߻Ĳ֡ǹ˵ָյ˹ʱ˹ûʲôرֱʤ˹ǵսͻȻ˱仯رͷ˹ǳսԲǵķһһϲùڰаǡ 
ɱɷŹҷ繫ݺݵ˵˲£Ƕʱ䣬ʲôر˵˹У



ڶʮ

       ڵˡǹվһɰܾڴһսˡ ܳˣ׹ſڶ߳ıǹ˵ȥһ 
㻹Ǻǰһöôһֱû䡣ǹź׹ʹǳ»Ŀܴ㡣 
ô࣬ɱ˵ 
Ϣ̽𣿡εҡҡͷıǹҷ繫 
ɵһǶˡ 
Ŷ 
ڲǹЩʱǻȳɡ 
ŷʦ뿪ĶǺ󣬳üط˰׸롣 
˺ܿͻ֪ǳϢ˰ɡǹշɹôжǻȥ˭ľأ 
ͨѶʦ߽˵񣬡ѾӷʦˣĿ겻 
֪ˡ˻Ƿʦ뿪 
Ӧ·˿ŵͼȻڵеʱѡһ򣬶ӦģҷԮҲֱҵľӸȴϲǵٶȡִмٸüͬʱԮҲܼʱϵǵȴпתľӣ﷨ʦʧܵĿܲСڸʱ򣬻пܱȫ 
ǳˡǶñŵķʦȥ˵ҪˣưǱҪķӦ 
غǳǴķʦϵ˾ʱûеÿ죬һǰҪ󳷣ս˻ص߽硣֧ԮԮͻҪס˵ĹһתǹҾܵĿܴܺ󡣡 
Ϊǻ˭ 
˾ĿܸǹʹʤˣҲֻŤתֲѣõԮϢİһȫ˹Ǹϻȥ֮ǰ˹ܲܶסҲǸ⣬ĶǱ£ǵĴġ 
ȥǱ߰ɣӽˣһǣӲţϳˡ 
ģҲںʲôӵҵϢð˲ϧһд۽Ѿӽ𣿡 
ڣʲôĵġֿǶһǾȥӽˡ 
Ҳһס˵Ĺ 
㲻У˾͸ˡ 
ƻӦñ쵽ǶţܸһʱҰ¡ 
õġ 
־Ը˶÷˹˵Ҫӳһ죬Ҫ·ʲô⣬²ܼʱϵǻҪó˵׼ΪʲôҪһأ 
Ǳ˳⣬÷˹˵˰ָϢ͸¶ȥǿ˻᲻ƴֹأ 
ǵȻһֹɹôֿܵ˵ȫҾͻᱻ˱ȵôˡ 
Ҳһܿ˵Ļᡣ 
˵ǣֻô𣿡 
²ᣬߵǸˣҲᡣ 
ҪҹˣǶæµʿͻȻұһ֣¡ 
Ƕˣʲô£鱨ķʦæܹʡ 
˵Ϣ׼𣿡 
ˣǵļϸһȥ 
Ȼ˽ӵϢһģΪǸĸȷϢȥɡ 
ǡ 
Ƕ㾿ʲôĵǶҪ͸¶ˣ׼Щ 
áǶŸ֪кĽģ̸̸ 
ҴСǹ¶ҺʦҡŲǶ˵Ҳ֪ʦڸտʼѧϰʱȫûʲôģʱչҵģ֡ 
˵Ƕ侲¶ȵĸ顣 
˵ҵˣҵֳ۷κ£ҶΪС֪Ϊϣ˿룬ǣֻҪ֣ҾͲΪ 
Ǿͺá 
㿴׼ĶӦ֪ҿܻʲôˣǻǳɡ 
ǡ 
飬ĶУǺҪ˵ĻѾɼҵģǽסϣ˿ǡ 
֪ˡˡ 
𣿡ڸ߳ŵʱǶʣƻɹĻ 
һɱԼûɲްɡش𣬡뵽ֵãҲûʲô˵ġղŵĳŵ 
ġ 
սҪ˵մѪġǶ˵ҵ֣ǸʺմѪգ𣿡 
ҿģģůġ 
ôþͺˡ 
ε鱨ġ˳˼ţ׼쿴˵Ķپ



ڶʮĽ

       ǶӾͽˡ׼ֶԼĺ˵ ġ˵껰ǶƥǾͷ߰ɡ 
ǣ ϣ˿ʣִ磬˭ȥ 
㡣 
ңҸȥᵢг𣿡 
ħֻãҲáǶ˵һ·ϣ㲻ҪӳֻظԵħڱҪʱҪʩӴ̼Եħȥкô˵һ·˵ʲô鷳ڻõ㡣㲻ȥ 
ȥǶĻϣ˿¶˾ġ 
Ů˹Ȼ޴ġǶĬĬ룬һǱϵһ֮󣬵ٻͻȻʧǵȻ֪ô£ʿ뷨Ͳһˣֵδ˵¼ʹԺ˺÷˹Ķɿǡ 
Ϻ¾ͽˣʦӵȻ³ȻʿָӣһҪѹס赲Ĳӣգһźžжأ櫵Ǿ칥˱ӪѵеĴʩƻһսĻԭǾɱ˶Էķʦ 
Ƕָʾᵽֵļ˶˵ͷʾѾ֪ˡ 
ôǾͳɡ 
棡ڱ˱棬иСӴӱӪ򵤿Ͽȷȥˣȷǵ˧ֺϣ˿ǣ 
ǻҪȥ߸ӣһżƻʵʩ 
ӿ˴Ӫпٵس֧ӣԼһˣʧķ׷ȥ־ĴӪﾫ񾡳֧ȥ˸˹˾֧еĲӿٵֵͣס־ȻٵϿȷ׷ȥ־һеͻȴ˾ǿصס 
ʦӣ˲ȥԤص㣡³ľӺ͵зһǶ 
׷ˣֺϣ˿ǵӰʧϿȵڣ׷ıؽ˷ܵ룬Ȼ˶Ǿ񣬿ǾһʦҾͲܺ˵ս 
£ǰ赲оϣ˿˵ 
ôܶǲܣ 
²ΪҪǣֻ˸Ȧ£Ҫʱ赲ˣõ˺£ 
ǣȦӳԱŲĵϣ˿ǰȥ˵ˡ 
˷ֱֹǣ룬ǸƣǵһʱһҾͲŻԺں⼸׷ǣ 
עǾһ𣬱ùƵĻᣡ 
ôûӦսˣѾȫϿȣԼһ£ٲҾ͵סˣ 
ӰѾоˣ 
ʱϿ˵ɽͷϳӰĺϿ͹ʯϣʯ׷׹䣬ɽµȥһɽʿҲ׼õĴʯȥϿ˶ʯסˡ 
ǾȻԼĻʼӶˣؾȵ룬뿿ʯͷ赲ң 
ʦ׼ѣӣЩ·ʯͷȥؾķʦӳ 
ڱؾķʦħʱɽһõ̻ 
źŵİճеĳһʱ䣬ķʦԼ޷ʹħˡ 
ͻ³ 
ᰣ̧ͷǵĿҾǾԮؾˣ 
ʯ䣬ϣ˿ǽ˭µŹ 
û˻ش 
֪ˣһǶֻôѪҪȥ 
УȥҲһס 
Ҳܣ 
ҪȥҲȥˡ˵ᰵѾԲʮ֮ûʹħѾûˡ 
ᰣ𣿡 
ڰϣǶ᲻γ 
Ƕ֪ƻǰɣɾң 
£ԸġһʼӵĶԱᣬ±̫˸˵⡣ 
 ϣ˿ʹţؿǰСɽһŵʯͷ 
޷ʹ÷ؽһ£ҵطκãǵķʦҲòħ͵˽ӽʿȸɱΣ 
ֵǣƴˣɱһ׬һĹâͲдĶԱ˵ķȥ 
ѰҵطεʿͻȻͷϵһݹľġ 
𹥣ͷһңûˣѵҪȫ 
ģǶţͳϵĻۣ˻϶ȥ 
ҷķʦҪʲôܵͿԡǶһѶɽȥˣ 
ɽȼܴ𣬻УʿĲҽ͸ĴЦ



ڶʮ

       עշָţʦȳˣעúôϢĶǹӵ󣬴ˣһСʱʦעⷴ ΣһСʱǶŸ㱨ˡ 
ʧˡ³ɥػش𣬡޷ƿ˵ķߡ 
ָֻҹ·ˡǶ˵ȥѽ֡գأ櫣ȥǸɡ 
Ⱥŵֺϣ˿ǿɽϹ¼ӣǶһˡ 
ƻɹһ롣Ƕ˵ûܻˣˣ㡣 
žһŭϣ˿ǶϴһǶ⡣ 
˭ǵȨģ 
ʼһٶʮˣԷһֵõġǶش𣬡ҸҲͬƻ 
ִˣôսѣħ 
ŭŵϣ˿ͻȻǰһĨ⣬ͷо˵ůӭȥ 
һµִһӦйâһյĽڿжһ٣ֿ𣬱ϣ˿ȥյĽ˸գӵĶԱǰ 
˻ˣʲôյĽָϣ˿ǣΪΪ˭˫մѪпҹ˯ţʲôʸô˵ҪΪ㣬ôͬƻûʸˣ 
ϣ˿Ǵվ죬ȴ޷˿һĮİͻȻ֪롣 
ϲ㣬գĽˡ˵ϧƺԥʵԼģҲһܽһǶԲ̫嶯ˣӾͽˡ 
ġϣ˿ǣҲƽΪ֪ĵģϲϲ㣬ϣԺʧȥڵģˡ 
˵껰Ƕ˵˴ɽĴӣӻɽȥ 
߰ɡ 
ϣ˿ǵͷһֱ̾˿ 
ϣ˿ǵ˵ͷȴ˵ 
˽ļķʦӳ㱨ֺϣ˿Ѿ˾֧Ԯ˽赲ʧܣ 
ϵԼںߣǹھͱ˭Ķˣ 
˶ǰ˵˭ȵվڵͼǰĬĬ룬˹һҲ˳ȥͿ˭ӻԷĽŲˣҷԲ 
˼ĸ˹̧ͷ 
⼸лԸǡ 
սչز𣿡ϵļ˫󷽵Σ 
վһߵݰһļŵǰ 
Ŷļ˵ͷǲҲӦأ 
գսתƣӵǳʹְԱĸϢԭְԱĸ֮⣬˶תƵأĽ̻оȼù 
ٵԶԶ·ּķ񱻾ҷɣһŹĻҳ巽򼱳۶ȥͻȻ·ߵּһ꣬·ĶϮȥӵ˴һĹâȥļ׷׹أɶмʦǱ䵹ڵϺںķʦһƬԴͷһҽ󣬼ͣϢӲͣǰ塣 
ɡһΧͬ˵Ǿ͵ؽɢ 
ˣҪҪǣһģˡ 
˹˲û´һ룬Ǻò׻˺󷽣ʱҪ¶Ҫ˵Ѷ̫󣬰ԭƻɢļƻӡ 
ǡ 
ˣֺϣ˿ϣŶ˵ţѾǵˣȫǶϵģĴҲȫʲô˸Ĺ 
˽ںӱõŵʱ򣬴һźɫ׵ˡ 
ʲôˣִȡ 
óһźɫƣϣ˿ǰ 
СǺӵһСӳǰӭӵº 
Ǵӵˡ ϣ˿Ƕ˵ 
ôˣ 
ǵ˵ļϸλг̣С 
˸ߵΣֻһִ 
ʱȣֻܽˡ˵¹ȥ⣬ 
ֵ˵ͷϣ˿ǣȥϣ˿ֻߺ죬һᣬ˵˶԰һڼʿƥ׳Ŀ͵ǰͷʾ⣬ϣ˿Զɳ۶ȥ 
żƻ˷Сʱ˹żһ˳ôǻλ絽Сʱϧֻˣôܻ˳ 
ǰŽضϣеĴǹŲϢˮţ 
ڷʦУм͹˼գյĶ죬һŶ飬ͨţǰħһСӷʦϢ˳ȺĶѡ 
һˣ˵·ߣǰĴ³˹еһʱأԸǰھ򣬳ÿʮṩʳ֪Ϣ֮󣬸ܶ˶ھ򣬵ȵ֪ϢĵطʿֹʱѾֿտյ뿪ˣֻصĹ 
·ûˡֿŵϵһʵ̫ˣϣ˿ǼʹþħҲ޷ƽֻ·ˣϵü𣿡 
Ǳ·˰죬ȵˡ˹¶ЦݣϾǿ԰һЩ˶·ϣǲԣ˶ĺô 
ϣ˿ǣŵ㣬ϢˣҪȸϵϢֶòͣͷϣ˿˵ 
š ϣ˿Ǻػش 
̾Ϣһϣ˿Ǹ˸̼ħȻϣ˿ǵϣס˾ķȥ



ڶʮ

       С˲μλˡ˹˸ ˣֵûУǹʵ 
ûС 
ܺã׼ 
˲Ϣ𣿡 
ûҪ 
ǡ 
ֱϾǳˡڱĻ㱨ƻˣ 
ǣ߳Ӫʡ 
ֵָľӵǸǶˣ÷˹ 
ǵġ 
İԿжʤ㣿 
ҿʮɡ 
ǾͺãȻôӵˣǾͲú̫ˡֵķ˾ͺá 
棡ű߽˴ʣλз 
룡˺÷˹æվӭ˳ȥ 
л󡣡λ֮ʥ 
ûɡ 
ǵġ 
ʦˣÿ·ħ˹ 
˷ˣǿ漱Ϣ¶ϡ˿ĸħԶ͵޴Ӱʲôбٰ 
˫ķʦƣӰҲ۳޴ۡһֻ޴ıǣ˾ֱŷʦӳָʾһӷʦ˳Ĺâ෨ʦʿУŴ󷽳ˡ 
֮⡣ǹһôȥǵķʦҪƴ⡣ֿʲôʱ򵽣 
ݱӦЩʱ򵽡 
ˣ˹ߵıôô٣׹һ˾䡣 
СһĲӳ·ϵ˾֮䣬ֹ˺ˡ־ǵĲıǶָӣСõ˵󣬿˽ᱻȳˣǲ뿪̫ԶȻ־ֱҷǡ 
˵ҪǾսˣ 
ǵģʵҲܻ˾ǱضɱǴʦ˫ķʦԱòˣڷʦռƵ£С˻ܶԸһģʱ뼸λ˾һǰ 
ΪʲôʹԺָϵǷʦ࣬һСʱ󲻾ǵˣǿԷٻСӾֻܵһѡ 
ǻ᲻ͣ׶ˣʱϣ˿ѾǾУͷһԳһ֮ȣһĻ˵ˡǹһ˵ 
һԸ˹ô죿 
С˳ûص㣬ʱ·ʿġλˣ̫Ϥˡ˹˵֮Ժ˫òһܹ޶ʱҵСˣȻ˳Ҿ˭Ҳ 
ǾսͶ졣ǹգʲôʱ򵽣Ϳˡ 
ӭλҾǶԸĴغǳ񣬡ɫʱãλһϢ 
áһۣ¶΢Ц 
Ϯ÷ķʦ˻㱨 
ˡȫˣʦǹϺ󣬰Ϣλˣ 
ڳ˵Ŀ˿ǰһ֧顣 
ôˣʣ㲻ӦڽҵıӪ𣿡 
ıӪڱǶش𣬡ֻзʦӺλƶѣ̫ˣʵźʹҵĲҲӺģı㣬ʼ޷ֲͶɡ 
ҵֵûͶʣ˻ǹϣ 
ܣֻ 
ʲô˵껰ĿͻȻΧ¶ճһֻС˺һ޴ӰΧʿ¶˾ı顣 
ǰڤͺǴغǳѾûлˣͶɡ 
壡ƺûǶĻţֻǰл· 
ֻʿſǰ壬󲿷ʿѾŴˡ 
ǶɱȥĿͻȻǰ˲õĽ⣬ֻһůƺֻصʱ 
꣬ˡҲܻȥˡͷôŵĿ򽣹ȥһķɶꡣ 
ĬĬϿ˱ʬ˸ǶǵˣŰǣѿ˽ʬȥᡣ 
ãһҾͲֽܼгˣǶ˵ֻҪеóͿԣùˣһΪڿЦء롣 
һСʱ󣬸˹Ͱ˶ӵ˿˰Ϣ



ڶʮ߽

       һƥ°ĭˣֵĹâٵǰȥϵŮԺؿӵĻ۾ѾˡھһƬֵʱͻȻļֹ꣬Ľ⣬ԼŮӣɿµȴúʹһ㡣صӲͣ٣Ůӿٵǰȥ ִ磬𣿡õԼϣϣ˿Ǻʵ 
㣬͵ 
Ŷشŵϣ˿ǻ˸ƣͷֵĻŶߺķ۾ 
棡ڱ˱棬ǰִӵˣ赲Ҿǰ 
Ǹ˹ľӡ룬赲һϣٴη˳Ҳֹֺһϡ 
ȫͻһҪڽͻƵ˵ķߣ 
һõͨΪλ˺͸˹ػزӵָӿĶţֻҪֵܼ죬λ˺͸˹ܻǣ 
˫ʿźžһ𣬰˵ľӵĹϵŭΣһ˸߹һˣɿľȴ󲻶ʯŭγȻ 
ڿĲӽ֧ʱ˳ء 
סˣеµʿҲˣʿֶס˵˵һ 
ڣȫˣ˵ľӺ˾ķʦסǣԶֳ޴Ӱս 
ʦӶסʿȫǰһҪͻƵ˵ķߣ˿սͷǰȥߵһӺڼʿһס赲ǵĵоȥ 
һѲͻİ˷룬ƽ취ʦҪˣ 
ʱϤڶ𣬡ȥ 
ڵˣ˷ܵ룬һǱˣһŮӣԼľӿٳȥ 
ಿӼǻȥ 
ǿǱ࣬ѵǲֻڸ·˵ʲô÷˹֡ 
ڲʺϿЦɡֿЦ׼ϣ˿ǵ·أ 
÷˹˵翼ǵһҲ׼ˡ 
Ŀɿڴؿ÷˹㾿׼ʲô 
ҾСô·ÿ÷˹Ц˵Ҫģ͵Ԥݺˡûʱˣ촩ϰɣһȥӰġ 
ϣ˿ǣѣǵˣ·ɡضԻŮӵ 
š ϣ˿ǺشӦͷת˸򣬻˸ƣȻֻߵĽм̲ס͵͵Цˡ 
εٽһΣϣ˿˷Ӧ۾ 
ԼֻΧΧһסЦˣϣ˿Լղŵľٶһ±ͨ죬æֻ 
˰Ǿȥӭаɡ 
𼱡÷˹Ц˵Ȼ·δŮػߣһȥܲá 
Ŷشŵϣ˿ǽӹ·ͻȻסˣô· 
û취֮ǰֻ׼һ·û˵ʲôֻ׼һסǼ򻯰ģֲϵص֡ûʱˣͰɣԺҲҪġ 
Ϊʤû취ˡ ϣ˿ǿһᣬεص˵ͷ÷˹ȴؿ¶۵Цݡ 
ûϣˣȹħսվߣǻͶɣ 
Իڣ˵Ҳսϻ죬ħսԺѡʼնȷģô˵λ죬Ҿ㿴ѪҺ˵ 
Ż˵ߵĺﲿɢóһͨһŰɫŮӣһƥ˳ʢİ׺ϡ 
ˣǹͷе 
ھʶߵŮߵĺʿսϺҳӣݣ 
ʿĻһ䣬ŮӰγһѳָաɲǼ䣬ڰ˾ǰ޴ӰͻȻʧӰ١ 
Ű˵ʿضΪ֮𺳵ź˳ȥ 
֣ǹҧø죬һ˳ȥ׹Ҳҷ繫ǰһξͣס˹ָ˵ķȴеļ 
˹һӣߵʿҲǰȥѵסʿ忪 
˵Ĵ󽫳˹һ֣ӭȥ֮ʥҲæ˳ȥ 
ǹ͸˵ĺȫһһĺ磬еˣֱǰɱȥܹ赲׹˸ɫĹâͼӲͱ󹥻ǵȫɡ 
ҷ繫ֺͱǹٽӽһͺȣɫĹâмĿյطȥ 
ȫӭ˵ͻȻһ֧æһɣֻһѰӻһΣûعͼǰһ֧ŭһϮĳǹ 
ִһγһѽըҫ۵ĹâϵնΪ֮ʧɫһǹ 
һ˿һѪǹɫҰף¶һ˿Ѫ˿ 
ϵĺ׹һֻ£һһѪµս˻һǰȥϲĺ׹һ鳵ͷ£ȴһѽס 
ܵԷϢ׹ŭȣʲô 
ֿ֧ 
ֻӲˣ 
ǿ֧ϵĺڼʿΧס˵ıǹͺ׹˫ս֮ʥռϷ硣 
˵һӣ˻ֻ༸ӶԱΧסһȺսһšϣ˿ӭס˵֣˵о 
ҷ繫ԼĲӽ֧ǰһ˵˧ȥʿǹһ񣬵һ죬ǹ𿪣ȥƲ䣬ϣһ컺˹һ󻶺 
˴һֳסµ˧죬ְ˻ȥۿһ֧Լȴ 
ߵĺڼʿӶǹһƫ˵㷽򣬿Ȼ˷ȥһʿһͺĹâڼǰһض룬ɳȥҲֹס 
ɫ䣬һʿҷ繫ķȥȴ˹ľӵס 
ڣ˫ֲסˣֱ˱˹ʤҲ׷˵İ˾



ڶʮ˽

       ڶ԰˾׷󣬸˹ӵǶʲٱƽ춼ǵϢȻؾ ڵõϢİ˺÷˹󣬿ٸϵҽңִߵҽ 
ѾסˣֻҪúϢû⡣ 
Ǿͺá 
ϣ˿ǣˣûµġְοڴĹ 
˵û£׳վվˡ ϣ˿ǰһҩݵֿڱߣȣħơ 
ĵҲ̫ˡ֮̽ʥ˵幫ȫнʥϵʵֻǲмȥѣıǺҷ磬ɶǿ֮һĸ֣㾹Ȼһսû㲻ˡ 
ǵЩ֣Щ׼÷˹һ˵ 
Щǹȥˡ֮ʥ˻֮УǶᣬݻûڿ֮ĸǿ֣˶ûμӽʥԣǱҷ簬Ȼ֮³³ںͿһս֮󣬾ûϢ֪ǻ 
Ǹμ˿Ե˭ 
Ǹ˽ŭ淽Ż˽ 
֪λǰʧԶӭ˺÷˹Ĵعǳ˸ 
ÿ˸񣬡˵ˣ 
λ˸ߣǶﲻǺΣգ ϣ˿ʵ 
Ƕ⺢ӾҪõ˹ؾϢͻܵԶԶģȥϰɡعźӻش 
ǶʾͰں춼ǰϣ븣˹ֻ֣ص֮ǰ״̬ 
ŴסǶ֣ҪǶҾҪ˼ˡ 
¹ǫˡǶش𣬡ֻǣƵ˵ãʱѾٽˡ 
ǾͲôˡ÷˹ס˵֣ǻȥְɡ 
û°ɡǶе֡ 
ѾõòˡֿǶ㲵Щˡ 
ûϵֻҪѲӽλӣҾͿϢˡ 
Ƹǡ÷˹æ˵ԼľӾ͹æġ 
ѡһʵ˴Ϳԡ 
ɡ÷˹˵ǶľӲϤʿͽǾɡ 
ʿǣ˶Լ̨־ʿ˵Ҷ֪ˣǵ˧ַɱУˣҪѡһλãϣѡʲôˣ 
ӵĻһ䣬һվ 
ЩģҲûʲô̫ԸϣܸһǴʤ̵ˣں͵սܻԺûؼң˵ǲǣ 
ǣʿػش 
ˣһŵǶп࣬һʲôʱúõģ 
˭ǣʡ 
ѡǶλ˵Ҿûбʺϵˣ˵ǲǣ 
ǣʿǻش𣬡ϣǶǵָӣ 
Ű˵ǶֻðӢԺϼ޻쳣 
վǶߵİһֻۣƺĹâ 
ˣεǶ̨ʿĻнӹָӵȨȡ 
տ̨ϵǶǷʿ⣬ͻȻƺһů 
Ƹԭ𣿡׹ɫԲ԰׵ıǹ 
ȫˡǹش𣬡ֻصǰʱ״̬ˡ 
ţȫϼһҲҪˡҷ繫˵ 
Ϣھˣңϼһпոǹߵķʦӳ˵ 
ǡ 
ǴǱİɡһƵһλʡ 
ǰսתƵˣǹٻش 
治֪ЩȥΪʲôȴ̣֪ҪˣĶٵأҪ꣬鷳ˡ߻õ㣬Ǳ˵˰أô 
أֵʣ˰Ƕ٣ 
ǰĶɣжʱ˵Ҫ˰ӵɣλ˺ģּˡ 
𣬿ǱһֱǶɰһֱûӹ 
ʲô˲ŵʣɱµǶλûƭǰ 
ҾͲ֪ˡٻش𣬡Ůģȷһֱֻն˰ûӹ 
ζԻ˴˳ȥѸֻ˰ԭΪ췴Աµ񷢲˰кµȥѯʣӴغǳǣŮ֤صȷûӹ˰գһֱǶɡ



ڶʮŽ

       ʼת˰Сӽʥ¹⣬ߵĴ˵֪Ѿмˡ ǰ󺺻ش𣬡֪ʲôʱ 
˿һ˼Ҵҵ˽ 
λҪھ¶ˣʹܳλҲμһж 
ŶǵĿ 
ָʾλȥʹ£͵˾̫ãпɿ鱨˵ؽʥ³ʦס 
֪ˣȥɡ 
ǡ 
ǼһһǰΣʼҵ˿Ժ벻Ǳ߶ˡСӽʥ˵һŵסһӰ 
˭Ƿء󺺻ش𣬡ǵ֣һ֣ʼӵ˲ܿԺ϶ӷˡǸҪûʲôңϧȥغһսˣǱź 
˵һսСӽʥͻȻ˵ǿˣӢ۵񼼣һ 
˵ʲô˹ݣ 
룬ȥʹǷֿɣֵسһΣ񼼣еһҲá 
ÿ϶á˵ƾı£ʹȼһܲ񼼴㣬ֻöʱѡ 
֪˵á 
һȼͷòɣȻľͿ 
ѵ㡭. 
Ҳͼʮ꣬ҲսҲڵһֵ֮£ʲôźġ 
ȻҲô룬ͳɡСӽʥϵ£ɫð 
ǰٿ¹ɣ˽ʥֻʣˡ 
ǻУпسһһһĻʼӶԱ 
ΧߵĻʼӶԱǲȻηس˹ 
֪λкιɣһ˫˴Ӱ˳ʼʿǼæÿһ·ͨ 
ҡСӿЦŻش𣬡֪˳ֽһ¡ 
ǿ֪һʲô 
֪ 
֪ôˣҪóҿûʸ񡣡 
СӺʹ󺺲ٴ𻰣õĹâҲγ˫һɲǼ䣬гϢѹʼӵĶԱ鲻Խغһξ롣 
£ڹ£ݱӦǽʥ˹ݺ͵شʦѾסˣԶܵӶӳ㱨 
ˣͻȻĹâ֣ȥ 
£ 
һԶһ񼼵ġ¶Ĺâôܴ 
˸߳ŵʱͻȻһȣӹõĽɫâһ޴ 
ħɵ˻վͣѪȴЦ⣬ϧػ֮ˣź 
΢΢̾ϢУͷ۾ 
ħѧԺԺ߽о˸̨ȡʥ¡ 
ʥ˹ݺ͵սڻʹֻ֮ʥ 
ڿϰǹǰı棬̾ϢȻϧҲĽ 
½5909£õֲĺ˹غӶ£פε˹Ѫսʤס˿ƽԭȻʱٷȴѾвҷ׶֮⡣ 
59010£ԮĿں赲÷˹ʱǶϮ 
ȥˡǹŻ˵ͷǶϼһû뵽ð˸Ƕ 
ߵĬֻǿȥ˲١ 
5911£͸˹춼ǣһ󣬰ʾ춼ǡ 
5914£˹ҷ춼ǡ 
5916£˹ڿƽԭս˹˺˹ӣʹ춼ǽ˸֮ܵΣ 
5918£˾÷˹Ƕڱ춼»ʦ˹Χס 
ǰˡǹԼ˵ǣôͶԺҲҪǵӲùЩҵļһҾԲŹǣ 
ҺͽȥԸǶ 
Ҽ֣ȥԸ֡һǹ˽ 
أ뿪˰ 
ٷϻ 
˭ȥ 
Ⱥվĸ꣬˸ 
鱨͸ǡͺ˵ҪҵƬĵص㣬Ѿҵˡ 
ȥԸǼһıǹһ߲ĸ˹ʣ˹ô죿Ǹ߰ɡ 
ˣΪߣ˲뿨һսΪңȴǿõľ˶ս񣬰ˣ÷˹Ƕȫڳ£ٲһսһźΪ 
򸣿˹һ񣬴ˣ߽Ժĵص 
峿˹ΧǵĵоͻϮһʱֲʱĻҡܿ죬˧ָ£Ѹٵ֯˷ѹס˵Ĺơ 
ƻ裬սʤաѪؼһƬͨ죬Ҳ֪ǱȾ죬ǱϵʿѪȾ졣 
˹һڵǰɡ˶վߵ÷˹Ƕ˵ȥɡ 
ֳ⿪Χסоʵʿǣ˽ȥֻһƽˣϴ΢Ц 
˹ʦѧˡ˺÷˹˹˸ 
ǣҺο˹ЦţǶ 
ǡǶҲ˸ 
ããã˹Цվˣ÷˹ҿǵսʲôز 
λӴʿӹǹ򸣿˹ȥǶһ̽ߡ 
սŵĸ˹ͻȻýŲȽһӣһᣬ֧ǹ 
ʱͿҵĲ˹е㾪ȵؿǶ˲𣡡 
5919£˱춼ǣ˹սˣ֮սʤգǣҪĵˣһҲûץ




-- --



ʮһ
һ

       ǶĲٿһ£˳ϿҵضǶ˵Ҫʲô˵Щ׶ûץǵʵ̫Σˡ ҪľɣҲΪѵԭ򡣡Ƕش𣬡ϲıƣóιԻˡЩбЩȥͿԣ鷳ҲõѲǵķǲŸҳɡ 
ȻѾҲǿˡ÷˹һ̻һǶǻʼҵĽԮ̻͵ƣ£Էһ 
ֵܻǲİǶεؽӹ 
֣ˣֻĸˡǶ˵ 
֪Һϣ˿ٴϾȥ 
Ǿͺãȥˣ 
õġ 
߳ӪǶǰվһ֧ԼĲӡ 
񣡡ԭǶָ³ջ죬Ƕ 
ľе˶ͷ 
ǶԼԭĲǵ˵ͷʿÿͨ˹ȥս˽нԶʧߡ 
ִ磬Ƕ׼ȥֱǶӰϣ˿ǲתͷ֡ 
Ҫȥһˡֻش 
ֻشʱϣ˿ǿ¶ܰͱ˻ŵɫ 
Ҫʲôˣ ϣ˿̲ס룬ʲô˲ֵĸ飿 
ϣ˿ǣҲҪˣ׼װá 
š ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ִм£ҲҪȥ 
ж̫Σˣ治֪жҪ 
ִڣҲµġ ϣ˿ǿߵӣһӵĶԱأ櫺ҲڣһǶܵõ 
ԵĻش𣬰ҡҡͷ׼ȥ 
ȥ塣 
ǵأӦðȫ㡣 
Ȱˣʵϣ˿ȥŮһҪȥ÷˹ͷ̽˽ҸսӵϢ 
ʲôϢ 
ϣ˿ǺϢֿǻϢ 
Ϣ ϣ˿ǲŵʡ 
ţͨ£һŮΪϣ˿Ǻ־л񡣡÷˹ֵļ򣬡еͬ飬 
磡 ϣ˿ͨ죬ش÷˹һȭ̧ͷֿԼĿ⣬ͻȻͷһңȥ¶ 
λӿܳȥãгЦ⡣ 
ˣǲˡ ϣ˿Ƕλֳ˵ǻкܶҪء 
·Сĵ㡣˶ 
š ϣ˿̧ͷվߵһۣæֵͷ߰ɡ 
̫ˣϣ˿ƫƫȫϣ·ϱʲôźðűӶԱӵԶȥϣ˿һˣ̾ 
һĲɨһһɡ÷˹ش 
սˡǰļǻкܶҪҲĿѲŸոտʼ 
59110£´ǰμӵʿֻ̣ҪϷǵһСͬʱפ̲ಿҪͬ£ڸսսĸѲӵ̻´սѾְԱԭذؽ԰ͬʱҪʥʿԱЭҲ翹ӣùҵָԭ״ 
Σ߽÷˹ 
ûˣ֧˵Ĳһʱ׷ϣһ֧һǧңһ֧ǧңֿ˵Ӷᡣ 
̻ʺһѲߣ赲һ֧Ӧû⣬ֻ֧취ˣɡ 
λӵӰ񣬡Ǵ赲ǣ 
һ֧ǧҵĲҪϿȣһСϿȣ־ͿԶסǣһ֧һǧҵĲɽһӶᣬֻҪԽɽǵĲӺܿܺΧ 
ҪסǶã 
һҡ˵Ĳ赲еһ֧ 
֪ˡһᣬһ֧ô죿 
û취ֻȼһ֧Χһ֧ǵıȻٶȸǡ 
֧о޷ǰ㹻ͬʱ𣿡 
УǴ˵Ĳ𣿡 
̧ͷݴȥɽ赲ˣԼȥϿȡ 
ֱȻµĸǿ¡ 
ϿһȥͿԡ 
ˣ 
Ųңɫ䣬ģɺ˾Ϳԡ 
ǡλӵӰͷڿʧˡ 
Ŀһ赲Էǧ˵Ĳӣü 
ġ÷˹ش𣬡˲ǧ˲ȫɱ˰ɣ 
ܵܵ⻰̲סһս



ڶ

       ݣټǵ֣ˡԸ ǡʿų˸˳ȥ 
ˣôԼһȥһõٺʥʿȰ 
ҡԼǣǸݴȥ赲Ǳ߾Ϳԡ 
ݴˡԼȰЧٺʿųͶԿĿ⡣ 
̧ͷ۾ֻˮһƽ 
ǳ Ŵˣûд£ 
棬ǰ˹塣вڱӳ㱨ǰɽ˵ĲǺΧԽɽΣˡ 
֪ˡӳش𣬡Ϣ£ȥЩֵһ֣Ȼͷɽȥֵʲô뷨 
Ѿˡ 
Ȼ˵Լ̣ǰʱɱôˣʹͶΪ˰ģϷǱȻģһһɡ 
˯ԺİͻȻڵľͬʱĴɤڴ󺰣ǿϮҿܣ 
ҡӣһʱ˷硣 
ô죿ܲܣɷֲڣô죿 
ԥõİҧҧһӣŽǽϵһŹغãȻһӣ˳ȥ 
ˣɽµĴ˵ǱǿϮһʿݻ㱨Ӧô죿 
ǷŴס 
ǡ 
ȫܹˣʿӳſһ˵Ĵӣʳ;᳤ܲȣҵԺһѻ 
ɽȼ˻⣬һɽ³ȥȴߵס 
ʲô£ ʡ 
ҵĺӣҵĺӻ 
ļ䣿 
ֲţָһӣӵĴӵķȥ 
ҰѺӲڱڹˣҡ 
֪ˡ οȥȻ 
ˣٺʿǼæȰ裬Ȼ˱ǿһǧ˵沿Ӱȥ̫Σˣ 
ŮǵĽ̻ʲô 
Ҫʱȥ˿ʱȥһпصʿش 
̻岻˵˵ѣʵԼʱ򣬱˵ǰһǧˣʹһΣ ݷ˷ԼĳҼӷ 
ˣȥ 
ܳǵ赲𣿸Ҽӷס·ڣΥ 
ɽж׼ɽʿǿһ͵İ׹ΧŵŮǳ 
ǸŮʲôǿʲôˣʿӳ𣬡ǣɵǾһŮ˵ǣ 
ʿѸ󣬸ӲͬķŮӹŮӰγһҫŰ׹ĳȺл裬¹һΧŮӣ޿ײ϶ɳˣʿ׷ױ𿪡 
㻹ü ݳ忪Ⱥ󣬿ָʾӲûбȼæ˽ȥ 
忪ԼӵŮ˴һ˳ﱧһӣԼĶ˹ʿӳ̡ 
Ů˻ǿǰǣڲиղŵˣи׸һҪסԲٶˣ 
ȺǰֻϵĽԽԽأҪһ¸˷ѾЩˡ 
첻ˣҾĲǹ룡ϵİ׹ʿӳ˷ܵؽеӰѾɵ 
͵һһѳǹݵļ򣬴һѪڡ˵ʿǵĹƸˣݵǰԽѡ 
Χİ׹⣬صͻȻһɳ嶯ͻȻվγǹɽ³ȥߵʿǴһҲźɽ³ȥ 
û뵽ͻȻôԮʿǵŴҡסݵʿѸչͣסԼųɽȥ 
Ӹ㡣 ݰѱڻĺӵݸ˰˫ֽӹӣǰŮһգˮȥ 
ǸŮ˭ʿӳ૵ôǿŮˣ 
ͻȻʿӳݴս 
ôˣʿӳʡ 
ǸˡǸʹߵʿѾ˵Ļ 
ʹʿӳͻȻһ˵еˣһʱɥʧе 
ܵŮˡķµʿӳߵʿ 
ɽǱ׹ΧŮӣȻ˶֪첻ȥԼҪԱˣǾȻû˸Ǹƶһ





       ҼӰѾϿȣǾͽɽ׷ɱǾͻѣֻҪ˽죬ǾͰȫˣ˹ͣظǰʿǹľ ͷɥʿû˻شȻĬĬţֻǽµĲԼӿˡ 
ȫˣ˹ŲԶĳڣһ 
ͻȻϿȵĳڴ¡һѣס˲ӵȥ·ڸ߸ߵ棬վһ۵ˣĽű߷һֻҫŰ׹Ķޡ 
˭סʲô˹ʡ 
ҽ˻ش𣬡Ŀǰ 
֣˹̲סһ 
ˡ˹ǽ̻᲻ǲμκս˼Ҹ̧֣һ·ǾĴ¡ 
ǵѾǽս˫κһľˡش𣬡ԴӰӰ䲼̵ԺȻˣͱǿǷұ֤һ· 
ˡ 
˵ˡ˿˹Ļ·ԼѡͶ 
ǲͨˡ˹룬ȻҾͲǧ˳棬ûܳȥ 
ǣ尡˹У岻ȥǾ͵ȫԷֻһˣ£ 
뵽һ岻ȴԼˣʿӲͷƤſ˹ȥ 
ȵһ٣ͷĿ˹ȥ 
ô˵Ҳʥʿʵ˹ӷɿתֻҪӲһҷʿͻõߣȼҲϧ 
ôŵĿ˹ȫõĹâǹĹȥ 
ǰʿֻһҽУ˹һ֧ĶеĳǹҲأϵĶȫûã־ͣ˽Ų 
Լѡ񣡡ϴ£ھ촫 
£ʦӳĶţȻһҲֻܴһˣȫȥֻܳ嵽ߣɵʣµĵǾл·ֻ·һ 
˵껰ķʦӳ۾ͬʱҲĿд 
񡭡 
򵥵׻ħʦӳ룬ȫʾҿҲǴʦˣͲŽӲħ 
ôŵķʦӳȼ֮⣬ߵļʦҲ׷ȼԼǱڷʦӳϼһصķŵ˵Ķ¶һ˿Ц 
ͣЪһֱڷʦӳϣʦӳҽеûͱ˽̿зļʦҲɵ𿪣ͣѪ 
һĻʿǵĽŲһˣеڵϡ 
˵һΣҪôͶҪôҸһ·ٴͬʱһʿǵǰ棬ʿǵɫȫò԰ס 
վѶϣŷȣϵһʿǲͣطŶڣиʿ˵ϣߵҲ׷Ч¡һʱ䣬Ͽйһصˣֻһվڸߴɿ紵ǡ 
ûȫŵϹŵȺ룬Ȼ»ᱻһ˳ȥ 
ò׸ϵӿǰһĻȵ˵κλ 
ȥ̫ΪǣҴӦһ·ԴӵĽ˵ 
ּ⡣ӵĽػش 
һ֮赲סԷǧˣȫͶǸˣ𣿡˿ǰս 
ͱ񰡡÷˹ش𣬡ʹһڶԷһǧ˵ĲسɱΣֱ޷š 
֮˵ĲಿӶѾ𣬽ǻָѲӵˣѾǹķΧ˸ڿϢˡ 
ǰ÷˹ش𣬡ȥǴתתȽסСãͰִȥ顣ҪôֶҪŹôõĻᡣ 
Ҫòܳ󰡣εؽѵŵܵܡ 
½59111£ĲಿӱȫսڽˡȻҪûץǣѾʼؽԼļ԰Լõ졣



Ľ

       ǰͻȻԼϵͨѶ ֣³źţʲô£ 
ϣ˿עħһõݣǰ档 
ָ磡ѣĿŮӽеǵ𣿡 
ֵʣô³һ𣿡 
ǰʱ̣زʲô⣬ͽ˰ҽʹˡŮһ˼ͻȻ뵽ǶֱܻȥǾͼˣ֪ͨһ 
ǻȥ·ϡֻش 
Ҿ֪Ů¶Цݣȥ˵ĿɰҴɡ 
ȻˣŮˡг簮 
֪ͺãŮͻȻ¶һ˿Ȼң˼Һܾòˣ㡣ߣһ̫ˣǵԼˡ 
Լָôأּæش𣬡ָϸϻȥ 
ǿŶǵˣһóԵĲ˸ǳԡˣز˵ں͹һҺ뿴³ʲô 
ϣ˿ǣ˵˵վһ߷ϣ˿˵ 
Ůֺ죬ʲôϵ ϣ˿ڿ˶Իʱ̲ס룬ҿȥҲúܺ Ҳϲֺ֣Ҳϲô죿 
ϣ˿ûзӦֽһ顣 
ڻعϣ˿Ǽæش 
ĺƯϣ˿ǵݣŮѹִ粻ϻȥҡ 
òء ϣ˿˵ֺǶһ̾Ͷȥ̽ˡ 
𣿡¶˸˵ı飬һΪǶأˣҪǶ˵أȽģҪŶ 
ʵָɡ ϣ˿΢Ц˵ 
滵ȥǶ 
˵껰ŮӰ񣬴ӿʧˡ 
ǸĺŮء 
Ӱʧϣ˿Ƕ˵ 
ִƯֶ£ټĺŮء˵ҺǶСʱһ棬ѽ֪Ƕٿͷ 
˵Ż¶ܰı飬ȴûע⵽ϣ˿ǿڸŵĶ 
ʦҸʲôǶֵħע˾ȴطֳԼǰա 
ôʦһ𣿡Ƕֵʡ 
Ҫúʰ㣡 
úãϾȥǶװ¶µӣʲô̵Ұɡ 
ߺߺߣҪܶܶˣȻȫȥԲ¾ùģ 
ǿµĿ̰Ƕɥȥ̡ 
ڿеӰָǶıӡ 
ϾȥǶЦش 
ҾͲ˵ˣǵϸ 
˵껰Ӱʧˡ 
˭ʡ 
Сʱ飬һƤǶش𣬡һҵ翴Ҳֻǵá 
Ŷôż 
ԭġǶ˵ 
˵ԭˣɵġ˵ȥʱܲƵؼȥĸ׵ķأȥ𣿾һ· 
ȥǶԥػش 
ǾͺáȻΣǶȻһ 
帽Ĳˡ÷˹ı棬һӵϣ˿ǣ̽еǵĲ֪ʲôĵطûУȥʵؿɡ 
ϣ˿ǣôˣϣ˿ƺһֱе㾫ֵʣ岻𣿡 
ûʲô ϣ˿̧ͷǿ¶һЦݣʱ̫æˣЩۡ 
Ŷ˵ǽϢɡ 
ˡ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ֲֻе۶ѣ㲻ǼŸϻȥ𣿡 
Ҳǡ˼һᣬϣ˿ǣһᣬǰһǾϢס˾˵ӲŰ 
š ϣ˿ǸһЦݣֵͷоȻɫ 
û⡣ӪѲһߵһڵӶԱߣˣЩʱ䣬صǣһжˡϣ˿ǽֲãעһ¡ 
۶ǲʲôλӶԱش𣬡˵£Ǹ 
ôˣ 
ǸӢۣû˵ġλԱһᣬСĵ˵ԹϲӢۣӢкܶŮϲֻǵ¿²ϽܣǸпտµ¡ 
˵ʲôֵʡ 
˺þõʵ˵ϣ˿ΪҺˣ 
ֻС˵Ĳ²⣬ؿƽϡ 
֪ˡֶλԱ˵лѣȥϣ˿ʸס 
ϣ˿ڴϣݶþ޷˯ 
ǸƯµŮô˵ġ ϣ˿ȻϲңѱϲˣҲϲĸ󣬿ǻȢ˼ӡҪǴԺҪȢҸô죿ȥĺϲ 
뵽ϣ˿Ǽæҡҡͷ 
ִֻϲһǿ϶ģ 
ǣôοԼϣ˿ǲ𵱸ڱĹҹʱĸ 
һȻֻһҸô죿 ϣ˿Ǿŵ룬Ҫҷԣִ᲻Ժˣ 
ϣ˿ǣһ̸顣ȥϣ˿ͻȻԼ 
ִ磬е㲻˵𣿡 
Ҫ·ˣЩ鲻ںܶǰ˵˵Ҳ˵Ҳ˯Űɡ 
Ҫġ ϣ˿ 
õģһ·һסԼϣ˿Ƕ˵ 
ãϣ˿߳ӭŶ洵磬ϣ˿ͻȻЩ⣬˽ϵ· 
ְһ̺ڵϣضϣ˿˵ 
ִôôãôϣ˿ǸӾˡ 
ôˣҽʵǺܱǸ˵˵˵¡ 
ִ磬 ϣ˿æҵ˵֪ϲģҲģҡ 
ɵϡֿ˵Ų⣬ϵıȴҪ޳ӵϣ˿ǣֻǰ۵ÿûǷ뷨 
𣿡 ϣ˿¶˾ϲɫɺ뵽ʲôæż˵Ĳģִ硣 
㻹Сİ˵ϣ˿ǣҡ˵˵Ҫ㣬ֵİȴСÿװ˸ϣ˿Ժ󣬾Ҳûطˡ 
ҾϲСӡ ϣ˿Ǻĵ˵ 
㣬ԺҪΪز֪Ҫʲôزء 
Ů˶С۵ġ 
ʵôҪȥԭġ 
ʲôԭ򣿡 
ǶһǸ¶Ҳ³ġ˵Сһֲ꣬Ҹ׺³߱ҽ̻ʣҽʹԤ߿ʮꡣ 
ǿĺӡ ϣ˿̾ 
ٹ£ʮˡֵ˵ԣҺǶΣһҪڸϵߡ 
ԺǾϢһҪϻȥ 
Ǻ۵Ů 
Һ𣿡 ϣ˿ԼҪִϲһôϻȥ𣿡 
˼ϣ˿ǣְԼͻڴϣܿ˯ˡ





       ģ˹һʯͷϣƵ룬ò׵õȥϢǻһ׷ȥǲеˣһľӶӬɽȥֻһˡ ˹ˣϢ̽Ϣ˹˵ 
ʲôϢ 
Ƕ˷򣬲ǰˣתɽһ 
ģ˹͵վ 
Ӧǡ 
ã컹ǾҰ̽ϢһҪ֪жȷз򣡡 
ǡ 
˹˷ܵĿֻ˾˺ܶࡣ 
ʲôڸ·÷˹ڱĻ㱨˵Ƕϣ˿ͻȻ˷ת򾩳Ǳȥˣ 
Ѹٵطһͨ÷˹ͻʿѸٵ򾩳Ƿȥ 
ϣڲ֮ǰǲҪʲô⣡ϵ÷˹롣 
ȷᾭ˹űŵڱ 
ǡڱһڿˮᶨػش 
ãǾͿʼá˹˵ǶǼһǷʦٴ͵Ϯ֮ûİ취͵ϮѡߵŮȻǲ˲ƣ˶࣬ɵпܵġҾڱ۲ĽǶƺǸŮˣסŮˣӦòԼԶǾлˡڣ˵ҵ뷨 
һʯϣǳ¡ 
ڻعİտǶԼߣؿԼвɲһů⡣ 
ǶСʱˡ 
ǶشֻǼŰգ˹С 
Ҽǵ¿ʼһֱĸһ𣬴ûףĸҲĸ״ҺСʱͽϰ䣬һҪǿ˵ŮһҪǿܹܲ˶塣˵ҪűˣֻԼɿġ 
˵İӴµĳǶæݹһֻװˮıӡ 
ĸ׺˵ֻԼɿԶԵʱһҪ侲סˡǣĸ׽ϰʱҾһָоҿһĸڽϵĳɾˡʱҲ֪Ϊʲôеˡĸ֪ôҸһΪʲôƫأУԣҵһֱ벻ס 
˼Һ˵ʲôأ 
˵Ȼ֪ҽһҲԸܸǿǣȴϣҽòҪᵽεľ塣ôˣܸΪʲôô˵𣿡 
Ҳ˼̫ᣬҪ˽»кܶ鷳һŮӣϺͱ˴ɱɱģһָ־ΣˣӦ̫㵣İɡ뵽һŮӣ԰Ů֮ǰԣǶﲻһȻ 
𣿿ܾĸ˵Ĳ˼ʱٰ롣 
õġشŵǶǿգ룬Ҳĸ˼ģԲᣡ 
Խɽͷ͵ҼˡնǶ˵ 
𣿡Ƕͣ˽ŲȵýЩ鷳ɡ 
Żһ׳꣬ǹһȺʿ˳ 
Ƕڣеڵȵˣ 
˭ڻһǶش𣬡˭˵ 
ҽнҲ͵ˣϣ 
ӵĵˣǶӭȥİռ˸Ȼóһ̻š 
۵÷˹ͻȻԶɽһ̻ 
ǻʼҵĽԮźţ÷˹룬ģϣ˿ǣǶ 
ǿǱȥ÷˹ֱĲԮ 
Ů˵Ľ̫аˣһŬֵŰյĹһ룬˷ģ˹Ǽһʲôкüλ֣ 
ԸҵĲӵˣǶֵ룬ܾе㲻ԣǣʺĵص㰬նˣҪĻӦ˰ҲҶˡ 
һΣںõĿ˹Լ͵ƴƴսҴᣬȴϷ񣡽ôˣ˿ǵа 
ֿˣһһܴ˹룬ƺĽϴԻǵĶôܱԻ󣡡ôŵ˹ҧסԼͷ 
ԶٵĹˣǶ¶ϲɫ 
һһ˴ӵð˳Ѫ˿һ򱳶İմȥ 
մһΪʲôǰҺüξʱ֣ѵȵľȫûʱ򣿡 
ˣû׼Զ㲻һշŵһʿǶѸһ 
ӰһǶԭʧڰͻȻ֣һѰƿ˵ȫǶϡо˵ˣشЦŵĽͻȻǰâһһʺǶһǹضֳһ鳣泯µڵϡ 
ǶһĻҲ˲ʲôѸٱϵǶؽͻȻԼ˹鳾ͷϴȥȴһ֧ǹ񿪡 
ϵ÷˹ָµʿΧסˣ첽ߵպǶߡ 
վ̵ĽǶǿ۾ߵİպ÷˹˵ʲôһſڣȴһѪ˳ 
Ƕ÷˹һֿۣ˿գ÷˹صص˵ͷǶ˰һεЦݣڱ۾ 
ǶմţҡǶ壬ǣŬǶ۾ȴ 
ɲǼ䣬ֻؿһʹƺʲôˡ 
÷˹г˱ˣͻȻȫûİգȴ֪ΰο 
ͻȻһԾһ˹ȥսеǿһͷͻȻһʹеͣȻԼѾ档 
Լһ˹һֵ˼ûУֻǾ˵ѹ 
ɱǶǲɱˣڱͬʱ˹ȴĪ⡣ 
һһʿϵǹµƺʲôӦһ˵׷׵ϣǵ۾Űա 
ȴܱ˿Ŀ⣬ߵǶߣСĵرƺ˿ڣվԶɽȥ 
һᣬع÷˹ʹ˸ɫʿʧķ׷ȥ 
ս÷˹Ӵ˲䡣 
Ҳ䡣Ժ󣬹Ϊ÷˹Ժ˵һͻһ뵽һҾòκһɱ˵ˣҲɱڳ˵֮ġ 






       ڿǰͻȻסͣ ִ磬ʲôˣ ϣ˿ʵ 
ֲش𣬿ȴڲͣطŶ 
ִ磿ɫϣ˿ǻ 
ֵڴӻ˳żƬ 
ؿϵƬֵ 
ӡǵƬ ϣ˿룬ִʲôȥˣѵ 
Ƕţ˭ɵģ 
ʲôϢϣ˿ǡ櫡غӶԱǶסˣǶˣ 
ʹ³ֽסƬͣطŶ 
³ 
³æعͷܹЦСʲô£ 
ָǶ첻ᵽɣмҳȥء 
ȥɡ³ش𣬡ҸպͨϢҪһǲܵء 
Ǻ챧Թȳȥˡ 
šȥɣʱСĵ㡣 
֪ 
ȵȷԺ³ͷỺӡ 
Ϣһɡ 
񲻶ϣ˿ǷԸ 
һߵһƬССĲȵһʯͷ»һ£ϣ˿ǼæסߵӶԱǿ֣гǡ 
µϣ˿ǿϵͨž 
ʲôɻϣ˿ߵһߣħע뾧 
ϣ˿ǣǶˡ÷˹һĳʹ 
֪ˡ ϣ˿͵͵һ֣ô֪ģˣ 
ʱڳû£ǡ÷˹ָָԼؿڡѾ˸סˡ 
ϣ˿ǣ˵»ֵϣ˿ 
һǻ˵ϣ˿ǳһæÿλá 
˭ɵģ 
ˡ 
Щһˣ 
ıɱˣҶץˡ 
ЩˣŹκһ 
֪ˣһҪȥպ֪ͨʹǱߣûʲô⣬ҾȸˡҲҪСģҵĲǵķҪܵλ 
ûˡ˵ȵȣ֪¡ 
÷˹˵ҴϢʱر׵ġ 
÷˹ӰźȻǸ˫ֽţؽڷ 
ַģһҪǵѪοǶ֮飡 
Ťףϣ˿ֻһʹ 
ִ磿ãϣ˿Сؽе 
Ťͷϣ˿ǿȥ˸ĺâϣ˿Ǵһս̲ס˼ڵء 
Բʧ̬ˡּæһϣסϣ˿ǡ 
ִ硣 ϣ˿ؽ£еãȻ֡ 
ţ 
֪ǶõѺֵܡ ϣ˿˵ѾȥˣҪΪ̫ʹʲô⣬֮Ҳᰲĵġ 
ϣ˿ǣֵͷЩɳƣҺǶӺСʱ򣬾һˣһֱ㣬ǲŷֿǵĸ飬ͺֵһֻҪԷһ仰ԿΪԷȥΪңǣսˣȴһ취ûУҡ 
ִ磬սҲΪҼҵԭҲ֪ôο㣬ǣ̫ΪԼǶѾȥˣҪиʲôһҡ 
ģҲʲôģǶĳ𣬻Ҫػش𣬡ֻǣĺʹϣ˿ǡ 
ϣ˿վߵߣᱧס˵ӡ 
ִ磬һ㣬ҵ֧죬ϣ˿һɡ 
ְͷϣ˿ǰһᣬϣ˿ֻǰʪ͸ˡӵʿǷ׷ɢ䣬櫺Ҳĵ߿ֻеķķˡ 
µļǺţ÷˹߽һľɽȣʿڹȿڣ÷˹˸ 
ˣ 
СһֱԲȣѾһˡ 
ȥ 
߽ɽȵ÷˹ĹǰһѾݣһȴոնࡣ 
˿Լ̧ͷ÷˹һֵۣͷȥ÷˹˫Ѿ۾ָֻ˺޸ɫʣѾȼңһѹ 
С㡣Ĭã÷˹˵ǶҼкܴϵҲ֪βܰο㣬ֻǣȥǶĻǲԸ⿴İɡ 
Ƕ֣յ嶶һ£ 
÷˹һˮݵߣûзӦסͷˮȥˮԼУϣȻûκαʾûκη÷˹һ 
ִһİվߵݵĹǰ˵Ż 
裬Ҵ˸㣬Ƕھߣ㿴ǰ˵㲻ϣ⵽εľ壬ܲףڣ֪ˡ裬ҺúʱܳȥԺҲȥˣǡ 
÷˹һ߾ţȴ֪˵ʲôɫڰϣ͵Ĺâհóһҹ飬ŵԼġ 
÷˹ңһˣͻȻʡ 
÷˹ֻվһߣȴκδ𰸡 
ҿһкйصĶ᲻ᣬܰǣӣҵģΣҲҵġ 
˵ŻİհѶһڵ˸ӣȥ 
ձڰ֣÷˹óһӣ򿪺иǣ͵Ĺâɢ 
Ҫҿֹ⣡պ 
÷˹æѺиǸϣֱڰˡ 
Ƕ֪ºڡһᣬյ𣬡ǣˣڲڣҶνˡΪʲôҰҵĶȫˣǣ 
ֹһ÷˹˰յĿһ,ͻȻվٵذڵµĶ˳ڻĹâӳ£÷˹ؿ᲻ͣš 
ɫյĿֹͣˡ 
÷˹ 
յĻ÷˹æվ 
ҲҪɡյĻѾûκθ飬ֻظǰı䣬ģҲģ֪ϣǣֻҸѹ߰ɣԼ 
÷˹˸߳ɽȡ 
¡ 
÷˹ɽ߳ʿǼæ 
СӣԺ͸һκο￿һһжӵʿָӡҼɿŮչ˰С㣬һҪκҪǰ첻֪ͨҡסܳκ⣬ȻԼ 
ǡ



߽

       Ҫĵطڵͼϻţǵ˾ӵλáзǵõϢĵокΧȫĿܲСǣβ֣Ժ¾ûʲôˣʲô ͬ춯֡һ˵ڵڴ׷ǣܻ˭ûգסλᣬԺûˡ 
ļҲ˵ͷ 
滮һ¡ֵı£Ƕ֪ǼȫϣǿԺܾˣ˲ôһ߿ţֻͻϮ˵ 
ӦܷǵϢôҲ𲻵ͻϮá 
ǵġǼ˵ҴҲ֪ˣǿȻˣ˹ǰڡȫǳܽӵ𣿡 
˰ڣ˶˵ͷ 
죬˺˹ǵ¹ǣɢǵıҺͰں͵Ϯ 
ʹл͵ϮҲ˲֡˵Ҵĺá 
ֵ֣ôͻȻʡ 
룬ҪҵĻȫͻϮߣһ°ɵȻٻͷԸ˲סߡ˻ش 
Ҳô롣ڣҪһһûз͵ϮĻᣬɲɣ 
ֿܣ 
šҺͰһĻڣ㵲ǰ棬ϢأڸǵҵϢ㹥ʱǾԲֵģңʹܽһҲܽӣһҪ£ġ֮ͻתԸˣʱҾͿ͵Ϯ 
ƻɹжٰոɵˣʡ 
֣˳ɣϣ˿ǣ߳ɡ 
һܻеһʲôɣڴЦһҾ͸ɣ 
ôǴҪ˭ 
ĸһᣬ˿ش𰸡 
ֵġ 
һ֧·нţͻȻоʿһӣͣ 
ֵͺߣãʡҵǡ 
ڶͣʱŲˣɱغ櫷ֱһʿӭȥʿΧһȦϣ˿Χס 
ϵĿһͻȻһԾ𣬳󷽵´ȥ 
ˣڿİڸоɱӣȫеϡ 
͵һһѳ͸ض룬̽ڵ塣ڵͺһϸ׵˫ס 
ое˵һνȴʱβʱһߵĵһˣϣ˿ɱȥ˱ǿʿֻǿֵס 
ɿ֣˹âϣ˿ǵķȥ 
һָתʱ򣬳ĵطһȫŹâˣӵ˳һǹֵĺ󱳴ȥǹŵĺ磬ƺܰضס 
ôǿĸ־ȵ룬ղɱǵ˵ʱΪʲô֣һǹѾнʥϵˮ׼ѵǱǣ 
첻ôŵ֣Ȼȫǰ塣 
һǹ㲻ˣҪѹϣ˿ǵļһɵУȻ˺͵Ϯҵļһ˽ֻزϣ˿ǾͺΣˣ 
ô죿ֺ͵֮ʩĵڣȴȫƵϣ˿ǽ룬ҵķ͵˵öﲻȥִΣգ 
˲Ƶм䣬ڱеͬʱԼӲǾܻסĹƣִлᣡôŵϣ˿¶˾ġ 
ϣ˿ǵǰһ٣γ˵ѽ׼˲Ƶϣ˿ǣȫʧˡ 
һǹеֵͺһ֮зֱǰͺ󷽵ĵ˻ȥ 
Ϯ˲㣬һϵĳǹϣ˿ȥһӶԱæ֮䣬һȴû񿪳ǹ͸ض˴ǹϣ˿ǵķȥ˵ϣ˿ǰ棬һѸٰе˿ѪˣϾͱܵļ֧ǹ͸ 
еϮĿز㣬Ȼǰ壬һʣǹ͸ֵؿڡ̴һŭ𣬳նѿصĳǹնΡеĿȥۼǲˡ 
Ǻһ᰻ʣеָϣ˿ǣҲΧˣæ˲Ƶߡֻסؿڣһǹؿ͸ 
ִ磬סΪƣһ߿ţϣ˿һ߰Ѹħͣʩϡòɱĵ˵غ櫸˻һĻסˡ 
ϣ˿ǿ޻ҡҡͷһ̾Ϣ֣ĨȥˮǣճԼѪֻ֣쵽һ룬شҲȥ 
ִ磡 ϣ˿ǿ޺ţͣذѸħϡ 
£ڰһԱᣬȰϣ˿ǣѾ 
һϣ˿ǺͻȻʲôһѰ֮ȴϳһɵĹâԶߣҲĲʹ⡣



ڰ˽

       ϣ˿ǽٻŮ񣬸ִ磿һ룬Ů˸𣿡 ٻŮ񣿡룬Ҳ˵Ůܸ֣ܲͲٻóŮȻڴ˵״̬ʱмߣȴܲȶٻ𣿡 
ߵĹâԽԽϣ˿ǵɫҲԽԽף忪ʼͣҡ 
ڣɫ԰׵ϣ˿ֲ֧סȥߵ櫼æס塣ϣ˿ϵĹâߵĲʹɲǼ䶼ʧˡ 
櫻ϣ˿ǲԼͷĿѣΣʲôû 
ִ磬 ϣ˿ǵӣǰΪʲôҪңһ㣿ҪҪٸߵ㣬ҾٻŮ˰ҡҺú㰡 
ͻȻϣ˿Ǻ뵽ʲôת 
ȼķǻģ 
ӶԱ˺һȴû˳ 
ϣ˿ǵ۾غ櫿ȥ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬ҡҲᡣС˵ 
ˡضϣ˿ǣǲ˻ᣬû˻ġ 
Ϊʲôѵûָ 
ʷûŮ˸ļ¼ܵĻҵ˵ڶûˡ˵ⷽһѡ 
Ҳţ ϣ˿Ǵ˵ǲңҡҾǿ 
˵껰ϣ˿гһ֧׶ǣհѱ׶ָԼʱͻȻһͷΣ׶ʧˡ 
Χ˶ϧĿ⿴ϣ˿ǡ 
ãȻؿΧˣϣ˿ͻȻתʺ׼ǰǹ⣬˹ȥ 
ϵӶԱǼæȥ赲ۿˡͻȻϣ˿ǰڿͣһͣһӶԱûһѱסһȥһϣһؿڵǹ⣬ԶԶ߿ 
£ӶԱųһţϣ˿Ǹǰ֪ºأǣΪ룬Ѱ̼ 
Ǳң 
ϣ˿ǣҪҪҲܣǣҺ£ûꡣһ˵ 
ֲҾֲǾ ϣ˿ϣִ磬һҵǶ۸ңΪʲôҰ 
־ڵϣϣ˿ǿ޽УѲܺһοŮˡ 
һȺΧϣ˿ߣʹ޵ŮӣĬʱ磬ϣ˿һϣǣеˣΧ˺⡣ 
ڣϣ˿ǵĿȥ赹ϡӶԱĬĬشһС˵ס⡣ 
ϣ˿ǽ㲻֪ˣڶ峿ԺС˯һϣ˿ǵķȥ 
櫣˰ ϣ˿ǵ櫶ȻôĶֻǣȫû˻ٴЩ飬Ǿͻȥ 
š۾ǰ㲵ϣ˿ǣͻȻʲôͷϸһ˺һϣ˿ǽ㣬㡭ͷ 
ͷ ϣ˿ǿԼһҹ֮ȫ˵ĳʲôҪֻҪҲͿ˰ɡ 
ΧӶԱǵͷû 
ô£ʹżƬǶ֣³ǲ⣿ 
ұ㻹ϣ⡣³˵˻ơ 
쾿ʲô̲סŭ𣬡ΪʲôĲңƫƫǣ 
ˮĿ쳤Хг޾İˡ 
ǿزڻʹ룬ôôģȥ 
СܹŮеҪȥأ 
Ҫȥز 
ŶҸմǱ߹һֵĹ򣬲˴ 
ѹô֣ԭرĹ򰡣 
ǰ˿̸ղź˵㣬ȥɡ 
ţȥ 
ԶȥıӰгϧ 
³Կغ³˵ϣ˿Ϣˣλȥ 
ǰֻ𻯰ɡϢϣ˿վϵˮȻͣš 
شһϣ˿óһ·Ŭִϡ 
ڴ̵ʱ򴩵׻롣 
ӶԱİ£ϣ˿ִ· 
ϣ˿ǴԼİԼսϴĻ˳ֵϡ 
ŵϵ֣ϣ˿ǵһֱֹסڣϣ˿Ǳ۾ʥ֮ס֡ 
ʧˣϣ˿ĬĬذѹǻɨһ̳ѽһڻȥ 
ҡǰϣ˿ǽ²ȵһСӣߵ櫼æһѷס 
ϣ˿̧ͷ櫵˵ͷһŸһŵ͵ȥֻǣ̳ͳ˫֣øˡ 
ϳϣ˿´˵˻ơ 
ħѧԺо׶üʲôһᣬӳһ޾Ŀ֮⡣ 
ֽһˡһߵһʦ˵ôȥӦͨʥԡ 
ˡ׶ٵ˵ҪŬſԡ 
˵УĴŴˣԺص˽ϸ̨ȡһöʥ¡ 
֪λʥˡ̨µĬĬš 
ʥ֣ս̹ƽԭԺ˵İˡ 
ȫһƬž 
һ׶еĵ˵ϣ˾޴ 
˵ʲô׶ټǺ 
Ժ׶٣г˱ͬ飬ѸղŵϢ˵һ顣 
ס˵׶̧ͷˮ 
Ϊսʤ㣬ƴҪˣǣȴһλᶼң֣쵰Ժ˭ȥҪԺô죿شң֣ 
ŭ׶٣ʦǵﶼ˰ˡ



ھŽ

       ز³ָǶôǲҪ𣿡ڴϵᣬĵǰĿغ³ ôܻ᲻Ҫ˵մ̣·ǿܶ࣬˵㡣³պͨء³ʲôʱܵ 
졣 
ֵ֪ܼܲ죿૵Լ 
һܵġػæش𣬡ֻǵһСѣôֲ졣˻ϻȻݺݳͷǡǵȻȥһΣٲҾɱǡ 
ز֪ԼĲ˵ֻǲûǵʱˡˣҪټǣԺҲˡ 
һ˵Сô࣬úϢ㲻µġ 
ȷ𣿡߳ķ󣬿ʡ 
Եġ³ش 
λʦһ߽˸񣬡żѾˣλʲôطҪĽ 
ûʲô⡣ǶֵżţȻ۾û취飬С״ӦûˡǱ 
ģֺǶû⡣³شͬʱֽйվһߵʦϰ˵ϰ߶ 
ڴϵͻȻӰٵشԼķ䣬еӰôϤ 
ָ磬Ƕ磬𣿡Ѿû嶫š 
ǡԲˡֵ 
ûͺá˵ЦŬ壬ǲŬȴҲ޷ 
ˡᣬ͸ǳԵģǻ̫ˣû취ˡ 
˵ֻǶ˵ܿͻˣһôͳأ 
ܶðס˵֣죬ܼʵ̫ˡ 
𣿡ͻȻʵ 
ڵġһֱĬվһߵϣ˿æش 
ȥһ¡ֺǶ˵л͹˵ 
ֺǶĬĬ˳ȥ 
㣬Ҫ˵£ɱŶ 
ôõأ ϣ˿ס֣ο 
Сʱ򣬾ͺϲָˡָ֪һֱÿ˵ϣԶһأǲܵˡ 
ġ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡Ĳˣ˾Զһ𡣡 
áЦϧҪˡ 
ġ 
ֻ𣿡 
ֻأ ϣ˿룬š 
Ҳš˵аһҪתǵĺӣʱָҪǺҵĻɱԴŶʱҾͽ 
ġ ϣ˿ǵѾˡ 
ġ˵ֻҪ飬ҪӣܼܿסŶҪ飬̫ˡ 
š ϣ˿ǵĻشԴſǻ 
ЦŵͻȻ죬ϢҲ 
ˣ ϣ˿һ߰ħϣһ߽е 
㲻Ҫϣ˿ǵ֣ˣ˵ѿģҲǿұѿ 
ټˣ衣ģǺܿټģҪŶϣ˿ǵ֣ɿϴ΢Цֹͣ˺ 
ϣ˿ǽ֣һεεص˵ϣ̲סʹվŵˣҲ档 
գҷ¡ºǶȥϢ׶һƬ֮С 
ҵǵټ𣿡ʡ 
ֻǿǵĶ򡣡ش𣬡ڲͣƶסǺѡ 
ҾͲôһӡߣһץסǵټ 
˵ŻĿأŽ 
ҾŹǣ 
һɫ˾ôȥˡգʹضߵ˵ЩĿԽԽ˰ΪʲôǸ˲ȴôȥˣά磬𣿡 
ݲشֻذһףϡ



ʮ

       춼ǰŵĿɿڴؿԶֻһӱһŮ˹ Ůɴвűӣб˿ô죡ٲҷ£ҾͶ㲻ˣ 
ʲôЦػش𣬡Ӻҽﵽ֪ж·Ҳ֪ж˿ˡҿǰҪרû˵ĵطߵİ 
ǣҡȻ治ˣ 
㲻ұɸԶŵ˰ɡ˿ŮӵвҿǷģҪﱳҼҵġ 
Ѿˣ 
ֻҼסĵطĳš 
ϳӺæǡ 
˭ 
̩չܼһһſȥ 
ЩŵʿʲôȥˣȻôǵĴšôŵ̩մ򿪴ţһӱһŮվԼſڡ 
үС㣬ʲô̩ճԾʡ 
̩չܼңүҵܣϷȿߵ 
үôðɣ˿ˣС 
ȷˡؾ 
ŶŶȷˣǾûϵˡ̩չܼЦ˻æܽȥүȷ˻ˣ 
ŵһʱʲô˵ 
ֺǶȻôܣŸ˵ηºشס 
ڻûȥǱߣһȥع΢΢̾һս˫ľӢʧòˡܺϣ˿˵ϻģҲ˹ˡȥɣڵΣ 
ǣȥ׼ 
ץסһȺʿźţһǹŮ׷ȥ 
ŮӴ򵹼Լʿܽһ֡׷ʿǰͣţȴҳȥ 
֪ˣŮһ壬һϣĬĬ룬ʤߣӷӦ˰ɡ 
ôŵŮֻһʹ 
˵ʼڰɥ£ӦҲھǰɣǲǸȥŮ룬һ˿ҺһǶܲ 
ԶԶһ۾ͺãһԺ󣬾ģҲûϵˡŮ˾ġ 
ϣ˿ǡŮͤ﷢е 
ףʲôҪҰæ 
ûС̾˿ҲúúϢˡ 
ûϵģס 
ظϵˣ˹Ϊٻӭᣬȥȥ 
Ҳ𣿡 ϣ˿룬ðɣȥ 
Բ𡣡һһѹñ·ŮӣæǸ 
ûϵŮӻش¶һ㲵աŮӵȥϵñӡ 
ȵȣһʿŮӽе̧ͷ 
Ů̧ͷͷȺмȥ 
վסʿ˾ڡ 
ô£ʿʡ 
ǸŮӷץסʿָԶȥŮӡ 
׷ӷǼæ׷ÿΩֱǣ 
ܲˣʿ̫ˣŮܽһǽңôܵˣ 
ôŵŮһᡣ 
ϱƽŮҧҧǽСĵĴоûʲôˣȥ 
Ҳ֮صŮͻȻ˿æ򿪰Ķӳһ֧ǹתȴһҹҹŵӡ 
˿˹Ŵ죬ôܵˣ˷־Σˣ 
ץסֵŮֻһѣڵϡ 
뵽ȥһ˵ڱ 
ԺŴ򿪣һȺ˽ 
£ף˹æϵɫ˵Ļţҵһѣʶĵط 
Ѱ˿ˣ̫ί˰ɡһЦݵĴ˵ 
˿һ˦˹֣ѳǹ׼ 
ǺҼǱģǹ 
˵Żİ˿һǹ˹ȥ 
˹ؿӭĳǹ㣬վһߵǣҲûгֵ˼ 
һİ˿æɲסǹƣ֮ϵ˿ڣѪ˳˹æԣһѷס 
˹䡣˵֪ʲôˣ 
С֪˹ش𣬡СŮӡ 
㡭˵ʲôҸͲϲ㣡˿˹ 
𣿡 
˹۾˿죬ȴҲ˵ 
˹ǵ˵Ůǳ˵ 
ף£ĸףֻǸ޹ŮӰ 
췴ļû޹ˣǳѵҪ췴˶ܿˡԺô 
£˹СԸְλǰ;һ 
˹˵һ仰 
˹ͻȻγһ˿ȥ⣬˹ֻͷһ۾ 
İ˹ֻһֻĴָȵſ۾ 
˹˫򽣷ȥֻĴָڵϡ 
£˹Ͱ˿ӴԺٲкҲϰ䣬Ϊ٣һ 
˿˹ȥס˹ 
ϣ˿ǣôʣ 
븸׷Ź 
ǱǵŮ׿Ǻֵ׶񡣡 
Ů֪ ϣ˿ȻǲĴŮҲ֪ʧȥʲôоŮԼᵽ 
شʦأ 
زشֻǰͷת 
³ʦ 
³˵ͷ 
Ǿôˡ˵˹˿ҴһظǣǣûлʼҵǺǵĺ߳һóߣն 
л¶䡣 
˿ֻǽס˹᲻ͣ¡ 
ǳԼĶӣоȻ 
ϣ˿ǣˣ÷˹˵ʱ򣬹ߵŮ 
ףʲô£ 
Ժ󣬲˭λϷҽȡ˹ĺ˾Ϊá̾ҪǽûôˣʵֱǵģֻҪð˿˿ͺã



ʮһ

       治֮ʥԼſڣеشűĲ衣 㻹ôСϣ˿һ˵Ǻӳˣ櫿ɺһ𣬲֪˵¸Ŀ᲻ 
ģŮûôõ˿֮ʥ˵ڻʹ˭Ҫ˵ΣգǱΣա 
ˡϣ˿ǵ˵ҪҪһ󣿡 
ңģһһĻϾܣ㲻Ӣһɡ 
ǸŮӣŲһϲɱɱ 
ǲ͵ˣһǴ򲻹ܻܵõġҪֻһĻٺ٣˭ɱ˭֪ء 
˵ŻͻȻԶӰǵķ 
ôɰɡ֮ʥվ 
Ӱıƽ֮ʥ˵ܰɣϣ˿ 
һ䣬򸾵ӰԭʧȻԶ֡ 
ܣҾ壡ǹܵ˺ 
ܵһ٣ͣ 
λҺȲ裿ΧסԼˣ֮ʥЦݲʡ 
˲ش𣬻óԼı 
ѽ֮ʥ˵Ҷʶˣαء 
ǹð˵ĺ⣬˶û֣죬ҿжǿ 
뵥 
ǾǱ䡣 
˵껰ıǹһǹ֮ʥͻ̣׹һ鳺ɨס֮ʥ· 
֮ʥ˷ӳǹԱӹһ׹һʱղĺ׹Ųһһ֮ʥ׷ɱǳԣҷ繫ȥǹͺ׹֮ʥķȥȴһ¿ǽס 
Լĵˣҷ繫ţŲ֮ʥĳȴ˲ֺ׹ͱǹһۣ׹վԶϣ˿ȥǹȴԭվסϵĺԽԽŨ 
ϣ˿Ӱͣڿ֣ҲûоȥǣƵˣҷ繫ҲǹǱƶ 
ǹһǹס֮ʥĽסҷ繫Ĺҷ繫Źһ֮ʥԶԶƿȻһϣ˿ȥ 
׹һϣ˿ͻȻһ֧ӭæִԭλƿɸһطֿ֣һ֧ 
֧ϣ˿ֻһƣͣ봭ȴһַ֧˹һ֮ʥһ˷ӵĳվһ 
粽߻Ȼ鴫֮ʥ𳤽һƬ棬ɵǣҲҪó 
ǹ𻰣ǹϣ֮أϵ̲ȫһ˪֮ʥӭȥһһϢһҷ繫һԶϣ˿ȥ׹վ߷ 
ȥҷ繫һֹϣ˿룬ҵħᱻĹ⡣ 
֮ʥһȫѱǹƿ˿ϣ˿ߣ¶š 
֮ʥ򸾶һۣ϶ʡ 
ǹɫɲǼͻȻѩףһҲֵĹâҷ繫ָˣ׹ϵĹâҲöĿˡ 
֮ʥ쳤Хؼ䣬Ĺâ֡񣬼ŻǵصǹһŭǿХǹմ̳ǹͻȻһ޴ı׶յĻӭȥҷ繫ĳҲõĹâһ㣬֮ʥ򸾵ķȥ 
ƽ˵ͷʱǹͷϵı׶ͻȻѿŵİͷϡײͣͷϵıͣСȴʧͻȻպĻʧˣһ֮ʥһתͷȴһ֧ӵؿڡ 
ϣ˿֮ʥС 
˷񣬺׹һѰеȫ˽ƣ֮ʥϡ۵һ֮ʥ³һѪ˻Σǿվסʱյıžһɢм䣬ǳƮ¡ 
û뵽Ҳ֮ʥһѪһ˲ðһΪֻó 
ǿģõóҺòǹһѪ˿ȻóĲȫ񼼡ϧ񼼡 
Ӧлᡣ֮ʥѪزŹǵġ 
ԺˡǹǰĶ֣㻹ʲôҪ˵ģ 
Ųµ£֮ʥ¶һźЦݣСѾͷô꣬ȻȲ飬ܺúźˡ 
˵껰֮ʥһѪ¡ 
Ҳ߰ɣҸطˡǹԻ˵꿨˵˵ʱΪǿȻмأõǺĻ 
ŵ͵͵ĿӰȺɽʧˡ



ʮ

       һ췢߽˴ӡ ֣ôô壿췢룬ѵ˶սˣ 
һ·һ·֮ʥҵĺ췢ߵԼĿĵء 
磡֮ʥļŴţ췢˴еȴû˻ش 
ôˣ߽ĺ췢룬üûˣôȥţ 
е㲻ԣȥҸʲſԡ췢ϣ˿ɩӲܲžͳȥˣһʲôǳ· 
һţһ˫ŵ۾ŷ￴˳һᣬѽһˡ 
·أ﷢ʲôˣ췢ʵ 
¬壬ǳˣ˵ҷģ˵ܵĻǾ塣Ǵ 
˵·ؿ 
ˣǲһǹһһ鳣 
š 
֪˭ˡ¬ŭ𣬡磬ҲŹǵģ 
¬壬˺ҪСġ·һӵ˵ 
ȷܶԸġ¬룬شʦɱֻ֮ҪҵǶصĵطϢشʦͺáشʦһܶԸ𣿡 
ôŵ¬һˡ 
ھڸѲӣǰжȻһˣֻȥˡ 
뵽ĵ¬¶˹ʡ 
ͿֵĻûܻס 
Ĺأ 
·ذ¬ش·ǰ档 
·أģǼ˲ˡȥһˣǵھҪˣ¬ذοŴ·ꡣ 
磬ɩ밲Ϣǵĳ𣬺ܱܿˣ¬˵ķǰ˼ͷתɽȥ 
ˣһ¬ص˵ˡ 
¬أ룡 
¬þò¬£˵֪ʲô£ 
Ҳˡ¬Ȼ˵ǰ죬ҵҷȥ˶˵ǰʱҴһ 
˵¬ص۾ˣ 
֪㣬ֻúλ˳֣˼ 
¬ҲӦæ¬أģֻҪҵǵټ̻ͬһȥ 
Ƕлλˡ 
֮仹ÿʲôҪ˵лҲ֪Ҫлˡ˵ס¡ǸСŮ֪Ϣ𣿡 
櫣Ӧû֪ 
ںڻʹ֪ͨ°ɡ̾ԵģҪԡ 
ϣ˿ǽ㵽ȥˣһʿ 
ͼ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬Էˡ櫽е 
ãȥ ϣ˿ǻش 
ϣ˿ǽڿʲôأϣ˿߳ȥ櫺ߵԣֻ飬һдš֮⡷һдšݡ 
ϣ˿ǽѧЩҲҲԺáôŵ櫷鱾 
櫡 ϣ˿ͼеǱϢ̻㡣 
̻ʴң룬Ҳ˵йص°ɡ 
¬壬ң櫿ڿеӰ̲ס 
櫡¬ص˱ˣҪ˵£ԺҪ侲 
¬˵ʲôôģѵǡܣ 
ǰȥҿ㸸סǣ˸ң֮ǰˣ㸸ĸѾ.. 
һΣֱȥߵؼæһѱס 
㻹ðɡѹ櫿عеĿ⡣ 
櫲شֱӳȥ 
Ҫȥؼæ˳ȥ 
Ҫȥ𣡡 
侲㣡ʹվǰ棬Ҳ򲻹ǣ 
Ҳܣ㲻ȥԼȥ 
ðɣȥ̾һ 
Ҫȥصǰ 
Ҫȥ𣡡 
ƾǣذνʣ˿ȥ 
櫳һܣеһɾ޴Ϯ˱ȥĿһضͣһͣǿסһأҲԶԶɡ 
Ǿ㱾£ҲȥǣɢűƵĿվǰ棬˾͸˹ˡ 
֣Һ³Ҳûȥǣû 
Ҳܣ 
櫣侲㡣شͷº͵ؿʧȥǵŮģ¬붯ֻҪõǵϢ̳֣ʹϵ·ħҲǣϣôȥġ 
ῨصĻ櫼ſڳȥߵʱͷһ£εڵϡ 
ٴ櫸еԼ˫ֱһ˫ֽס 
ˡ ϣ˿Ƕ˵һֱ߿㣬ʲôһѾû˯ˡ 
𣿡ѹ壬ȴȥǰ£櫵 
Ѿü첻Էˡ ϣ˿º͵˵Ǻúõɡ³ѾӵǱߵ֪ͨ˵ҵټˡ 
 
Ҳ֪ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ҪǺú塣İɣĸ֣ûɱˡ 
˵Żϣ˿櫱 
櫣ִȥԺѾû˵ϻˣҲʧȥҪˡңϣҪˣϣȥ 
֪ضҺܺãϣҿֵػȥ櫵ϣ˿ǵĻǣǡ. 
£ʱ䵽ˡһϣ˿ǻ㱨 
Ȼᡣ 
ȥɡ˵ʱ˵ھͺá 
ϣ˿ض˸ɫ˳ȥ 
ǵϢˣ˫ĿӭǸϵʱ򣬾ǵڣ 
ݣǳɡϵļÿص̫ˡ



ʮ

       ˮҹɫεķ磬ѴЩ⡣۷ֱþÿǳ櫣һůԭأһ·ϡ мһۣ櫵ͷҲ˵ֻǾվߡ 
̫ˣϢɡ̧ͷأллһֱҡ 
ߣ΢ôѹǾֵˡ 
櫲ٻشг飬ǣص֣˻ȥԶԶŵϣ˿¶һ˿΢Цɲ֪Ϊʲôˮȴӡ 
ϢıǹͻȻ۾ 
ʲô£׹Ժʡ 
صɱˡ 
ܣ 
ܲġΪһǻǳȥӭͰɡ 
սеı࿴һۣ˵¶˳ȵĹâ 
ܺµһȫһսΣ 
߳ŵطԼסĵطѾһȺΧһһ⣬ˣڵǡ 
û뵽λҲˡǹ˵̻᲻ǲ׼Ķ𣿡 
ĺǵĶˡ 
Ŷǹһ붯λݣҲ޺ˡ 
Ǿλְɡҷ繫һ 
óб£Ҳġ˵ 
ǾҪλһˡ 
һᣬͷϳ˾޴ĺӰΧǵ˳˾֮άţ߳ɢ΢΢׹Ķޣ³Ҳһ 
ǹһȥһֻ޴ıǽǰ壬ճͷ䣬ҷ繫ǰҲ˾޴ķ 
˴һӭȥͱǶһ𡣿һ˽ס˱ǹϵĺ׹Ĺ׵绹ûͷϣͱһϵס.ҷ繫ǰķҲһɾ޴ѹƣã̽³֮ǰսϵļˡ 
̫ǿˣսеıǹ룬Ķ̫죬û취׽Ķôȥð£ 
׹ʹ˸ɫǹȫǹǿ˿أ˿ٺˣ׷Ŀأĳһ 
һ϶Ĺâǹ뷢ɲǼѩףǹһ޴ı׶ҷ繫ĳ˲õ⣬׹Ҳҫ۵Χǲ˲˵Ĺһ޵Ŀ궼ָ˵ס³ʱϵҲһ磬ֱ 
ǰһеĳ˸һԲһĹȦǰǹ׹ͱǣþҲͻư׹ķüͷ΢΢һ壬ǰһ㱡΢⣬ɵĳͻȻǰͣ£ΪƺһͷײһǽһֻΧתȴ޷³ϡ 
شһݺ֮䣬˫ǰӣõĹâһ޺ȥһ죬ǹǹͷı׶÷飬ĺˣ׹ȫĶȫɢͣѪǣڷʧˡ 
һϸСž³¶ı飬ͷƺʲô˺һ飬ڿʧһǰĹʧˡ 
Ӣ񼼣Ȼ鴫ǹЦ˵Ĳǵػ֮£ħ֮ףȻˣкκ 
ߵĺ׹ڽѪȻֻϢѾϾˡ 
Ҵˡ˵ʥŮ˿ȼ֮óǵħһʱƣֻǿƾǣ 
ĸ˭һǹЦ˳ǹһͻȻߵҷ繫ȥͬʱĶͷҲһ֧ 
ҷ磬ڵϣʹǣҲ⣡ 
ӽԺѪϾˡȥˣ֣ȥñ°Ƿӡ֮䣬ӡɡ 
³֣˲ð̾ǵһûӢѪó񼼵ˡ 
Ӣû֮ǰҲûʲô³ش𣬡λأҺͿأΨһԸǺλսһ⣬ѾûԸˡ 
ǻúñصġλҲ뱣ء 
߰ɡһϵԶȥ 
ݿŵǺε˵ıӰ΢΢ţϦӳ£˵ı֮⣬һᡣ





       ǶˣҲˣднڶˡҲˣϣ˿൱һ룬ټ֮ǰƬ˵ˣѾд˲ٵˡдʱ̲סһѹȻ趨ĿܵʱЩ˵ĽֶѾȷ˵ġʱΪ׼дʱӦҲǲʲôоǣֱֵʱ򣬲ᵽҪɱһԼеܵĸо ˵¥дˡʱһѿޣȵԭش𣺡ɱˡѺʣдش𣬡ܲ 
ȻԶԶûдĺˮ׼ǣɱԼĸоȴҲ΢ᵽˡ 
ʼдƪµʱֻǱһĸоǣµ룬ҲЩ˿Լ˵Щʲô뷨ԽԽǿң𽥾;ñһΡ 
Ǯ˵д£ΪʲôܣΪԭ򣬵ȼԺ󣬾дˣǴҵǫɶ˵ȴǱʵдƪʱ֧дģΪԼļѣԣʹæҲᾡƣ壬ǿдһΡǣôдĶֻ֪ǣҲ˲ˣΪ֪ԼʲôˣҪǸԼһڣ¾ֲͣдˡԣܶʱΪ˴д˲ٲɵĶ˲ҪڣֻΪάԼдļ飬ԼͣҵļʱۿϨ𣬼æӵ㶫ȥǣӵľľȴѾ˲ˡΪʲôʱдĶö߶ȥԭȻдʱҲܻӭǣܱʱˮ׼Щ 
дƪµʱȷΪ˹ԡǢϷıΪչģ˲е趨ǣµչұط֣Ѿ޷дˣΪԼģѾûᵽʹĸоԼ߼˵ҲôĪذôش񽻸زʶˣԣתдϣ˿ǡ㣬һϲϷĶ߿˳Ȼ˼䣬ǣʱԼ֪еġϾͷôдͻȻͺᵽˣԼ˵ȥ 
ȷͲҪ˵ˣǰ˵ҵĹ½ṹԼģΪӭ趨˲ԣǸ԰Ž־ͳΪͷʹ¡ 
ϲңڸЩƽֵʱֻΪͻȻ뵽ʲôټǶôֵġ 
ǶҪΪܶС˵дķʦȻͣħɱȽʿͣƺҪʲôֻħˣħƺԶʶĹܣɱԼˡʱҾ룬ħָֻܹķΧ޷ֱңҲ߱׷ٵĹܣǷʦͱҪ׼ȷԤԼ˼ƺӽ͵󡣻ϵ뷨Ƕû뵽ô˻ӭ 
ǣԺ󣬲ŷдǶôʹࡣÿһսÿ񣬶ҵԽΪ趨ʱ趨ɸֲϲͱӲӲܶ໨󣬶ҵǣҵֲߣҪȥһ߳Լܶ˵£ʵǺʹ顣дʱȻѹǣҲһ˵ʵڵģҪдȥҲһҲ˵ҲΪдսʱ򣬶ЩҶΪҶȥдΪ֪Լޣ̫Ц 
дսһ£һ£Ϊ£ҶдԼдĶһ£ȴдµı⣬дսǵʹģôддӢ۵޸裬ȫ޷деıʹΡΪ˱ԼԸϧϹ½࣬صҽʣддƽıˣǣдΪұµǹ壬ʹİˣҲֻһִ϶µͬ飬޷ʵĸо 
ĳ֣ʵΪԼһСС˽ģҲϣǶôȻ֪ϾҪˣǣϾϣݵսҲΪԭʵûҪġźǣʱ򣬾û뵽Ҫдһȵдʱ򣬻˵Լѹʵ˵д⼸ΣԼĸоϣдõļΣԺҲҲָоˣΪˣûлô 
սд£һڽƬУһΣҲƬĹ£ûʲôսˣеģֻǱΡǣҲұ֤ôдȥдʲôӡ 
֣Ƕ֮ǰµһСɣ˳㣬ټϲĽɫǶΪϲԣдʱ򣬲Ͷôĸ顣ΪΪĵϲȻе̬




-- --



ʮ
һ

       ½587꣬ſ˴壬ոͼһŮӣһСš С棬Ůڻ˯һ궼˯ģ 
㣬ôˡһӣһ·˫ۣţ㲻ˣ̫öѡ 
ȥϴȻͣ˵껰ĺӵԴŮӵֺݺݴһ¡ 
֪ˡͷ˸߳ţֹţǵģֻ磬ȫԼĵܵܡ 
һغ׳ʵ꣬վڴڵ·ߣÿһʱ䣬ӵķһΡ 
Ҳ̫˰ɡ·ߵĴȤŸѡôˣԺ͵Ů˺Ϊѵġ 
ǰһ˵οôСӣµСֵһˡడ 
Ȥ򲻺˼صͷԼԴٺٵЦ 
ڣ򿴵˾úӰԶˡ 
ˡ򣬡õ˰ɡ 
ûУûУҲյ 
Ŷʱ֣ҼǵһСʱǰͼˣǽСա𣿡һһ˵ 
Ҫȵʲôˡһ˴ǻҪǵ㣬һҲǳġ 
Χߵ˶Ц 
̸۵ˣͨͷ 
ˣˣʱ䲻ˣҲóˡ峤žһǣֺǺǵ˵ҰѶ׼ãװǳ 
СַʲôһԼߵĺʣȥúÿס㣬Сıˡ 
㣿Ӳػش𣬡һһ𣬸ҵĴˡﰭǵۣ˯ 
СãôܸɵĽ㣬ԺôõĽ򣬲ɻ˯ԣ˼Թһһӣӵһѵϣǽ㡣 
ַ򣡡һͣȣæ 
 
شŵַҵ˿ٵڵ˼鲼˸С̯ 
ˣַȥ棬ҺȰЩˣȥ㡣 
ַ룬ǵȻĵøˣ˰Ѷ߶֪ 
ۣܺߡַش𣬡һǰɣ 
һɡ 
㣬磬ȥҿʲôģȻ˸ҡȻ궫ȥңҵҲˡ 
ȥ棬ðɡ 
ûȥ棡ַ˵ǽǰȥʲôĵطȻҺȥֻӿɲȥɣȥɣȻȥʱǿɲ˵ûط 
һ˵Żַһ߰ԶȥҲ̰۵ 
ԶȥĽıӰַг顣 
ϺõƤµֹƷøλ⣡عͷַʼ 
ǻ˰춼ˡڵϢַԻĽ˵ǵǮҵĵطûУ 
Уַ˵ϴȥ 
ǮһˣŵܵܣǵĶ˶٣Ķ˶٣ 
ղôæ˭˵ôַࣿش𣬡ȻԼŷ־ͺá 
˵껰ַתߣõֹϳһˣʲôҵģġ 
һۣ˵ˣ˵ۡ 
ˡȺкҼһַ԰˵ࡣ棬ǻҸĵطϢɡ 
ȥǱߵɽ˵˲࣬ҲãԿȫ 
˿ߵɽʱɫѾȫϵķǣӳ¡ϻǣһһѵȼ˸Ļ⣬ڵϣһֱ쵽ߣƺǹһ 
ַۡڴϢ£ȥȻٸϡ 
ɱ· 
ģֲСַһƨڵϣȥ 
Զַ˸ӻó⴮С˺װ 
ǿŬŶַͻȻĻƮ 
ɻļ́ͷ˿죬ȴǿպʲôͬ࣬Բһ㣬ҲԲʱ 
ַ֡룬ʱ治ףʲô 
ҹʲô⡣ôŵֵַͷŬԸе⴮



ڶ

       㣬ҳȥˡַԼæŵĽе šش𣬡˳ѷȥ硣 
áӹ˷ַ߳˼š 
磬ķַѷݸڵæŵ򣬡ȥˣҲЪˣȻۻġ 
æЪĨ˰Ѻӹ˷ڵͷ̫ԶˣɽޡһɱħҪСġ 
ţ֪ˡ 
ۣҸطЪ¡һֵַ߽һôȥһ֦辣۾ 
˯Ժַһѡ 
ץˣһʿװˣеĳǹָһ·Ľʿʮɱʮӯʱ򣡡 
Ϊ㣡·ЦţǰʱҲ֣ڲһˣ 
ʲôһʿһɵˣ 
Ͼ֪ˡ·˰γȥ 
Ǹ·ɱħַʿ׷ģҸô죿ܻȥдٴ𣿿ǿٴҲﲻæ 
һ˷ֿ·϶һѪڡ 
ûʲôͬʿЦţǱĶ֣ǱԩþΪܴӮңԼܳ 
ôܣ·Ŀͣ˵Ƭ˶ӱΪʲôһûУɱʦɱôˣΪʲô 
һֱ׷ɱѹ̫󣬿ˡʿԼĶ֣ڸɵñܵ 
ڽں˵ĺֶ˼Ѫڣۿֲ֧סˡ 
ͻȻĿɢҵĺ˷ҰްĺϺͻȻָˣʿ 
ô£⧲ʿһʱæңôָˣϵĺаħЧʽҲȫǲҪʽѵˣ 
ҵʿһǹֵ̽ţǹӺ˵غ͸˷·𲻾ʹһ㣬ͺǰ壬һ̽˾ʿĿڡ 
Ҫȥٴ˲ſԡڵϲˣַݴŲ 
վϵַͻȻһɺӭԼסһᣬַֻĵʹѿˡͬʱַһԼ־ 
һɱħаַ룬סңҲɱħҲŲ䣡 
ƻʱ֣򿴵ƣַ˳ 
ַȥˣôؼҡɨַͷϵĲݣ·Ūô࣬ȥСı 
磬ǱˡַŶ˵ʿɱɱħԼҲ 
ʲôַĻһס֣ȥǿȥϢٴˡ 
ʮͨ棬ӢµĿʥʿŵһСӶӳ˹׷ɱħУѳְɱħҲ˹ӳɱ 
šܵܵ·µشһ£ 
ѹնô¡ʲôַ˵ 
˼СݿɿǸŮѵŵܵܣõȥ˼ҹգѹġ 
ŲںЩַ˵滹öѵء 
ˣˣȥɡĵܵܵԴ 
ڲųôʲôһȺȵòͷĺӣǴַ 
ҽŪģû취ַڵ·Ҫڲжɡ 
ţˣǳɡһʵĺ˵ 
á 
һȺԶҰȥ 
ǻݿɲ죬ߵŮǱԹҽгȫˣȻǺÿ 
˵˶ǲɿģ̫ǵĻһŮ˵ٲǾȻȥ˿ա 
ڣŮǣһȺкżڴǵķ 
Ǹʲôȥˣݿɲʡ 
ȥ׼ַĨһϵĺ 
Ȼôſʼ׼ݿһ׼ʲô 
ַ򲻻شֻǰһߣһѲУкΧ˹Ѵӽ⿪ 
һȺȺөӴ˳ΧݿתȦþòɢϲݿ˸ӫлЦţϵСŮ 
ллǡݿɸ˵кǵлյõ 
ЦݿɣкǶһ 
ַҪͳԵģûôˡͷк롣





       磬Էʱ䵽ˣͷ󺹵ַԶڵæУȥԷ ѵϵĶãվֱ塣 
öַ˹ϵũߣ˼ϡЦǰŵַ򣬱Ķں档 
һ·СǰַͻȻһѣǰʲôˡ 
ôˣַ򣿡ַͻȻͣɫףڴеʡ 
ûʲôַָЦŶ˵̫죬еͷΣںˡ 
ŶһѳַеĶߣ̫졣 
͵ĺӣôһܾͷΣֵ룬ȥҽſԡ 
ȥˣٳ극ַĨĨ죬ܳš 
̫ſڽе 
֪ˣַԶԶش˻ 
ַԶ԰ǵ˵Ǵַȥҽ 
ôˣ 
һ˵ͷΣˡ 
ϣʲô󲡲źá 
ûµġοţ˭ܴСûûʹҲҶˡ 
ϣˡ 
˹ûʲô°ɡַŰԼϸĹ˹ʡ 
ûû¡˹ַԴԺ̫ԼͿԣˣ۵֪ 
šַԹԵػش𣬡ҳȥˡ 
ȥȥɡ 
˹ַ˳ȥĵʣҵܾܵʲô 
Ҳʲô󲡡˹԰˵ֻҪ̫žͺáⲡֻҪҪԼۻûʲô¡ 
κ𣿡 
û취κá˹ش𣬡ʹҪᲡ飬ҪõҩҲġⲡֻҪ̫ͣͲ񻯣עС 
ŶŨŨʧ 
ġḧŰļ򣬡ȹܹ꣬ǮͰַ͵ȥѧգҲԺñǶҲ˵˲һǵֵشԵġ 
ԭźַĬĬ룬ԺҲҪСģҪýΪҵġ 
ڵڷַͻȻߴһУŵֹͣˡ 
ԭݿɰԼˣַЦôԼһܳ 
ǽҳ棬Ҿһᣬȫˡݿ죬治ѡҾֻԼתÿڷ㡣ʲôôרģ 
ûʲôַЦݿɵСԴһϲĪġ 
Ҳǡ 
ˣôץõôө棿 
ܡ 
ݿɲץַ֣ҡΡ 
úúáҡɢַܵݿɵ֣ɽȥʱʱͣڵʲô 
ַһѲݵݵݿ 
ʲô 
ֲݣө棬ӡ˵ӷż궼ỵֻҪֵڶ꣬ͻ᳤ֲ 
𣿡 
Ҳ֪ûֹǻȥɡ 
ɫȫˡڿ߮ŵө棬ƺܵʲôٻ·ߵССӰ£ 
Чݿɾϲؽš 
̫Ȼөܵġ 
š 
ڷөУ˷ܣȴֲҳݿɣַ¶΢ЦɲǼ䣬ֻгů⡣ 
ԶһȺӵ̸š 
˵Ӧúģǲǽǹһ棿һк顣 
һŮӦģ͵͵߿ 
ճ治ڵո򣬶߰Ѹõׯİ˵ 
ǰվֱ壬ᴷԼǾһЩȥǮ򼸿鲼Ҳ·ˡ 
ûʲôش𣬡ǸԼҲַڵɽܡ·ͻˣõĿϧ 
û·Ժôţһۡ 
ϲˣ߻ؼҵʱڴڣһȺΧһ 
ôˣһꡣ 
ˡǶҪսش 
ϣһ˺ڷǰĬ 
ַ򣡡ݿɵ𣬡ҼɱֻүүȥҼҳԷ 
ַ̧ͷŽ㡣 
ȥɡԵܵ˵ 
šַ˵ͷ 
ַ߳ſڣӣĬĬؿ˵֣һ 
ɭүүҲȥˡַݿɵүү˵ﻹеط˯𣿡 
еġɭش𣬡ͰŴ˳ȥͰ˵ 
ˮɫĴӡ꣬Ƿ꣬ǣȴûһ˿ϢеģֻŨŨı



Ľ

       ոַһԾ𣬿ϴãܳȥ ڣǶѾԼͱ˵Ż 
ַһ۾ͿԼĽ㡣 
磡ַ˹ȥ 
Ŷַ򰡣һѱַ򣬡簡˯ˣ 
˯šַ֣磬һҪȥ𣿡 
ǵġַԴ 
źöӣϳһģ˴󺰡 
ؿ˰һۣùİ 
򡣡гᣬ˼죬ء 
˵ͷַ 
ַˣչ£Ϳˡ 
šַص˵ͷ磬ġ 
תĨȥϵᡣ 
ģһġôûչˣ 
صͷȴһ仰Ҳ˵ 
̧ͷԼļһۣһתȥ 
ַģ˫ۣþõؿʧķֱУֻһƬԶɽ 
ڵŲݵַͻȻһͷΣæͣ 
ͷμʱԽԽˡĨһѺַǰæµĽ㣬ǲˡ 
Ȼҽ˵ҪúõôܣЦŵַͷһԸŵӲݣ˻ȥСݿɼءǼкѾҺöˡ 
ַ򡣡İܵȻڵæ˹˵ĻЪЪͿԡ 
û¡ַ˽һЦݣȻȥȻȥСݿɼҡ 
ǿԼ 
ġˣƴġ 
治ƴͺˡؿŵܵܣתȥ 
ַ磡ַũߣԼҵŬڵ˫ְŲݵݿɣ˵ؽеǼҵæ˰ 
ˡַڵæϺɭ˵ͷݿɵСԴݿҲڰүүæԡ 
ݿɵȻˡ޵ݿɣ˵Цߵһǰ棬ϰΣСֱҶһӡ 
ʹݿ̧ͷ 
ַߵݿߣᴵ˿ڣߵߣַ֪ݿˣݿھϢ£ַôԸЩݣ 
ַ磬ˮݿɴһˮַܵǰŵ˹ȥ 
úãݿԡհũ߱ϼַһںȸеˮݿɵ֣ߵߡ 
ɭүүҽȥҼҳԷַԺɭ˵ 
ֽȥǼҳԷɭ˵ȥҳԣҵʳ᲻ġ 
ġַЦŻش𣬡Ҳ֪һ֮ǰжҼˣҼҵʳǴġֵصģ˾Ǻӣճɲãһöʳſԡ 
ɭ̾һ 
ݿɡַݿɵ֣ȥַҳԷòã 
ðݿɸ˵ػش𣬡극ַȥ棿 
ݿȥȥַЦ˵ǻȥɡ 
ϦȥССӰɭ¶һ˿Ц⣬ǣ־һĪᡣ 
ҳԱˣݿɷ룬ַߣַ磬ԣ 
ͳꡣַٵذķһһֱݿɵ֣㣬ɭүүҴݿɳȥߡ 
õġ 
 
ִַݿɳ氡һȺкӶͷĺ˴кݿɣ쵱ַĸƨ棬СַŶ 
ݿôԣַŲᷳءشŵݿɣˮĴ۾ַ򣬡ǲǣַ磿 
ַôᷳݿأַݿֺСַϲݿɻء 
Ҿ֪ݿɸ˵ػش𣬡ַŲô 
кǿˣĺЦ 
׼ȥ㣬ȥȥַ򣿡 
㣿ȥȥݿһ߸˵ػش 
ǾȥɡַЦ˵ 
ַ򣬱̫С赽ԺӾѹˡͷкַ˼۾ 
˵ʲôݿɻضַ˵ 
˵軰ûöġַشͬʱݺݶ˵ļһһۣȥץɡ 
Цŵкǣһӱӿȥ 
ݿɣ˵ʱҪ̫Ȼȫܵġͷкţ㿴裬ץԺͰǷԺ棬ҪԶˡ 
šݿɹԹԵصͷ 
кǴ˻ѣˮﶪųõ׷ۣζ˹Ȼ֪ڹ١ݿԶߣŪ㣬ʱʱ̧ͷźкǣ͵͵ĻЦ 






       ճɻԡַźץ죬˵ȥݿɣʳŵû⡣ϣ̿꣬ôȥһˡ ַ硣ݿͻȻַܵǰðףǲ̫ˣ 
ûе¡տüַش𣬡ҵһֱô׵İ 
šݿ룬ȥһˮݸַ򣬡ȵˮϢһ¡ 
ˡַһںȸˮַܿܰݿɼҵׯ꣬Ժ󣬾Ϳݿ档 
ððݿɼæŬذᶯŵׯڣҲæ 
űһׯڣŬŶ̶̵Сǰߵݿɣַҡҡͷ¶Ц⣬ֵͷȥ 
ַ򣡡˵ܽţˣ 
𣿡Ժַ߳򣬿Ž˵ӣȥɡ 
˰ţ˵˵ѹֻ˴һǵģҲ֪Լ㶫 
дš 
óֽͱʣ룬˵úܺã̫ǡˣҪע壬ഩ·̵ʱСЩҪˡУ˵Ƕϣ̻ 
ٰдõװŷϵĵַСĵسȥÿڣݸ˰˵˸񣬴ַ峤ȥ 
ѩô󡣡ַվԺŰûִȥɽԣȻᱻɽִ֪ôˣ 
ַ磡ַ˼·һϣֻݿɣȫԲģشԶһѩˣ 
ٵܹݿɣһžһˤڵϣ 
ַæ˹ȥݿɣ˲ȵϵѩ 
ݿɹԣޣַѩˡһȥѩˡ 
šݿЦ˵ϣ顣 
ѩͣˡɽԵִͣؿԣǿصεˡִĸ׼æȥҽ٣˿ִһᣬغִĸ˵һỰִĸףС 
ִﴫ˺ѷεĿǷ׷Űο˵ĸˡ 
콥Ůǣɰοִĸףǣڴæ׼ִ顣˽ǶִۣһǱɽϵðɽԲŻ⵽ҡŵǣĬĬɽҪ׷ִĹ 
ɽƺûԭµ˼˼죬ִĸײˣȻ󣬾ǰִ·;ǲִͱײĵǣҲһ¡ٺҽҲ޼ƿʩֻܿŲǣһȥǶʱеǿ 
һϣϴַͻȻݿɣֻŵ·һ·ţԼ 
ݿɣôˣַæݿɱһ· 
үүˣϺ̡ݿɿţַ磬Һ¡ 
ݿô˵ַæһ·ȥ 
㣬ȥ٣ȥҽɭүүˣ 
ʲô⻰İһæܳȥ 
ֲҽε̾ʹ𣬡Ϊʲôûκ 
˫۵ݿɣε񣬿źͰ˵ҽ 
ҽóǸĿ⣬ݿɣһ仰Ҳ˵߳ȥݿƺоʲô۵ؿַȴ֪ΰο 
ַ򣬰ݿɣǹϺɭڴϽе 
еˣæȥ 
ַ֪ҲˡݿԺ鷳չˡɭţʵݿɵĸףǰʱսˣѾûˣֻܰˡ 
ַͰͷ 
ݿɡɭŲͣݿɣȫǴȰүүһֱûݿ˵ݿɵİְ֣ѾȥݿɵˡڣүүҲҪȥǣչݿˡݿԺҪԹԵַĻҪ 
ݿֻһߴؿţʲô˵ 
ɭ̧֣ĨȥݿˮǺʲô˻ȥ 
ǷûСɭ˵ڲ⼸ͻȻ뵽һ£ȥˣڵò֮ǰ˽ӴԺǱΪᣬһѻˣɽֹͣ 
պɭԣȼܴ𡣿ǣ鲢ûպɭԸչɽȻûֹͣ˼





       㡣ַ򣬷һĽ㣬ûֵߵķǰŰš һᣬòκλشַͻȻ˲ĸоײšڴϣȫַ̡һţҽȥ 
ַôˣҽһʹԼţ·ûַ 
ҽУҽ 
֪ˡҽ·ҩַ߳š 
˿״ҽҡҡͷ 
ȥٰɡ 
ַ类һ㣬ԭءַŵݿɣַ·޽ţַƺѾȫûиоˡ 
˹ҽҽ׼߳ȥַͻȻ˹һס㣡ҪǮʲôҶԸ⣡ 
ܾȣͲôˡ˹ҽоǰˣֻû°ЩͬУֶսҽˣⲻõˣȥȴһ취ҲûС 
ҽַ˵ֻߵ㴲ߣס֡ 
ҡŬ˦ѵ֣ܵܵǺɭүүĻҪҲˣݿô죿 
ַ򲻻شֻǣס˫ֵ֣յøˡ 
һ죬ַڽߣһҲ뿪ƽʱҪݿɣҲƺ֪ʲôԹԵַߡ 
㣡ҵĿַæӴߵشŰı 
ַ򣬿ҲˡȥٰɣЩ 
㲻µġַοˮ 
ȥݹ᾵˫ַ֣ͻȻַҵĿ 
ȥַæס㣬ɺã˼·ţķȥ 
ڴϴİֻõƹһͼַ˽ݿһŵظ 
߽ٲ˵Ĭһһʵİ׹ڰϣľƺЩ 
ٴˣл˵ 
Ӧõġٵ۾У¶͵Ĺâ֪ܰʲôæ 
֪ÿ¶šԺȥϢÿ¶дŸҹúܺáҲڴ̵ʱΪҵ·ĳʲô⡣ĺ㣡 
ٲ˵صص˵ͷ 
ַ򣬽㲻չˡؿԼĵܵܣԺݿɾͿˡ岻ãԼҪע⡣һиʲô⣬СݿɾûпˡϿǣΪףġ 
ֱֱַվʲôʾҲûУѾľˡ 
ݿɡ۾ת֪ݿɣ㲻չˡַ岻ãҪϢҪ̫ˡ 
šݿɵСԴ˵ݿһעġ㲻Ҫòã 
Ҳھ¶һ˿Цݣûа취ϧټˣӦܴ˰ɡ֪Ժ֪ˣжأ򡭡 
˵İַҵĿԣ岻ͣ鴤һᣬĺͣĬĬؿһֱûзӦַг˱˼죬ȴ֪˵ʲôáݿ۵һ 
ڶ죬ǿַȼ˴𣬶֪ʲô£һĬĬַַĬĬذѽĹǻװ̳ߵ󣬽̳ӷŽǰںõĿУȥݿɽظַ˫ץ·ﾡǾֵɫΩԼһַ֣ͻȻԼǰʧ 
վڽĹǰַģѾʹľˡͻȻַֻһʹĸ봩һ㣬ȫ鴤ŵȥһĻŴ˵ݿɣ޴վַߣǣȴغ˼ 
˹ҽѸߵַǰץס֡ 
ݿɣޡ˹ҽοŴ޵ݿɣַֻ̫ۣ̫ˣεǲϢͻá 
ҽô˵Ǿ£˹׷װοݿɡ 
һʥâʩӵַϡİ׹⣬һӴַ壬ͻȻʧˡ 
֣ٵ˵һһɫĹâַȥǣ͸ղһɫĹâһַ壬ʧӰ١ 
ôˣ˹ҽ¶˼ɫֵʡ 
˺üħǲʲôħûã˵û˵ֿܵħ˰ 
Ȳˡ˹ҽ˵ȰȥúϢ˵ɡĺӡ 
һǿ׳ַ꣬ˣݿɵ֣ͣذοһˣӰĹǰ߻ȥ



߽

       ȫʹַ۾ֻһŲˮСԼǰ ַ磬ˣݿһ߿һ˵ݿˡݿԺһˣַҪݿɰ 
ݿɱޡַοţַֻ̫ˣϢһͻõġַôᶪݿɲأ 
̫ˡݿɵ˵ͷЦϵ飬׷׹䣬ݿɳȥˣַϢˡ 
ڴϵַĬĬ¡ѽһŴˣ˹ҽ˽ 
ַû˵㲻𣿡˹ҽһƬ࣬ôȥ 
ַ֪ش𣬡˵ĻҶˡǣϢ𣿡 
˹ҽַ򣬳̾˿ 
ȥ㻹ܻꡣ 
𣿡ַЦǾ͵עˣҪС٣ҪȵСݿɳſԡ 
֪ͺá 
ҿԳȥ𣿡 
û⣬Ҫסһ̫۵Ļͺпܷһαһء 
Ŭ߳ŵַﴫһƹƹҵֻݿɣһһشӳ˳˵ӭ˹ 
ַ磬˰ȵŶݿϾ÷ԡ 
ˡַĨȥݿϵĺڻңݿɱ˵ַ֣ͺá 
Сݿػش𣬡ݿڲǺˣҪչַģַҪϢſԡ 
úãַݿ 
ãݿɻ 
ݿȸԾıӰַֻһ 
ó𣿡ݿˮĴ۾ַ 
óԡַ˵ͷѽ÷ķڴڵسȥ 
ݿɣǳȥɡϴַԺϵݿɽе 
ݿˣȥ档 
ɵϡַݿɵСԴǳȥߣֲʲô£۵ġ 
šݿɵ۾ҪŶϢŲۡ 
úáݿԡַݿɵС֣߳ȥ˹ҽԶȥССӰ̲ס 
ڹȥˣɽҲͣЪҲûвˣҲֻǣܶˣҲ֣ܶأҲ˸ˡ 
ַ磬ǲݿڵе 
ǵġַݿɱֱŵذ񵽵Ц˹ 
Ŷݿְ˳°ַӣ̲ס¶һĨЦ⣬߻ȥͷ 
ӣǰˡһˣϦǣ֣һȥˣҡͷߵ˵ȵӾͺùˡ 
Ҫ֪ȥϢ֪жءߵ˻ش 
ǰһ˻ش𣬡ԺǴмЦóأ 
ʱôһŹȥڽʤϢʹ٣ͣڴĿšڣȷţսˡֻǣʹÿεĵ˼ҽӵɫż˼Ҵ 
ַӣԼСĺݿɵļල£ûô񻯣ֻǣɫԽ԰ˡ 
ڣʹϢ˵սˣûнӵɫŷǣ޵ȴ˹ 
ַ磡ݿ˹ϴЦ⣬úÿÿ 
ÿַЦݿɵݿĶô᲻ÿ 
ַϲ̫ˡݿɰѻͷϣ˵ɽţȻݿҲһ 
áҪСİˤˡַš 
̫ڿɽˣɽϵȺַݿɣʧȥ 
绹ݿʧ˵֪ʲôʱܻصң 
̵ĵطԶַοǴ٣ҪμӺܶء岮ǣҲû𣿡 
šҲǡݿ룬Цݿɾö˸ԡˣַͲôۣͿϢˡ 
ǰַشȴ룬Ҫˣ飬ô˵ 
ˣȱôˡſµַݿɵ֣ȥԶϦǣֵˣƺ˽ɫ¡ʱĴˣж˻ϣȴ˵Ĺ



ڰ˽

       峿ķ磬ᴵŴׯڰƵɽ·ϣһӰҴҵӵķǰ ոϴãԺæŵݡͻȻſڴٵ 
ףݽԼŮȥţæ 
ŵİףһм̣ȫɢųζİˣվԼſڡϣżȵƣ˷ܡ 
ʡӵ˵˭ҪĻЩʱǼһûء 
ǰŮôʣ˴һ 
㲻ǰ𣿡 
ǽаף˭ô֪ҵ֣ 
˳˹סŮᡣ 
ҿİףְֶʶ𣿡 
ְ֣룬ְôˣ 
ȴܰô룬󲽳Ժӡ 
ݣװģһˣ 
Ϥĺݣ̧ͷȴһİ˱Ů˽ 
ǣ 
Ұ 
ϤؿǰӡỨ 
ܿˣڻˡ 
ǵģһˡܿ˷ŮرסԼӣôֲڵ˫֣Ĩȥ۽ǵˮ⼸꣬ˡԺҲóȥˡ 
ܿ졣õϢĴǣӿ˽ܿ˵ļҡǣףؽܿ˵ĹѯԼ˵ϢǲͣսϵĹ¡ܿһĵػشǵ⣬ʱʱһд˵Ů¶ҸЦݡ 
𣿡ַܿѯʣ˼ػش𣬡Һͬӵġ˵ں˹ﵱ˸ӳսǰ˹Ĳӳ˸̣֪ˣһֱû֪ͨӦûµġ 
𣿡ַʧػش 
ܿ˴˵еҪսĻӦû֪ͨġַ 
ڣ߹ˡܿߵǰþõؿǰũߡ 
û֪᲻ء 
ԭֲǲᡣݻش𣬡ͻˡ 
ǰܿ˿ӣĿ˵ᣬҪð뱲ء 
š 
һʱ䣬˲˵Ժۡµİף˳ȥͬȥˡ 
ֵȲˡַʧݿ˵ǻؼңɡ 
š 
׼ʱͻȻɽ·ľͷһҴҸӰ 
ٵȵȿ֪˭ַݿ˵ 
ڣ˽߽ˡ 
̩񲮲ݿϳӣк 
еӽŲͣһͣشŽŮ¶Ц⡣ 
ԭݿɰַİɡ 
ǵģܵȲݿɲػش 
ɣ˹һˣˡ̩˵ȲˣҪȸϻؼˡ 
ȵȣ̩񲮲 
ʲô£̩ɻַ 
ַ˼οڣȴ֪˵ 
 
Сôˣֹ̩ţ½ַĽŲ 
ڣǰеַĹǰͣ˽Ų 
СڿʲôЦ̩ţȴϦĹ£ĹϵĴִ֣֮Ĺ֮Ĺ 
ҿ϶ۻˡ̩Լ۾Ĺϵ֣ȴûһ֡ 
һ̩еڵϷ 
̩񲮲̩ľͷһþöĹǰַСؽе 
ô£˽Լ̩عַļ򣬡ң 
ַֻüһʹȴֻñ˵Ŀ⣬ǰӡ 
ַ磡ݿذ̩֣̩񲮲ְַ˵ģ 
ݿɵĽ̩ɿˡ 
⾿ô£̩ɫ԰׵ĵַ 
ԭ𣿡ַ̩˵һ·ƴϻ¼˵ȵ̫ģû뵽֪ΪʲôҪϻΪʲô·ϣ 
̩񲮲ӲˮַȰЩʲôȴ֪˵ʲôá 
̩ƺȫַĻվײײԼȥ 
ڶ죬ֵصĴھĹصʱ򣬿ִͰĹ˳ڲԶ̩ĹؿڲһѵѪȾĹ 
ǣ˸ӣ̩һͬĹ˽ȥ˸󱮣̩֮Ĺ



ھŽ

       绹ݿɣض߰æַԹܶ˶ˣô Ҳ·̫Զ·ϵ˰ɡַ˵˵սĵطǳԶҪ߼µ· 
ԶҲôݿ죬쵽ֵļˣַۻġ 
˵Żˣſڴŵ 
ȥţҲˡַݿ˵ 
šݿȥ׼ˮͳԵġ 
򿪴ŵַʧط֣վſڵģԼڴˣһİס 
ǰС𣿡İַеĹâ˸ 
ǵġַش𣬡˭ô֪ҽ֣ 
һѣҸ߰СһЩ˳ɵ˵ҿԵͰС˵𣿡 
ֵַʣͬʱѿý£ǰĵַܵҽǰĶѾȥˣʲô˵Ҳһ 
ǰȥˣ˳ԾʣЩš 
棬֪Ϣ̫ģԽÿ¶дƽšַȻ˵˵ʲô 
˲ϻشֻͷգ̾˿Ǳˣִһ˿ɡ 
ҪһϢ˵սʼһսˡ 
Ϣַסˡˮ߳ݿɣ˵ĻӣµӺĶˤ˸顣 
ôᡭַ૵˵Щšѵͽ뷨һ 
ھеĺѡ˵˵սϣǿ¸ңչЩֵܡǣں˹սУΪڻЩ£ҡ 
˵ˣĨȥԼ۽ǵỨ 
ƽʱںʱܺ㡣˼˵ǰһ¡ 
ÿдƽŰɡ 
ǵġ˾ȵؿԭΪӦô޵꣬Щ£һֱƽսԽԽңЩˣҲˡͷԭСӣֻʣһˡ 
˵Żˣ˫֣ӻóһĴŷ⣬һݸַ 
ǰСż滹֪ͨ͸𣬻һӰΡ˵ȵսϣǰⶫС㣬߰С㣬ˣϣ̫ġû뵽 
ַŷ⣬һżһҡ 
һֵҶѡַŵϵңðɡ٣ͽ㣬֪ԷѾˡ 
󲮣Ժʲô㣿ַˡ 
ﻹżҪȰǴսѵˣȻԼҡ˻ش𣬡ʱ޲ңҪЩȴˣ˵̵ʵʵڡ 
˳鴤ݣһߵӺ밲οһȴ֪οڡ 
Ҿ˰ɡòƽ˶˵ǲԺҾǡߣǸҲСҼȻʲôǮǣǿչǵġ 
ˡַܾϻôţӦûкܶ಻ҵ˰ɡҲˣҼȥֵءΪġ 
ڶ죬ַݿɣĹǰĬĬذѻĹһżڰĹǰճɻҡ 
Ĳһ𣿡ʡ 
ˡַش𣬡Ҳ뿪Լļ硣 
Ĺ˸ųصĲȥ 
ַ硣 
ԶȥˣζӵַݿɵͷһˮС 
ݿɣôˣ 
ҽ˵ˡݿ˵ַ磬һ죬뿪ҵĻӦңҪƭңҪҲҪǰ档 
ݿݣַȥСС壬 
õģҴӦ㡣ַ粻ôģϣСݿҪչء 
ݿɵС֣Ҳסַ塣 
һףɵ꣬ 
ֵļֵءݿܻؼҵַ룬սѾˣӣӦûù˰ɡ



ʮ

       սĵһ죬١սϴǣŵģҲصԼСȻˣʹǴŲȱصУΣǻص˵ĻĴ죬ֳսǰͻ ȻսȷҲѾû˴սǣڸأȻ޼ҿɹˣСʿתǿϮׯŻһһӡȻȫˣһʱҲ޷ƽϢڹҵǣ˶սʱòԮ£ЩԼļ硣ſ˴壬ȻҲ⡣ 
ַ򣬻æ׳Ĵ񣬿ũߣڵæŵַкͬʱַ߽ĵæ 
ָ鷳ˡַ򲻺˼æ˴к 
ʲôһæ˻ش𣬡Ҫ˵лǻлءǲڵʱҪѼʳֳǼң͵˶ˡ 
Ҫлǰһæ˵ǾͶ׬ǮֻЩ꣬ݿɳ׵ʱһ٣ 
⻰ַߵݿɣ 
ԣԣ˵˴ЦҪӰѾСӵʱ˵ûǮǳԲ죡 
ɻǣͻȻ¥ϴļ 
ģæļ˶еũߣȺһû 
ַ㲻ðæˡܿ˿ԶһСǿƣӰ쵰ûԣǼ㹻㻹ǻȥɡ 
...... 
ʲôܿ˲˵һ̫ˣ˻ȥ˵ǵţģȥɡ 
ֶǿ¾ͱˣֻ¼ʬ塣 
Ⱥǿˡһ·ʦվɽͷϣսȥټǵˡ´Σǿ⣬ǽʱˣ嶼ܽ׳ϺõĲϡ 
ˣαصôãǵʵһ¾ܰǿʹȫ......·ʦߵһ˵ 
ɱɱȥʡǵ𣿡·ʦӵĻǿķ˳ȥԺˣҲΪǿĹϵȽϲעĿ˵Խ࣬ԺԽʡҪģʬѡ 
˷ǵʱ䡣һ꣬ǿߵķ˿Һˣǻȥɡ 
ַ磡ݿԺеѵؽĶó̫ãɹһ£ 
õģַӦţ˳ƿؽѳصĸǰ塣߽ؽַ˼ٵľ 
Ⱥǿַ룬ˣǼˣȥȥһ 
ģܿһһһȫɱ⣡һΣˣ 
´ǿĴǷԶɽͷϳһȺŹŹֵˣԼӿ 
ǿֵܿ˵ǿӣСˣ 
һһɫĹڴʱǰըˣüը졣ȱʿѵֿǵĴڵء 
ȺôôǿܿӷɿתţзʦнʿҶǿԲǿǵӣרɱ˵ģ 
뵽Ľܿˣӡ 
֡հѶַһľԺͻȻжϣҪܵźţô£ 
ݿɡַԭݿɽее㲻ԣ 
ݿܽ˵ؽѣַҲ˽ȥȻѵؽѵĸǰغá 
һﷴӦܿ찡ǰվɽϵĺ·ʦŽܿ˵ʬ壬Ǳˡ 
ˣѾΧ˴ׯԲܵһ˵ֻҪѲׯС 
ûҪѲ顣·ʦ˵һ̫鷳һСĻʧ֡ǵķʦټơԺ󣬶˾ͻ⣬ħԼͿԡ 
ǡ 
ڵؽַͷûκϢȴûбʾȫ 
ѵεǿôǿ̵ܴ˶ɱˣ뵽ַһڵؽѿڡɹ˺ܾãȴûκεѲϢ֡ 
ԥַͻȻһɻҺɫӽŵķ϶˽ƹ壬Ʈȥ 
ôַæȥֻݿ﷢Ŷ 
ַ磬䡣ݿɶԸϹַ˵ݲͣشżܡ 
ַҲ𻰣һѳһŲʪ˺˿ԼݿɵĿڱסݿɽڻ 
ݿɣ˿ܷŶҪѲ 
ݿɵͷַƺůЩԭΧݿɵĻҺɫںʲôƵģɢ 
ˣʱ䵽ˡ·ʦµķʦָʾٻʬ壬ȻѴˣñ˿ǵĿġ 
СʱһȺʬ壬Žׯض뿪ȼܴ 
˼СʱССӰӵð˳̵ֻؿűճƽصĴׯһᣬ֣Űɽײײرȥ



ʮһ

       ɫǳգ۾£Ȼһҫŵϸ·ǣΪǰĵ·ǣɽ䱼ܵӣȴеϣʱʲôⶼûС ǰŵַͻȻˤ 
ݿɣַæܻȥˤݿֻеС֣һ䡣 
ַ磬û¡ݿǿһЦݣǼ·ɣȻ׷鷳ˡ 
ǻϢһᡣַɫ£׵СǰиǾЪЪ 
߽ݿһڵأݸشŲ 
ݿɺжˡַ򽹼룬ǽҪϵǲܵģϣܳŵùȥ 
ݿɡַ򿪰ó·һŵݿɰסܲ𣬲ȻǿϹġǸϵϣͺˡ 
šݿɽҧݣԼ 
ЪɡַḧݿɵСԴôãۻ˰ɣַ㿴š 
ͷݿ̿İϣ۾ 
ڶڴַƺʲôæ۾սеŵŵַ򣬿Զǰһ˫۾ɫĹâڶԼ 
ǣַͷɿתͷҿ϶򲻹ô죿 
һֻ׳ǣַķ򿿽 
Բ˺ݿɣַһںüʽŶǡ 
ƺʲôǣǳСĵһ߹ͻȻȫһˣַķ 
ַһǴȥһתһȴûַ򹥻ƹȥַ첽ǺͶ֮䣬ǵͺһַҧȥٺˣԶԶַ 
ַ֣룬ֻǵĿֻݿɡĻܵҲ׷ҵģ 
ôô룡ַʹԼݿھֻܿˣҾȻ 
һһɫ¶ţƺкĹǣ˭ȶڣǷһͺתԶȥ 
ԶַһֻȷѾʪ͸ˡ 
֪ݿôŵַͷŶֻһ˫ˮӨӨĴ۾ڿԼ 
ů˰˹ٿգǸء 
ڻͻȻԶӰԼķ 
ǵӣˡôŵӭȥڿǻӣһƣһȴڲͣط 
ǸŮƺ˰ħ˹룬ǵĽŲӣӦò书Ҳħӣô˶ƽֶ֣ 
ĺ˹Ųͣߵǰ棬һƬģİ׹סŮأŮֹͣ˲ 
ллˡкмضԺ˹˵ǵĴׯǿϮȫ˶ɱˡ˽ܵȴ˶Һ 
еĲǶ˹ش𣬡ǺİħҲֻʱѹסȫ 
𣿡к¶ʧɫ 
ֻһСС١˹ش𣬡ǿٶǡֻҪܵطȥһλ٣ͿħӰ졣ĸģ 
ſ˴塣 
Ŷȥĳ˵˵Ҳ˰ɣ㱨ȥϢᡣԸŮǣĺӡ 
ллˡٹ˸ 
ԡٿ̻ʵӣ΢Ц˵ѾȫˡһᣬؾͻȥǵĴӿ 
ɫܲð˹ɫ԰׵ַ򣬡ƺ۵ӣָ¡ 
˵껰ĺ˹һƬʵİ׹ַֹȥɰ׹һӽַ壬ȴͻȻʧˡ 
ף˹ٴһƬİ׹ַ˹ȥһӽַ򣬰׹ȻʧӰ١ 
֡˹ַ˵ħûã徿ô£ѵǹǴӵˣĳ䣿 
Ҳ֪ˡַʵػش𣬡ʱҺþһƬǣΪʲôܲҶס 
𣿡˹һᣬ벻ȻѧʶǳʵڲΪʲôԺѧʶĴʦ̡ 
ǵĴѾûһˡڶ죬˹ַݿ˵ǿѾ嶼ˣ㱨Χǿʲô㣿 
뵽طȥҸ̣еħַش 
Ҳá˹˵Ǵʲôʱ 
졣



ʮ

       ⲻԼľƹƵ룬һֱûˡԺ˺ö࣬Ҳûпǲˡ֪ʲôʱܻصǰӣ λ塣ǣһ˼· 
ַģǵĲӦġǰɫ԰׵ĺӣǴӴóûǮǮǡ 
ˡк˼ػش𣬡ʲôܵǮȥĵط 
һɣǿк壬ʲô 
ܶµġкش𣬡ҲЩٸǮҲҪ 
Ҳˣж塣Ƕк˵ʵûʲô¸Ǯȥ 
ˡʧкƿص֣Ů˵߰ɣݿɣȥҿܲҵ 
šŮͷк˳ȥ 
ֵĺӡǿ뿪ˣ׸ǮҪѲæĻöɿҲ󰡡 
λˣǴ̵ʿ·ûǮˣһˣҷȱҼСǮһؼңҾǴҵĴ¡ 
һؤһ֧ȣȱţڵϣ˰·ߵˣ󲿷ûʲôӦֻˣһǰ 
ɫֵϵҲˣؤ̧ͷ˿죬ʰһ£ȴǰվɫ԰׵ĺӡһŮһ 
ллԸŮǡؤ˵˸лϸشǰֵĺӡ 
ȵȡ׼ת߿ʱؤסǡ 
λ壬ʲô£кʵ 
Ǵİɡؤؿ˿ܣȷû˺󣬵ʵ 
ǵġкСĵػش˾ 
ģҶû⡣ؤ¶һЦݣûطסɣŵùҵĻ͸ 
Ӷһۣؤ 
ؤŽţ˴һϸĴһ飬ȷû˺ؤһŹغá 
סĵط𣿡кʡ 
ǵġؤشͬʱٵؽ⿪˽ŵĲѼסȵľÿչֻ˵ȡ 
ҵĽûˣװġؤĿɿڴӣЦӦвɡ 
š 
ǵǮǴİɡ 
ǵġ 
αءؤ˵ӣûֱȥַҲ˵ǡһɰɣ㿴۲֪ࡣ 
Ӷһۣҡҡͷ 
廹׬Ǯһԭİɡ 
ǵġкش𣬡õʥֵʦֵħ̴Ҳû취Ҫ׬·ѡ 
ôؤ룬ÿ׬Ǯô𣿡 
ҡҡͷ 
òòᡣؤ˵ô׬ǮûǵʥͲˣ忴ҲòȥҲΪƭˣֶΣǣǵĲȴʵʵģҪֶΣֻҪڽ־ͿԡҲ𣿡 
Ȼ 
ΪνϺģʹˣҲԸ𣿡ؤ꣬Ϻѡʲô 
ҡ̧ͷƺĶˡ 
ַ磬ҶסġŮк֡ 
㻹ǺúɡؤкܺϣҪʲôνϣôҪ𣿼ʹΪҪɺأ 
кȻش 
ϣڳƵУһ 
𣿡ڶϣõؤ˵ 
ˡкش𣬡壬֪ΪǺãǣôĻĵġҲʧ 
𣿡ؤԳЦЦĺءǽʲô֣ 
ҽַýݿɡˣ塣 
ףǺˣǡ 
𣿡ӵıӰؤŮĲ淢Ļкʲô¶óɡνʲôϳ裬ڳԱԺʸ̸ĶԼ֪Ǿε㣬֪ˣ 
ôʲôؤҡҡͷȣȥ



ʮ

       һõʿˣ·ߣﲻͣţһƵѪ·СĵƿԼ· ֪ĸսؼҵʿ·ϲˡһ·˶ͬ˵ 
ǰͬش𣬡֪õʲôǱĺãһǱȾˡʹȥҲܶ鷳ġϴθ˾Ǿ˸ʿ֪ͨļˣʿˣļӲ˵˺ģһǮ 
ǰٹµĺãںĶûñġ 
ǡ·ʿˣ־ȵ˼ 
˵ŻˣԶҲŬĳŵʿ 
ڵŵʿͻȻߵԼߣͬʱһˮĿС 
ллʿţǰֵĺӡڴ̫£ŮȻź·кͷϼûʲô˵ɫǳ԰ס 
ÿкش𣬡ҪȥߣǿԷȥʵûйͳǮˡ 
ˡʿش𣬡ʹǮҲûϳˣ첡ˡǱȥİɡ 
ǵġ 
Ǽ¡ 
˵ֻҪ 
·ȥ¸·ڣز·ȥиӡʿһǴй塣ǵҵֵüң߼ˣ·Ͽˣϣܼһ档 
µġкοȥ 
ԶȥıӰʿţһ£һڿںкµˮǣƺûиҪΣȻҴҵ·ϴ 
ոԼ 
ѵˣ첽߳ӣţȴʧط֣ſվźȦĺӡ 
˭ֵʵҳԵģȻᣬҼһûء 
ǲҪġк԰׵ϸһΣʣֵü 
Ҽңʲô£ 
𣿡к¶һƣЦݣ·ϣһʿ˵ֵã㣬˵һ档 
ʲôһ 
ﵽ·ϡ 
˹أ׼óȥְ֣ 
ǣﴩһӵһᣬһƥһ˳˵˸ͷ˳˻һӣⱼȥ 
ǵġк¶һЦݣˮҲǺȣҲأôˡϣܼ档 
ݿɡڴڵһ£кһͷݸߵŮͳԵİɣϢ£һ·ˡ 
šݿԺػش𣬿ַܿͷȵĺ 
˯ŵݿɣﻹҧͷַ¶εЦݣߵͷÿ˽˫֣Ҳ۾ 
Բ𡣡ĴǸضַ˵ҵҲϵİħҵ֪ʶҲ޷Ϊʲôħȫûá 
벻ҪôԼַæ˵ѹϵİħѾָмˡ 
һȥִ 
ǵģȥ 
ִ˲Сܱȵġ˵ֻҪܵһеİħҲܽʡǮȥȻǵ·ѣܱûкá 
ллˣЩ߻Ҫ˰ɡַۼŵȺܾԼǮ 
úӡ̿ԶȥӰؿŹ㳡ϼɹ̫Ľ׳ߣǲ֪ȶ˸ӦõõԮ 
֪жûصԼءַһŽһźֵ㲸ǰԵͷԼлĸ¶һЦݣת׼߿ 
衣ŮߵĺʵʲôʱܻصңְΪʲôǣ 
˱ҡҡͷȴشӵĻ 
ĿǱǱߵģһˣ˹׺ݵ˵ĺӡ 
ӲһشԼĸ׵ 
˵㣡ߵǰһĺӣ۵һ 
λǱߵˡ˻æ˵ŹòãֻǸӡ 
Ҳҳԣ˰ѺӶڵϣһŰѸ˵߷ɣǱȥ 
˽Լĺӣһ 
ôݿɲ˵ 
һվߵֳ̾ȫսˣĸҲΪ˹ȲˣǱߵˣҪǿԷŮ˺ͺӣεˡ 
һȺӣЦţߵֵĸ˸ǰѵϵǮװԼĴ 
ǡֵĺӽǵǮ 
˽ŵĺӣ뿪ԼĻ 
̵ĹʲôʸһкһùӶֵˣǵβͣȥҪ 
ӣҲù࣬˶ȥ 
˺ͺӣֻԭأɶԼϣȴһ 
ס֣һź·Ůǰ 
һݲ԰׵кҲվ˳ǰЩӿվɢˣΧֵˣҲ߿ 
û°ɡкϵˣ֡ 
ҪǼʣ˵Ŀ֣ԼĺӣԶȥ 
ӣҪס򲻹˵Ľ˶Իĺ˵Ҫסôǵġ㳤ԺһҪѧñ죬ǣǸǵ裬ȫǣ 
ӺᣬԼĸ׵Ļƴصͷ 
Զȥ˵ĻַֻͷһƬã



ʮĽ

       ַ򡣡ƵϰԲӵַ˵뿪 šַش𣬡ݿɵԽԽ㣬ٲ·ᶥס 
Ǳ˺ܶ˵ּģǱȥΣյİ 
û취ַЦСĵ㣬Լͺãʵڲˡ 
ϰ̾һһЩǮŵַУĹǮȥϢɣǵöԵģǱ߿ûԵ 
ôôַࣿϰ˵ 
⼸ɵúܳɫǽϰº͵ЦţǲҪȥβ᲻أȥɣ 
ллַϰ˸˿ȥ 
ҪôһԶŮǸöðϰ忴֣߳ӣ̲סп 
ûʲôˡַӻóһɣݸߵݿɣݿɣټһ졣ѵ˵ǰиӣӦ˵ġǾͿʳˡ 
ڳŶͻȻһ΢Ŀ 
ﻹˣǺӵĿôŵˣվķȥ 
ߵĵطˣһĺӣһĸ˵ϣ˻ƵؿšߣվżֻֻԸͺգؿſĺӡ 
ַ꣡ͺգݿɱ˿ŵĺӡ 
ͺղʵַĹԸϷȥݿɻĺӣȴڶϾˡ 
ַ磬ݿ̧ͷſǻ⺢Ӻˡ 
𣿡ַӹݿϵĺӣĺѾͣЪַŵؿڣҲѾо 
һᣬַϵĺӣҡҡͷַڵ˸ӣѸ˺ͺ˽ȥƽԶֻҰص 
ַ磬Ǳߺˡݿָ·߶ַ˵ 
˳ݿɵָŵķȥַ򿴵ڵϣɻȵϣȴֻ΢΢ظʾǻš 
ַݿŬذѼ˰ᵽ£ǵЩˮһᣬǼ˴ǿ 
ллǡһ˶ַݿ˵ôǱȥһּİ 
飬Ǳߡַش𣬡ǴǱİɣǱҲû취ȥ𣿡 
Ҫʲôˡ˻ش𣬡СϰûˡҲܳҲеϣ 
𣿡ַش𣬴Ӱóͷݵ˵Уǰ漸嶼ûʲôˣҲûʲô⼸ͷţԸŮǡ 
гԵģǼ˵۾һַеʳڴڵؿ 
ллǡڻļˣ˸ 
ÿӦõġ˼æǼ˻˸ 
˵ͷʱһ˿첽סݿɵĲӡ 
ʳóȻҾɱ 
ǡַԾ˺һôôԴǵˣ 
СֵܣҲû취ЦһҲ˵ǰ漸嶼ûʲôˣһͷǶ죿ףͳȫǰɡ 
ô죿ûԵǻġ 
ǹʲô£ǰһ¶ĹâʳｻȻɱ 
ðɡַε̾˿ 
˵ĿⶼַݿһҧסԼӵϣ˲ҽһɿ֡ݿɳû˳ַܵߡַһסݿɵ֣Զȥ˴Ǽˣŭ׷ȥ˫ȣȴζ׷ܵĺˡ 
ŵַͻȻһͷΣڵأݿɼæס 
ַ磬Ǽôݿɴַ 
Ҳû취ôİɡַش𣬡ǵʳĻǻȥĿܾʹܶࡣˣԸŮˡǡ 
ҪŮҲŲˡءݿɹ죬ߵ˵ 
ַЦЦݿɵСԴ֣˼ǰȥ 
塣ݿɵֽӵַ֪ܲҵܲ򵽳Եģ 
ӭӭϰ忴˽ЦݣλǴİɣϡͣԵʲôʲôУ 
ַ򲻺˼ϰ壬ģûʲôٸǮҲҪ 
λϰЦָָյľƵ꣬Ǿˣ˵ʲô 
Ҳǡַ򲻺˼ЦЦԵģԵô 
ͷ20һ100һơϰ忴ӣƾͲ˵ˣǽһҵ˵ķϣҸǴΣ 
ô󣿡ַһ 
Ҳּ֪ġϰЦԵĶȻû취 
Ҳ̫˰ɡ˵ǰʱѾһʳú̧ʳļ۸ô 
֪ˡϰ£˵ʳļ۸û䣬ʱҪϳѣͷѣʿļӰѣǸ۸͡ 
ô԰ЩǮôȥַŴ졣 
Щ˵Ҫôӣֻôˡϰ̾õôģȺ˺ͼ̣Сϰգöһöϧ˱һƬġ 
ûȥ𣿡 
ǣȥ棿ϰҡͷߵǣ·ϾͶˣȥһ仰ĳ¼ǡ 
˵˵ţϰͷյַĶߣЩ׬Ǯ˵һҪϽ˵ģȥʲô֪ˡ 
𣿡Щַͷģǣôʳʵ𡣡 
ûϵϰ˵ÿԷʱеѵʳ﷢ţﲻ˾ǿûġҪȥĻҪ㣬Ȼʲô 
ϰ˵Żַ򴫳˵ԭһƬŵС򣬼ҼһͻȻţ˳ϽֵǱ߳ȥ 
һ͵ʳʱˡϰַ˵ӣҲȥɡ 
ʽҹȥҲʲôˡַҡҡͷ˵ɡݿɣһ 
š 
һᣬǷ׷״Ǳ߸ϻеˣʳϲеֿտգ֣еˣڵ˺ȺżĸˣһȺ޵ĺӡ 
λĻĴϢһϰַ˵ 
ллַòػش𣬡ǻȥûʲô¿ 
Ҳʲôˡϰ˵㹻׳ĻҲп˹ڡǳȥɢɢҲã˾ͻɡ 
ڽ뼸̣õ񶨵ĻشʧڽţͻȻ 
ڽŵǿٵɢһʿѺһȺͷɥˣߵʮ·ڡ 
ô£Ⱥеַߵˡ 
Щȥ͵ʳץסˣЩȥ״ˡַߵ˻ش𣬡˵˵ס˷ʳɱˣһԽԼʳĵ˿ 
ǵԺ͸״ζﰡ 
ɱõɿպƻطѹɤҪ˶ﻹ򵥣 
ʱĵһͷۿǣûзŭûбҲû˷ܣôһ˿飬ĬĬؾ£ţĬĬɢ 
ɫĺӣҲκʧط˷ꡣ



ʮ

       ڶһ磬ַæǱȥǰĹ㳡ѾвＷһţ㳡ϳͺͺ˻ߵغʲôûκҲûᡣ ַڴڵشһһͷȺＷ˳׼߻ȥַ򣬿һСŮվһߣͰ͵ؿԼͣſˮߣһСкؿšԥһַ򣬰һͷݵŮ 
Ů¶ϲɫǿŵĺӵһû˵Ľ䣬Ѹٰͷֳ롣ŮһͷСĵսһССҧڣȻְʣµͷ飬ιкĿСԵСкֹͣ˿ЦţͣŮָ 
СкôˣŮҲ¶һ˿Цݡ 
ݿɣˡַ˵ضݿ˵ 
ͷݿɸ˵˵ַ Ūģ 
ַƣ˵ö 
ֻһݿɿַ򣬡ҳô죿 
ҳԹˡ 
ݿɲ˵ֻǾĿַ 
šҲݿɿŵַ˺졣 
ݿɻǲ˵ֻǿַ 
Ĳ 
ݿҲ 
ݿɹԡַԷġ 
ַ粻Ҳԡ 
úãҳԡַùͷСĵҧһڣݿҲ԰ɡ 
ݿҲֻССҧһڣȻְͷݵַڱߣεַֻССҧһڡ 
˵һͣ˰Сʱ 
ַһɡϰ԰Լӵַ˵мλҪᣬҪ˰æ 
õġַش 
æŵַͻȻһֻϵСŮһ߿һ׷һӡһСк޽ţŶ̶̵СȣŬ׷ǰˣͣصֲͣˮ 
ô£ֵŵַͻȻӵŰͷ̲סһҲ׷˳ȥǿڽ׷ȺĮȻ 
׷ӵַһ°˵ڵŤšܿ죬ӱַˡ 
ӵʳﶼַŭŵϵӣ㻹𣿡 
һֻڵϴϢ 
һᣬŴ޵СкݿɺŮ׷ַߣֲַȥСŮϵˮͷݻС 
Ů¶һмЦݣŬذͷֳַ룬һ룬ŵڵϴϢӵǰ档Ӵһ˫ϵͷһѱסŮ£Χ۵ǣҲϢɢˡ 
ʱַ֣סĵһŨҵ㡣·ǣһſˮǱɿŵŵʿֶʶȤ߿ˡ 
öˡæͷַϰ壬мλˣмʮء 
˸ˡϰЦŻش 
˸ַȵʣ˸˳Ե𣿡 
Բꡣϰش𣬡ǵôΪɣÿǶֻԼڰɡǿ˵ҪǮôô㡣 
Ƕ˶ˣȴô.. 
ϰַļ򣬡ǲܹܵģɻɣ 
ɫڰʻƵſڣͣӳ߳ˣкǫһ߽ 
ϰ壡һӽеǵƲøֳ 
ϰһ̣ 
ţиֵӳһڣ˵ͷȻա 
Ҳ˳׷׵ͷ 
ÿ˶˼ڣ͵ӻ˻֣ǼæϵĲˣֻһ²ˡ 
ӾƵƮ˳ԽԽˣ£ھƵſڣԶԶؿţͣſˮƵǣƺȫ֪Ѿ£˴ˣȻڲ̸ͣЦ 
ҹɫŨ̸ЦŵǣҲ˾⡣ 
ϰ壡͵ӰѼҶϰ壬ˣЩЩ÷ָŵʿЩǴðģ㿴Ű죡 
ǣǡϰ弱æЦ뼸λԵȡ 
֣ؿž£ڵŵȺȺǳʣģ棿 
Ϥ㡣ЦŻش 
ȺڵŵȺϰеĶðַŵʿͿˣʧɢˡ 
ǣĳӽеүǴͣ 
Ż˰Ѱõʳ򿪣һڵϡѾ߿ǣ˹׷ŷɳ۵ĳӡмˣϵĶæ뻤סԼʳȴߵһ׷ųӵǴϲȹʹıǣȫϰеˣȻ׷ԶȥϿһĻļˣЦ˦˽׷Ⱥ 
ؿһĻĿ˹ͻȻǶԺӣǽԶԶȺ˹˸ƣŮӵСк֣˹ 
˹ס˵֣ߵԺӳóһ⣬ŵŮСŮȵؿſ˹õ϶ĻشŮŵһᣬ˳óһ鲼Сĵذá 
԰ɣ̫ûġݿɱСк˺ϸ˿ŵСкСкЦҧݿɵָͷ˹ְѼŮŮŰպõƬ˳Сĵһڿڳȥ 
ڶ죬װĿ˹ݿɣƵϰлȥʱѾ꣬˿ŮСкߵտյĿǰŬ·ʲôһᣬŮ˵̧ͷѴӸγһСţֳ룬СȥСкС 
׼߳ӵˣŮ˹һסݿɵ· 
ߣ˹ʵ 
Ů˵ͷ 
ǲС 
Ů¶ʧɫſ֡ 
λвڲܴߡŮʧӣ˹οˣٻǣòã 
Ů룬˵ͷ˵۹УȸԾϣ



ʮ

       ַ򣡡ͷϵĹͷе37Ŵ죡 ַ֪ĨĨͷ˿ϻȵ̫ǿֹסѣĸо첽һҴȥ濸һᵽָĵط 
̫ȥҲˬɫҲȵڵʱװжһߵͷǰȡԼ롣 
ġͷǮŵַ 
ллַͷ˵ͷ 
ַȵȡͷס׼߿ַµ˵šȻеº˵ 
壬ʲô£ȹ߹⣬ַʹͷ 
ġͷΪѵؿַ򣬡ϰ˵ϰ˵첻ˡ 
Ϊʲôַʵû͵ҲŬ˰֮ǰҲ˵ֲ 
ǰֲͷش𣬡⼸죬һˣвˣţ忴Ǻܺõӣϰ塭 
֪ˡַͷ˸񣬡壬첻ˡ 
ַ磬˰ź·ݿɣ˳˰ɣˮ 
ݿɡˮַݿ˵ûˣҪȥ¸Ӳſԡ 
šݿɵͷش𣬡ַ磬ϢٳɣҶסģҲҪİ 
Ҫ뿪ſԡַݿɵԴʳ̫ˡ 
һӡ 
ݿɣԹԵţȥҹ 
ݿɰһû˵ķַԸ 
šݿɻش𣬡ַ磬Ҳһȥҹɡ 
Сַش𣬡ôȥˡԹԵţ㲡ˣ͵ˡ 
Ҳûʲô֪ӵڼҵ̵õ񶨻شַʧ룬ǵ¸Ҫü죬ûʳôߵõңݿѾһˡУΣҪҵ 
λˣҪͷ𣿡һСƣַкܱˣһ 
ллˡַԼտҲĿڴҡҡͷ 
ץС͵һ󺰴Զ 
С͵ҷ۾̲סǶͷȥ 
ôͷַݺݵԼ 
ݿ˫۾ַĽ̲ס̯ƶ 
СӣһŤһС꣬ҽ͵ȥ֣ 
˵ĿⶼǱߣַ͵͵ذͷУԶŲȥ߳ԺС˨̯ߵĹ 
һַȾܣ˴СӦ˹׷ȥ 
ȷַܲ˶Զͱץסˡ 
ôСͲѧãС֣ݺݵشַ򣬡СС;ѧ 
ַһԡ 
ַôݿɵĵ߳ſڣԽԽɫʲôɡ 
վſڵݿɣˣһ˵һ˹ 
°һ˶ͬ˵ȥôʵĺӣȻǸС͵ 
ǰͬش𣬡Ҳû취ɡǺһ֪岻ãӦǸմģǰûء 
ɲǡǰ˵ĸ˵ûȥˣ֪Ҫؼء 
λв֮׵ݿɼæ߹ߵĸˣʱץС͵ǲһʮ꣬ȥҪ·ĺӣ 
ǰŮ˿ݿɣô֪ҺûأǸģ𣿿Ƕ˰ɣ͵Ǯֻ͵ͷ 
ݿɵһ±ò԰ס 
ģַ׺ݵʵôСͲѧã 
ڵϵַһԣ˵ʿһţ˵أưͰ 
ַȻһԣ޿κεʿֻȥ 
ͻȻ洫һŮ 
λ壬ҸɡŮſǻǻˣġ͵ԵΪҵԵʣԺˣòã 
ŵʿΪѵؿǰŮŲ˲Ҿİֻǿŵġ 
Ĵ˵˵ŮŰ󣬡͵ʲôҿ⣬·ټ𣿡 
ⲻ⡣ŵŮŵʿֽţ涨͵Ҫؼ졭 
˾ĶԻַȻͷһԣվߵʿƺˮڵϵҲַǰĵϣƺѾʪˡ 
мûԵˣʿͻȻʵ 
졣ַشУһ˿˻ơ 
ſڰŵݿͻȻŵĴŴˣһʿһͷĺӣ˳ӶһַۣٵذͷŤһߡ 
Сӣ㱻ͷˣ 
ַ磡ݿɱסַ߳򣬡Բ𣡶ҲãԺҲҪԵˣݿһҲ߰ɣ뿪òã 
šַɳش𣬡ݿɣԲһʧˡ 
ûе£߰ɡ 
ַݿɵ֣ȥ 
СӣղſʿеĶߣٿ㣡 
ŻʿһַľȻؽӹ򿪣ȴŵǼ 
ɲǼ䣬ӵ۾ģˡʿ˸ȥԶȥʿҡҡͷһ̾Ϣ 
ַ磬ݿɵݸ죬ݿ߲ˣ䣬ö 
ݿɣסַݿɣֻûһƬ䣬ǾߵˡҾҵǾгԵˡ 
˵ŻǰߵַͻȻһͷΣҲûվסǿסһôµַֻȫʹ̲ס鴤 
ַˡַͷ̾Ҫˣûݿκòź 
ַ硣ݿɿַԶөԺ󣬵ϣܼ˰ɣʱͲôˡ 
ǰַش𣬡ǾͲôˡ 
ݿ˵ַͻȻөԼ£ 
ݿɣֲ𣿡 
ǰһˣǲˣҸطһө档ַݿɵش𣬡ϧʵˡַ磬Ҳөİɡ 
һеġ 
Ӳ˵ֻǾ§һ𣬵ȴĽ١һȺ˸ө棬߷ţƺҪΪͨĵ· 
ԺеַͻȻƺжڿԼ۾кһ¹ûһİ׷ŮԼ 
ݿɡַضԻŮеϵӣˡ 
ַݿɵĹ£˼ԶƬټө桷ֻԼã޷ǹʹ֮һգһǲ̣ǲƬһݿַֻǣһȥԼҪȥĸ̣Ҳ˵ˡ



ʮ߽

       ׷Ůݿɴַﱧ˿ݿɫŮüһƬ͵İ׹ݿذס ͻȻȫůݿɣԺ۾Լһɢ͹âӱڻ 
𣿡 
ŮӲشֻǰݿɵݵһŮӵСʱһɴŮӣַ˻׷Ů˵ʲô 
ŮӵĻ׷Ů룬еأչк 
һȫɢĺӱַߵŮߡ 
ԭֽءݿǲǷֿɡַ粻ǰ͵˶ǻ᲻ȥ 
ôŵݿɲɵ 
Ӱ̣ݿɰַȥȻ£ǣҲ˺ܶ¡Ȼȥˣ㣡 
ŮӲشֻĿݿɡĿ⿴ŵݿɣֻůġ 
һŮӷԸȥ 
ϳӢ˦˸ޣ˻һͷ 
ҲӣҲû׷ŮӿݿɣĳرԭһҪҵҺüʱǡģȥԺҾͰκá 
Ӱ̣ݿɸ˵˵ллַܲܰҲκã 
𣿡ŮüͷĲֻҪúϢûˣ֪ϧԼ壬͹ȣҪκúѣһᾡġַ򣿡 
ǵģӰ̡ݿɹɵػش𣬡ҽݿɡ 
ȫɢͰ׹Ů§ݿɣҲӣҽϣ˿ǡ 
ϣ˿ǣݿ֣ƺһʱ벻 
ʱѳŵӣͽ˳ᡣ 
ħս˵ݿ룬ܾúܾûʫ˳ˡ 
ȫůݿɣϣ˿ǻǰЩӣͷġ 
ڻζǰĹµݿͻȻ뵽ʲôסˣ۾űԼŮӡ 
ôˣݿɣ ϣ˿ֵؿԼŮ 
Ǵ˵еġݿѾ˵ˡ 
ϣ˿ǽӶ֪ŶµŮЦŵˡ 
Ӧûôֲɡ ϣ˿ĺŮӵԴ 
Ůͷ굽ӵ 
ϣ˿ǱŵݿĽ۹⿴⴫˵еȫ΢΢ 
ʿͻȻ뿪ԼӲõĴԼʻ 
жӣõ֪ͨʿӳԼ¡ 
жӵʿóͨʻʿǵ˵ͷʿǼæػ˸ 
ҽǰŶӵβǣһԶͣ£Ծÿһ· 
Բҡ ϣ˿ÿ·киزˣҽ 
õϢҽȫۼߣһؿַϸݿһЩ⡣ 
֮ҽ˵һߣؽ̸š 
¡һᣬһҽ˳Сĵ˵λˣǲصģ͹ȣʹԭܵˣţҪѡ 
ûϵܰʵ˵ ϣ˿˵ 
ǡҽش𣬡㣬ֻʱѹסĲ飬ǻû취ֹ񻯡ȵ´η»ءҵʦϵħʥħάԭҩҲϣ 
ʥħάԭ ϣ˿ҡҡͷһ̾ϢѹסĲɡ 
ѹַһůԼæ£۾ֻݿһϲվԼߡ 
ʲôطַɻʡ 
򡣡һ׷Ů˽˰ 
ǡ 
λϣ˿ǵ£ǵ¾ǡ 
֪Էͷַ򣬾ȵ˵ 
Щ⡣ ϣ˿Ƕַ˵ 
ԭ ϣ˿룬ƬǴȽħЧûһħǿȣħӵЧƬ֪Ƕʿأƫƫϡ 
ӽŵؿų˼ϣ˿ǡ 
ء ϣ˿¶˾ģ¹滮·ȥŮ 
ϣ˿óһħ 
μ¡һҽģӰڿг֡ 
ҽõĴŮҡ 
ǡ 
ݿɡ ϣ˿º͵˵ַĲûа취ȥԸȥ𣿡 
Ӽæͣصͷ



ʮ˽

       £ǰǱˡϣ˿ǻ㱨 ֪Ҫ𣿡 
ֻ֪Ҫ֪˭ 
Ǿͺã׼ȥɡ 
ַڳ룬֪ˣ 
ء ϣ˿ڳ˵Ȼ£ʱ档 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬Ϊʲô㲻棿һʡ 
˵ĹԱѾŪԹˡ ϣ˿ǲŪͷȴֻ˽Թ˸ϸ棬˵Ϊɱ˼״˵Եʡʵмط񱩶Ǿнڲ֡ϧ̫ʵˡ 
˵ϣ˿̧ͷ 
뿴ڲ֪ǲǰ˵ʱûΪԼ˲һûеĻ񣬲ֵþȣÿʱϣ˿ǵģ 
ⷬ櫣Ŵ죬ŵؿϣ˿ǡ 
Ҳô̡ܲ ϣ˿ǵ˵ϣ֪ҪԼþȣҪԼҲŬſԣܾߵĳ֡أָݣظϳɡ 
ǿһ˽һᣬĹԱһ꣬ӹٸ˳ 
ˡЦè鲽صĵĽŲù³ЪϢ𣿡 
γ粻áػش𣬡Ҫ칫£һŮʲô 
ǡһػش 
 
ˡ򳤼æش𣬡ȻҲ˴ʳ̫࣬ȻӸ߲£СŬ취Բö˵鷢 
𣿡΢΢˵ͷ˵ЩطĹԱ̧̰ۣĲȡûɡ 
СĵӣҲû£򳤼æ˵飡 
Ŷزÿɷ 
ˡµĳʳ˻۸ȻȽϹ󣬿ûй󵽲ĵزСѯ˼ˣ˵һֱ۸񡣡 
Ļ㱨һĨĨͷϵĺˮ 
Ǿͺáص˵ͷȥǣûʲôҪظ£ȥ 
ǡ򳤼æԸȥӣĵȥ˶©һ 
ߵԸ󣬼æɢ 
ټٸǰǣһˣһŴӺ棬صĹԱǣСĵվߡ 
𣿡 
ˡؿ˿Ⱥ˼˺⣬˶ˡ 
ǣɤӣԺѹѹȺ˵ҽأӲġղ򳤵Ļ㱨ҵ 
ȺһͷӶһᣬƽϢˡ 
ղ򳤺˵ΰԱҲְṵ̂˽׵Ҳû˸ҳûĲȡȻеĹٶô˵˵¶̵Ц⣬ڣô˵ġ˵ĲʵǾܺ˵ 
˵껰󣬾ۼǣֻǻ࿴ţûһ˵ 
Ҹþû˵˵ȻʺŬĵطҲſԡҪ£ʲô˵ҾԲᱨģ 
ȺȻûκϢ 
㣡һᣬȻûվָһˣߵ˼æ׷ɢ˵˵ 
ָĿɫ԰ףʲôҲ˵ 
ˣҷʣ˵ˣ͵ͷԣҡͷܿɡ 
˼æƴͷ 
ĹԱ𣿡 
˿˿վߵĹԱǣͣصͷ 
û˽ף̰ɡ 
ּæͷ 
˵ڱң 
˼æҡͷ 
ˡؿˣһ⡣ǶȺ˵ 
̧ͷ˿Աǣԥһ£˵ͷ 
𣿡̾˿վŵʣвͬ𣿡 
ڳַ򣬿ǰһĻ͸¶Ŀ⡣ 
ȥǣ ϣ˿ַ򣬡ôʹȥ淢Ҳ˵ˣ֪ʵֻǵ;˵ûеӵĻᱻǸ 
⻰ַͷ 
һᣬַ̧ͷ¶ᶨɫ 
Գȥ ϣ˿Ƕַ˵ظ档赹ļ죬ݿ˵ˣס취ߵĻҾ顣 
ʧؿźϢǣɢȴͻȻ˽ӽԼ 
ˡӹٸ߳һӣ˵Ϣһᣬ˰Ĵ񡣡 
֪ˡص˵ͷȺҡҡͷ 
ǲַ𣿡Ƶϰ忴߳ĺӣʲôʱôԺյ 
롣ضȺ˵ûʲô˵𣿡 
˵껰󣬾ƵϰͻȻַԼʹ˸ɫȻ˼͡ 
ʲôϰֵ룬Ŭؿַַؿţƺڲͣ˵һʡ 
СϰŬģַĿͣ϶ʲô˵ʲô 
ſ˼ڤϰ壬ַˣ͵͵ָָء 
ʺĴйءϰ룬ַ񣬺Ҹ淢֪ʲô 
ظǸʼΣϰͻȻ¶ȵĹâ 
һ£ϰ˷ܵ룬ôû뵽Ĺ¶Ĵ٣мҶһпظĻ᣿ģ棬֪˻ȥˣ粫һ



ʮŽ

       ûʲô˵ˡվúܺðվȻûκ ˹򳤼æЦҪС˺Ϥǲ˼˵С˵Ļ 
ô˵֮Ƕûתӣ׼ 
ǡ 
ˣ׼ӵʱ򣬾Ƶϰ첽վ˳Сл档 
ʲô˵ 
ˡϰһ˿ڿˮ˿վߵĹԱǣ˵˵ĶǼٵģİնȥˣ 
ŶתӣǸղΪʲôû˵ 
Ϊǰм״ģɱˣϰٲ׺ݵĿ⣬̧ͷأû˸Ҹ淢 
쵰һԱγ˵ϰ壬ɱѪ˵ļһ 
ʵǹԱֻһᣬԼеĵƬ 
Ҫǰεڣ˫ֱƺû֣ڹԱ˵ɭĵ´ξ㣡ѻ˵꣡ 
ˡϰԽᶨˣǰѹҲʳ߼۳ۣ˽̹ȥعʳĲȡȫڵ 
Ϊʲôڻôˣ 
Ϊȱڡϰش𣬡ԽǲҰҲ 
˵Ҫô˵Ϊʲôֻһ淢ˣ˽Ӳʱҡ 
ȷԼ˵Ķģضϰ壬Աﲻᣡ 
СϰԼؿڣתȺǣѵôĹΪٲڸ淢Ժûˣ첻Ǹ浹ǻмӿɻҵضô죬粫һǰǸǵ̫ˣǲŸɱҪȫ˶棬ѵ򣿡 
ۼȺ׷׵ 
ܸ棬ץҲǲܡص˵Ҫ֤˵Ķġ 
صĻ۵ֵȥ 
˭֤ĻصĿƻϰϡ 
Ƕܡ 
ôؿȺ˭ܱ֤Ļģվ 
мƽŲɿ׺ݵĿ⣬˻ȥ 
˼Σȴû˸վϰеĹâˡ 
Ƚܸء̾˿һΣ˭֤Ļģվ 
֤ʵڿµַվϰߡ 
ַ򡣡ؿǰкǸˣ֪ʲôҲܸ棬Ҳû 
סַ˵شˣ˵ġ 
ŶˡؿȺȤȻǸ֤顣 
ȺɶиˣߵַߣϴͷӡַЦЦס֡ 
֮һСŮһСкվߡ 
ڣ㳡ϵˣ׷˹ΧסƵϰ塣 
ܺáɨһɫ԰׵ĹԱǣתԺ 
£Ը֤֤ʺ֮ǰѼϢһ£²þ 
ܺáﴩŮʲô˵𣿡 
ʲôҪ𣿡ڵϵĹԱǣҸĻᡣ 
ˡ򳤿ģҲû취ǸΥ𣿡 
ˣ 
£˵ִϷȲѡػ㱨 
ֽڡһýϢİ׷Ů߳ٸҪ˵ϷҸϣΪʲôΥǵ 
Ůӳ֣㳡ϵȫ 
֤ȷ䡣 ϣ˿ؿ򳤣ʹܸ棬ȫܸ򳤣Ҳûʸȥˣ 
򳤲ͣͷСǱư 
ģҲŹǵġ ϣ˿ת񣬡Ҫ£̫ãʱ䣬£Լѡ˹һֱʼҲӵΪֹ 
£Ⱥôʡ 
ؿ˵̯ȺĿ⣬ϣ˿̾һ 
źҲܸǱڵĻᡣ 
أأ ϣ˿ǵ»˻ӣ 
ˣҶȥɡŵϹŵȺϣ˿ǵתΪͣϣҼסܶ飬ܹ⿿ȣҪԼȥſԳɹˣذɡ 
Ⱥϣ˿ǿ˼ͷ׷ɢˣֻӣȻվַߣÿĿ 
¡ַ˹˹ضϣ˿˵ӣҴӦǣ˾ʹߡ 
Ŷ ϣ˿ǿ˿ӣ㡣չˡ 
л£ַ˵ӵ֣ȥ 
Ǹúӡ ϣ˿ǿַıӰгĹâҺء 
ء ϣ˿Ҵ磬¡ 
ǡ 
Ҳô罨ˡ ϣ˿ĬĬ룬Һ͸˭˵ء 
˿ϣ˿ǷӣȻ󷽿ȥȴ˸գ´˸ġ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣡ߵ櫼æһѷס 
ôˣǸĲϰߡ ϣ˿櫵ͷллˣ櫡 
ϣ˿ǽ㻹ûִ硣룬ԺӲ˺ܶ࣬ҲûЦ



ڶʮ

       ڰٺӣַݿЦԺ׷ þûôˣڱץסݿɣڴַߡ 
ǰһַݿĨȥϵĺˮһΪˡ 
šȵ°Ǵ̻ʴĲκãǾҸطƬأסֺööֲݣÿ춼ө档 
õġַݿվ˾£ӫ⣬Ժֺܶܶݣÿϣһө档 
ֵݿЦɹһᣬĵ 
ݿɣôˣַʹʡ 
ַ ĲԲáݿɽַ֣Ҫݿһˡ 
ɵϡַĨȥݿϵᣬַôðݿԼһ˹¹µأ 
ݿַס֡ 
á 
ԶԶؿűӫΧƵӣϣ˿ȭͷ 
ԲǺ 
ھΧԼӫӣͻȻԶߣ˻⡣ 
ʲô£ӿϣ˿ǴһȺ˴Ҵ߳ȥҲظȥ 
һ޴סլǰ˴ŻһĶӣĶӵΧ۵ȺһȺŻˣżһţŰˣг˿־塣 
ĻԽԽᶫǣڲ߽һ󺺣ߵһȺǰһкקһ 
ҵģкץס 
СӣһѾǺܶԵˣ˽֣ 
кסڵȥȴϷ֡ڣҵһ϶кһҧڴ󺺵ϡ 
ʹһĴɿ֣һںӵĶϡ߷ɵĺӣȻһѪ˿ 
ŭӵĴ󺺣ͻȻԼǰվһĿһĺˡ 
ʥסкϣ˿סкֵȡ 
ȫˡȱҡҡͷ 
кʹ¶һмЦݣСס˫ǰһᣬкĺֹͣˡ 
ϣ˿ǰкŶڵϵȺǰ 
⺢ӡȥĸΨһһŮӽӹӣ˵ 
ϣ˿ǵ˵ͷͷɱ˵ӡֻð紺һĿ⣬ڱñȺ䡣 
㣬⺢ӣЩˣǷʲô ϣ˿ǵûһ˿顣 
Ǵһˣһ 
ǵĸ֣ѹȹǣǽǰɡ ϣ˿۹ɨȺ˶̲ס˸ս˿ 
ѹǵ˻ŵʱǲҷ죬ȴǵļ֡ ϣ˿ǻеĺŨˣԱǿ˵ѹȵʱ򣬵ԱǸС˵ʱǾͱʨӣ 
Χ۵У˵ͷ 
ҾȵľֵҾ櫡 ϣ˿ߵĺŮ¶ŨŨʧ 
ңҲ֪ϣ˿ǽ㡣櫵ػش𣬡ɱĶǻˡ 
أмһ 
£ˡ 
ǽȲˣʱֱҴΪֹ 
ǡ 
˵껰ϣ˿תߣҲͷȺ 
ȵ磬С򡣿ǣȵķ磬ȴҲ޷ͷվŵȺ͵Ϲŵˣһ˿ů⡣ 
ˡ ϣ˿ǷԸϢ 
£·ɽ 
·ɽ ϣ˿ǵͻȻһƬ꣬ҲҲǽ죬Ҳɫ 
˵Żϣ˿ǣɽ˼æҲȥ 
վɽϣ˿յ£þò˵ 
أ١ 
ؼæɽȥһ١ 
ϣ˿ǵϷؼ 
е䡣оɽ紵ӡ 
͵¹⣬·ɽϣҫһٵİ׷Ůӡɢϵķ񣬲ݴеķɳ棬ƺĺˮͺХɽ磬Ҳֹͣؼ䣬ֻб˶įڻ졣 
ϣ˿ǽ굯Ҳӡһᣬ˺ޡ 
ȥؼһƬѹֵļžУһƺֹˣֻϣ˿ϵˮʡ 
ãϣ˿ͻȻе٣ɽȥһٴɽϣһȺ 
žķ𣬳Ҳ𣬺ɽµˮɽķ·ɽֳ 
ȥɡ̾˿ϣ˿ǣɽȥغȼæϡ 
أҪӦһ¡ĨͻȻ˵ 
ʲô£ 
ԣԲԱ 
õģҴӦ㡣ؿ櫵Ŀ̺ϧ



ڶʮһ

       ΰĽ ³ַ򿴵ǰؼľ޴ˣӣҲۣվڵϡ 
Ů ϣ˿ǶŴסĸ˵ǽȥɡ 
ڻعļӣæ˹ȥ. 
¡ſڵϣ˿˸񣬡˺ҽѾȺʱˡ 
֪ˡ ϣ˿Ƕٵ˵ͷ 
Һ櫴ַȥ̻ʴˣأ⼸Ӹλȥסء ϣ˿ǷԸ 
ǡ 
һߵһСǰϣ˿š 
һƽﴫ 
ϣ˿ƿţһ߽ӡ 
⺢𣿡һº͵ʵ 
ǵġ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ַ̧ͷô˿㡣 
սս̧ͷַ򣬿һˣôһĿ⿴ԼվһŮһʿ 
š˵˵ͷûϣ˿ǣҽѾǱˣ⺢ӹȥǿ 
ǡ ϣ˿ַ֣˳ȥ 
μ¡һСҽģˣϣ˿ǹ 
񡣡 ϣ˿ǻ˻֣⺢ӡ 
ǡ 
λҽΧסַϸؼ飬ʱʱһЩ⡣ڣҽ˵һߣС 
أ櫺ַҸ˸Ǵ·ɡȥͣضϣ˿˵Ҫ۳Ҫͦá 
õġ˵֣߳ȥ 
¡˳ȥһҽվ˳ǺӵĲ鷳 
˵˵ 
Ĳģû취κãֻҩӻķֲڲǺر£鷢ٶȺһҪʮʴԭʱûˡ 
ҽ˵Ѿʴԭˡ 
ǵģ鷳ĵطҽüĲ鷢չ쳣Ѹ٣ĿǰѾû취ֹ񻯣Ψһİ취ҩƲ񻯵ٶȣȻһħʦĸ֣öʥħάͲԭϣ 
𣿡 ϣ˿룬ֻҩĻֶܼã 
һꡣãҽش𣬡ҽĻҲܳЩǼʹҲܶκⲡ 
֪ˡ ϣ˿˵ھͿʼҩȱʲôܺҪȥ¡ 
𣿡ϣ˿ǵĻҲü 
ǵġ ϣ˿̾˿ûõƬҪҸʥħʦάǺѣڵʣʥħơ 
ǰҲ̾˿ħƻʴԵħҪתάԵħһóİ 
ݣԼǺӣǲǾӳһֱ취 
һֱԵķ˵ıǰԼһ͸ˣñ˵ͻȻǿȻԵķǺӵʳͻ̫ˣ޷ôǿҪⷽҪܿסĲ鲻ٶ񻯣ָ㹻òſԡ 
𣿡 
Ȼ֪Ϊʲô⺢ӣһᾡ˵ϣ˿ǣղ˵ĻܻþЩʹȥҺϵ³ʥʦʲô취 
лˡ ϣ˿˸˳ȥ 
ˣĲ÷ǱԵķ𣿡ϣ˿߳źͻȻʡ 
ĽӦÿԡش𣬡ǣΪϣ˿֪Ƿ˭ã 
Լ 
ǰ̾ϣ˿һֱҸ˳Ľڣô⺢ӡô֪ⷽȻԼȥ˵ 
ǿ浽棬Ҫпŵ尢ǸﲻԽȥǾͲܽȥ·ŮٶԸԼ˵ȥ 
ȥﶼԡݿСػش 
šǰħңҴȥ 
ԼƽտյģʲôӣȻǾͻкܶԪ߷裬۳һг֣ɹĻħĵһˡ׺ӵʦλϵĺ˵ 
˵껰ʦŬĺǣ¶һ˿Ц⡣ͻȻ۽ǿ⴫͵Ĺâ 
˳ŹâȥʦӣվڽſڣͱȽϴŮĳһ˸͹âĹ򣬶ӣȴԵظоԪڿ뿪ǡ 
ģʦ첽߳ҡ 
Ǹϣ˿ǵĺӡŮټæش 
Ŷѹ֡ʦ˵ߵˮ׼֣ô᲻֪ӵħʣ 
ʦԱȽСӣɫĹ⣬ɫġ 
Ŭ˼εӣҲССĺɫ 
ѧ˶õħˣ 
ӻ࿴һۣãȻҡҡͷ 
Ǵûѧݿɲ˼ػش𣬡ԲǲӦôϿΡ 
شʦֿ˻ӭκѧϰħǽʲô֣ 
ҽݿɣзݺ 
úúáǣҲһѧɡ 
ȥˡʦ룬ô취ݿɵĺӴӵҪ֣³˵³ʦǸǶĺӺ͵⣬ʮɫˡ³ͣûʱָ˷ˣʣҲܳɫȫ֣



ڶʮ

       ˣ֪ʲô£ ϣ˿ǶһͰԼʵ Ҫˡ 
֪Ҫļ 
Ҳ㡣ĽʦзǼӶкܸߵݣѧϰ 
Ӵ˵ּ ϣ˿Դ㾪ȵ˵ҵûע⵽ѧϰȸҶܺöˣҲʵûָǡԺ⼸ӣͷˡ 
ġ¶һ˿΢ЦȺʦǵһ 
Ǿͺá ϣ˿˸񣬡ûʲô£ˡϣ˿ȸˡ 
˵ͷϣ˿ǹź󣬷һ̾ 
£ҩѾƺˡλҽϼҩƿÿһͿʱѹĲ顣 
á ϣ˿΢΢˵ͷʱҴȥǣа취ĻҾ֪ͨǡ 
ǡ 
ַݿɡ ϣ˿ǽԺﲻ֪˵ʲôӣʱҲûð취Ҵַȥõҽ 
ϣ˿ǵĻݿɵУ¶ʧ 
ǽ׼ ϣ˿ḧݿɣǸҽҲа취󣬾ԲԷ 
ǣ¡ݿɵش𣬡Ƿݺأ 
ѧϰ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ݿɣܲκַĲҲҪصģ㲻ûټǡ 
ݿɡݿɺַԼȥʱϣ˿˵˵ħ츳ַеرöоħ 
ʹԶ͡ ϣ˿е˸񣬡Ǹˡ 
á˵ͷݿɣ·ϱˡʲôģϣ˿ǡ 
ˣַǺӡԶȥһλʦ˵жϣ 
ҡҡͷ 
Ϊʲôȥ 
ǵ·ϳԿɡ˵ϣ˿һ𣬲ʲôģҽҲ˵ˣַԲʲô⣬ҲΪȥϣ˿Ǻһӡ 
֪ݿɵġ̾˿ϣ˿Ȼǽ̻ˣҲӰĵӰҲ̫ź 
Ʈô겻ͣţһȺӺźӣһںӵϡ 
æµŵǣԶʻһ޴˻һȺǰͣ 
ʼλ硣ϳĳе·Թӣ 
λֵܡһӻش𣬡ʱﾡ꣬ŶˣﻹõģٹǱߣеطˣõǱҲûǰߡ 
Ŷϳ˻ش𣬡˵һˮ֣û뵽ôأЩʦôæ 
ֵͲ֪ˡǺӻش𣬡һֱ꣬ʦҲ°ֻڴط֤ĺӵ̲壬ֵطֻпԼˡʵµ˵סĳǶˡ 
ʦĳҲˣϳҡҡͷôǿķʦȲԼĳǰ 
û취Ҳ˰Ǻӻش𣬡ˮ˷¸ͣ˼ô죿ֵܣ㻹ͣһ󣬵ˮֹǰ 
ϳ˵˼仰 
͸ϳ˵ĺӿԶȺͳԵˣֵܣԹûȻûʲôԵģе㶫¶ܱûкá 
ǾͲˡϳҼ˲ϲ֣ˣλ¡ 
ûϵǺӻش𣬡ֵƣ֪ǸȻ˻һ𡣡 
źߵȺе공򣬿ҳԵֻϡÿճӰӵİü 
ֵܣû취ĺӰһݵ͵ůůҲá 
Ĺô£ںʣôֻʳһǶûˣôӣ 
ֵܣĹٴǶܵȫĵطȥˣô˻ֵطǺӻش𣬡ⶼԼҵĴλ˸ðѺֵطһʱӵÿô죿ֻǼסˣû취ƴ 
Ŷ꿴˿ӵ̣ӵ̣úܺãֵ˵ʧĻ²ǴƵóġ 
ǡǺЦŻش𣬡пȻˡ 
Ŷйâһ֪ǲʶλ 
λǡָָһںˣ극 
áش𣬡λ磬ҲûԶ֪ǲǿõԵȥ 
˵˵㾡áӻش𣬡¶˳Բ¡ 
װһ࣬ȥ 
һᣬ˻ 
á˵Ҵȥ



ڶʮ

       ճ궫ĿкλֵʶֵܣλǿλֵܽС ҽء˷ñӣ¶һӢӡ 
أؿ˿֣ 
ôŵĿϸÿ˿꣬ͻȻ굶ϵıǣɫ䣬һġ 
Сģһϣס֣·˵ˮʡ 
ǡһػش 
ôһ˵ء΢Ц˵ 
Сˡսʱ˹ӡ 
Ŷش𣬡ѹ֣ˮܾͨ 
ˡĨ˰Ѻ֪Ҫʲô 
κӵΣյĵط𣿡 
ǵģס˲ˣһӵ̱壬֪ж޼ҿɹ飬ûؿ֡ 
򲻵ѵʱҪը̣ը𣿡 
ǡҡҡͷط󣬲ʺй飬ԭ滮йĵطѾĴռ˲ٷӣˮġ 
ס𣿡 
ǵġֵؿһеĴĺӲ廰ÿ귢ˮʱҪһûĵ̶Ҫˡ 
ӵĻ˸ 
ʶҵĹ٣Ҽл 
ˣŲԶͣڴеĳɫͻȻò԰ף¶Ȼ̿˷ܵɫС˲ң 
ġطסҼ˲ϲ֣ʱ¶档ģ˶ãʳ͹߾ͻᵽ֮ǰȿˡ 
˵Żʱ򣬺ӵϴһ󾪺̶ֻˮ忪˸ȱڣӿĺˮӵֱǿٵؿȥŮ˺ͺæҵװ 
صͺһӵ̵ȱڳȥͬʱӳһӰһҲӵ̳ȥ 
嵽̵׵һȣγӣһ̽¡ŵӴðŨܵĶѵĺӵ̣ͻȻ£ 
׼ȥǱǰһĻˣվڵ̶֪ôźá 
ѴӶȥӺӵ̣ò׳嵽̶Ŀش˲ֺܼܾã 
ָӵǣææҵذеĴӶȥ 
һᣬһγϵĵϵĶʧһΡͣߵĳһŮӣһѷס 
һᣬæŵǷԶһͷǱصļλˡλԱ󳵣æߵԱߣ 
ʳֶ𣿡ﴫһŮӵ 
ˡͷĹԱСĵػش 
̫ˡŮ˵û𣿡 
ӦֵܼסǹԱش 
ò˻ȥŮ˵طСôûá˶࣬Ҫʹһˣ㻹ǲģǲСطԺעǡУйĵطķӣ˭Ķˡ 
ǡ 
סڴҲˡŮ̾˿ϣܼס㣬˭ˮĹԱ 
СˡһԱվ˳ 
״ 
εѾͣˡǹԱ㱨ĺˮᾭ˽ͰȫˡĴ˹ĽӦûͣ 
ǾͺáŮ˵һȹɣԼˣصԼȥ°æ˾Ϳԡ 
ŻһƬɫĹâȺƣȺоָֻˡ 
ǻȥɡŮ˵ҺظͿԣΪҺñĵطܿࡣ 
ǡԱ˸Ĵٱȥ 
ˡŮ˵ϢһᣬҺȱһӵ̡ 
ҡӵʿӳСսʱǺ˹ľӳ޵¾һõ۶ԼϢ 
ʿĻ֪ڳ˵ݡӵ£ͻȻһƬž 
ϢʱҪϢŮĻһ˿Σ˶ˣְͿԣ̫Լ 
ӳ˸ߵɰߣ˿ӣ̶ȥµʿҲæ׷ױɰӵȥԭƣĴǣƺһͻȻָҲһӣ첽ӵ̡ 
ǵµڳĽؿһеݿ룬κλظħǿΪܸģ



ڶʮĽ

       ̨ױڵĲĴţվſڵļ̾ʲôһ٣վ ӡ˺һļͻȻʵڳﻹжٵطûͣ 
ˣֻʣˡٻش 
Ŷжˣ 
Լһǧˡ 
𣿡ֿһᣬҩƷʳֶ֧ã 
ʳʱû⡣ӻش𣬡ҩƷѾûˣûҩΡ 
ͣٻʮ졣̾˿鷳 
ǵġӻش𣬡ҩƷּ֧죬̫ˡ 
Ŷشһ߻ 
죡һȫ˸ŰɫĹâ˫ַһݵֻʣƤǵĲϣһߵҽ˵ҩ 
ҽٵظ˹ҩһᣬ˵ĴϢƽЩٻջ֣ϵİ׹Ҳ 
ŷٺҽ˵ȥӺЩҪǡ 
һᣬĸ̵߽鷿 
ˣ֪Ҫʲôʡ 
ŷʣղǾȵĲҼ˺صҩ 
ˡŷͷش𣬡Сܣǲ˿ֻټ졣 
ħҲû취𣿡 
ǵģˡһ߻ش𣬡ܶಡħƵġ 
ֲ˶𣿡 
ˣмʮˡŷش𣬡ڲ˲ͣӣҩֲٹ죬ҩûˣܶಡֻһˡ 
ҩﹻĻʵвܾȵ𣿡 
ǵġżӵ˹âа취 
Ҳش 
ӣеۣĹ㸺¡ŷҲһ󣬼Ը 
ǣ˱ع塣˹ش 
ǴȥЩûȵĲˡ 
˼æǰ·ʦĬĬĵط͵İ׹֡ 
ϣԺ˯ŵͻȻѣĿȥֻһӰڲд 
ˣǼæ˹ȥ˵ڲ״ȶ˲صġ 
ҿͻȥ΢Ц˵ЩʵˣҲúЪЪɡ 
ֻŮʹ˵Ľ̻塣ش 
úӡŵϣȥϢɣ㲻ܵ£ﻹܶҪ㡣 
ֻһůԼ塣 
ָо֡룬󱻹һ 
ˡǰȥ 
ˣܵõĳޣκνͶҿġŮĬĬ˵ 
µû¹ӳ£м˵ƺűɴ 
ס߻鷿ļſΥŮĽ̻壬ѾûʸʥʦˣҲ뿪˰ɡ 
ͻȻõİ׹⣬һʹǰȹȥ 
Ҳκ˵Ľ̻壬ֻӳ顣УһڻصУҿıͰ 
ڶ죬Ŀϣжʮ뿪˳ѾϰǣοſˣٵذѲòãһ׼𻯡 
֡æİ룬˵ǶӦּܼŶԣǵȻԼĲϢΪʲôҲãҩͿЩоȵĲˡ 
ܵŮˡͷæΪԼıͷڡ 
һȥڽСˣˮҲʼȥѵǣڳЦ⣬Ҳֻм̣֪ΪʲôԽԽ㲡 
ڣǵĻУһӣʳҩƷͣſڡ 
ʱںúԾۼ˵ȺˮȫԺ󣬾ҪؽˡʱϣܹùҪΪ˽ν 
ʳƷվڼ鼤 
ʮǰĴ󼢻ģҲһǣ̻ǡΧѣ룬ܻ죬ȫΪˡֻҪڣûвܶȹѣ 
뵽򲻽̧ͷǰӭӰӰһģĹΣУ·վԼǰ



ڶʮ

       ˮȥΥ˵̫Ҳ¶աԶѵǣһϻس ӣ 
̿Զʵ 
ˣѵ˼ˣҲ˾άҩƷʳҲȫλӦòִļĺͼС 
Ǿͺá˿οʧж󣿡 
¶Ҫؽסˣ֮һµأҽҩƷʱ޷͵ЩطҲᷢĺͼУЩܽ⡣ 
ô˵ȶˡ̧ͷգհɡ 
ǵģˡ˵һжѾ׼ãֻҪ̨־Ϳԡ 
׼𣿡૵˵Щ飬Ҳõʱˡ 
˵æµŵǣеĹȥ 
ˮˢǵŬά£ԵưܣƺˡһӶ߽Ůע£ԼУĬĬڣԸԸǣ׷߳ۼڹ㳡ϡ 
ڣҲû߳˵ע£ѩ׷۵ļϴõĸ̨ 
󲻴áԻ˵ 
Ҳǰʱ̫ۡӵش𣬡ʹˣȶʮǰ 
ŮǣĻȺضƣҷ޿ˡС죬ҵŮڣԼĴ 
Ļ̨µҲ޷ּž˵ 
˷˲ˡһ񲻽ضߵ˵ôܣ 
ǰѻش𣬡Ҫ˼ҵΪĻƽʱЩ²µˣ 
ôˣֵ룬ȻһԼҪϸ񣬿ʵ벻ʲô 
ںڼ䣬ΥŮּ⣬˫մѪȵȺȥ󣬼˵ɱ˼ʮ޹Ĳˡ 
Ļ̨һƬš 
һΣһԼоһʹ 
ԭˣڽ⿪ѹͷš 
Щ˵֣һֱġ˵ÿϣҶܿǵڣҸǽʱˡ 
ܣӴһ̫ˣ˵ϢԺĹǾͺã 
ӡԼĵ¶һº͵ЦݣҺѣ˵Ķġ 
ˣԭģҲ̲סҲΪ 
ΣɱӦȵˣ˵οǼʮˣ 
ʥʦ˹̼ɱ޹ڣ´ֹסλӣ˵ս̵䣬̣̣ʥʦƺţΪˣ 
Ҳͬ⣡ӽǰȨҹн񣬶оҲأ 
ӣʥʦоκε̡Լĵӡ 
ҡżشӻһ򣬡Ҫ˺ִ˻㱨ǲо 
žһľƬ 
Ҳߡȥļ˵Щ죬ûһ˯ùǾҽѰɡ 
ħ򵹼ĵӺ󣬼˺ɫĹâְԼǰϳһ޴ĺɫʮ֡ 
£ɱˡ̨´סȺһ֣Щ˵κһ˶ִҵ̡ 
һֵļ۾ 
ãų̂ļ۾ֻ̨¹һصˡ 
ǵ顣¶һ˿ЦݣԼԺ˾ͻֽɱ޹ˣֿܷȻǲִУǾִаɡ 
˵껰ļ˲õĹâ˼˹ӡ 
һᣬһʹڼͷᱧ𵹵صĵʦŴԶȥһʹ޵ˡ 
ӵ㱨ĬĬǰı棬վ 
ʴҪȥϳʵ 
Ӣݻش 
壡ӣأȥӢ 
Ӱڿʧϣ˿һԲذѳת˸ 
߰ɡ ϣ˿̾˿ȥӢ 
ʹױż壬ջӢȥԶӢǰվżǳǿķʦ˲õĹâһ֧ҲС 
ȫ䱸ʹԼķֺϣ˿Ƕһۣÿ 
̻ʥʦ֣ϣ˿ǣӭӼ˽Ӣ˵ 
Ҳ𻰣ϵĹâ˲٣ż壬˽ȥ 
ʦΪ˽һӢˡ



ڶʮ

       һҩ˵ߵĺһ޴ĳͣԼſڣԼŴţ洫һ æԼȥϣҼҵĻ쵰ҵҩ 
߳˺󣬺һ 
СҼʲôСֵĶˣ 
ôҡش˳иѣ 
Ŷشŵĺ½߳ˣ۹ַͣһ£þõضסϣ˿ǡ 
ιͷסַ֣סߣ϶סҽʲô 
ջĿ⣬ؿ櫡 
ʲôÿģǸѾͷеþȡ 
ĻݿɵһΣһѷס 
 ϣ˿ǵ˵ҵĲ͹ֻҪúϢͿԣȺǲҲġ⺢ӻͷٿ 
úϢͿԣЦЩӹҽģҺ˵㲻úõԻʮܼ꣡ 
ϣ˿ǲ߹ȥֻǿ˿ȡ 
Ƣֵܹġ˵𰸣顣 
ϣ˿ǣóһƿҩŵϡ 
ҵҩ 
һĺһѳҩƿ˸ӣһţɫͻȻ䡣 
ҩ㾿ʲôˣôҵôҩģôֻΪӻĲĸԸذԼܽҩ 
ЩԺ˵ɣٿ⺢ӡֻҪеҩҶõ 
˿ַҡҡͷ 
Ĳҽܶκõģûҩܲ˵ԭ 
ǵĿһ¡ ϣ˿̾˿ͷҪָˡƳɱҩӶã 
ֵܼ졣 
и֮롣 һϣ˿ͻȻ˵ȥһ꣬ǱߵҲоҲһð취Ҳ˵ 
˵ҩ𣿡¶˷ܵĹâ˼ 
ġ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡һңʲôҩҼӱ⳥ͺá 
Ǿͺáһˣ㾿ʲôˣ 
ҽϣ˿ǣҲû˵ 
ϣ˿ǣһᣬ˵ǵˡ 
ЩҩӦ֪ ϣ˿ǲ˵˼֡ 
ǰתܻԼҡ 
һᣬһĺԼ˳ 
ߣЩһд飬вٵطȥۣ 
ҹﴵŵķ磬Ѿ⣬ĵˡ櫺أغȣ˫˫һĵ˵Զ˵Ļڵ²ͣϻȥֹţϣ˿Ǵؿ£֪ʲôڳߵӰӣֽһ 
ַݿɣϢˡȵ 
վַȥݿ۽ǵۡ 
ɵϣһʱأ»а취ģޡ 
šݿɵͷŬַһ΢Цɿȥôڿޡ 
ˣǻˡһ㱨˵˺ 
վֻҽҩǲСüҪʾͺˡ 
һͣſڣһȺ˴ӳͷϣ˿Ƕӭӵ˸ 
ˣλǺλˡ 
ǽ̻ʰҵ˸ͷǽȥɡ 
ȻˡЦЦߵһλ˵λҽȥ 
Һ֡³ˣûа취鷿εضϣ˿˵ 
 ϣ˿ǵ¶ŨŨʧ 
ɢأԶԶӰϦŬػų 
бȽСӰֵ룬Ӧѧϰħ𣿡 
˫ĽﱻԶԶ𿪣ڴһӼæܹȥ 
 
СѾļˣȥˡ 
ٲҺǵĲԽԽԶ 
ݴ˵ˣʲʺʥħ㻹ǻȥħʦɡģԺͿԡ 
ҡҡͷ 
ǽӽڵ𣿡ôŵأ˹ȥ 
ӿ߹æ 
īƣôϰ 
ǵģݴ˵ҪԼȱǿҪȱ˸ŬĻһֱġīƻش 
һʦһƢݵĵӣص˵ͷ 
⡣ 
ʲô⣿ 
ʺϰϰĽǻԸѧ𣿡 
붼룬̵ͷ 
㲻һѧᡣ 
ѧ 
ôشңʲôԸѧֽ 
ҪˣҵĽ㣬ݿɽַ硣 
𣿡ЦЦҲԺǼɾ͵㡣ңīڡ 
΢ʱҲõġңһŬҲ뵽ʱҪ˵ȥڡ 
áص˵ͷ֪סľû䣬ȥҡסֽɾԽߵˣԽ졣 
תȣַ壬ҲԽݿɣҲ 
ݿɣʲôأ 
ַ硣ַݿɼæᣬַһЦֲݣĳˡ 
ֿһөˡ 
šݿɻشţַ磬ӦҪһ𿴵ġ 
ģһһ𿴵ġ 
ȥӣͻȻϣ˿ǵĻ 
ǸǱû취ֻҪάסԭǾа취 
޷ʥħ ϣ˿ǵΣѾҵǿļλʦˣǡ 
𣿡˾ɥʲôʰģû취ˣ 
⻰ݿɣֻһ˵ȥߵַһѷס¶Цݡ 
µһء῿ݿɵַ򣬿ΧԼӫ⣬ӹ찡 
ݿɵ˵ͷϵˮȴʲôҲ˵ 
ɵϣܻڣѾˣرǣκĲַסһĵʹĨȥݿ۽ǵᣬҪˡݿɣޣַϿġ 
šݿɽַŬؼЦݡڷӫУݿֻãˣԼģر䡣ڣһַð˳ߵƮȥһֱ˵ϡ 
һӣҧ촽ĬĬؿ˵ַϵݿɡ 
ݿɣӴԺ󣬰Լ׸Ů񣬴ŮĽ̻壬ˣǵı˰һºһŮŮׯϵԡ
߰ɡ ϣ˿Ƕߵ˵ָóˡ




-- --



ʮ
һ

       ߴһϢ˹򳤶Աټ㳡ϵ˵ⲿķʦǵĿɽǵóĽۺǵĲһɽĿѾˡ 򳤵Ļ㳡һᣬһվ˳ 
Ǹô죿ڿұΪѾ˵ӵĹͺͺԶɽңĵأȫˣҲû취֡ 
ǰ򳤿Ŷ˿ĵ棬û취סˡʦǺ˵Ƿһأ£жԸ뿪 
̨һƬ 
ʦ˵򳤵ȵȺС˵㣬˵һ󣬿ҲܺãĹȥ￪ڿͨ·ƺܿͻãͨûģңҲ֤պǳĲ 
ǲԸȥôԭվʡ 
Ѿû취סˡ򳤻ش𣬡вԸȥˣǻһǮͷָǣı·Ȼһᾡͳ̵ϰϵҵ 
Ҫ𣿡 
ֻǺͨټһΣʱóԼľ򳤻ش𣬡ҵĻ˵ˣһؼңúÿǰɡ 
һи⡣վʣǿ 
˹ɽ£ɭӱߡ 
𣿡ʻüụ̂޵áǵȥס²꣬ͱԹ˰ɡ 
ġ򳤻ش𣬡Ӧһ֧ȥǣҰޡ 
Ŷûʲôʵˡ 
˭ʲô𣿡ʵ 
ûˡȺþòԼȥټϣʱ 
Ⱥ־ۼڹ㳡ϡ 
˵ʮ죬ǵľӾҪˣԸȥˣҲҪʱȥϵұӡ 
ˡǰվӻش𣬡ȥҲûʲôҲʶʲôˣǺһߺá 
Ǿ˵ҶȥǱˣ 
ǵġҪ֤İȫ 
ġ򳤻ش𣬡ɽѪԲġ 
ʮһ֧ӣŲӡ 
ӭӭλӵĽȥ˫֣λ͵ˣϢ¡ʲôûУλ֡ 
ӵĽæش𣬡λ֮õ˲ţϵȥѾǵҡ 
ڶ죬ʿǵߺǰȥ񣬲ͣػͷԼĹ磬ֱУֻ۵Ļҳ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬ȥʡ 
˸ĵͼ¸ƬӦ˹ɽһȥ￴ 
˹ɽסƬҰϰɡһЦҪͺðˣҵһɱǾֿԳԴ͡ 
Ҫͺˡ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ҲСˣҪƬΪֻſԡ 
ϣ˿ǽ˵ֵĻ櫿˿ߵأ˭˵Ҫˣ 
ϣ˿ǿ˿ߵ櫣ֻͷһů⡣ 
ˣ˹ִˣи˵Ǵѵһ޴ɽһ½ʿʦģ˻㱨 
Ŷ˵𣿡 
˵Ǳǵˡ 
 
С˹͢μλˡһ㲵꣬λʦ񣬡ҼҴ˸λţĿ 
Ŷˣˣ˹͢ȥϢͱȽϴķʦӹš 
ȫߺͱȽϴķʦ˺ŵķڣźеŵݸߵͬ顣 
˲õءźͱȽСķʦ˵ڷӡʱҪˣ㿴ô죿 
һȥһطȻ˾鷳ˡȥıߣ 
ȥϿȡش𣬡ȥɽܵõʲôͿˡ 
á˹ֻش𣬡ϣܵõħںϡҪǵõƬ 
ʱڣǰ֮ʱ򣡡Уƺл



ڶ

       ҹɫˮ£գʵ¹⣬ɴһ㸲Ŵءᴵɭ֣ҡҷҲͣƺе¹ҲҹɫУֻгʱʱԶǺ ³һƬҶһ֦ϣ¡ 
м𣬾ͺʦһˡԼԭʲôˣȫ֪ʦ˵Լڳȥʱ·ϼģʱһʱͿͰԼˡÿʦ˵¶׷ĪӣǣԼȴܴº͵Ц⡣ʦ˵ԼԭʲôҲ֪֮˸й³֣ΪʱӺܶԭ 
ʦ˵ӵĶˣںԶĵطкܶǵͬࡣĽˣһֽŮ˵ʦҲ˵˵ԺԼȻ֪ʦ˵Ǳȥĺãˣܶ඼ܻǻĪزкԼͬࡣ 
ԼСʱɭģӰ嶼۸ԼʦʼԼܶණԼ˵˵ĻԼд֣ԼرĺԼȻ顣ԴӺʦѧЩԺԼӵɭĹܹķҲ򲻹Լ 
һΣԼӹķоһֻС¹ǴιķƴԼһܣòײŰܡʦ֪Ժ󣬿佱ԼһֽԼԺ¡˵쵽ˣķҪ׼˯һ죬ڲƴҳԵģѵҵһʳȴԼߣȻԼǴӹķķڶ˯ʱͻķȻᣬȴɭﲻܺԼܵĶ̫ϧˡ 
ǵõʱԼС¹ԵǺܿʦЦԼɵҪԼеС¹ȫˣǹķЩĶͻȫܶܶС¹ͻɭĲȫԹ⣬ȻҲԿС¹Ķ׷;ȣʵǺܱġʦ˵С¹ΪûԲŻϱ׷ųԣʦԼб£ûǣһҪѱá 
һ󳤳Ǻ˹³Ļ䡣˳Žȥ³һֻ޴ǣվһʯϣ³ǵĳëҹзȥ˵硣 
ˡǰԼںСʱ﷢˸εĶʱΪ棬˽ȥû뵽кܶĻغҪԼСò׶Щغֱһ̲סǺԼģǶԼʦ˵Ժܵһˣ˵Լ̫ˣǰ˷ӡĵطӡǿÿ£Ҫ޿쵽ˣԼʦһȥҪ档 
Ժһʱ䣬ɭĶһԼܣķҲ⣬ʦú֣ҲҲԭ򡣺ӾˣֿʼԼʦҲûʲôԵĵطҲˡԺԼһرķצץԼϣҲԼˡ 
ʦԼһֱǰʦԼΪֹʱʦȥѹǿԼĿ⣬ֺܸ˵ӡԺʦҲԼˣֻǽԼּɣоǾԼİ׷̾˵Լˡ 
һǰʦˡȥ֮ǰԼ˵ĻԼһֱûǡ 
³ʦҪˣԺҪԼչԼˡʦʱô˵ĻԺɭסŰɣ˵Ļͳȥɢɢģ̫Զ̫ҪԿġ˫ʱðˣͺһΣӮˣ͸Ȼ֮³ĵӡ㲻ȥˡ 
ʦԺԼһֱסɭ棬ʲôˣû¾ͺС͹ķ¹ܣʦ̵ĶһֱöܿʦԼôãһƭԼģЩԼͬ࣬һܻʦԼһԼһӶסҲܲϧǲܺʦ˵ϻð˴һܣʵǺܿϧ 
뵽Ĺ³ֻһ죬һֻϣֻԲ۾µµתš 
ء³󣬷ŵߵ֦ϣվԼסɽȥ 
ĵ¹⣬ԾӰϣҹڹ³Ķţĳһ·Ź³صСɭ֣һƬ֮УԵ޵ĳᡣ





       㵽ˡල·̵ķʦǰȺɽһߵĹǣҲ ɫ磬ȿһƬسӪأǺúףһӵʿʿ͹˵ϱȶˣܶޣɱԺԼڱ˶ 
ʿĻȺһƬͺЦ 
ҹɫĽ٣һѶ˺ʿڻԱߴڳȾƣ̸ЦţȻ˰ƣ 
˹һλˣż⣬ߵͬ飬·ˣԺʲô 
ңʵ˺һھƣĨĨ촽˵·ΪǰĿɽҷûûڣڼ׬ЩǮ˵ȻҲգڿֿǻġ 
ƵҪԵõĶģŮҲûһڿĻֿΣգ㲻ûᱻ޳ˣҲŲһ˵ 
Ͳ֪ˡ˹ش𣬡ʿмѣ˵˺ڿ˵ĳͺܸߣҴ˻һ󹤺ڣɻͰȫ˺ܶࡣңʿϻȥģҪﱣˡ 
𣿡һ󺺻ش𣬡ǵԿǡ׬ǮٳȥҲøɲȥˣʱˡ 
ǰһ˵һʿһھƣƵػش𣬡ǣһҪȵߣ֪Ҫء 
ɺǲͬһ˻ش𣬡˵Ҫһôˣ֪ܵõٹķأҲĴ£Ҫˣ 
Ǹǲˡʿش𣬡ܻŻȥҾллˡ 
ô˵ӣ˵ʲôĻġ˹еľң벻ĵ£Ǻúúһ 
ֹһӣ˺ܶʳͲϣһˮҲפأʼ췿ӡڼλʦָ£ԸĹǣҲʼɽڳһǳӣڳĿʯһƬյϡ 
ºһ˿ɽ£ס˸սõ 
λ롣һʦżλӱ˹˸ƣǴ˵ϵĿǰ 
ÿ󣡡һһʯзۣɫǳãʺ٣ʵѵһ 
Ҳʯؿţͣصͷ 
õλĿ϶Ǿͷˡ·ķʦο˵ 
ƾǵ۹⣬ôˡͷ˼æش𣬡ȥɽɡ 
ϣ˹ļλסĵطͷ 
Ƕǵĳŵġ˵·ѾãסĵطҲˣҲдʿפﱣǡڣǵĿ 
Ŀܺáһ˵ҽȥˣصķΧҲܹ㣬û⣬ͶأͶʶˡ 
ҪĿʯܼ򵥣Ϊʺ١һ˵ֻҪһָʹԭȫˣҲܺܿա 
ҽȥ˿ӡ˵ɽеɣַḻԺҪô֧ס󶴲С︽ɭ֣ԭϲ⣬ӦҪһľſԡ 
š򳤵˵ͷֽд˼֣ʲô⣿ 
ұ¯ڻûʼһ˵˵ΪҪܰǵҪ쿪ʼҪһȥָˮ 
ֽϼ˼ʡ 
ʲô𣿡򳤼¼Ժǰļˡ 
ҡҡͷ 
ڿǵİȫбϵġ˵ǵ˵Ҳǰ;ǣǾãӦ𣿡 
λһᣬһվ˳ 
ҾӦ£ôõĿȥطҲ鷳ܶࡣһ˵շֵĿض϶û̵ĵطֻҪȫбϣסֵõġ 
š˵Ҫºóһ𣿡 
û⡣ұ¯˾ͿԿҹһԺóˡ 
Ǿͺá˵ˣ˶ˣԷɡ 
ҹɫˣ򳤼߳еˡ˿յķǣԶɽǺŲӣԼסȥ



Ľ

       ܹķӳ˯չһ˯ľ֫죬˫ۣش˳ֱϣоȫůĹķ˵غһŲŲԶȥ ڹȥԼ˯ֿȥҳԵˡĹķѲԼأڳĶǷĸΪļһԼ˯ʱ͵͵ռԼĵ̡ 
û˺Լ̣˹³ζ⣬ûҰ޵ζˡǸܵĹ³˭ĵȥԵòֶ࣬򲻹Ҳˡһ·űӵĹķһһϲʱʱԼصı߽һԼζ 
괺֣Լ߹ʱ򣬻кܶҰ޴ӲݴƴԶȥǽ˺ܶ࣬Ǹоȥ궬첢ûѩ֣㿴ϵĲݾֵ֪ĻһԼҳԵģԼֲܺѵԼһˣҪĻԼҲҪǻˡǷĵ̣ǼһѲˣȿ˵ҲҰǶ̵ܵһҲ˵ 
һһߺ˼ĹķͻȻǰôۣԼ֪߳ɭ֡ 
֣Լĵ̲ܾô㰡˶Ĺķǰͺͺɽ˼⡣Լߵ֮ǰһƬɭ֣ôֻʣˣݶûѵӱĵطרųĹһܳԵôǼһθҲ̫˰ɡУһðǼһҳȻ꣬ԼϵҪԹ⣬ûûסԼҪ 
ȥҳԼϵĹĹķǰߵʱͻȻһƬӵͬʱŵһ˵ζ 
ǹ³ǼһԶʱеζζĶܺóԡһԼù³ע⣬͵һʳ׷ɽͷ׷ԼѾԼԹˡȻǴαһ٣ܳԵֺöֵõġҪǹ³ǼһԵģôʲôôʹûԹȥôһ˺ܶԵģչ˲ĵطʱͿԳûһԡ 
ôŵĹķԼĶӸˣæӿŲ򷢳ζĵطȥڣķɽ£м³סɽǰĽвһĶǰ棬żѻ𣬶ܶ೤³һĶ﷢ĪڻϷһӣζǴӹϴŵĶϴġ 
ԭЩһԼ̣ô࣬ѹְˡһ³͹Լˣһ³ô࣬ԼֻȥͷˡɥĹķת߻ȥȴЩڿ˿Լ 
ķһʾȻҸܵʱȴȵطֶ³ͬԼţܣе˴óһܷĶشתۼ䣬³ͬܵøɸɾ 
ԼɻĹķǰյĵ棬ԭأ紫ζ¶˾ġ͹³ʱԼκβҲɱԼڳû˵ʱǵʳԹ⣬Ȼǻʱܿˡ 
ôŵĹķѻϵĶռһѣڴڳһᣬķһֵźһȺ³ֵͬװһЩһܵúܿĶϣԼ 
ԼķæϵʳתܣѾˡһᣬķȺΧסĹķһǰȥġ 
սеĹķԽԽ֣ĶҲԼеʹѣƤƣԼһ֣ܰѵԶԶɳȥо͹³սȫһڣķɱһѪ·ܽɭ 
ǹ³ͬ𣿶Ĺķ÷ǳ֣ԶԶȺʰԼͬ壬ԶˡڿǵĹķͻȻͷһԭֻСܣսսؿԼһ۵Сܼæ첽ܿ 
ˡҲкܶܣܣһֻҲ򲻹ҹķ³ǼһͬеĵλӦúԼеĵλ࣬ÿͬ඼ôǿģÿֻܶǹķһһ˵Ĺķ˷վ˳ŵµζ׷˹ȥ 
һҪԼĵôŵĹķӿ˽Ų





       ұ¯ˡ򳤿һõұ¯ź룬ǱߵˣҲѾ׼㹻ȼϣٹ죬Ϳʽˡ ߻ȥ򳤣һȺʿ˻вϴˡ 
ôˣӭȥʵ 
һû˵ʿͣǵķľ˽ɭ̫ǳһֻܣǼһͷҪǹ룬˺öֵܣŰܣϣҪźá 
Ұһ㶼˵ġڸտնζŵԵİɡȹһɭҰ޶ˣͲˡ 
ϣˡʿЦŻش𣬡Ҫٶôֹֻˣ鷳ˡ 
˵ŻˣͻȻľͬʱڱٵҲ 
Ҷãһֻ޴ 
Ǹˡ˵ʿ˵ǿȥɣֻܲһܶԸġ 
šҲСġ򳤶ʿ˵ͷҴҵԼȥ 
ģʿ˿ڿˮķȥ 
סʦܿ͵סſڵʿӳʿǽеӣ 
ʿͽ͵ذľܣȴһҲ˺һƾͰסȥ·ʿɨڣܵŭУʿгɵķ󱻳忪һӣܳ˴ӡ 
쵰ҴҸϵɳķȫĶһǹǰľȥܴһһƫǹǰһơ 
ˣܷӦжôôǿٺ˵ɳķ룬ֱ󾭳͸ϰһ 
Լ˧ȥʿǼæھܺ棬øϣתԼԽ˧Σ֡ɾܺʿǵĹȻסɳķ 
̫ǿˣͣ˵ɳķ룬ǶˡˣֻұǱˡĽƻֻҪû˾ͺá 
ò׸ϵٳסһʿʡ 
׷ŽұǱȥˣʿش 
ϵұٿﳾһֻ޴ܰѵǰĽһƵѰŲͣĽ 
Ŭ˵ľͻȻһ̣Լëһľܼæצ˴򣬰ѻɳķû㶷˾һǹϴ˸ӡ 
˵ľſɳķȥȴһסŭķһ·ˣǴϷ 
ŭľܲǰĽת˸ǰ·˳ȥǸתֻƨһʹֱһǹͬʱǴ·Ҳ˸λá 
һܴһᣬûռʲôˣϷ˼ӣëҲյ˼ڣһƱƿת忪ұĻǽԶɭȥ 
ô˼ʱϵȻҾΣˡɳķл 
̫ôܾˡٵͷźֻܺǿٴһǾͼֲסˡȻΰܣ´¾ûôˡ 
ǰƴӵʱû뵽ôǿĹҪǿ²ſԡ 
󣬾ӷ׼ʿǵķ£ܳ岻ǿĹ£ֻڴڴһܻɭȥ 
ˣǵһɳķұָŶѺõ飬û⣬ֻΪǰʱŪ˲ұ¯ࡣ 
ԭһ˻㱨ɳķ˵ֻͷһΣ鷳 
ǰڶû˸ҳȥˡôȥľĺͿʯԺұѰ 
ֻܲӦġ̾˿Ѿ˱棬ɸЭ㷢ûУķǵĶߣǱĵ̣ϱ߿ǡ 
ӿķת䣬ֻĴȻЩǸ˲˼죬͵õһɥϢϱ߷ľˣһֻǹľǸ˻޲ߵǣֻʱֹͣȴǱߵϢ 
ղķ˹ǰݱ棬ߵӳ˵û뵽ʿԸ˵ĹһֻҪ鷳һˡ 
ǡӳС





       ķͷֳȥˡϵĹ³ԶĴׯ칻ܵģһͬʱǹ˺óһʱ䲻ҳˡ¹ķͷôһЩ˾Ҫ뿪ˡ ԴԼͬɭ־ҲûյʵҪֻסׯǿСطķͷҲкܴɭֺܴ󣬰ԼŲһ¾ͿԡԼȺͬ࣬ѹķǵĵȫռ⡣ 
ռҲˣ˶࣬Ҫ̲ԼҲ⡣ԼȺͬ࣬ͻɽͷϵ򶴣ɭֱԵ⣬򶴵ɽͷϣݶڹķͷ̵ıԵѾûȻϢˣҰޣҲ˺ܶ࣬ⶼԼȺͬĴķǲȺ˸߲Źء 
һһʱ֣ι״ĽϣͻðƻƵỤ֪̃յʲôճôֵ̳̣ǳţӸѬðҶӷƣٹһ꣬ҪѬˡʱ򣬷ŵǹѬҲһͷµȥǲ֪ôܻȥ 
ԼȺͬʮֵĲ̡Լ͹ķǣɱﶼΪӶҳԵģƽʱʱǲɱģɱ˾ɱˣˮԼͬ಻һܶʱɱﲻΪ˳ԵģоΪѰģɱЩճߺСĶҺܶʱ򣬻ѿĶǵѪ߰ڿУһȺ˾Ա߹ЦԴԺɭһɿֻźͽգҲûյº͡ 
и·ˣֵܰ˵κãܴϷǰʦԼ˵ǽħԼ˵˸ôԸˣʦ˵ʱ棬ǿħˣķԸˣǲ֪ʦΪʲôôˡǸħˣζϿӽȻˡ 
ķͷڳˡȺɵΪѹþͿԣȫûֽԼľ׮Ӹһ֣ѾסǵĳȺǰɭŰĴ·ˣҪķǱˡ׷ɱСʱֵֿӣµʱǲ뵽Ҳб׷ɱʱɡķҲѧˣ֪˲ᱻԲֻǣǳӣһȥֱð̵ĽȥȫáΪЩĶȫѬܣǶӡЩƺЩ˺ҪֻҪܰǴã¾Щ˾ֻðˡ 
ķͷ״ԣɱˣȺսˣƺҲرǿܶ˱򵹣ǲùķǳȥǾƾǵô˺ķͷֻ˶ѡҪҪȥǣѹķǽл 
תͷĹ³ҡҡͷȥ͵ں͹ķΪˣԺӻѹԼͬ࣬ߣռ˵ĵ̲˵ѱĻƻˡԺɭֱһ㣬ȻϢҲ˺öࡣҪǿͬķϣټʦǰϽ̵ԼҪɱͬ࣬ԼҲȥˡ 
ʦ˵ɭǿĻҪ۸ͻᱻܡԼȺͬ࣬ǲǿ˵ĵ̣ôףٲ¾ĵĻùķǽôΣ´˾ͲˡͬķϣܵʱķͷﻹŹǵĻԼͰǵһˡŲߣǾùķȫɱɡûǣɭֻúܶࡣ 
ʿͽ͵صֿŹĽ³һЦ췢һХ 
Хֻ޷ȫһȥʿҲ޷ֵֻ޵ĳֻÿһȱڣֻ޳忪ܽɭ֡ŵǣȷ޲ٻ󣬷׷˳˵ͬ飬޲դߣׯһƬֻźͱ˵С 
ҹɫɭ֡ɭֵȻôĳ¹ҫ£ֻгڻ죬ʱʱŷ˴һжԵôгɭֵıԵȴ˽ŵɱ⣬ɳҲɭСࡣɭĴӣ˿ֻŵաڵǣԼӵĶ棬һֻ޴޷ڱɽϣð̹۾ضŴׯƺʱҪԼ



߽

       ǼеڴУһ֧˴ׯ СμˡɳķӵĽ˸񣬡Сܣ۵ô˳ 
׻ͱ˵ˡղķ˹˰֣˵˵ 
㱨ղķ˹վŲΪֻǼֻѶԸҰޣûʦˡ 
̸ŵͻȻ˴̶ľ 
ˣһţλˣҵȥѵ£ˡȸˡ 
ÿղķ˹˵ͷɳķ·ҿֻжǿ 
ʿȺкֱײĹķͷͻȻǸܺԼĽżȥǿİԼ߹һӭȥ 
ղķ˹һЦγĹâҰ޳ȥ 
˴Ľ嵽ſھһڣȴҧ˸աת׼ľǣȴɳķ˵ס 
ķһĵ˴ȥȴֵѾʧȥӰͬʱһķԼе㾪ȵľܲ˷ֱӳʿȺУһķ˼ͼסԼʿ 
󶼺ս顣׷Źķղķ˹룬ǵսȫƾܣ󾭹ѵӡ 
ֿٵĴ̻ŪæҵĹķֽһִĳ˫Էȥ 
ҰޱϾҰޡղķ˹룬ΪҺȺʿһܴ 
͵һ̽ķؿڣֻ̽ȥһ㣬Ϳסˡķ˫צڴϵղķ˹ϣһղķ˹˳ȥ 
ˣɳķʿæ¾ǣΧסղķ˹ 
û¡ղķ˹վ˿ʿùһѽܹȥ 
ֻ޺־һ󣬾ƺֲʲôˣʹһͨһ·ܻɽȥ 
ǿĹæ޲դʿǣղķ˹˵ 
ǰɳķһ߻ش𣬡ħҲûʲôЧҪ߼ķʦǲſԡ 
áղķ˹¶ЦǺԼĿţ±˵ǡͿԡ 
˼ǡ 
ɳķȥоԻҽ 
ǡ 
ղķ˹ˣվڹº󣬿Ųͣ˴դֻޡ 
λãôҰޣҪҩŹ 
ŪǣֻҪһҩ͹Իģ˻ش𣬡С˼洫ĶҩֻҪѪܶҰޣҲֻ·һ 
ҵҩûģ̫Σաҽģ˻ش𣬡ֶҩܿ£Чܿ죬ֻ²СĽ˵˿ڣС˾Ȳ 
˼ҩõֻҪһͿԣǱѪղķ˹˵ҲԼûȡ 
ǵġ 
ҩͿڱЧ𣿡 
Ч 
аģվ 
ղķ˹Ļվ˼ˡ 
ȥһͻͷԷȣС˵Լ˾鷳ˡղķ˹ָԼʿڻĸ˵ǣһ¸ɵʵǾȴӱȽϱְɡ 
ڲͣ˴դĹķе֣εդǳɣֻ£ͿɢˡǱߣѾ˴ӡŭһ˺󼸲ǰ壬üݺݵײդһդײˡ 
ķϵǣږӭģһȺʿֻм˶ѡǼ˿ǿǰʱԼһǸҲ档ҲãֻҪԼסǣǱ߾ͿΪΪˡ 
ôŵĹķһһĵ˴ȥֵǣ˲һˣǰ壬ԼһȻԼԶԶɡ 
ĵ˺رӦ֪ԼһûʲôãԼһ¾ͲһˡǣҪܺԼô򣬺ܿͿ԰ȫſ¡ 
սеĹķͻȻе㲻ԣԼ˺ܶ࣬ǰĹҲ䰵ˡأҲˣվѶȡǿ͵˴˼غϣʵشһķ̯ڵϡ 
ҩЧˣϲղķ˹ȥһݺķؿȥ 
ۿܵؿڣղķ˹ͻȻǰһӰӰ˻֣ղķ˹ֻһɾ޴Լæһ񣬵һ˱ȥһ˼æסԼ˧ӰҲټ׷ɱһѱϵľܣɭȥ 
˾ʲôˣղķ˹ӵҪǾ鷳˰Ϳнʥˮ׼ˣӦģ 
ˣղķ˹ԭأɳķСе 
šعղķ˹ӻ֣Ȼȥ



ڰ˽

           ³Ѹٵذѹķɭһݵϣؼķϵ˿ڡ ֡ϸؼ˹ķһ󣬹³ķûʲôˣôվվ 
ؽŵĹķվǿ˼صˤڵϡ 
ķӣ·ˣô£ 
ϸؼ˹ķ˿ڣ³һֵĵطķ˿ѪһĺɫǴŶĺɫ 
³ɭкܶණġ³ǰʦԼĽ̵ЩжܶʱһҪУԺȥ棬סҪҳԶñŪ˿ڡЩӵˣԼͿ϶ҩƭ˳¶ҩԸԼǿˡ 
ȺͬһͿ˶ҩԹķڲű³һƬңֶҸʶô죿 
˼Ĺ³ǿסͷĻңվ 
Ⱥһа취ǻĻһҲȡ 
ȥǣסķڵϴŴľܣ³ӰͻȻԭʧԶ֡ 
Ŭ޸դʿͻȻǰһһƤ˳ڴڣ¾ͰԼõĹ´á 
㾿ʲôˣָ޸µʿվ˳𣬡 
Ƥƺ֪ʿ˵ʲôֻվԭأһһúǻ˵ѽⶾĶ 
ⶾĶʿĪؿǰ꣬ûʲôⶾĶ 
겻˵ֱȥʿŭΧȴѾ޷赲ĽŲ 
վסһȴǰͬʱѳӲͬķꡣӰһӼѽд˹ȥ 
ͷúǻżԭصϮߡ 
ǡղķ˹˳˭ʲô 
Իӣղķ˹٣һһذѸ˵Ļ˵һΡ 
ѽⶾĶ 
ֻģղķ˹ʣʲôô 
ķԺĵ̸ǡ 
áղķ˹˵ͷ 
ˡҽٵ˵Ƕҩһûˣûнҩ 
ղķ˹ü˸ľء 
˼ٵ˵ʲô׵Ĺ³оżɫ 
ҽ˵ЩʲôʱɭͻȻһ󳤳Ǻ 
Ĺ³ȫһǰˣתɭַȥ 
ֻˡղķ˹ѸԶȥıӰƽʿٻûô˵ˡϣܶסĹ 
ɭĹ³ڹķȦӣͣ쳤ķڵϣͷͣƽʱԱˣڵɹ̫ûʲôֻͷʺ죬ǿֲĺɫǳصĺҲû 
³ֻĿƺʲôݺݴһ£ƺᵽʦȥʱָоˮͣش۾ 
ķš³ֽŽͣطŶһҪѺˣȫܣҾԲɭ֣ 
ԶԶǴƤӳڱæ˾ڣͬʱµι 
һʿõդ³һ´Ĵɢ۵Ĺ³˴ӣȴ徲ĵģ˶֪㵽ȥˡڴƽϣмվоԳͷǸˡ 
³Ҳ˵ֱǼ˳ȥǼ˻еĳӲͬķ³ 
³һת˵Ĺһߵһ˻ȥ˲㣬ֻһת³ϴȥ 
ƴҲҪһ£ôԶǲôŵĹ³ͻȻ뵽ķϵ˿ڣæһתһԶԶ˿ 
Ȼһ˲ңܴ˹ķ˾˵ˡ³ɿתͷǴУ 
ôŵĹ³ӿٶȣҲղסλãֻͽ͵ػеǿֵĹ 
еղķ˹һͻȻĹâһӭ˵ĳһ³ĳסˡ˽סԼһϵĹ³һһһ˲䣬֧ͬʱ̵³ϡ 
һڹ³ϵļ֧ȫ³ȴһ˺ҲûСһ亹Ĺ³ȫӳƿΧˣתԶɽȥ 
Զȫ䱸ղķ˹˻Σ۵һһѪ 
ˣ 
һסղķ˹˻֣̫ǿˣҵǹ룬ǶɳķȥóˣһҪڵ´֮ǰǵȫߡȥ֪ͨ٣ħѧԺ˵˽ʥĵˡ䱸ֻǡ 
ǡشŵļ׼ɢȴֱղķ˹ס 
Ϊ˲Ϯ˵ĴʿǱЩǣղķ˹ţ˵ǿҲˣˣʲô˴Ҷ֪˭ԸǣƵˣ 
ˣͺãˣǺʹһ˰ɡ 
жʿܵͳ˧ղķ˹һѪΪֻܱɱݡҲΪҵľұ븺𵽵ף 
Ըʹһͬʱ˵Ǽ֣ϵøһ㡣 
ðɡղķ˹̧ͷ˿ֻ̫һͷΣ֪ѧԺǱ߻ʲôϧһ׶ѾϼˣȻһսҲһһ˵ľսأ



ھŽ

       ħѧԺһ˺һȴ˳Ͼ˷ܵɫ 磡һŮӵȺȺ˳ס꣬ɹˣ 
סü˻ΣŮԴ 
ϲͨʥʿĿԡѵȺһߵԺһöɫѫ¹ؿڣͬʱһ͵ʥâҲס 
汿ʥâԼֳŮԼӦʲôҡ磬Բ𣡡 
ûϵԼõһС˶ѡֻ̫ˡ 
ӦƵģ治Ǹϸķʦ 
˺ˣԺǵþͿԡ 
Ժ˵ĶУҪħо𣿡 
ǵģˡôԼƿ֣صԺ˸ 
ôҴħоỶӭļ룬 
ԺĵķоĴԼǰ򿪣Īļӿͷ 
ͣ硣Ůվڴǰ޵Ľ֮顣 
˿͡ûҲԽԺŮ𣬡ֲʲôܵĵطֻסȫһȺˣԱ˲ˡ 
ҲԽȥ𣿡Ů¶˷ܵĹâ 
ȻԺŮ֣΢΢һЦǽȥɡ 
˼˰һ󺺣߽ļ˵˵ͷ˳ƭ˸СŮû뵽ͷôġ 
󺺵ĻŮߺӡ 
˵߰Ļ˼СŮûôƤԺӻ֣ת԰˿͡Ц˾ԡ 
Ӣ۰ˣԺʵ 
˵С⣬±дǴ󺺻ش𣬡зǰɣŶ 
𣿡Ů˵ʣҸڵڼ 
ʮɡ 
ۣʮŮ˵ؽ磬ôȥܲ˵Ӱ 
ʮʾж˵ֻг֪ʿĲοʵϣΪսԭ򡣡 
˵곤̾˿ 
ҶʱμѧԺǰ32λʸûаҪǴ󲿷־Ӣսȥʲô 
ҪɥŸп꣬Ժһ˵֪֪ںͿһսǰûϹӢ۰񣡡 
⻰һ¶ᶨĹâ 
ǰλʲôˣŮ²ʡ 
ǼλǺܳŶ˹˹Ůıӣܾź͵ڰλĹھλ˹λ櫹£λعλؽӳ 
ǼλﶼǴ˵еأŮ¶ĹâһλӦϣ˿ǵ°ɡ 
ϣ˿ǷʦʿԺһЦλ˭ҵȤ 
ҪӢ۰ԭˡص˵λһճ˹ɽ꣬˵Ѿнʥˮ׼µղķ˹һͿأѾԮˡ 
ѧߵİɡ 
ǡ³Ĵˡ 
³𣿡Ժ˵ͷĴ˳ֵطҲʲôֵ¡ 
һŵöסˡ 
쵽ʥ˲ŵǰλǡŮ̲סʣǰλ˭ 
ǰλ𣿡󺺻ش𣬡Ŀǰ˭ǿ֪Ѿ뿨شʦȥˣֻпزǳ֡ 
ڴ󺺻شŮʱһֻһţ 
ˡԺŷ⣬˿ݣ¶Ц⡣ 
ڶλѧԺĽ׶١ 
б׶ѧǿʿ̲סʵ 
һλĴ˵ҲӦġԺɫͻȻһƬˣһλΰա 
׶ڰ֮𣿡Ĵһ 
ǰҺáԺش 
Ϊʲô׶ѧŵڶǷôˣŮʡ 
ûյĽԺ˵Ҫսʤڵ˿غֿȫ־ܴ⣬ֻûиˣ 
ˣ˹ɽǱߣô죿ͻȻʵǱ³ĴˣɲҸȥܴ򷢵ġ 
˵Ѿϣ˿ȥˡԺش𣬡Ҳܿţ鷳ãҰţȥ׶ٰɡ 
ǡ˫ֽӹţ΢΢ز 
λ˵еѧʲôأ˿͡ӷɿתһǸ˧º͵˰ɣ



ʮ

       ͨ˹ɽ·ϣһȺ׶ǰ ϢһᣡӵĽȺԵ㶫ЪЪԺٸ· 
ǰǻӵɢѰҶ̫ĵطŮǺԼĺӣǳűʳͣ̾ 
ǵùһ̾òҵôÿ󣬽û죬ͱˣ 
ǰߵ˻ش𣬡ⱲҲҲôõĿˣЩʿؿڷ˵һҪ𣿵ͷ 
Ǹܹǡһ˽ӿڣ˭ֹ֪ǿʥʿ򲻹Ĺﰡ 
֪ΪѺǼλˣһǵ˵ϣǲҪʲô²źá 
ŵͻȻԶ·ϣð̳ 
дӵĽֵ룬˵ѧԺӦöɾĸԮ 
̳𽥽ӽڿ壬ӽǵĲǴһ޴ֻ 
ӽ·ߵǼæ׷վÿ· 
ʻȺǰĺһƥͣ˽Ų 
ѵصĺʶ̲סͷ̾⳵ƣ˾Ǹ 
˭ӣﴫһ 
СˡӵĽæ·վ˵ 
ղķ˹𣿡 
ǣղķ˹˺ɳķλϺ赲ˡ 
Ŷǳˣ 
ˡ 
ϣϵüǷ˵ԮġҪεԱ𣿡 
Ůĸڼλס˵ˣٴһֱľûҪεԱ 
ǾͺáŮͻȻתΪ٣ǿȥԮɡأ 
һƥ˻һųǰȥ 
ϳ˽أӵĽĸ֣ˡ⳵ôɣѵ 
뵽Ľͷð˺ 
ţһʿ׶ʿҷشӣص׶˱棬ɾ񲿶˾ĵĽ´ 
Ϊʲôֵʣղķ˹˵ǽǾ챣ȫء˵ǻȥҲﲻæҰ 
ڲһ˵ע⵽ûУˣǸŮӣϳ˽أ 
˾ĻŵͷҲð˺ѵǡ 
пܣұӻشȥȻӦòʲôΣգǾһ 
С֪ˣżæϻʿȺѡʿ 
˵Żλ˭ûע⵽ߣмλϢ 
һᣬȺɧһȺĴӵ£ǰ 
˵󲿷ʿȥʵ 
ǵġæͣģһ㹻ʿλȫص׶³⣬ʵڶԲסҡ 
ΪԮλ𣿡˵򳤣΢΢ʧķ񣬡ղλ˵Ļǵˡ 
֪ͺáٵ˵ǲλ˳κ⣡ҪʱҪ䵱Ķƣ 
ҲҪȥ򳤳˵ 
ǻȥʲô 
Щսλ˵Ҳ˲٣ҪǹٴһֻĻ죬ǵͻȫ˵ʱ´Ǽʹ뱣ҲˣȻﲻʲôæ޲ǻġ 
Ҵǻȥһҵģ 
ڲλ˹ֲֵ⣬İΣҪ 
ðɡ˿ʿõεص˵ͷ 
赲ҲֻܵΪֹˣһͬ鱻ǹ˴ɣղķ˹ͷ̾ΣһһᣬԲ׷ɱ޹İգ 
Ҳֵܼˣ³еĽø٣ķͰȫſ£ȻǶĵȥ 
սеͻȻԶٵ 
Ԯղķ˹ͷϲƺҲָ˲١ 
ˣ³鷳µĵ֮ǰȽ 
˫ղķ˹ԶԶɿ³ٸϣһͷ¡ 
ˣղķ˹۾ 
һ죬һվղķ˹ǰһ 
˺ǿƮɵĹ³һֵˣźˡİ׹⣬ס㳡 
ֵվ˽Ų³˸ʿ񣬡ء



ʮһ

       ³ԷͻȻֵĶһʱ֪Ǻãæ䱸 Ǹ֪ǵҰˡôŵأӵȥ 
˹³æȺӽӭȥ 
һ죬ֱַཻ𿪣ͬʱ³ͷӹһĪķꡣ 
εĶֺǿǱ߳ϻˣ֪˵ˮ׼ǲǱ˸ߣҪǵĻ鷳ˣҪ˲ſԣ 
ôŵĹ³ǿ˹ƣͼ֡ȻתΪأȴ紣ľ޽ɿĴȻΡȻ 
һ˵ٴཻ˿Ĺ³Ϣеˡ 
³ǿеʱ򣬲ż³ͻȻǰʦĻҪԼؼ䣬ȻȻˡ 
ôˣ³æѹסͷļ˽ 
ӵǰͻȻֵ˵ˣղŵļѾʧȡƽȻͷһشһϵĶͻȻӺ񣬵ϵķҲ 
һ˵ٴཻȴûз޴ؾԼĵƺˮС˵Ȼͣȴ಻޷ϡ³һȦжԷһȥ 
õ˵ķһ㣬ǿҶ޿ײ룬һʱ֪εֵؿٺˡ 
׷Ĺ³͸ϳĺ˵һԣǹɼͻȻִͷӿ𣬶Ҳɵһץסشһһӳѹ³ˡ 
Ǹϳ˺֣³סϳˣüԽǿңȻѶԷɱĳ嶯 
ؿ˶ݺݵضأԼ֪ǺãֻþٵסԼվڳǰ 
ؽס³˵ 
ȷһ 
ȷػش𣬡Ҳоҵĺˡ 
˲˵ֻԭѾҫ۵İ׹øӶĿ׹Լ³غһ 
ϳǸ˷ǳᡣ³룬Ůʲôˣİ׹⾹ȻҺ£ 
³۾һѹסͷӳȥ 
Լͷһ¡ 
һ˵ཻԱ𿪣³ͣһͣȻӳȥ 
ǰĹ³ͻȻһѺɫĽһϢһԼ 
ϳĸǿŤһĹ³һ߷һ룬ǳ˲Ǹ£澿ʲôˣ 
վԼλϣɹ³ν޷ͻķءһߵҲӵ˵ĶҲ˴ǿƿ 
ƿ·Ĺ³æ￴һۣ뿴澿ʲôˣܷԼµİ׹⡣ 
İ׷ŮӺ󣬹³ͷƺһȭһɲǼ䣬һѺɫĽͬصĵصĽֱڹ³ֽϡ 
³һٺˡй³ˣֱУȴûˣҲһ 
׼صĹ³ͻȻԼ³һСӣŲһͬʱ 
ԭûʲôӵİǱֹĹ³ֵ롣 
оӦŶֹĹ³ͻȻ־ýһµͻȻúһ 
Ǹ˭ò׹طΧĹ³һƬֻţȫ֪ҵĶҾĵط壬ֲУ 
첻òԵĹ³һװȫ˽ӣתΪĿ϶תܡû뵽ôܵˣһ 
ȾҪĶŮֹס˴׷ȥˣܲ׽Ϣܲġ 
ŮӻͣЪĿİ׹ͣڹ㳡˵ļϡͬʱһŮӣѼҩݸղķ˹ 
Ͷ˴ݡղķ˹˫ֽӹҩӵϥ£Сղķ˹μ¡ 
ض񡣡ϣ˿ͼλ˵ĽȷҩϢ˵ 
ǡղķ˹ҩҩ裬ųصĽŲͬȥ 
˽ɭԺѾû취׽Ķˡߵǰϣ˿˵ںɭֵϢȫΪһ壬û취֪ľλá 
𣿡 ϣ˿ü֣ûɱǵżĿģȫ߰ɡֻҪǲߣ绹ġ 
ɫϦĹâҫŴءԶɭ֣Ϧҫ£ɢŽɫĹâڴӺɭּƬͺͺɽأϦҫ£ԽԵ



ʮ

       ҹɫ˴أ¹ŵĴӣȫûһϢ紣ҹɫеľޣΧȫܣԵ˵ɭֲ ϣ˿վؿŴ£ֻͷһķꡣ 
ȫоȻϢǿѹסԼϣ˿ǣϵ£һ߳˷š 
¡ 
ϣ˿߳䣬Ժ˵غ˹ 
˵˶ûɡ 
û£ֻ˶ѡȻش𣬡Ǹ˺ɱˣûܵ˺ 
Ǿͺá ϣ˿ǵĿһҳȥߡ 
Ǳȥص˱䣬Ǳߡ 
أ֪ ϣ˿ǵ˵ģһĻһڼֲ 
һȥ𣿡 
̫࣬ͻܵɡ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡Щ£úú̸̸֪ 
³ڴӱϵһŴӵĶ 
ļ˺ǿ³һҪһϵĻԼǶ֡û취ĻֻܳǷֿʱˣ 
ͻȻ³һɫӰԼķ 
ǽڳǸˣ˶Է󣬹³ͷһһˣҪҪ͵Ϯأ 
ŰɫӰͣԼ³ֽŽȴ޷¶ġ 
ɡ ϣ˿ͣ½ŲԹ³ķеٶˣ֪ 
ֵĹ³֪Ϊʲôͷվ 
ô֪ 
Ϣ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ˣҲûʲôϢأڴﶼܸоó 
ΪʲôҪϮȥ¹Ϊһϣ˿ʵ 
Ӧ֪ؿŶŮӣܾò˵óĹ³ش𣬡УȻϢ 
߼ɽͷϣ˿̾һ 
ɭôαô 
ǵļңߡ³̧ͷֱŶŮӣңô֪ǾҪռǶٵطô̶̵ʱ䣬ôһƬɭ־ûˡοķĳ𡭡һҪǸߣ 
࣬ΪʲôҰޣԸԼͬࣿ 
ǵļңš³ֱϣ˿ǣҵѡңɱѣô 
³ʻϣ˿ǵͷ 
ԼĻһ뿪ǣҵҪĿأҲ뿪 
Ժǵˡ³γ˽ȻܲΪУû취һˣȴְɡ 
һмҪ㡣 ϣ˿ʵǰǲǱһɺ壬㣿 
ô֪³ֵʡ 
㲻֪ ϣ˿˵㲻뿪ɡ 
ȥҵɡ³˽ƾʲôң 
ϣ˿̧ͷƽ۹⿴ԾԾԹ³ 
ûаգҵͬôԼȻɣȻ㲻 
ŶԷӳ¹˫³һã 
ƭ˭ڶĹ³ϣ˿ǳȥˣԲӡ㼴ʹһգҲǿ 
Ҳա ϣ˿ǵڹ³ǰͻȻʧһطð˳ʦû˵ϻһֽзʦ𣿡 
ʦ 
³ϵĹâͻȻһ㣬ϣ˿Ʈȥ 
Ȼûľûǻдغͷ磬ҲȻ 
ϣ˿ǷķУڹ³ߣͻȻʧӰ١ 
ںȻȻħЧ𣿡 ϣ˿Ǵһطðϧһ޷㡣 
תĹ³һҫ۵ĹԼͷͻȻһĪĿ־塣 
Ĺ³һ˫ݽ˵¡ͬʱһõĹԼ 
Ǳһ³˹ϣ˿ǵķȥ 
³Լϣ˿˲õİ׹⡣Ĺ³壬ϣ˿ǵķȥ 
ʥħĿ־壬ע㲻ҵĶ֡ ϣ˿ǵضԻ󲻽Ĺ³˵ҵĻٺúÿ°ɡ 
ǸˣŶԷԶֵӰ³ķңȺǿģӲƴĻҲһĶ֣ԺҸôս 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬˰ԶֵİӰ櫽еԼһ˳ȥҺõġ 
ⲻúû𣿡 ϣ˿櫵ͷֻǺ˵˵ѡ 
һߵʡ 
ɭǶĶ֡ ϣ˿ǿϵ£д㯣ǵҪҪƭץסأ



ʮ

       ɫˣ峿⣬סɭ֡ȥţɭ֣ͻϵ¶ˮѵĹ³۾һͷǣµĲݵϡ ȥϮ𣿡žϵ˺ۣ³ŵϸؼǵ˿ڡ 
Ǻûöϵ˿ں󣬹³΢ƽЩǼ˺򣬲Ȼﲻ˵ôء 
۾ŶԼߵĹ³صؽš 
Ǻ򲻹ǵġ³žϵĳëúˣУĶ﹵ͨ£ЩˣǵжԸ˵ġ 
ͷ³֣վҡɭȥ 
ľ൱ǿ ϣ˿Ƕߵļ˵Ȼǰˣɵȵ˺úң֪˻мֳֻٶ༸ֻ鷳˰ 
ԷĿǱƳԲͣɧšػش𣬡ǶԷûɱ˵˼Ҳɱ֡ҪмֹֻǹĻǵľֲ֧ס 
ǵġǰǰҵĹȫɱˣǹ̫̼ܵĴɱˣ鷳ˡصüҲοһãǹ˱ƵʧصĻֻпݴסǸϵ֪һѾˡ 
³ʱǵĵǿᱻɱ ϣ˿̫̾ǿˡгͻΪˣȫֱһ֮ 
˵ŻļˣͻȻ洫޴ 
ô£кܶ ϣ˿ֵ˵أȥ 
һᣬؿЦ˻ 
ǰ·Щֻˡ 
ǻʲôѲǻΪһܴǹˣ 
ǵǡػش𣬡ǲ³ǵݣʲôһԸϻˡ 
ʹǻӦֻʿƽҲŻʲô 
ƽкܶ˵ʿˣҪάſԡ 
̫Ҳáһϣ˿̾һ˫ûˡ 
ô죿 
ȿǹ˿õĻǾͻƬΧ֤ǽޡȻֻ취ץˡ 
룬õġ 
ǰ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ǣҲõġ 
죬ɭﶼжϮׯˣɭֳ֣һƬա 
˾Ͳһһĵضͬ˵ǸˣҲˡ 
ǰͬ𾴵Ŀ⣬ϣ˿סӣٴ˵¿˵Ĵˣһǿķʦأ 
˼죬ȥ̽·ʿ˵˻ 
ɭ˺ܶޣֻҪ˿ɭ֣Ǿͻ򿿽˹ 
ղķ˹Ļ㱨ϣ˿ǵ˵ͷ 
Ҳ֪ҪסÿƬطҪһֱȥҲûʲô塣 
ǵġػش𣬡ǲǽǿ׼ǲҽɭ֡鷳ǣǲǺȥ 
ǰ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ͷֻаǹץһ·ߡֻҪץסҰޣͺöԸˡ 
Ҫץסǹˣ׵¡˵οʹץס벻ֲܣѰ 
Ҳû취 ϣ˿룬ҼиرķɵģжƻңпħԶ̲ݵӣÿҲƶҾͽ 
ֶ𣿡صͷҪǵľǹ˹ؽˡ 
Ҳõȵ˵˵ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ʱ䣬ֻúȥˡ 
˵ϣ˿һ 
ڵĻֵˡ 
ϣ˿ߵļˣͷһԡ 
ħѧԺǱߣʲô 
ǵ˼׶ػش 
׶٣֪Ͳˡ 
ǵġػش𣬡˵ˮ׼ûȤĵزңǼһǸϲµӢ۵ļһǺġ 
ǰˣͻɡ ϣ˿ǵ˵ϧˣûǵ



ʮĽ

       бɢɫĹâء˹ɽµô壬һҼðĴ̡һũˣũߣ̸ЦŸϻؼҡڴӵĹ㳡׷ţֵЦͿֵա Ṳ̊ϦĻԹ⣬߽˴ӡ 
˼ңпס޵ĵط𣿡ӣһλ̶ˡ 
λİɡ˶˵һ궼ûûʲôõ֮ġλĻҼҵǿڳס 
лл˼ҡŮϣ¶˻Цݡ 
ӣ˰˴һǰеλˣ׼Եģ 
֪ˣĻش߳һλϸЦеĿŷÿͣλȵȣȥ׼Եġ 
˼ңҲŮϸ߽ӡ 
ˣ㻹Ǻ߽ӵŮЦ˵ҵôƯֶµŮ֪Ǽأ 
˼ҹˡ΢΢һ죬ãģ½ȥԺܶ鷳 
Ŷۡ˴˸ǳòôء 
ͬĸá 
ѹ֡˵˵ͷˣɽֵĵطʲô 
ħѧԺѧԺίͷš 
ôƫԶĵطţ 
ǵġҪȥݿ壬͸ǵѧ׶١ 
׶ǺӣüȥסĵطҪɽءǺӺЩǰ˵Ҫȥ棬ս֣뵱µһǰֻˣ˺ûʲôӣ֪ʲô˵ھԼһ˷ʱ֪ʲôʱſϰֵأȥʲôµһΡ 
׶ѧΪ򲻹˲Żġ꼱æ⣬Ժ˵һأ˵ӵԭǺйء 
Ǻôǿ˲˼ʣ˺ü꣬û˺֡ˣǰ˵иҹҲû˵˵ڶ˾ˡ 
ͷӣԷˣ 
껹˵ʲôʱϸ 
ԷԷЦǺǵ˵극ٺ˵˵Ǻӵ¡ 
ҹɫסӣ˼ңһҼ˵ƹ⡣һŮλˣ¯ߣŻ¯žžһλ꣬Ź¡ 
Լ书ʮץסҪؽӳǶִս͵£ΪûжӡŮ˸Ĺâ׶ѧǸʲôﰡ 
ҲûЦҵʱһûѧԺѧϰءٹ죬Ϳۼˡ 
ˣһǸŮ˫ԼеĹʸˡ 
֪׶Ժ󣬻жʧء˿ųڻеŮ΢΢ҡҡͷڻǲ̴ŮΡ 
ѹϸ˵ҪȥҪСİ 
ѵ·ʲôޣ 
޵ûСϸЦմǻᣬһȺ׺ݵǿһһÿһ壬Ͱȫɱ⣬ѴճƽأʬǶִˣɱΧˣŰŵòҳɵڻûץסءҾ֣׶ǺӣôԼһɽȥҲû£û뵽ôǿ㲻ǿȫɱҲ˵ 
ǵȻġŮӿڣЩǿô׶ѧĶ֡һµʱ򣬱ѧȫɱˣԺɱΧˣʲôҲ 
㽵ҡҡͷ 
˹ɽϵŵķɳͻȻֹͣϢһϢؾۼһƬݵϡ 
ͷѾˡһʦģ˵˵ڼƻС 
¸Ŀǣ 
ô塣 
Ϊʲôȥݿ壿Ǵɽʲô±Ҫü֪ºءһʿģʡ 
ﲻȥʦģ˵Ҳǰǣ׼Ǵ˶ֵʱΧǡ 
ô˵ 
ǰʱϢ˵ذݷùǴӣסһ졣ˣԵ޹ 
˼˵ˡ 
ǵģһǶ֣ǳ鷳ˡο˭֪صжǿŪ÷Ǳɱλ˻û׼ãûҪôǿĵˡ 
֪ˡ 
ͷķʦӻ֣һ˿ٵô巽ȥһᣬݴƺʲôû



ʮ

       ҹɫˣ¯Ļ䰵ԭӵֳ˵µİ˿͡۾ССش˸Ƿ һ죬˰ɡµضλЦЦǱǵķ䡣 
߽˷䣬谵ĵƹ£ССĴ 
ˣ˿͡ŲͣźǷѵãº͵˵ú˯ɣҽ㡣 
š磬˿͡ػشţ۾ 
˹ȥӣһڴϨ˵ơ 
ƲգǺڵסضһƬڰСһӴźµˣϢؿ˴ӣӸѴӰΧĹƺŵʲôϢͻȻ 
ĹӴһԾ𣬿ץֱߵĽվź 
˿͡ 
ôˣѵİ˿͡۾ʡ 
ʲô鷢촩·ǳȥ 
šڻعŮæ· 
ŵˣѾȼ𣬼Լķ 
ǿתͷķһӭȥһ˫ֵཻĳҲһ١ 
ôǿôǿֵŵķ²̳ͣѶֱƵæҡ 
һۿҪ·˵Ķֵķĳһѽ񿪡ͬʱˣΧ˹ 
ôֶôǿǾԲͨǿһ߳ŵӦֵΧһֵ롣ʱм˴ӹͣ˲ҽ 
һһѳͷĽཻ˶𿪡ϵļϻ˼ӡ 
磡˿͡Ӱֳ֣߳ͬʱԭվĵĵطһźס 
ղѾʥʿˮ׼ˣ˻ǿķʦûˡӷɿתôɱӣԭҪ취ӵѧԺ㱨ſԡ 
˿͡һõĹâһƬĽУΧļȫ𿪣ͬʱըҫ۵ĹâһʱʲôļˣæٺˣųסԼȵ˻ָӾѾ˵ӰͬʱڴҽС 
ܵͷĽʿ򷢳ķȥ 
ϵڵĽʿʬ壬˵վʬԱߡ 
ˣ 
ǡǲȥ׷һȥĻ´򲻹ȫȥĻ´˴ܵ 
ǵ״ 
еѾŮĿȥҲͦ۵ӡ 
׷ȥȻâɼ˸ȥ 
ǡ 
Ļ𽥽Ϩһ˴ӵһʦ˹ 
ˣһ٣ܵġʦڴڵļ˵ˣһȥ㣬㣬ȥˣʰʬȥ 
ɫŮɽȥ 
磬ҪҪϢ£ŮԼֳĺԽԽͣ½Ųĵʡ 
СٵشѾڸټˣ˺ܿͻ׷Ǳ뾡Ҫϵ׶ѧ 
ǿɽˣҲֲסһ¡׼ˣͻȻߴһ˿Ϣæŵˣһȥе꣬һڵżֻҰ˹ 
ʣﵽݿ壬жԶ˿͡ʵ 
һɽͷǴȥʲôҪæĻҿ԰ǡ 
ͷš˵ܲ鷳磬͸ݿ׶ٴ磿 
ʲô 
ǴħѧԺѧԺίš˵ôסʱ򱻵ϮǴ˶ɱˡ׶ѧʱ򣬰ȥѧԺԺ˵Ϯӵ˶Ǹ֣һԭ򡣡 
ô죿 
˲Źǡش𣬡ǵһεĵطõٶ໨ʱǣͬʱ֪ͨݿ˿뿪ǻᾡӵ˵ĽŲġ 
꿴һۣ˵ͷ 
ȴȥĵطǵ˿ڣҲҪһ¡ 
˸꣬ߵһɽǰ˴˽ȥһƿҩˡ˿͡ƿӣҩֳԼ˿ϣֻ˿һ 
ҩǺá˿͡Ե˵Ӧ˺ܶҩİɡ 
һ͵ġش𣬡Ҳ֪ЧҲ˶ûԼù 
˵мĻİ˿͡ͻȻ겻֪ʲôʱ˻ڿ⡣ 
λ磬ѵģ 
̧ͷ˵ЩʲôȴڴŲ 
˹ 
Ǹͷĵ˵˵ȥ֪ˣǳȥƴˣúñܡ 
ƺĻվпŵݵ˿͡ 
῾𣿡 
һʱӦİ˿͡㶵ص˵ͷ 
𿾽ˡ 
˵껰߳˶ڣҲ˽Ŀ⡣֪Ǻõˣ׷ĵڶꡣ 
㿴˵𣿡 
һһŮ𣿡 
ǡ 
Ǿⶴ 
Сӣлˡôķϣʹ죡 
˵껰ڶеһĲҽСţһ˵ĽŲɽ˿ֶ͡һеڻ 
㲻῾⡣Ӱڶڳ֣첽߽һ⣬˴û죬Ȼһܳˡ 
˿͡Ͱ͵˵ôܣ 
꿴Ŵסˣ¶º͵Цݡ 
ûңҾҪҵ׶١



ʮ

       Ļסˡ ׶ѧ˿͡ŵؿǰͨꡣ 
ʲô𣿡˿͡ľ㵺ʧóһöɫѫ£ 
ѧܣ¡濴ѫº󣬰ѫͬţݸ׶١ 
ԭԺң°ţ׶ٵɫ˱䣬ǰˣǲȥġ 
Ϊʲô˿͡ʣѧϰ䲻Ϊ˱СҪǵʱôԡ 
Ҳ˭ǿ˭ֻԼô׶ٻش𣬡ҿϮǶԵģҲȥѾ㲻ˡҲôİɣֻΪЩĵθѹȣЩΥĵ¡ٺ٣ôȥⱲӶɲʥʦ 
ѧеӦþָˡ˿͡ĬĬ룬ҪôɲʥʦҪʲô˲ܳΪʥʦѧǷʦ˵˵ 
һΪǲȥǱ߳ʲô⡭µ˵ 
ģֲ֪صˡ׶ٵش𣬡ɲһˡǼֶòµˣȥҲò¡ңһĲУȻʰо֣ȥ֡˵ҲкҪ¡ 
˵й𣿡ʣʲôҪǳĵطܷԸ 
Ҫˡ׶º͵ЦſȻǵͷǾͲܶǿˡ·߾ͿԵҵĴӣʹ˵ǻȥҼңҵϢ 
ǵ˺ܶҺǿ 
һɵԿ׶ٿŵĵŮҵıпˡģҾԲʧܵġʮ죬ҾͻϢ 
ڵ״²ܰѧʲôæ룬ʮ󣬲ܲˣѧǸϢǰġ 
á׶վôķȥɢʹ̲ס˼ģҲܸЩġȻϣôǸˣҰܸһȺС 
˿͡Ҳˡһֱؿ׶ʧķ򣬵͵̾һ̫ʧˣ˵Ҳúͨ 
š˿͡תͷƺûֳĻϷ𵭵ĺΣղѧӣǳӢء 
벻ûôش𣬷˴̲סҡҡͷ 
Ů˵ĹȻĥ͸ģʹá 
̫ݿ壬һƬ֮СŮվڼſڣڵʲô 
ѧǲˡĻдһ˿ǣ֪ʲôµ 
һġߵŮţѧӦʮڻһˣһϢġ 
ôǿȻѧĸ֣ҲⲻʲôġŮɫ˱䣬꼱æĿڣҲǵ̫࣬ѧһʱܰȫʰԵˡأ˿͡ǽȥɣٲԷˡ 
ѧһڽģӦǡŮֵ磬ȥȷԼȡ 
õ飬ε߻ӣķֻһΣٵһСʱѧǾԼԷҿɲ춼Իعιķ 
֪ˡ˿͡ڻش𣬡ȥȷɡ 
ʲôˣڴھĴ񣬿һӰԼķæɤʡ 
ҡ 
׶ٰˣ 
šý䱸ˡ 
㴦˰Ǵ˵˵ؼҰɣϱ춼ڵأȷˡСӳȥ˸ôõŮˣôһ˼ҹԼ 
ϱ׶ټæ⣬ֻѧã˵˹ 
ѽ˾ۣڶһǴЦ֮ʲôȥɣ˼ҹ̫ˡ 
ҹɫеȴİ˿͡һӰԼæһڿС 
ѧˣڹӳ£˿͡ˣĻϲӭȥ 
õˡŮϲݣ׶һůôˣôڵȣһһزء 
ģΪ˵ʮ֮һİŮش𣬡ѧ˵ġ 
ҹϻľȷġ׶ٿŮ绨ЦͻȻͷů⣬е䣬վͷˣǽȥɡ 
š˿͡첽ܽӣ磬ѧˣ 
ˡڲ߰ŷ˵ķ׶ЦЦһֻܳһεķˡ 
磡˵ʲô˿͡ɺ 
׶ٲ֪Ǻãֻܶ԰˿͡ЦЦŮɫͨ죬ͷ 
˸ĵƹ£ĬĬسŷů⡣



ʮ߽

       ׶پվԼſڣеķ˵Ż Ҫˣ˿͡ʣջûúϢء 
˵Ҳ˵ˡ׶º͵ػش𣬡²ɱô򵥣ҪܲһܰõģбҪѧԺ㱨 
Ϣ˿͡˵ѾɨˣαȥͨϢأ 
ȥѧԺͻӺܶࡣ׶ٻش𣬡ȻҲһԱ׶˵Ļһ˵Ļڱ˵￴Ƿǳġ 
Ҳһȥ 
˻ûȫãӦúúˡֲȥսûʲôõĵġ 
ǡ˿͡룬ת߻ӣ£ѧ 
ʲô׶ֵʷ 
ЩûҪİɡ¶ֵ΢Ц 
һᣬ˿͡첽˳һ 
ѧǸĶ˿͡˵е̧ͣͷ׶ٵȻ֪ҵպܲã·ûʲôԵģ˵ʱ򽫾һ¡ 
˫ֽӹ˿͡ʳ׶ůġ 
ģҴϢϾͻǵǷݷУԺ˵ʱþҲϰߡ 
ǣѧǵ 
ţ˿͡׶ٵӰʧڳУԼȴһֱǷ򣬷̲סѣѧѾôˣҲÿ¸Ķ˰ɡ 
ҾȥɫɺŮæҴ߽ӡ 
ò֪ܲ˵׶ȥæԺǰðĲ豭ǲȥģҲûָȥæ̬ѣȻ˽ 
ؼ棡һԺİ칫ң˼·׶ٴؼ棬ָֻſԲġ 
׶ٴļԺɫ÷ǳѿ 
濴סšԺ첽߽ңڳ֮ǰҲκˡ 
ڿɽϣҲ˼˼ԺŸڿй˵ȥ׶,û뵽׶ٸⱨ档 
սضȫ屻ɱ¼ص˵һΪʿɥĲģ˰ 
ǵġ׶ٵıָĿģΪ˻ôʬ岢ңȫǾͨĺ֡ 
صĹԱµص¼ҲҪ״̬ſԡ 
š˵ͷôǿĶ֣³⣬ûˡ 
ǣԺ˵ֶԸֲ֮ûǽ֡Ҷ磬ôָƣ 
ô꣬˭֪ʲô£ش𣬡ңƬˡҲϵϢӵеĿƬϣ˿ǵĻ㱨ɭҲӵһƬǲǺǿ 
˼˵ǸƣпΪ 
Ҳش𣬡ûƬֻʣǿ飬ħںϣһ汻ǵõ 
Щ껹²˳İԺ˵ǶøԵϵͳ״̬бҪĻӵħƬĵȥԸӵںϵƬĵˣȥӦǲУǾ뿨Эң´ϣ˿֮ûȥ 
գͨ棬عԱϸսǿ¼̻עǷдϵ߻ʿЭħʦЭṩͣȷṩǿ֮Ϣðߡ 
磬ѧԷˣ˿͡ԺӰе 
ͣ 
˿͡ôͣͺá׶ٶɫȻе԰׵Ů˻ûȫðɣҪעſԡ 
ѧû¡˿͡æش𣬡ʱеͷΡ 
ͷζԷʦ˵Ǻص⡣׶ٿ˿߳ŷķôǺܵõƣ 
Сúõͺáش𣬡ѾϰˡʲôҩûãϢһû¡ 
𣿡׶վȻĴ򶼿ʲôëǻСΪáȥ壬úϰʱĵá 
˿͡װˡ׶ٵӰʧ¶΢Цѧ治һıôҽ㡣ôװһӣ 
磬˵ʲô˿͡һ±ͨ죬ѧֽ̰㲻лҾˣȡЦң 
úúãллôˡϵЦŨˣ˿͡صͷֱֳ۾



ʮ˽

       һȺʿһ˵Ĵ£ܵرż޴ˮƺƵӵ˴ӡ мˣ ϣ˿ӭ߽ŵء 
ԼʮˣҰҲ˼ʮֻĨźش𣬡ҺҰҲҪˮԴȻƻǾĲˡ 
ÿôʦڵһΣҲǳ֮ơ ϣ˿ü֪ʲôʱܵ 
Ⱥͬ໹̡ڴ˿ڵҰǣ³룬ǻǲϰߡǵĵֻ̣Ҫһֱôȥܲ˵һ졣ҾͲţôһӣ 
˼ºһӺڼʿһ޴Ķ˴ӡ 
ԮˡվĹ³룬Ӻ·ĵ˿ᶼǰǸ·ôǿɣǸкöŹֵǳᡣ֪ǴǸöľ޴һʲôصֶ϶ʲôͨĶҪԺСĲС 
ڼӵڶӣμ¡һƣĺڼʿعϣ˿ǰͷĶӳͷ棬˵ԴǰǱͻȻ˵¸µսسֵǿ¼˰˵С˴ǰ¼¡ 
ض񡣡 ϣ˿ʾϵվ𣬡ǼҲ˵ǳҪһ·ˣȥϢɣ̸أȥϢĵط 
Ŵأɫ۾ǣԼķݲûûƻĵһ·ӸﵹˮСĵϴһֿʼˡ 
¡ 
ϣ˿˹ڼ޴ȡˮԱߵĺڼʿǣæͷ 
ȡˮ˰ ϣ˿ǿ˿ͣͷǣ΢΢ͷյҪϢʿȥɡ 
£ش˵ˣǸˣмֻ͵ҰޣһܶԸġϱһʿҪǿЩЭش˽ȡˮĹ 
õģҪСġػҪԸ鷳ʿָӾͽˡ 
ڽӽˮԴʱ·ߵĲݵͻȻ˳һӰһһˮ÷顣һͺߣӰڿͻȻһ٣ڼʿѸٸϵ֧ǹͬʱӰһ죬˵ʿȫɡϵزסǵӰ 
ӶӳǼ¡ 
̲ȥ˲ 
𣿡ӳžŵӰǼ 
ش˺𣿡 
ǹ˵Ŀƻˮش˲סʱҪȥȡˮȻѾˮȥش˲еĻĵ²Ӳܵġ 
ǿˮԴʱﴫĺֻ޴ҰޣŴȺȡˮĶ󲿷ʿźӭȥʿŶæµذˮһͰͰװ 
ֻҰû취˵ġڹ۲žĺڼ׶ӳ 
ڼ׶ÿһӣѴͷһҰ޸Ҫ˵ͨˣʣµ˻ע֧ԮѺͰʿʿԸͨҰޣǵɱˣǾʱʣµ˰ˮȫװ 
ںڼ׶ӳָ£ʿǽɷ󣬵ֵסҰһĳ 
Сʱ󣬴ˮӽ˴ӡ 
ıֺܳɫ ϣ˿͵ؿźڼ׶ӳˮˮȫȫ˵Ҳ˺ܶ࣬ʵˡ 
СӦġ 
ںڼ׶ӵӪԱǾۼһʲô 
ӳһԱ˵ΪʲôҰأʵֻҪһѻ𡭡 
Ǵ˼Ѿˡڼ׶ӳش𣬡ֻץסǴͷˣһץס˾ȺףܺöԸˡ²̫ɱˡ 
µĳʵ̫ˡʿ˵ 
ֻǵĳ⡣ӵķʦͻȻ廰ϵµδ 
ô˵ 
ǷʦȻеĸΪԼáķʦ˵󲿷ַʦͨǿľʩչħһǿеḶ́һҪʹԼҪ۵ͬһ˵Ĺ̡ 
ôһЩˣ߾һѵԼȻʱͬ״̬ʩչʱ򣬻ʹõܴǿǳ˽š 
¾šڼ׶ӳ˵ 
ǵġõܵõģõȻĳϲſԡ£ΥȻԸʵ˵Ҳ˵ˡʦ̾˿Ūã±ȻĻ 
ǻ 
ȻˣԶܳΪʥʦ



ʮŽ

       ¹⣬ȻһҫŴءɭֵıԵʱʱҰ߶ɳɳ͵͵͵ĺϵĹ³һƬҶŽһ˫˫˸̹۾˿ա ȺˣȻ࣬Ƕ൱ǿǴͷĺָܻӡ˶ˣñû֮ǰáԼµȺѣֻӦԼĺӾˣҪûʲôչ¾ͻȥʱͬܿʼƻԼɭˡڵԽԽǿӲֻĵصȴᣬ 
ķĹ³̧ͷϵ£ͻȻ˶Է졣 
ǸŮˣ˵ĸо֡սʱоȻеںϣȴΥԼ⣬ǿԼսԲȫԼֵǣкüۿҪ˵ˣΪ¶ԷϷųǿҰ׹ʧֹ⣬ʲôԼµأ 
뵽Ĺ³ҡҡͷȥ 
ɫѾˣӦòˣȺú˯һ취ɣ 
ôŵĹ³۾ 
ҹɫˣڴһСһ׷ŮӣҲ͹³һؿϵ¡ 
ѽһűƿˣһ˽ 
櫣ôˣ㻹û˯ 
ţ˯šµŮش𣬡ҿķӻûϨƣ͹¡ 
һ򶼺ϢģѾϰˡ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡㣬ôôˣ˯ 
ϣ˿ǽ㣬ǲ뿪𣿡ҧһ촽ʵҲ롭 
֪˵ʲô櫡 ϣ˿ش𣬡ǰҲ밡ǣһߣˣҲø뿪汲ڿɽڿұʲôᡣʹ뿪ҲᵽһطѰµĿɡ￪󣬶һǴ뿪ֻһطһֺѡ 
ôȥ㡭 
һᾡպ÷ִģ櫡 ϣ˿ǿ櫣ˣִȥһΨһĿģػˣҲҵʧȻҲʲôɣԼȥ 
֪ˣ㡣櫵ش𣬡ϣģֻˣҲʧȥҪˡ 
һСĵġ ϣ˿ᱧ˱µŮӣɫˣȻȥϢɣȻۻġ 
˷ϣ˿ļ򣬡ҲϢɣȻġˡ 
櫡櫴ţ׼߳ȥʱϣ˿ͻȻ˵лл㣬ôãʵ̫ˡ 
櫲شֻغţĨȥԼϵˮԼȥ 
ôˣһ 
أҺú¡򣬡ǰʱ䣬ԥӡǣղͻȻúüᶨܾãʲôµ飬ҪϷ 
ʧȥȻάˣܳΪʥʦؿȻŵƹӣĬĬ룬ôľѵʲôҪ£ƵòϽ飿 
Ҫôˡ ϣ˿ǰеıٿһ飬εҡҡͷû뵽óôµĽ۰ 
ڶ죬ϣ˿ǷΪ˸õؿˮԴѴӰǨˮԴɭֵһࡣôһֻҪ˹ƴӣ޷ˮûˮȵĵˣܿ챻뿪ͬʱԶĿɽһʯϣʱŬʿ㹻װֿҰ޵Ľ 
Ҽ£Ǵװʱ򣬺ӵʦϣ˿ǰ赲شе 
Ϣ 
ӦҲ֪ô£Ϊʲôֹ£ 
ɡ ϣ˿ǵﴫ 
£ķʦæ˸񣬡˼ܺȻΪһÿʦ£ΪЩƽʧȥֵõİ 
ΪиҪ£ǲòϽ顣ҴߵţҲӦ֪㡣 
˵Ƶǲò뿪ҲĽ취ʦæ˵ǿԺɭף뿪ǵæȺƽҪǻǵĻҸɽǺˡɭˣôϲһǵģ 
ϣ˿Ǿǰżķʦ˰ˡ 
Ϊˣǲʧİ 
ϣ˿Ǳ˵ʦһʹ 
С˲赲µּ⣬ֻ˼ΪʱҲ΢±ºˣʥʦĳƺһʧ 
һСĵġ ϣ˿ش 
ʦϣ˿˸ȥ 
ãʦˡʦϣ˿߳һЩ׼˵شк 
ʦк˵˵ͷٵͷȥǿԼϵ



ڶʮ

       ԶԶŴӶĹ³طִȫװƥҲһƷƺҪ׼뿪ӵӡ ѵֲ֧ס뿪ˣ³ֵ룬ǰʱôѵ¶ûߣԮˣҲùˣǷҪ뿪 
ڣȫ׼õĴʿĻ£ˡ 
ˮԴһӣ۲˵Ķ󣬹³ó˽ֻۡҪ㣬ԺͲΪˮˣɭĶҪˮ͵ܵԶĵطȥǾͺռˡ 
ϣ³ϮڽĴӡǶԷƺ֪Ϯʱͷ˫һۺ󣬴ӵĽ칤̲ûܵ𻵡 
֣ôǰ֪Ҫķʱ䣿Ϯʱʱİ 
ڿ˼Ĺ³ͻȻСĵɭ⿴ȥ 
Ǹ·ˣˡ 
֪ˣоϢԶȥ˼Ĺ³ˣܺظоǺ˵ϢǵɭʱҲһܸҵϢǲʲôʱκηǶǰ֪ҪҲȥĻֻǣǲܺ͵˶Կİ 
ھʮ켤ҵĽ󣬴ڳɹذѴӽҰҲˮԴˡ֮󣬴ֿʼð˻ɫסɭ֡ 
û취𣿡Ϊ˶̴ܻ̼ҰǱȺ󳷣ήľ³Խơ 
ˡڴڵأһӰԶԶذһЩݣˮԴ 
ŬײݡڼӵĶҽϸؿĲݣݹˮ˾ͻкü죬ָ֮ 
ˮ𣿡 
彡ˣ˲ʹһʱѡ 
Ŷ ϣ˿룬ȻѾƼˣǻǲ¶ְǷӽ𣿡 
Ѿˡ 
ǾΪһɡ 
۲ŴӶĹ³˵طִ˿ʼкǿɶĻҲٴӴð 
ûע⵽ˮ˷˶³˵룬û뵽ûˮԴҾͲйǣŶˣҩЧտʼȹ죬ǶûʱȥϮͿ԰ȫˣ 
ڶ죬³֣·˺ˣŴ·Ů˺͵˵죬Сĵصһ޴Զȥ 
ŮҲҩˮˣ³ˣȥܸоԼϢҲˣϣǽʱ򣡡 
ɫģҫŴص£ںƶ档ؼһƬڣǿ쵽ʱƺеﶼ˯ˣɭʹĵġһýӰһȺ̹۾ĵӵķٵͦ 
һӵդǿĳ£ڵͬʱľҲڴϿջصҰų˴ӣ͸ʿǴһš³ƹսҰǣϵһһӴá 
ǵĹȫˡ³һסȥһ룬ҲҪƻסĵطˮԴУȻܲܳ׵ظǡֻҪע㣬Ͳ˵̫ˡ 
ǰеĹ³ͻȻһķԼϮ 
һƿ˵Ľ³˶֣ǹķʱ˵졣 
û뵽³еĽرסղķ˹һҪ״򵹣Ϊķ𣡡 
ֵסֹƵղķ˹ͣغˣһӻ³ĹơϧЩʱӣܲݺĶľһ׷׵ 
ھһСһӣսսĿŲԶҰޣȫһš 
ְ֣ЩҰޣܹǰɡ 
ģסӵĸף΢΢˫֣źӵıΪǵµʿ¾Բ˵ģģϾͻϻǣ 
š 
ƽһСݵղķ˹ͻȻͺһתһ򣬵ڹ³֮䣬ȫ˲õĹâ 
ʲô³ٵƶ㿪Էķƾı£ôƴҲֻʧһ·ߣѵˣ 
ʩչȫ죬Ҳ޷ѹ³Լ߱ƿղķ˹ͻȻһ𣬡죡 
Ǵһ 
⣡Ҫ뿪ôŵĹ³еĽ飬һסԼĵ˹ȥɲǼ䣬ղķ˹ϳ˼Ѫڣȴ벽ˡ 
죡ղķ˹ٴδͬʱһѪ 
ǵһŲ൯һţһǽӰٵذһ޴ǽȥǽŽһ 
ˣѾˣһʵе 
ȫˣǰһƬģղķ˹һЦϵĹâͻȻʧ˱³ɣصײǽϡһǽղķ˹ûзɳȥȻǽǵλãסͬʱһ̻ڴӵϿըˡ 
ôɳǽȥȵĹ³ϸղķ˹ķȥȴǸȻһ޴֦ 
ѵ.ʵĹ³²ͣٵذǽݶáϣӭģǱ־޴֦ 
һӣѹ˲ҴӽųȥʱΨһͨ·ڣѾˣҲƻӣҪԶ棡



ڶʮһ

       뵽Ĺ³ͷһҡ Ҫ侲оصϢȽ³ԼǼ˵뿪ǸȦףǸϻش֮ǰȥѶǴɭȥΣˣ 
Ĺ³ٵŵ棬һ֦ 
ֳɵӣʱģȺ·ľⶫˡ 
˿Ĵϸ³ͷ˺öࡣ 
̫Сˡôֵһ¾ŪϡǼҪ£һʱҵõӡ 
뵽Ĺ³һеĽӵ֦ȥ 
һ죬³ֵĵĽϳأӵֻ֦һССĺۼ 
ôܣֱ÷Ĺ³ؿеĶϽôϸôῳϣѵ˲ôࣿҲ󰡣˲ô࣬ҵĽôϣ 
ͷǵĹ³ͻȻ΢΢Ŀﻹһˡ 
ô£³һһϢղķ˹ 
Ҳ޷ղķ˹ϢţƵģ֦㽣ʥҲŪϡ㲻쵽ʥˮ׼ѣҪȥ붼롣 
˶ͬɡ³ϳɱǴţȻɱ㣡 
Ҳ̫Сˡղķ˹ϳЦ⣬Ұûȥ¾ǹţ㻹вңһжΪɱģǸɡ 
Ҳ㲻ںԼͬ鲻òں³׺ݵ˵Ųҳȥ˵㣬˵㡣ΪҶ֪㣬ҾͲῴô 
˭˵˵㣿ղķ˹¶˹Цݣ³ֻе˺һ죬ҲûκϢ 
ɱˡ³Ȼеˣץס֦ҡҡ֦˿ 
ʱȥˡ³˻м䣬۾ʱҲû취ҿȼּȻװˣʳҵʱסˣͿвǷҳȥ 
ǵˡһĹ³۾ 
̸̸ ϣ˿Ƕ˵ֻҪӦҰǲϮׯʹ񣬶ҴӦһСæҾϷ 
ǲϮǵܼ򵥣뿪Ϳԡ 
ǲУҪĿɽ 
ǵļңסģƾʲôǷҪĶͰǸܣǷ 
ǵĲԡ ϣ˿ǻش𣬡㱻ץסֻίǣӦҵˡ 
ҲܴӦǵҲǵɺҵɡ 
ͻᱻסһӡ 
һ취ġ㲻ߣҵҲߵģǣҲҪصĴۡȰ㻹ǷҳȥȻ뿪ȻԺһûӹ 
Ҫ߲ѣֻҪǿ㱻סȻͻˡ 
ҷǽ壿 
ϣ˿ǲٻشȥ 
ںʿ˺ҰޣͻȻһӣӴ˳ȻŹ³ 
һʱ䣬սŵ˫ֻͣޣԼķƽصؽţʵһˡ 
˻ҰޣֻҪҪﱻץסʿͻ ϣ˿ǵ˵ֻҪڣǾͲǡ 
ҰһˣɭֱԵήľ³ҧø졣 
ΪҵĲСġ 
ڵĹ³ҡˣӾҵػζ 
ҡ ϣ˿ֹ׼ΧȥʿӣԶԷ󡣡 
ڣŴĹ³ֹͣҡΡ 
ٺúҵ顣 ϣ˿˵ʱȺĻش𡣡 
³˫۴͵ؿŻҵȺͻȻǰʦ˵Ļ 
³ҪһΣյķʦʱô˵һְȻתԼ壬ȻԼΪΪý飬Ȼǿ˵ķ˵ǿ޵ģһܳԼ弫޵ͻˣ 
³ļǵʦʱֱ 
ⷽһֽս̫ǿˣʵ̫ǿˡʦУʹ˳ԼܳܵҲȻĶ֣һˡ³ַͷԲã˿ܻģ 
Ҳ³ǣҪôһӣвԼĻ飬ƻԼļң 
¶˾ĵĹ³췢һŭɭֵֵı仯ȫ³￿£ͬʱ³˫ذ֦⣬Ӹҵҡ



ڶʮ

       ãƲԵϣ˿룬ĳַٻȻͨԼ巢ӳһԼļ ǾΣˣ ôŵϣ˿ǿٵ³һ򣬿ɹһͱһǿ 
أ ϣ˿ǽежȻܻ 
أæϣ˿߿£ȴֻ޴޲ס 
أԱ˴̶ķһǿΧŹ³תͬʱ˽Ѫͣشӹ³۽ǣ䣬ǣǿ˳³ļ⣬Ҳѡǣ߻ŵķ磬ȴԽˡ 
ͣ£ ϣ˿ǻ̼ѾпǻϷɵ£ 
ǹ³ƺѾκߵͼֹȫΨһֹأȴҰΧס 
ܡȫʹĹ³ǣͿ⿪ˣֻҪܴȥҺǣˣ 
ڣȫѪĹ³ѵشӱ⿪֦Ŀ϶Уҡ˳ʲô꣬ƾŸоһɭֵķȥܣվˣǣȴûһˣվǰ赲ȥ· 
㡭Ϊʲô ϣ˿ǵĻ˵ɳơ 
ҲȻ֮ĵˡ³ĽŲͣ˫ãȻؿϣ˿ǵķ򣬡ʲôɸҪҪҷԼɣͬɣǻȥ֮ǰһУЩȥѵȫ׷ˣôôȥ 
ŬǰŵĹ³һģ˵ϡ 
Ҫ˰оһƬĺڰеĹ³ĬĬ룬֮⣬ҲһҸˡ 
ڳ˺ޣһ̣ӹ³ð˳Ʈصķͬʱϣ˿һӵ˵ϡɭֵͻȻֹͣؼһƬžؼģֻгŵ⡣ 
ô£ϵվ˹ɽǱߣȻϢôͻȻȫʧˣ׷ʲô£ 
˵ħƬԶѰǿ𣿡ֵ룬Ϊʲôȥϣ˿ǽ㣬ֱȥأ 
¡ʦᣬΪʲôΪʲôҲֹӦƴֹµģ 
һϢĳ֮󣬿ɭϴ𣬶ղŻɢҵҰǣһۣҪϣ˿ǵķȥɳ˸ָķʳݵСޣҲһȺ 
ôŭ𡭡૵ 
ˣе 
ˣкηԸ 
ȥ˹ɽһʲôѰ춯 
ǡ 
Լϣ˿ȻڵϣȫûܣҲûеֿ˼ 
£ڼ׶ӳæָʿϣ˿ǰһ󣬾赲ҰǵĽǲʿŬȻҰǳš 
ϻǣܣҰӣȫҪԼķǶ֣סԼվϣ˿ߡҲϣ˿ǵͷϣһƬħγɵϡ 
ڣֻŵľǣͻʿķߣϣ˿ȥŴ˵Ĵǣһʱ֪Ǻá 
ǰǣͻȻһʹһĺӣһһ̶̵֧ǹԼǰ档 
ȥеĶǹͣضȻȻҾɱ㣡 
ףԱǰԱ㺰 
УӴſǻش𣬡ҵǵ£Ҳ˺󣡡 
ϵߵĴ峤һѰѺӱҰ޶ô׺ݣҲһҪס¾ҪǱǾԲ˺һ 
źŵĴǣֳͻΧҰӭȥ 
ϵķ񣬲ͣȵħײȥһֻֻϣ˿ǰ 
Уż룬Щ񣬺һôȥϻᱻ۳ƣ 
ʲôĺⰡʦ૵صȻĺ⡭ 
﷢ʲôڼ׶ӳæȥЭȷ˱£ 
˶ķʦͻȻЦһϷſеķ 
ʲôЦŵķʦᣬһҲܴﵽǸ磬һʲôһϣŭȻΣ 
ǵҲ޷ˡ˰ɡ̾ϢŵأһѾɥʧǵķͷ 
ڣŭŵĿֹͣսϻָ˳ȫҰǵʬ壬ϣ˿ǵܣص˷Ĳкɭ֣˴ڵϴϢҴǣҲûһ˿ 
ƣȣȻ͵ϣ˿Ƿһֱص櫣Ҳƣأ 
һսҲҰɧˡضҴ˵Һúˣ˺ԺͿ԰סˡǽӵµļҪϸϻȥԭ¡ 
˵ֻ峤æش𣬡ֻǲ֪µ塭˸һǾҲܡ 
ģû¡ػش𣬡ǣˡǸˡ 
ʿǻ֣Ŀž޴ʧԶĳС 
ϣ˿ǴڳԼ˫֡ 
㣬ôˣʵ 
أȥ£ûҵĻر 
ǡ 
߳ϣ˿ǻ⿪·櫳Ծؿϣ˿ǵϣһ޴ĺɫʮ֡ 
˵ı־櫵Ȼκ˲ˣǽҲ 
ǲǵ¶ԼĴáһߵȿɬ˵Ȼµĺۼ´Ҳܴﵽʥʦľˡ 
ȵĻϣ˿ǵˮӣس 
һǿ侲Ľô櫻ֽţֻܱ׾رסϣ˿ǣȴ֪ΰο 
һսһɭ֣ҲûһֻҰޣһֻסƬɭ֣ȫûһ˰Ƭɭ֣Ϊ֮ɭ 
ǰı棬ĬĬ¶Īİˡ 
ҿĺӡ 
ѱ涪ϣӡ 
һվҪ ϣ˿ɳƵӳд 
ǻ׶عش𣬡˵мҪ飬Ҫºͱ»㱨ͬʱпʱջ֮ȣԶԸܵǿС 
֪ˡ ϣ˿ǵش𣬡ǻؼҰɡ




-- --



ʮ
һ

       ҹںɭҵغХţƺԶĺڰɭдɭﾲĵģһ˿ϢҲûУеһУ˳˯أƺֻŭķδϢһУȫޱ޼ʵĺڰ֣˳С˸Ǻ覵£Ҳڸǣ޷ԼĹԣҫŵϵĿȥԶԶߣƺһ΢Ĺâ ÿаţһ󺺣ڻԱߣغһڴľƣͬ˵Ӧþǹ͵İڷʦĻ֮һˡû뵽ռôʬ尡 
һһǧپʬ塣һʦģˣһ޴ɽ˳һվڻѱ߾˻㱨ǸĿ 
˲𡣡ȾƵĴۿŷʦϾȻܵʬ㣬Ҳҧ㰡ʦֱֵ࣬ǲͬһ塣 
ͽǰֻصĹģġʦػش𣬡ҪŹǱ֮ǰԼһΣʱҲǾͻ㱨Ϳˡң˭֪˻᲻װ棬ʱһ 
еĻҲԲһǸһħ󺺹һЦֻб̬Żô档 
ʦԼͬ飬˸ܷĵطһ۾ 
˹÷ѾˡһŮӴҴߵߣ΢۾㱨 
һսʧʮְ䱸ŵҡҡͷԷڱǰ˽ͨѶźſֻǵ˵һֻضѡ˾ʲôˣôô֯ôǿ 
ӳôʲôЩǴǲ¡ֺһھƣ̽ߵģԼһͽ𣬵˾ͻ𣿺αΪԽݣǳҲȥ÷ǵģαģҲܼҲ˵˵ӳû 
˵ʲôŮɫһ죬͵͵˿ŵˣûκαʾ΢΢̾˿ 
ЩŻŵʱ˵ûˡֺһھƣӳ¸ʲô 
ǻõһʽ𡣿صĹģǮ»õǴԺ󶼲Դվڻѱ߾ŵ˳ش𣬡˽ûµĻҲû˵ӳˡϼ˿أ˸ˡ 
˵ŻѸɨһ۰ݣԷ۾Լæͷȥ˸Ļ磬֪λֵҹƽӣҼһͦġ 
˵ô岻ʲô󺺹ɴ㣡ݣûкͶӳһӵĴ㣿 
ŮӵɲǼͨ죬͵͵ؿŶӳֻԷ˫۳˿вһҡ 
ӳԵĻšŮӵͻȻҲðյ̫ˣҸطӣǲ֪ӳ 
˺ˡ󺺴ں˿ھƣˣǣһվݿ壡ҴѾ񣬱öӳ߰ݽˣȲϲƣ 
ǣɭϿջصķŵĻ棬ƺԽˡݺͶӳϺͨͨģ֪ǻϲߺ죬ǱĻӳ졣 
˹ɽһ޴ɽд 
λˣԷѾǵͼˣȫǵټڲٻѾƻλָʾһж 
ڿиֵӰһۡ 
ʱ뿪һᣬһӰ˵õЩʱܴ򿪷ӡ͹˹ȰռʬֶȺһָʾ 
ǡһ˷Ǽеĵص㣬Ҫδ 
Ǿϳصǻȥ 
ǡǵԵֵǵĹ 
ģǲ֣ҲᶯġסǲҪ磬Ҫͳ磬Բֿƽ񣬾·ǰɡ 
ǡȥִС 
⼸һ˵ʮĴأǴӹߵıǵҪĻء㱨ҴһЩ̽ߵıƺҲ쵽ǵжЩѾǨơ 
šҲ˵ԲûǹƵģѾõƬǲʾش𣬡һҪҵ˵ϳûõǿ֮ǰǳ׻塣 
ǡ 
ˣϣ˿ 
ش˲õϢ˵гǣСòˣĿǰһҽҲѾȥˡ 
𣿡̾˿ǺҲ̫˰һսеúϢɡˣԺı棬˵ʱûκνչ 
ǡ



ڶ

       ҫǹ£һӰСĶֿٵɭƶţûзһϢͻȻƶŵӰƺ쵽ʲôͣ˽Ų ǸħװãñȽϼªĵʱģװõˮ׼ߡͣϸĹ۲ԼǰװõˣӦֻй͵Щˡǰͻᾪˡǰͬǵľ飬Ӧûмʮϵĵ˺ʹʬ壬ǰǶˮ׼Ӧû⡣ǰҹ״ӦϲԶĵط 
óжϵӰһ٣תʧںڰɭС 
еˡ˹еľ򣬡Ǵĵ̽·߰ȷͻȥ档ǵװüª㻹кôġ 
ҲǰʱǵĹ̫˳ˡһʦݺݵ˵ҲãһСһСӵòǰʬʧ 
һСʱһСϷǰ 
һ˴Ǳ߰ӵһʦõ˴ǱˡûҵźűԹ 
ǡʦһˣһ·ת˹ȥ 
ķɳ棬ƺҲоɭŨɱͻȻֹٷϢ 
ӭ١ 
˵ĻصĶӳͻȻֶվһʦģˣͬʱԼܳغӰ 
ãӳ˿ܵѾ֪Ǵ㹥ǣˡΧЩӰûһӲģӦȫǻˡôˣǵ˵ҪˡѵЩªװ 
뵽Ķӳͷð亹 
ô࣬ˡҪϿ֪ͨ˹Ǳߣǳˣ 
˾Ķӳһ׼Уȴط֣ԼŬǷһ 
ѾԤʩżžħˡǷʦ΢Ц˵ʹ֪ͨͬҲûõģѾкˡ 
Ǿǰ壬Ƿʦȥϧûһܳ嵽ǰ 
ӳôôöûϢ˹ֵ룬˺ǿĻӦ֪ͨϷǣƵˡҪǵҪǳ֣ýս֪ͨǻ˰ 
ŵİ˹ͻȻΧħԪزֵĲ 
ôǿĲԲʱǶܷģ˹ͷð亹ˣ 
ܾжϡһʦƴɭ˳ϧ 
ʾ⣬ӰӰ˹Сӵð˳ 
Ƕӳأһ󺺴ʡ 
˰ɡĵںػش𣬡ģܼܿʬķʽžۡ 
ƨŭȣž޸ȥ 
ķʦ΢΢һЦ㡣󺺻û嵽ǰϢصˡ 
嶯˹ֹԱΧһȦ÷ 
ûõġǷʦҡҡͷǺǵս̫Զˣûлġ漣£ֻд˵Żᷢϧʵ硣 
ˡ˹Կ£ͬ˵ǱӣֻҪӣҾͿ԰Ϣᣡ 
λͬͷ˲õĻԹ⡣ 
ɼΡǷʦ˻֣ܵӰ˹СӵΧȥ 
˵ķʦôûָ°Χ˵İڷʦֵ룬ղŵı֣ǵСˣΪʲôЭսսȴһ 
ֵ˼ŵİڷʦͻȻɭϿ 
֮裡ڷʦ룬ˣɭﷲǺԼˣԽյϢһ°ɭĵҳȫɱˣǲܵģ 
죡ϧһдҲҪɵǷʦ 
ˡ˹̧ͷ߳ѪͻȻת׵ͷ¹Ե˵Ĺ죬ʵеĻˣʹ˵еĻƺҲй֮ͬأǾϲΡ 
쵰ŭİڷʦ˹һ޴ĺɫ 
Цŵİ˹תۼͱɫĹס 
𷣣ָӶ԰˹Сսķʦͷɥվڹ˹ǰǱ˰Ϣ˳ȥ 
ˡ˹ӻ֣ʹңҲֹϢġǵÿôڵ˹֮ǰȽˡ 
õĹ˹ħעǰľ 
ұ˷ˡ 
Ŷ׼Ҫ𣿡 
ãѾ֮ıҪκã׼ȫõѾкǵļһҽװλ˵ҾָӣԻˡȵעȫʱͻȻһ¡ 
˽ˡҪסһֲסʱ򲻵Ҳֵġ 
֪ߵıܸĻҲúǶˡ 
ףˡ 
˵Ļ𣿡ŰļӼ棬Ҳжˡ 
ԺԸħͽʿĸ֣˹еȺ 
ͬգ̻ʷͣӢµʿѾ˰ڷʦĳѨȫ̻ĸֱֳԼ⣬ȫе˹ħѧԺԺָӣаĵˡ





       ҹɫڳģеǺ£ȫƺ棬ȫ޴ĺڰס͸ɭһ鱻õľ޴㳡ϣ˹ضԾۼ˵Ż ԴϴʧܺѾֹôˡλˣûһ첻Żָյٹ⡣죬ʱڵˣǣԼ˫֣ӵеĹʵ 
˵˹¶Ĺâ 
֪ЩУ¼ˣûвμӵĴսҲкܶˣںպȨǼסΪʲôΪʲôܿԼ˺ѵȻ͵죬ʵԸʱڵˣ 
˶ٵĹ˹̧ͷԶĺڰ 
죬Լ˫ֺѪԼʱյĹԣҪЩ߸ϵǴڵأǵĽ̤ͷϣҲͳΣζܵĳ裬һ㲻ٵػǣΪȥսѣΪѾȥܺЦĿΪϴǳܵĳ裬ǳɣ 
ǣ 
㳡˾޴ĻӦƬɭֱǿҵɱ֡˾޴УȻûһֻҹһֻɳ棬 
ŴȺĺӰɭֱԵƶ˹ʱԼʡ 
ˣǲѾˣ 
û꣬˹ʱôشģңῴġֻҪȻѹȺ裬вڣȻž޴ĳޣǾԶ 
ˣҿˡŽԶȥغӰ˹Լ˫֣΢΢زҿˣϴôĲô౻ȴ޷ˣ˾޴ĳ޴ڣôܻҪģЩ͹ƽĻӣɾɥļһǣ 
죡 
ɭֱԵһһٴض㳡ۼĴǺ 
ЩҲǡһߵͬں˵˵ʲôдڷʦʬɭǰȥԵʱôûһ 
ȿǽȥĴˣʲôаſĵ˰ɡͬЦŻش𣬡ǾˣҹĻץ뿪 
Ҳһһ˿˿ͷ󺹵ľ٣˻⡣ûɭֵĵЩܾЩֵֹġ 
ѽϵ˵ĴЦŻش𣬡ôవڷʦǴӻܵڶû㲻ΪǴﲻʵѾʬˣֻᶯѰɡ 
˵ֲĻһҹ紵˴˸սӡ 
ǣҿŴҡϴЦ⣬ؾۼڹ㳡ϵȺԽżˣɭкܶవڷʦѾϰٵð棬Ҿϳ뿪 
Ⱥŵ˴󳵣ٴ֮󣬾һ 
 
ʻӵĳӣͻȻǰ浲һƬѹѹӰ 
ʲôˣ·ʿȡ 
ĴȺӰشֻǻеŽӲĽŲ򳵶ӱƽͬʱҲӿƬӰȫΧס 
ʬͶĵ˽Ӵһʿ 
ʿﴫһƬҵĿ޽ 
𾪻ţӵľٽеǼбǰͻһ·ȥûӵʬ壬£ 
ûõġԶƯƲĺһǵĶ֣ôҲġҪֹͣжǰŪƬǣʱ֪Ҫжͬ飬ǵĵˡ 
ʹûϣҲҪǰٴЩĶħԲŹǵģħԶ׹ڰĵǣ壡ֻҪɱǰڷʦЩʬȫᶯˣ 
ЩˣĸǴӵģͻȻˣʲôٻȥҪǴ˵ͰȫɱˣţֻҪֿǾ͸һ· 
һ·ȻǵūʹȥɱԼͬ飿ӵľٴЦΪʲôˣ 
ΪԺ󣬾ͲȥͬսԽˣ˭ǻǵū˵ָʾֻҪǲ͸·һǰӣ 
˭Ща˵Ĺӵľǰȥ 
һӰѸٴӵ·ȺӳǾһҽУؿһѪһᣬڵϵľ٣ֱͦͦվԼսȥûһѪɫ 
ԼĳԼʿг˾֣һȥ 
ߣͶģ翵ﲻһ 
ھֺ˵ʿУͻȻһýӰȥͬʱһõ̻зɳڿըڽӽķΧӰͻȻײʲôصˤϡ 
ԲеһϢȥʡһֽš 
˵ǣڶеڵϡ 
ո߳ӵĳӣֻʻȥ 
ȽԺڿиֵ͹˵ǵˣҪ²ȫϵ˹򡣡 
нķ򣬿ֻϣֵܵסˡ˵ 
šȻӹڵսڰ֣֮֮Ի᲻ϧһкͶֿġ˵ 
ֻҪֵ㹻κ֧֣סӦû⡣Ժ˵ͷϾǴ½ϵĽĸʥе



Ľ

       𣿡ܷ̯ϵĵͼ˵ƽٶȣܹ Ѿžˡִ󲽴˽²õˣ 
ŲúˡܷԼֳ˵ͷֻҪ˸ҽضḶصĴۣ 
ۡһֵͷðźһŵͷվǰ˻ߵؽкš 
׼ǰߵʿʳ׼ûףҪõģǮûϵ 
ˣЩѾ׼òˡһıģˣߵֵǰο԰ꡣĸλ˶ھЭˣ˷ġ 
ֵ֪˳ִùһ裬һںȸɣĨĨ죬ԴһսӴܺҾΪûбĻˡû뵽ǻĿŵƣƻСҪҵϣôԵº͹ȥȸ 
ȻǲıģЦ˵ľǿ²ܻˣɴһѸλ˽ΣǸ»΢ӻλ˵Ĺȡǰߵĸִ˺ͽܷˣȻӢ£ڱװͲ㣬ǻȥҪĶ˵ǰߣЭλ˴첻ѫΪѩޣ 
ԣ˵ͷǿȥԺÿҸͿԣˣ֮ڣһҪѶ׼ã˭˾ҾͿ˭Դ 
˷ġıģ˻ش𣬡С˿ءһʲô⣬˾Сʡǻȥ׼ 
ͷһȺˣ˲ıģһмĿ⣬Ѹٵ˳ӡ 
ǰҪˡ˹վɽͷϣɽ紵Լյأ˿أٺ١ 
ܷݺ͸֡ݡߵһʿһҵҪνĽʥʲôˮ׼ 
Ȳ˹ҡҡͷǸӣҪ˵Ŀ⡣˴ǺǱ߽ʱǾȥˡңĵΣҲǷֵƣʥķأòҲİɡ˵Ҳ˲ٵطҲҪ̺󷽵ʱˡ 
ǡ˹ķ 
ţȻ˵㣬ֻҪƽҲԹԡ˹˵ͷסǲЩҪ򵹵ļһһƶķֻĳײµá 
ȻôˣǺ޵ʲôֻǣڸȻʱǵ˷ҪƽǺʵ 
¡˹ش𣬡ϾڷʦĿаͲ̵ԸˣһɲҪ飡ڲ̵ĳͷϸرֹܺܿշǡȻҲƽ͵ֶΰǣϧѾûǸʱˣһЩɣֻҪȰ´־ͺá 
˵ľٶ֡ŶĴʬæµŹ£һɽֵضԵܵ˵ǵڷƣӦÿԭȵļƻҲشɱˣȻˣӻ˵ĽֱԮɵ˺Ǵ־սǾʲô 
ȫûн˼ܷ򲻽ػش𣬡ѵǷʲôʣǱռţҲ 
ǾǺסԮ˵ɡ 
ֵҪס˵Ľˣǰı棬˷ܣû뵽ôǵܵסǡˣϷҪǵԮϵλһĵˣ 
⡣üͷ԰˵ĽǸҪӦòѣȴѵǻطǱǵһͻȻ 
Ҳ˻ش𣬡ǰ˵ѾòȫԸſˡط. 
˵ڵͼָ˼¡ 
ǵıһӿܻ⼸طöִĳأϢעʱ֧Ԯ룬СòܺúϢˡ 
ȱ𾪶ش𣬡Ͼֻڲ²⡣ңһ˭֪ǿƬĸĵСõǿƬȻ鷳ˡǸˣһҪȥԸ 
ǡ˾õͼ˸˳鷿





       ǸշĹˡһȫź۵˺˿ˮԾۼڹ㳡ϵȺ˵Ƕ˭׵ģھʣԺʣסǶ֪ԺµĹбҶ֪ͨǡ ۼһˣûһ˸ҷ 
Ҷ֪ˣʡ۵ָһˣ㣡˵˵ 
ǵģˡСվ˳սս˵ҪϸһϵҪ򵱵صĴ˻㱨ֻо׼˲ܳ͵Ҫ֣ɱٵҪɱͷΰ췴͵͵͵ģҪɱͷ 
ǵĴˡֺһˮԺ󻹻иĲ䡣Թ˵أ 
Ǹ͵͵˺һۣ˵ 
˵סкôǻϸصġʱΪǲסԿǾˡ 
СĸұԹ˼æһЦȻǰǰЩûô˰ѾˣôҺʹǹȥ 
˵ 
ǡһæͷŬš 
ţȨı˽ѹգ̰ģһȷϣɱΪ㣬һȷϣǸְնԴǵĹģϸ棬һĴŲþǲϿظ棬ܿظΣšҪӱͷз˳Ĵÿ²ʱѲһΣǶԴʱִǹٹ໤ǿֱȥϼĴ˻㱨ǲӣһȷϣǸȫɱ 
˵˵ͷйССֵЩûǺãټǼǣȻʲôʱ˶֪УҪסˣЩ涨ģʲôɣ˾ҪУʶֵ𣿡 
ɧһᣬƽϢȥ 
ˣûʶֵġԭȱгСĵ˵Щӣôܺ͸߹Ĵһʶأ 
ϱҪÿ嶼Ҫѧϱ˽ǣ̺ѧģҲⱨǾǵˣǺ¡ɼģҿƼߵѧѧϰȻﶼǵڽ̣ǿԾȥȥ˿ɧȺ룬Ժ󰲶ĻͻȫĿԣʳ˭ú˭Ϳ٣Ȱѧѧ 
ˣĿԶʶ֣ЩӦи߹ѪͳĴǲѧ𣿡һ˴΢ʡ 
߹ѪͳһЦʲôѪͳȱ˶߹󣿿ʮѪͳ߹㣬ʲôǰūһѧ䣿 
ˡȺԽԽ󣬺̨ȥǴŶ˽ˣҾͲϻˡв׵ĵҼң𵽳µʱźΪû׶ 
ǾȻҲʶ䣿һ˶źӣ𣿡 
ûһ׳ԥػش𣬡˵ǡ 
һȥ⣬ǰϼ֣Ҳֵˣ 
ˡ˹סɽһ˹㱨Ѿȫڸذ䲼ϡ涨ƺûʲô죬ǰѧ£ƺܴ졣ˣʱ򣬰ǵЩֵ𣿡 
ҪһҪϿ̷ʹǲҷһ棬ðѧ£Ǻǵľ롣˵˵ʲô 
ΪڵĴ˵ǶаֻΪ¶ǣ޷õֺ֧ϣһս²º󷽾ͻҡ 
ھҪʼ׼Щ˹˵ͷֻҪǵ˽ӴˣǾͻ֪Ҳûʲôͬټϰѧͼ˰ЩµʵʩǾãʵֻҪϣӹñǰãȻͻǿ£ⲻһʱܰ쵽ģԽ翪ʼԽá 
Сˡ 
ʵǺ޴Ҫܵ͵Ķ˹˵ǲŲʲô壬ֻҪܸǹӣǾͻᵹ㡣ԣҪģǹӱǰҪã͹ˡ 
ǵĹ뷨ܲء˵ 
ƽĻǲ˻ش𣬡ǲʵʩˣźͷв˻͵͵ҷ 
ʵʩĻҲкܶ˻ĸǰɡ 
ҲǺܾԺˣڴˣվߵġֻҪܿսǾһжˡ 
šƣص˵ͷεĶֲСô 
ס˼˺ܾõİ̧ͷԼ׵۾룬ҲңһվǱߡ 
úӡؿųӣڵ顣滮£һֵʧܣǵıӦôãǰһЩˡôԺϣ˿ǵǻʱٺܶ鷳 
ǡǵôǿһƲס 
ģҺĻܿƾġ۾ͻȻôأ





       һȺ˾ۼһСׯĹ㳡ϣŸ̨һŵꡣһվߣ̨µȺ˵Ż հ䲼˲ãˣ죬Ҿ͵ҵ洦ӡ̵㣡 
ȺţһϢűŵ꣬гϧͱһɫƵŮˣţĵؿ̨ϵ꣬ˮչ¡ 
СӣԼ˵˵㷸ʲô̧ͷϵ̫ʱˣǺ˶ԵϹŵȡ 
ϵ촽˶ƺ˵ʲô 
㣡һš 
ǡǵԡɳƵڹ㳡Ʈɢ 
Ǹô 
նն֡ 
֪ͺáһѳɢϵӣ 
ҧŴ֡ 
ֻ͵ģһš 
ʹmڵϵ꣬ͷðź֣Ỻӡ 
ؾңСӣ¶Цݣ߸߾˵ȴŻ£ǵعǿ־ӡ 
ͣһ¡վŹۿȺһ̵ 
ʲôȫеĵ֣ڴˣƾʲôͣ£ 
һµĵһѳһ񣬷աŭؿһŻɫ·ˣվԼ֮䡣 
С˭ŭؽеҷү£֪ˣһǱߵļϸСӣԭ㲻͵ͨˣȻСӣٰﲢ 
ûдͨˣҸʶڵϵ̧ͷе 
Ϊʲô㣿 
ҾҵɣҲ˵ʲôϸ˴˵ĶԻӣôܹׯ˭Ƽģ 
ƨ£ 
˭Ƽģһ񿪺˵Ĵ󵶣ֻúͷһһԼʺϡ 
СӸҴǺͳеĴΪУ˲£׺ݵ˵СӣˣȰ㻹ǹԹԷ½ǵĴлĻᣡ 
һһƱ˶ں˵ǰ 
˭Ƽģ 
ƣ˵ɫͻȻŤˮͣش 
˭ 
סʺĺ¶Ĺâһͦ 
޴˳̨´ס˵Ⱥʲô֣ 
̨һƬž˶Ŵˡ 
ȺķӦεҡҡͷ 
Ǹ˵ǺùأǸ˵Ѿûأι꣬ʲô֣ 
㺦ˣڵϵɱĳ٣㱾´󣬿һ֮ô죿ĴʱôһزʶΪҰĳٸɱˣˣ 
Ļҡҡͷ 
ģҲһ֮˵ĴˣϾҪˡǱߣҪǰ֤ 
һᣬ˴Ӵڿٸվǰ 
˵ƣ˵˵ͷ 
龭˵һ顣 
˴Ű龭˵һ顣 
ذûڰ¹УѹŰյҲɱֻʳ˭Ƽˣɱˡ 
šһ˵˵ͷʱرܣҪĴ֤Ļû 
˵˵ͷԶԶ߿ 
һᣬ־һԶĻʾ⡣ 
˵Ĵȷһ˵ǻȥ鿴˭Ƽ꣬Ƿûɱˣ 
˵˵ͷߵǰ 
͵˶𣿡 
˵ͷ 
͵ʲô 
ʳҩ 
ĸ岻ã 
ǡشŵ͵͵һ۸㲵ӡ 
Ϊʲôȥȼã 
Ĵ˲Ƿȼã˵˻á 
Ŷʲôʱ˵ģ 
ʮǰ 
ҼǵǰӦжʱѲߵ˾⣬Ϊʲô棿 
ͷĬһᡣ 
ҡҲңѲߵĴ˲ңᡭ 
֪ˡ˵˵ͷ 
Ѿ֪Աֻܵʲôͷ˰ɣ㻹ˡ 
šͷ 
Ҳûʲô˵ˡ˰γ˭㵱ʱѲߵ˻㱨ȴȥ͵أ㻹ʲô˵𣿡 
Ȼҡҡͷ 
Լְֻɡ 
ȼþͻ͵ҡļеһֹѪ˵ҲΣѧʲôգҿйط˵ѧϰСӣǴһӾȼûȥѧգֻ֣Ҳǲмˡ 
һֻҲܶ飡̧ͷ˵ҲŲҪһӾȼã 
á˵˵ͷ´ѲߵͰѧոǻȥ 
СӡԴ͵Ǹѵɣסһû֮ǰȱ 
˵ͷ 
𣿱Ͼҿֻ֡ 
ᡣ 
Ǿͺá˺˵ŬɣҲԺҲᵽҵλáס˭ҪܵͷǷûݸߵ˾Ͳܳͷĵʹңһ͵˶ҲӦðҵֿ£ 
ص˵ͷ 
ԶȥĻ˵ıӰǾþòĬĬɢ߻ؼȥ



߽

       ƺȫûн˼һֱºڵصֶվһ۲˶ĵܵ˵ôȫǵĶҾǲΪʲôͻȻͣǵʵȫԸһۺһٹἫҷʿҲǺԮܴ鷳Ǿǲ һͼܷش𣬡ƺ˴ԮȫǴ־սѵʲôû¶ƣĵԮҷһ򾡣 
ô𣿡ֵ˵û˵Ķ֮ǰģֻСķȴԮ 
½ˣ˹ߵĲı 
ѾˣصҲˡıеı棬ڸϽȣ˵ħѾ͸֧ıԵ 
Ŷ˹˵ͷ˵ԮҪòܸϵ 
ݱжϡıӻóһֽ˷ش𣬡ԮҪһºȫڰ˹Уºܸϵ 
á˹˵ͷ⼸ʩĽȣ÷ʦþָħһֱûƺ˲پ裬Ӧô̼̼ˡ 
ʲôʱվһߵһ꽣ʿ˷ܵ˵Ƕֵܽˡ 
ǲҪ 
ΪʲôֻҪǸҪһἫ˵ʿôﵽעЧ 
뷨˹˻֣תɽȥģԺ˴ˣĸеǡ 
ҪԶһׯһŹ̳Ӵȥ 
ʲôϢڵڱһʿӾӪ߳˳ʵ 
ͨ档ʿ˵λע˵Ķʱõֵ˽׼ 
ŶڱʧȥȤп𣿡 
8Ƶꣿ 
á 
ɫڰءڲԶĵطĳͻȻֹͣϢһƬͻȻ¡һӲӰӵðҡ˸ŵƹĴӽ 
ӵľƵһȺʿڲͣغЦš 
һһʿ§һŮƱ󺰡 
Ƶķæ˹ 
ˣôƣһڴ˭ǰʿŮűԼֱۣװµʡ 
ģСˡžĴ˽۵һ£ǵֿɶǴӵɽﴳģǼʬһӻˣҲǻ£ЩһǱ۾Ҳʰ 
ࡣŮЦʿĻǾȫˡ 
û⣡ 
ڵЦŵͻȻľ 
ϮʿѸٵذѻƿСˣңϾͻ棡 
ʿǿ뿪Ƶ꣬սսعغŴĳͲҽͣŮĵصϢ 
ãҵֹͣׯһƬž֮С 
һƵű˴ƿһʿſڳ֡ 
ˣϳʿǸղűԼˣƵŮ˵ؽ 
ʿشֻһǰߣ˫ãȻֱǰ 
ʿĶޱȽӲصĺӰŮͻȻʲôһֱֱȥ 
һ󳤾õļž֮󣬾Ƶ˹ͻȻ䣬ƵһƬھƵҵܶţͼҵܵĵطֱӵڵϣɱܵǲ̤ 
ţһʬȺдֻҪǲǾͲ˺ǡ 
ʬȺдǸˣȫû˵ʲô 
ʬȺƺһ̾Ⱥʬ򾪻ŵȺΧ˹ǿɱܵĿռԽԽСڣе˶ʬΧһСƬյϣضڵϿ 
¡ִʬдֻҪǲû¡ 
⻰ǣŶڵϣ̧ͷ 
ڣصĽŲ뿪ƵһƬ֮С 
ӱȽϴСĵ̧ͷȵطΧԼʬȫʧˡ޷Լȫ޽ԼĽٺ 
һᣬҵĽŲڴ 
ˣܷ޺޵һȭԼϡ 
Σһᣬܷʦ 
ʿȫƽҲˡʦش𣬡˵ƽƺȫΪھŶԼ˵ģǱ˹ˡ 
Ҳ˵ֻˡ 
ǵġˣȻ֪ǵԣǲǿ԰Ѳ־ˡ 
Уǲ˺ƽ񣬾Ϊƽ񲻷ôˣԺǻ˾ɱ 
ǡ 
ˣһʿæ˽ݱ³Ǵܴ˹ 
ʿϣǿȥ 
ǣ



ڰ˽

       ǰʱڵĵصǺõ˹սô档 ôȥǵıԽԽࡣıҲЦ⣬ǵΪˣֲҪﲻܴҪǣűߵĻ£ҪʿͻᱻϿˡ 
ʬӵĺô˹΢ЦŻش𣬡ԳںϢڵ¡ʬλõְԱԲ㣬޷Ԥ⵽¸ķ򡣡 
ܷĲһ֧ӵͷϢҪҪһ£ıս 
áֵܴĶ飬ˡǴĻһҲŹ 
ʹܸɵǵĻҲҪŹ 
˵ģ 
ڳԷĽܷľ𣬼æʳ 
ԶԶǶ࣡ŰΧԼĵˣܷͷһƬҪˡ 
ӰΧܷĺ¶У߳һ·ʦ 
λǽܷˣʦʡ 
Ҿǡܷվ˳ҪҵǰɡֻҪǷŹʿǣҾǴá 
˹ˡǷʦ΢ЦŻش𣬡֪ܷ˻ǵСʱĺѹ˹ 
˹ܷһ˫ŭ˫һΪˡ 
˹ڹúܺáǷʦЦش𣬡ⷽͳ˧ͬλ⣬Сܷ˴к 
кķʽܷЦŻش𣬡֪ŵһң 
˹ʲôˣѵ֪ǷʦС˸λһ仰˹һֱû䣬Ҳûλ˵Ķꡣ 
ôҵ𣿡 
ҲȲѡʦܷ˸񣬡ʵΪбԭС˲Ųò뿪ûΪѴ˼ 
ʲôرԭ򣿡 
ġǷʦֱ壬˺ʿֵǺˡ 
ŻĽܷʿӺ˲ÿȱߡ 
Ƿʦ𣬵¡һӲʬӵ˳ 
ղǳԷʱǴӵϮǣǡܷͷһ 
ǵõϢ˵֧ӻᾭһʬ岿ӣһʱǹϵˣ֪ǴԴӣԹ˹ϸʬ壬˺ 
˵껰ķʦܷ˸ 
СѾɣ˱׷ɱɲҪ 
Ŵӵ˻ߣܷɥصͷ 
û뵽ǵͳ˧ǹ˹ 
ˣôŹ꽣ʿؿž˼Ľܷ򣬡ǿǵ˵ͳ˧Ҳ˵ǰ¼ѵνĴȱ 
˹ѾǰĹ˹ˡ˹¶⣬Ĵ㡣˵˧Ǹӹֳ嶯ˣǺ֮ǣֵ֪ܺвǳĽ飬Щ̬Ҳջ񡣡 
˼ǹҧǲûϵңֲûɵǡ 
һֵͣɱͱɱȫһǵĿǾĵˣȥҲѾﵽĿˡ˹ͷڵңΪ˴ﵽĿĲֶεˣҲһҲ 
Ƕ֪Ŀ꣬ΪﵽǸĿ꣬κԸ⣡ıһʱ򣬲ôãȻȥ 
Ҳǣ꽣ʿҲͷ 
˵ͳ˧ǹ˹üͷ͵һ 
£û˻ܲıɡܷ̾˵ 
˵˵ͳ˧ֵǾʶȵ̽ӡ 
ǵģҽ鲻ǳ߽һˣõڱʤ·Žܷһ 
ǡ 
ˣڲɶҡġһܾĲı˵û֤֤λͨУ˧Ǵɣ˵λҲȷʵѵ˵ֵҪһ˰ 
˭֪ǲǴͨãԮȫ֮ٷҧһڣǵ 
λˣ 
˭ܿ͸˵ģһҲҲУǸô죿 
Ǳˣתһᣬûȷ֤֮ǰǲܶǽҾġǰоӶҲС·ˣԮ죬¡ 
ˣǰߵľûͳһָӣţ 
֪ҽ·£һȷ޹ģͰѾȫǡ 
·ˣҳ˵ǰͷɵĲı˵ֵ֪һֱͣΪ˽˴¡ 
֪·˺һұ֤Ϣûһ١ 
˵ͳ˧ǹ˹ħѧԺԺüһȥˣ



ھŽ

       λˡһʦֵ߽ܻۡ㱨ҷԮѾ򣬹ܸϵǻϣλ׼ áƣ¶Ц⣬ٵӦùˣҲñǣűˡ 
Ԯ˭ܷʵ 
·˴ˡ 
·ˣֵüôԮͳ˧˹ô˽ɣôɸ϶ļһϣ 
˼õĸֿʦȻվԼǰæ˵ͷ 
ˣȥɡ 
ǡǷʦ˸˳ȥ 
ôġǷʦһ˳ȥܷ籧ԹôǺôϲļһ 
˭֪ҡҡͷҲǴ֪зͳ˧ǹ˹˰ɣҲ֮顣ǣҲ·Ӧεİ˹Ŷ԰ 
˹ǽãƴ˲İɡ 
գֵܴһȺ죬ҪſӭԮĵ 
£һӭŵ˿ 
ģλӭӣǹⲻȥ·˴һл̫߳ɹ˼Сʱֵȵشк 
ǿһ˿Цݣֵܼ·˴˻Ϊʲô⣬ȥ̽Ϣء 
λ˹ˡ·Ц˵СܲϰԶУϽִ̫ߵ˵㣬ֻίλ̫´ôáλ˿Ǵ½պĽʥղӦںİɡ 
ֵѾϰɱɱȻû⡣ܷӹ˻ͷʿֵܺʹӦûϰ߰ɡرǴһ򲻺ãҪǲעĻһСģûսɳͱ죬ǿɾźˡ 
СܵȻãҲǵز·˵һǱıݣλȥ 
СºαȥЩ˾Ϳԡֿ·Ͽʼð飬æһϣȵס·˵ֵ֣ܶܺǶʶ˽һ¡ 
⡭̫ɹѾеͷε·ˣ˿ԼʾһȺ٣ڴ̫½ܣЩֵܲ˰ 
˵ﻰܷ˵ɱɱôֵ̫һôôܻܲˣ 
˵ĽܷͻȻûɵ۹⿴·ˡ 
ѵԼܲˣҵ˴岻ãҪǳ˸ʲôֵɾʹˣˣ 
λֿ˴ˣλ·˴˽ܷĻһԼľ١ʱ·ˣ޲ԼһҲû 
Сʱ󣬿ڸ·һһԼľٽϡ 
λ˵ֵ֣ܶǾˡǵͷʾ⣬ȣλǵӪϢ񡣡 
⻰·˴æֵܵͷ첽Ӫȥ 
칻ܵġŴҴӪȥ·˵ڣѾգܷһǣ 
Եͷͺˡֻش𣬡ϾԺһҪһ£Ū̫˶ԴҶá 
˽ϹܷһĻнڰˡ 
ˣ˵Ԯˡı˹㱨 
ŶзԮӵ˭ 
һ·˵ˡݴֵܳһֱ͡ 
зͳ˧ôͱʾѾȫֵˡ˹˵ͷȻɵѾѿҪģǺúøˮʩʣ󡣡 
ڵзõСļǿǲǰֶˡı˷ϵıӣ˴ְԱҲû취ǰôˡ 
ǾĿŵȥ˹ЦЦܺǶԿĸ֣ڸ˹·ءټϵڲȣȻ˶˲٣Ҳûʲôв 
ǡ˵ĲҲ֣ȻħѧԺԺͳ˧Ǽһħû˵ָ 
ָӵ˲˹ݹһֽǸշĲıϼһֻñĽɫָǵϯı 
ıһĴˡҲǳսɣȴ˷ܰ 
ǰ˹˵ͷˡ 
˷ģ˶֣ǸҲ 
Ǿͺá˹ͷɽ 
˹ıӰʧıסеֽ΢΢ 
û뵽ôҪһսˣ 
ˡһ꽣ʿӰӰ˳򻺲ǰĹ˹ʵ˵ϯı˭Ȼÿô 
˹ͣ˽Ų˫ۿɽĺڰ 
Ǹ˽аˡ



ʮ

       ӭӭֿɫҰ·߽ۡæվ·˴˺αǰأ˵˽ˮ岻ãӦöϢǡ л˵Ĺػ·˵ɫҰˣĿǰеǰɲЪϢʱ򡣡 
Ϊһͳ˧Ҫעźáܷ˵һиʲô⣬ɻŪþĴҡ 
ҵ״ס·˺һҲ˻ҿʲô⣬ð۵˿ʧѱȫס 
ˡܷæ⣬ֻб޳ܵС˲Żô룬ǲͷġֵܿɲǻôСˡ 
㣡·ˡ 
ܷ򡣡ֹסܵܣ·˴ǰ˽״ɡ 
˵ƽ·˵˵ͷϾҳէϤ˼˵¡ 
˹·̯ŴͼҪΪ磬ҷƵ򣬶ǵзĹ£˫ĵƶѹ˱Ҿ߳٣ӦҪֵǲûжӦʲôͼ 
ͼ᲻Ԯ֮һ£ǵ 
˵ܷϻͷʵ˵ľӺǵľӼӦҲǵĶ֡ҽ黹ǹҪԺľϵٺ͵˾һս 
һؿλ˵ġ·ؿŵͼ˵˲ͣϮһĴׯ 
ǵġʱٵ㣬޷жϵ˵ĹڴĲӵӦܰյ˵Ķˡ 
ǱϮĴׯΣ 
ֻɱصʿû˺һƽ񡣡 
𣿰ڵ˻Ե޹ʵƣȷЩŵûͨУ 
ȻûСܷһʹиͨУҲΪǵԵʡܲܶԴ˵һǱ˰ΧΪ֤ǵףӦȫɱӴʬ壬ͨС 
ҿûô˵·˵ɫһ±ѿлλˣһҪȥǰ߿ˡȸˡ 
ߡܷվǰ߿ҪСģɲǶǡ 
лĺѡ·Ҳվ첽߳š 
˵Ǻܶడ·˿žþòڶڳһεĽʬͬˡ 
ˣǵ⣬һзǳʬӣǲӵϡһģ˻ش𣬡Ƕɽ˱ġ 
˵ȻôǿΪʲô᲻ҪƫƫҪǶţҪһᱻǿо͵˾սݴͣкܴʤ𣿡 
ͲС׵ˡٻش𣬡ʱǷһֵ󡣡 
ʲô󣿡 
˵ĿħʱʱʧصħҲȽϴ󡣡 
˼˵ 
ܡٻش𣬡һǵʱǰǵĶ˲һܾǡ 
һܾǣ·˽»ͷȻдʬ壬Ƿʦֲ޷ôʬ岿ӡ 
ǡ 
ʱǰǵĶ򲻴ܡ·˳ţϾʱġҲΪʲôǲҪͲɱƽԭΪʬȻȴ޷ƣҲûҪʬˡһ㣬ֻ֪˺ܶ࣬סˣߣ 
ǽǸô죿 
ӽ⣬۲˼ΣǵжǷȷ·սȭͷһҵжǶԵģô 
ӳǵĶˡһʦ߽һ󶴣һͷճֽķʦ㱨 
ŶǻڰǷʦͷҲ̧רĵؿֽƣҿôã浹ù 
ǡ㱨ķʦӳֻ治һĳƼʹҲΪɡ 
첻˴ơǶӳȻύʱȥ֡ 
ǿɲУսķʦƳԼʬֶӳǲȥģǶӵʬ廹ءһ⵽ǲ߾𣿻ԾҲǶӳְӦ͵ȥ 
Ǿ뿴ҳѡӳЦȻȥɱŪʬʧرʰо֡ 
ǡսķʦЦŻش𣬡ʵ߲õжϴ 
ڿ棬ɵȵ˾ʱǿƲסʬĻӳڲǶҿɲϣʱս 
ǣ



ʮһ

       硣ܷһۡڿļĸ˵·ǼһصģͣԷĶ򣬺ʲôƵġ šͷ̧̧֪ʲôϾٶ࣬ҲʲôǰûֵĶ 
Ҫ淢˵˵ҲͰˡܷ˵ҾΪʲôʵȴƺõȥֲǲ֪ˣһ϶ʲôΪǣԼ뷨Щ֤ݡ 
Ҳ֪ԽӵĻǲͷġַļ̾ǵĻ𣿺οڸ֪ʲôô飿 
ֻϣжûˡȻ˺ܲˬܱȳԸ̺á 
šô˳ۣд֮ǰǵ֪ͨġҲЩ׼Էһźá 
ˣֵ˶򡣡ı첽߽·˵ĹۡдپʬϷ 
Ŷ˵ħΣ 
ǰһܲȶıش𣬡ٴǵƲ⣬ǵ˹ʾȥҾܳԵǡ 
빥𣿡·˵ָͼϵһӡ 
ǵġ 
ﵽǴӵ·еĿ𣿡 
Ƭûǿҵİڲڡ 
Ǵȥ̽£Ҳȥ 
˻ǲȥΪáıɵΪһ֮˧ǲҪһǵ˵ļıиʧ鷳ˡ 
ġ·˵һЦҲʵǵ鱨ȥǴӵ·ϣдǿ˴ڡʹƵ壬ֻ˵Ĳӣ˻ܼһģ㹻ֵܸ֧Ԯˡ 
ǴֻȥȫԲֻҪһ£ǾͿȫľӡǳȥôҲܼʣ²ӵĶս 
ֵܲˡ·ҡҡͷȻҺǱ˴˿˳ۣǴǻǲẬġ 
֪˷ʲô򣬾ȻҪԳҴҸϵӪĸ֣װ·ʵ 
ͻȻһСӵϷ٣֪ͨ׼ˣԭ¡ 
ȻֻһСӵˣαԳµĽǲͺˣ 
˵·ǰʱ䷢һЩֵļ󣬲ûȫȷҪȥȷϢһ֪ͨλ˵ġһȥʲô⣬Ӿλˡ 
·˴һСӵ˵Ĺ¼ֲһСʱɡֵһЦϾǽֵܼܲʱϵԮԴǸˡ 
ˡ·һаˡ 
ףһ·˳磬쿪ʤ 
л·˾֣ 
ӳҪѲߣڻǰʬȺУһʬԹǳֲǿƣǰٶȺװʬ壬鷳 
ԷһϾڵ˵ʵǿһСķӴսһס͵ɢˡشŵĽʬǰͷֽĶӳ 
ҿɲϲɢʽӳߵһʬԹСӲٿҲ̫˰ɣȥҪúѵѵǲſԡ 
꣬쵽ˡһ߽ʬѵ˿һȺʬ죬˵ġ 
ȺʬѲˡһڴڿӭĵĽʬȺߵͬ˵һμǵʱúÿ£ϰҲ 
ţҲתתߣֻҪǾû¡شŵ˲˲壬ó·ýʬͨ 
һڽʬǰͷһʦԼߵͬ˵ȥɡٲȥ½пͷˡ 
ţҿһʦһ߻شһʬȺһ顣 
׼սӽʬȺתһȦķʦߵ˵ͬߣ˵ӳҵĵ˰Χӣв١ 
֪ˡ 
λʦָӣʬȺųսֻ͡Щʬ壬¶ĹâԵ˵Ĺ졣 
ѾΧӣ죬˻档ı·˻㱨 
ܺá·˵˵ͷעƽ񡣡 
ԼӼսĴǣսսض굽ؽ棬ͣŮϣܵŮԼܰȫȹĽѡ



ʮ

       ô£ŴȺʬ߰ؼڴſڣԼĲȴʼղܰѶԷ·еŭߵĲı ˣԷʦʵ൱ǿֻǽʬ̫ƲСǲһȥܶˡȥŶԷʬļ٣ٿص˷ԽԽӦ֡ıһ߽͵ 
˼˵Ӧóæʱҵλãһ 
ʵҲصظһıش𣬡ֻҪٿؽʬ˵λãɸ־סǣûƽʬͺáܿʬֻʣ¼ʦҲǼ˵Ķ֡ 
ãȥǾȷ˵ľλá 
ˣѾҵ˵λˡ 
һᣬһ۵˿첽ߵ·˵ǰ 
 
ٵָʬȺ롣 
ܺá 
˺ǵλˡӵķʦһ߲ݽʬȺһ߶еæҵͬ˵ǵӣƺͻ 
šͻɡ 
ͽʬֵʿͻȻ˿ȫõĶΧŵ˴ʿӳʬȺгȥΧĽʬǱ׷׵ 
Լ𽥽ӽָĵص㣬ʬԽԽң·¶Цݡ 
ͻĽʿ쵽ָصʱ򣬽ʬȺͻȻðһƬƬطȫסͬʱ˼ҽС 
ô£һ·˼æµķʦ俪Ƭ 
һĹȥڽɢʧڿС·ŭؿԼȥˣѾʼԼķƶ 
ڽʬȺֶԸͻˣ·˵һºȫ 
·˾ҵĹ£ʬȺڽɢС 
׷ 
·˵ʿźųӡ 
棡һᣬһѪ۵ľܵ·ǰ˻ڽʬеĸв٣ôӵĵ͵Ϯҷʧأָʾһж 
·ս˫ȭ 
ˣڽ֮ƣֻȳˡıԱ߽ɣǵ͹˵˵ʵĺֲòǡٴȥǵʧֻԽԽ󡣡 
Ѿȫƽˣ㻹ҳˣ·˵һ 
侲Ժ󻹻ٳֻҪٰסǵĶɸıͿ԰˲ҪΪһʱҷҪʧ 
죡 
һᣬɫ·еˣȫΧӣκε˳ΧȻͷ 
ָ˵ˡıĨ˰ѺҲסȻֵԮھͿķԮȵˡ 
ʦ׼ħ·˽ĻòıˣȻǲҳǾͰǺƽڴ棡 
Уıһס·˵֣˼ﻹвٴİһҪĵˣ˷ԮźţֵܼԮͿԣ 
ֵܴЦң˵ٱκβ˶ԷˣҪԮ·˶վһʴӵĴȥ 
ȥıס׼߿ĴһƽӣԺ˳ȥǽȫʧȥģˣԶԶٵҪ 
ֻҪǲ˵ȥ˭֪·׺ݵʣѵȥ 
ˣ˿ż֪Ǹɵİ 
ˣ֪ⷽҲ˵Ҳ뱣סģǷĻ˭ţȥ 
ȥıһס˼ 
ͳ˧ƾʲôҵľָֻţ·˰γָŲı㲻Ҿɱ㣡 
˼ıᶨҲߡֹͳ˧ľǲıְǸı 
˵Ǵģ·˵ĳնȥȻôȥˣ 
ѪеµĲıûһ˿־壬ֻ¶ı 
Ϊʲôǰ˵¡.ı̾ϢڷƮš 
ȥ·˶Դס˵Ĵŭ 
ǣ첽߿˿־壬˷ˣ 
Ƿˣ΢⣬ڷʦĶӳȻӺƽ 
ǻסӳߵ˻ش𣬡ƴˣ 
Ƕסǿɶסӳش𣬡ӵĵؽڵöԶסħĺǾΧֻҪǳȥˣ˾Ͳᷢħ 
˷ڽ·¶Цݡ 
ܣ붼룡 
˵ķܵλڷʦĶӳʵȫʬƣߣ 
ѺĻһ 
ŲңӳߴٵҪȡʱͱϻҳȥ 
ǣ 
ʬȺĺܶཀྵʬͻȻеķųħͻƼ·˴סˡ 
쵰ħ 
¶˵İΧȦڷʦӳ˿תȥ 
Ǵ󲿷ִĵҡڷʦӳվһǰ棬̫˰ħһȫ 
뵽ķʦӳڵϡһᣬ汻һɫס 
Ϊɣ 
ֹһᣬĹӺ 
ӳӺǰĶ鿴ĹŴӣ˶ 
Ϊʲôһʦ૵˵ӳԳģΪʲô 
ҲٿıˡһͱȽϴķʦͳ˵ΪڶӳסĴ﷢˰ڷʦùµĵ˾һٴ壬º˵Ϊڷʦ̵ɱȫˣĽΪЩħűø߼ħаķʦ񡣡 
ΪʲôǴһĻȫܶסİ 
ĻӵĴȫᱻͨе˭ǻᱣصˣԺû취ȥˡ 
Զӳ 
ģǸϵȶӳһӳҡε˴ӵ˭ 
Ǹ·ˡ 
·ˣҼסˡͱȽϴķʦ˵ߡ 
ڴӵıһȺ죬ȺսµĽ 
ˣİһžһļꡣ 
˼ңħѧԺѧһش𣬡ʦǶæ׼ͺڰĵսûսǣԾʱżˡ㣬ԸղŲҺͰڵĵս 
ŶŶ˻ش𣬡ʵЩڷʦҲûộֻҪ㲻ǣҲ㶯ֵġ 
ǲǼ˾ɱѪ𣿡еһʡ 
ôᣬҲ˰Ц㿴ǲúõ𣿡 
Ҳǡ 
˵ŻͻȻͷһҵ𶯡 
֣ôôĶȺбȽϳɵһ˵оﱻħӡҪħӦöסİ 
˭֪һ˻ش𣬡֮ȴȥףôҲûá 
£˭Ҳ׼˵ȥ·͵Ӣս 
ʿǲ˵ֻѲıʬῪƺŪʹ 
ھӳ˺󲻾ãһķӵķͻȻһ׳˴˳ 
ˡеδúȫˡ֣һڷʦ 
ǴӶһ˳űɷļ԰ 
ܻͺáһ˰ο߾ɥĶӣӿ𣬵ؿ 
ƺֻ˻һ׳˵Ϊʲô 
Ҳסһ˻شǼ˺ʲô 
Ƿʲô 
ǲҿ϶Ϊʵ̫޷ˡһкۼʾûһʦģ˵ 
Ǿʲô 
ԶܵħǿĹħǰڷʦóġĻҲӦŶԡ 
˼˵ٴǲΪɱ˻ǴӣǡΪʲôܻ 
һط귨ʦֻһȦǿİڷħסˣǱݶûûĻӦǸ˵ķʦŵġ 
𣿡׳ԼĴһ£ӦñǵٴҪɱǣǰڷʦǣ 
λĬĬ 
ڷʦȫӦ𣿡



ʮ

       ̫ɽˣɫҹɫҪҪĵƻһյյæµһǣڿԿʼѵõϢʱ⡣ʱڴ·ϣȴӰҴ·˼Ҹȥ ˣִ˺ͽܷŵڼͬƵ·˻㱨 
ʲôʱˣ·΢ػش𣬡ʲô飬춼У 
λ˵ӣżŭӦǴ顣¡ 
ʲô£·˺ٺһЦǵϮǶ˵𣿲ʲô£˵ 
ǡЩֻ·ˣ˵ʲôǶ˶ȥ 
ˡһıģվȻִ˺ͽܷйºʹǻȽɡ 
ǣ·һʲô˵ȣ 
һ·˼ҵĴűһ߷ɣɫҵڸֺͽܷ 
Ǹʲô·ŭؿˣΪǵͷҾˣ˵ʲôҽ˵ 
ֲ·ˣߵǰһơ 
ҹѾˣλ컹йҪæһؼϢҪĹ¡ 
ǿŸֺͽܷ˸ʵʵĹâæһٱһںȸеľƣ첽߳ȥмȵüģһ߿һ߿첽ţŲͣһͣ 
ոհѳúõĳ׼ԵѺͺȸ̸̸飬ȴֿԼҴӵſڣűؼҡĪĳǼæվѸ˨õ˳һϻԼС 
ʲô·˿ֻˣҲϾͻ˱ȥǱٴҲ²ס˵Ŀڣ 
˵úáܷȻ֪Ϊʲô£˵Ҫڻ͵˶ţӵһ㣡 
ֲ˵ʲôֻǰб˵ľƱ·ǰ 
Ҿʲôɫ԰׵·˺ײǽ 
СӸװ֪ܷ׺ݵһǽϵ·ˣ㣬ɣô£ 
ô֪ģоԼ߶סܣ·ﰵп࣬˵ǴĴڻڷʦսҵʿò׽ȴϮҲû취 
ƨܷһһӣ֪֪Ǵӻ˻ѾŪ÷зһ˶֪ˣٴ壬ڷʦԼ˰ˣٺ١ 
ڷʦԼǣǾ˵ǺͺڰǱߵĹϵһǳɫ԰׵·ر⣬˵һǶںĵ²ܶħĺƾǼô֪˭õħôǵһ֮ǣҲЩǵ˵ҥҲ˵ 
㻹ǲײĲᰡܷϼһס·ˣǽϣҸ㣬мħѧԺѧҲڴܲӰɣҲȥˣʹƲ֮⣬ϱǾͲǰڷʦˣ 
ǽϵ·˺죬һ仰Ҳ˵ۿˡ 
ܷ侲㡣֣ܵܵԴ·˵Ѿȥˣ͵Ŵ֪ͨɡ 
·˴ˡ˵򲻴ã˱壬ΪӦиʲô̲źãǸˣ 
һܷһŵ·һ߳ȥֳ첽߳·˼ҡ 
ɱԶ·˼˲С߽ɫ԰׵·˷˳ 
ôȥôãʲôˣ˹ǰߵһȺʦﱴأ 
ˡһᷨʦһڣ͵ġ 
𣿡˹̾˿һ˰ 
ȥ顣һĹ˹Բı˵ﱴװˡ·Ժָӡ 
ǡԭħֶӵĸӳش𣬡ˣи󡣡 
˵˵ 
֪ǵĹǲ˺²·˵һ⡣ 
û⡣شĹ˹ʧķʦǣǵĹֻǲ˺²֪ҵ˼𣿡 
ǡ·ͷǲгΪ²Ļġ 
ôħѧԺԺſűİˡ 
ɱ·ˣǸ֤Ժ飬ܺ߸ӱ⳥ҲһЩġ˻ش𣬡ҪңͲֳ²ļһָӾӣֱӰѱȨֵܡ 
ɱǼһǲܵİԺ̾ǴرŮˣ 
ǿô죿żŲıǣ·Ǽһô֪ˣ 
Сֻ֮йɱ·˲ǸһЩġ˹ش 
ǵأ 
ı׷׵ͷ 
Ҫɱ𣿡üҿ£ɢᡣ 
ؿǡ˹վйĵĴ£˱ΪŮ֮ 
֪ 
ڶ죬ѹԱȫټ 
۵оˡ·ڲ֣Ժ׼ٷͬԺһгжһǧ˵ıһҪֵͨܡٷƴɱ 
ˣ˹żվ˳ 
Ѿˡת˳ȥɢᡣ 
Ů£Ļظܷ޺һȭǽϡ 
Ҳ̾ҲֻԼܵѣ֮顣ܷ֮Ҳʲôˣϻؼҹ徲Ӱɡ 
ģܷ޺޵ӡ



ʮĽ

       λˡ·˵Ĳıֺͽܷ㱨ڶϷֵ˵٣·˴ǧǰȥˡ λ 
ĿǰڶϷʮҵĵط巽ǰ 
ת·˴ˡֻش𣬡˵˵ģҪǳҪҪ·˴ǿأȥԸСɵֵͺá 
ǡ 
ǲı˵ʲô˸˳ȥ 
Ƶֶ߸·ĵܵ˵ǰƺûôƵΪʲôأ 
Ҳסܷش𣬡ÿκһӴϳˣֲǱӡ 
ȱôˡǳܲܲܰɡȥΧ˰ջϵ㣬·ǼһĻưնᵹǱ߰ɡ 
棬ǰֵˡһڷʦԼĶӳ档 
˭ı 
ֵܡ 
ˡ 
ֵضԵܵ˵ѵǳֻһˣǶʲôô 
֪ܷʼ磬֮˳ˣҲȥɡ 
ˣֵܴ˳ı˹㱨 
ѵǼһﱻȨˣ˹ֵ˵û뿪Ҫ˵˱ȨĻӦñֵܸ߲Ŷԡ 
Ҳб뾭ֵܵͬ⡣ıش𣬡ǾԲٷǼһġ 
Ҳ˹ش𣬡´ǾͶɼ˳ȥ 
ˡıŵֱ棬ɵ˷ֱ 
ɣֵü 
ֵҲֻܹ˵طһֱͷһŵ·̲ס廰ҴһӱȥҲˣһҪԴġ 
ðɡãǿ˵ͷ 
ˣˡı˹¶һ΢Ц 
Ǿͺãϣܶ졣Ǳߴǰ·ҪˣǷôء 
˵Ĺôô񣿡ſսʿ·ֵ룬оΪҾϧһдһܵ˴ʲộ⡣ôһͱɾֵЦ 
ס·˳˳ӪԮ 
磬ǱһߣܷҲ׷ϣתĸ֡ 
˻ǺǰһһӴˡֻش 
Ҳǣ֪С 
˵Ż˿õ̻ 
·Ԯѵ˵Ŀ 
ȥ 
סʿϺˣѾбƣ·˻賤ȥˡ·˾˧֣һֵֵס˵Ĺơ 
ǻ쵰ôǿʵ·ԷгɱȻһʱû취·޺޵˵ǿҲбʱ򣡡 
ԶϺ·ָԼ鱣ˣ֧ŵȴԮĵ 
ȫսͻȻڲԶĲ෽һ־ؿս˫ŵ޷ 
㣡˫ķʦӳﶼп࣬´ħײһᲨȺ񣡿Ѿûа취ˣ 
ħڿײ޴ĺͻĴɽһħನķɢ 
ٱƽħǱͷһţϣܾٱħС 
ӰһһĺɫϺһŲõĹâǰ޴ĺ֮󣬺ɫϱĴɢǿҵĶâҲʧˣ־һŵȴٵǣȵط־Ȼûһˡ 
ɻ̧ͷһڷʦһ׽ʿ̯Լǰ 
СӺĶӳȫûˣǻᣡ·̯ԼߵĽʿŬħԷһ£ȴطѾûʣħˡ 
һôǿʵһǶԷҪֻҪץסӻ˵Ľôŵ·Ŭ̧еĽȴԼҲٲ 
һʱ䣬˫ֹͣսؿǰජŶԷ˫˧ 
ֹһᣬͻȻӦٵضǰȥ 
һս֮˫Լ˧¶ 
棬ԮѾϵˣһʦ·㱨 
ˣ޺޵ؿ˵з˧һۣ· 
·֡ʿı棬󣬳Ͽҵض·˵Щܻˡ 
˵ģԡѪ·˺ߵҵĻͿҽ 
ֽϵܵߵһߣһᣬ߻صõ·ߡ 
·֣£ڵ˶࣬Ժ㷢ֵˣԼҪǻ㱨ˡ 
ľҲõջ񡣡Ժе鱨ɱ·˾ȻҲõķ棬ƺ˫ֻصͬһˡ 
ǵġ˵˵ͷʱһ¶ͺáٹһ£Ǿܸϵˡ



ʮ

       ˣˡ ·ƣ߽ӣټæǰݹһơ 
š 
·˵˵ͷ˳綪һߣϡ 
Ǳˣ 
ִ˺ͽܷˡ 
ʧ𣿡 
Ǽûʲôʧ 
ٵĻ·˾þò 
Ĭܾõ·ͻȻʣʸ⣬˵ʵ 
ǡ 
ҺǱȣĲôұΪȻȲǣҲޣڡѵΪҽԭǲŲңǸûҷ 
ˡ룬ָպָӵĻȻв࣬ûôԶ 
.·˳̾һһɱеľƣͲصذοˣʵһܽܵġ 
ˡٳĬһᣬߵ·ߵ˵СھЩϢȷǷġ 
Ŷ 
˵λ˴ȥʱ򣬵˶һӴܣûս 
𣿡 
СҲҿ϶λ˳ȥʿô˵ 
˰Ϊʲôô 
СҲ˵зͳ˧ֵܽǳãҲ¹׼ֵս 
ܡһ·˻ҡҡͷԭ򣬲Ȼзͳ˧Īġõͳ˧Բᱻ˽˵ͳ˧൱ɫ 
Ǿˡǰֻһܡ 
Ҳܡ·ҡҡͷǵ˵˵ĻͱԵˡ 
Ҳǰֵ˵ܸиԭɡ 
ȱʲôԭˡ·վ߳ţȻ˲ǴԺûҪĻҾͲȥˡ 
ʲôˣһź·ĽʿһȺʬһȺǰ档 
ǰȥ򹤵ġһվ˳Сĵػش𣬡ˣ¼̫ģؼңǱߵĴҲͬˣ֤ 
ǲӦùߣս½ʿӹ֤һۣǵȵȡ 
һᣬ½ʿĵصȺŵǰ棬֤һŵݸվ˵ˡ 
ҪҪİɡ 
ǵģˡ 
зţǴȥ¡ 
Ǵˡԥؽӹŵ˵ǽȥ֮ǰһᱻģܰŴ˰ 
ġǽʿ˵ͺ˵ǹ˹˸ִ˺ͽܷ˵š 
һ 
Ͳ㣬ģǲΪġ 
ʿ˵Էͳ˧˹λ˷ţҴֵ߽ܹۡ·˶Ըʵ 
Ϣ죬Ͷǵĳ฾еñءܷ򼥷 
ҡ·ҲͽܷĻɲҿ 
⿴ְŵݵ·С 
šٿŵ·̧ͷ 
Ǵ򿪵ʱˡ 
𣿡·˳ɵ˵ǸҲҪŸ˿С 
㡣 
ˡ 
ŴҴ߳ŵ·ˣ̾˿ҡҡͷ 
û취Ǹ˿Ŷĵġܷش 
ǰ֪˻ô롣 
ǲܹܵġܷش𣬡ֻҪúøɣ˾ͻˡ 
ô·ͨħӰߵĹԱ 
ˣǶ֪зͳ˧ֵоɣͨҲпܵġһı˵ֵΪʲôͿͿĸģܶطԭдʲô 
ֵܵ˵ǹ˹ԼͿĵġ 
ֻǵһ֮ǡһı˵ҲЩǲ뱻˿Ϳģֻȫζľӡ 
зͳ˧˹ıԶǵˣд֮ǰһ뵽Żᱻ˿ԹͿģǶֵġǳǣ˾ͿԷĽҪˡһı˵ 
˵ͷ 
Ҳпֵǵˡиı˵˹֪ǵӻûһжֵǵ˵ĵزԹ¶ΪǾ޹ģԺ¾ͷˡ 
Ҳԥ˵ 
ֵǵ˵˵ĻͿ׳ҪˡΪֵ޹Ĳı 
ǱΪԮҲͳ죬ǴôͶоǴˡֵܵĲı˵û뵽·˴ͳ죬ҪȫȡǵΣѱȨȫס 
˹ô෢ʹԴһԲĲı 
ˣ˲ɣ˲á˹ش𣬡ʵ˭ָӶԣҪҪǰߵġΪ⣬ͰѱȨȫ·ˣͰѱȫǣǰָӻҡ 
Ϊֵ𣿡 
ǡ 
ǡһᣬҪ޹ĻǽлӰʿûеõȷеĽ֮ǰǱ״ɡ·ȻеСìܣں͵սʱǺϵġҪһ۲¾ɢᡣ 
ˣΪǻֵܵȥ𣿡һĲıʹ˹ 
Ҫѵô˹΢ЦŻش𣬡ֻһӴǵġֻҪڵڲɲгվͳɹˡʵţһܶԷʲôⲻ˵ģ͹ˡ



ʮ

       ˡħԺԿļİ˵Ǳأ ҵҲȫˡ˻ش𣬡·Ͳ飬ҲȫŪˣǾͿԳ 
ҪﻹҪʱ䣬ϣֵܶס 
ѡҡҡͷ˵ԱؾǿǳٳٲԭҲǱǱһսһȷҾѾת֮󣬾ͻϹҪǼоݴͺս 
ǵʵôݴͣҲǵĶ֡սֻ·һѡȻô֪ܾӦ÷СɵǱɢһһڿڳԵǡ 
սʺҪһս˻ش𣬡ǵĿľƲǾͲȫΧǡ 
ȫΧǲˣѵŪôƾ 
мֿܡЦЦһȻǷǿͳ˧ľٶֿܺСڶͼˡ 
ǿܻʲôͼı 
˶˵Ǳ߻иǿڣҲӵзǳµǰɣ 
š 
ָӣǸϵͻȻðǻûʤ㣿 
˵Ժüش𣬡Ͼû˼ʶԼ֪жǿôǿǶӦֵܼͱµ 
ǵȸ׺˸ϵҪԵǶһϵĵ˺ʦʹҲ˵ 
šǸ⡣ 
ֻ÷ǳֶˡ˻ش𣬡͵ÿˡ 
ʲôǳֶΣ 
ӵıƣʮбһϵ٣Ѿκ¶뱣٣ѾҲҪƴŬʩоħһһҪ٣ˣл˻Ļһնס 
ʩӾħʬҲܱã֪˼ˡԺ˵Ǵսǲɱƻò׽ȴû˻ǵƣڷǵ㡣 
ǵģ˵Щֵ񣬾ֻȥˡҵĻǲ 
鷳Ժ̾˿ҾǼʹʦҲܶס 
ʵ⻹ҡҡͷ 
ǻи 
šǣһ֧ 
ôôƻĻûҪƭֵطȥɣȫսǾͶסˡ 
ʾ١˻ش𣬡Ϊ˶ԸѾһңټϸرҪֺԤӣǵıѾ׽⡣ʱһͻȻһ˴طðҪǱһҵı͹ˣû׼ĻǾܺɨطĲӡʱֲϻͷԸǣô 
㲻÷˹ĲӣҲû 
ǵġ˻ش𣬡ķǱߵָӾҪ÷˹͵˳ʦԿͿִˡ 
ԭˡԺ˵ͷΪڲ֪һð㸸׺Ҳʱܶ 
ǵġǰĵˣֻܿˡ 
ġԺЦЦһﲻĻǻкܴյġ 
ҵĵľ㡣˻ش𣬡һҲǻôˣǱضԭ򡣡 
ǲܲµõʵͼֻܾ͸״Ӧ׼԰ɡ 
ǵġ 
Щ׼𣿡 
ˣûбʤİա 
ͺáԺİ˵ļ磬οһȦ꣬ȻѾˣǼʹʧܣҲûʲôźġ 
ллĿ˻ش𣬡Ҿܰܡ 
ΪǲܵĴ𣿡 
Щʲô˵۹һͻȻ˵ֻͣǾãߣбȹ˹õͳڣһҪ磬С 
ڳˡ˹е鱨Ҳʼ׼һɡ 
ǣһߵĺ꣬˷ܵ˸񣬿첽ȥ



ʮ߽

       棡ŵܽٸʲôֵܺ·˻㱨˺ͻȻּǿҵİڲ˱ӪƶУдԼһҵĽʬ˹ һ򣿡㱨˶վôôࣿ 
ˡܷ˵ 
Ӧô˹ƵǺΧǰɡ룬˭ȥ 
ǿԲǡ·˻ش𣬡ΧͰΧʳ㹻Ҳֻܼ̣Ҫ֧ŵԮͿԡ 
ǲΧǡܷ˵һƹֱ򶼳ǽأ󷽵ľӿµֵסǵĹõ˺ɨǺ󷽺𣿡 
ôಿ뿪ҪսĲӽҪΣˡ 
˵Ҳǡ룬ҪһʿֵܴһұȥǱߵĵսһҪϮĲҪ֧Ԯ 
ӺױǰлԵ 
û취̾ƹں󷽵ңҲᱻȥǵİɡʱزˡ 
Ȼ·˷ת˸ȦǴһȥɡ˵սʱһǾܵϣҲ 
ϣֿЦŻش𣬡Ҫƫˡ 
εûǰһܵˡϣźԼӶŵĽʬӣҲʲô̽һ¡ 
棡ڸ׼ʱһٿٲϵǰִҾҪǰ 
ؾ 
Ϣĺֿ 
׼͵˽սʿ˧µССɧɺܿƽϢٵر任ΣҪ 
ֵܲӶŵĽʬӲûֻǽֵܵľӺ档 
оֵܲͻȻǰͲֺѹѹӰ 
ͣ׼ս 
Ҫˡ 
Χޱ޼ʵӰֵͷͣ³ 
ܵĵ˰ֵܵĲӰΧ󣬲ͣ 
һᣬһʦģˣӽʬ߳һߵֵܵĲǰߡ 
ǹ˹ʹߣִ˺ͽܷˣҶûκζ⣬ͨһ 
ʮӺʿߵǷʦߣϸѲһ飬Ӫ 
С˶˹ǹ˹ߵĲıǷʦֺͽܷ˸񣬡λǸִ˺ͽܷˡ 
˹ʲô 
˹˵λѾ겻ѵôһλᣬλɡ 
ȻλˣǾԼʲôߵһʵ 
ڵľλ֪˹΢ЦŻش𣬡˹ǰĻͻزȥˡλ˵ɡ 
ղ˵ĽЦ˹λȥΪǾôλ˵ȥ 
ûСλ˵˼˹ش𣬡Ҳ¸λ˼֣ĿǰľƣɱλˣƺûҪصذ뵽ȥŹ˹˵ĳ⣬˹˲λʲôٶġ 
ǲȥأ 
ûɣֻõˣλӦú 
вǣող廰Ľ㣬ṵ̂ˣ 
֪ṵ̂ˡ˹ΪҲҪûҪʱȥӢµΪ޴ 
˼˵ 
ΣͿλ˵ıˡ 
ǽ˹λˣǾͽԼ 
Ǿû취ˡ˹ҡҡͷһҪôʧˡ 
ǾǵļƷ 
ΪԼһʱĳ嶯һˣ֪ڼҵϢô룿˹ȫԼϵĵǴ˴ȱһ·ȴԼˡ 
˹ֻӻʾ⣬ðɣȥһˡ 
ˣ˹ƭȥﰡǻᱻɱģ 
Ǵ˲µġ˹ش𣬡ˡ˵䲻ĻҪɱλ˵ĻλѾվˡ 
ת˹Ǿȥһ 
ˣ 
ǲﵱʺˡ˹ŵλ˲Ǿɱҡ 
ôܺλ˵ıȣ 
˵ˡվ˹· 
λֻҪߵǲǰͺá˹վС˾ʡȻҵСֵǮҲܸλһ㰲ο 
ȻˣǾԼȥˡ˹дö˹ˡ 
λ˺ߣȴλ˴غϢ˹վ߳Ӱ˸񣬡˹в˵ô໰еڿˡ



ʮ˽

       λߡһʿŸֺͽܷһɽȥ˹˾ɽϵȺλˡ ֺͽ̧ܷͷŸ߸ߵɽֻһ͵Ӱһվڸ߸ߵɽϣںɽУԵ˵Ĺ¶į 
겻ʲôأӱӰȫϲˡôŵĸ֣͵ܵܶһۣ˿˽Ľɽȥ 
˽ӽĽŲվɽԶĹ¶Ӱתͷ 
֣ܷô겻ǵӻûʲô䰡˶ 
˹㡣ֿǰİףҪû䣬⿴ӣǲˡ 
һǰӣͱɱˣôں 
˹Ͷ޸񣬸̾˿Ϊʲôǰ㣬ȫ˵İ 
Ϊ˻ȥҪıġ˹ػش 
˹ܷ̲ס˵㵱飬ȷ˲ԡΪһ˽𣬷ôսǴôֺ㲻̫˱ǻ˽ɣָҵΣ 
һ˽𣿡˹ɫ˱䣬ҲɡΪһ˽ô֣ҲΪһ˽ǵȷûһΪʲô幫ǣô˵һ˽ǲǻһ˽ܸܲң 
ܷ죬˵Щʲôһ仰Ҳ˵ 
ôƽ޹ʵúܶѣϣ𣿡ַ 
ΪʲôǾͻúҸ˹ʣΪʲôôվʲôĻֻЩԵ͵ļһҸЩΪЧ˾ɶѣ 
ﲻΪ˳ܵġ̾˿ǽΪİɡ 
Ȼǡ˹¶һ˿ЦݣֻһһĻѡ 
˵˵ 
Ҳ֪Ĳԡ˹Ȼ˵Ҳɱ̫Ӱҵʵһ仰ͶҾͲΪǡ 
Ͷ˺ڳȥҪܷЦŻش𣬡Ҳ̫˰ɣ˹ 
ڳҪ˹΢΢һЦǹɡ 
ֵߵɽҪķȥֻҪĳǽϣ˺ɫģһӶˣվڳǽĴѲߡ 
ɲǼ䣬ֵܵһƬ԰ס 
ôܣǲ뿪ãܹҪ 
򵥡˹ش𣬡νʴȾͿԡǰʱкܶסЩװУһһ֡ 
ܡϵĸûܲ 
˭ɽȥǰϵģ˹ЦֻƽʱԹ̫ɡ˭ƽʱô£ô˺һ˽أ 
ֲٻػֽסѣһɱɢ 
ǡ˹ɫ䣬ߵһ꽣ʿ˵ǲǾϣõֵָǰλ˿ɶǺպĽʥλֽ°ɡ 
ǡ˹˸񣬰νڸֺ͹˹֮䡣 
ֲ򻰣ǰȥǵͺһǰ塣ǱƽԼһȣ˲õĹâ 
һ󳤽Ӱֱ˿ɫ䣬΢΢Ϸ˺Ρ 
ƽʱս֪ʥ˰ɡ˹ߵļλ˵֪Լͱ˵Ĳ࣬¿๦ɡǣˡ 
ǡǳֽ˸񣬡лִָ̡ 
бǵѾнӽʥʿʵˡﰵ룬Ǽ˹ƺˮ׼Ҳࡣ˹Ӧеʦˮ׼ǲһġ 
ɡ˹ɫ粻ֵ˵¾ʵ̫ΪѣҲܺһֱСʱ֮ҵǵĴ𸴡 
˹ɬɽıӰʵĲܻصǰ𣿡 
ô˵Ϊû¡˹ͻȻ˵ı䣬һҲͬĹΪЧѵҰɡ 
ôˣλ˶˹ݺݵضϺȲĶ˹˵ǲ׼ʲôıԸǴˣ 
԰ꡣ˹ش𣬡ôģҴɡ費ҪҪһ 
źȲ裡һλʲôһҾɱ㣡ҳȥ£ҺúôţȻɱ㣡 
̫ɫڽȴŵ˹ȵԼӪ 
λջˡ˹˵ӭȥûλʲôɡ 
ûС¶һɬЦݣȥټʿҪһ 
ǣ׼ʲôʱ 
ǽܷ˵ɳƣ˹ǾͶ 
˵ʲô˹ҡҡͷһˣ˵һ飬ˣ 
ûֵ쳣ϣ׼Ͷ 
Ϊʲô 
ҪˣҲΧˡ˹ǲͶֻ·һ 
ǲ 
֪Ҳܿһ˾ôǴӦңֻҪͶͲǡ 
ˣ 
Ǿˡȥټʿɣ 
Ҫĳǽϣʿؽ̸ʲô 
Ϊʲô˻ôֵֻҪǣҪȰѵ˵ȫŪǵģôֵܻսȴվڿ֡ 
˭֪Щôġߵͬش𣬡Ҫ״̬ڣȻͿһ𹥻ˡӮˣҲ 
ǰ˵Ľʿش𣬡֮ڣܰɨɾ



ʮŽ

       ҹޱ޼ʵҹɫŴءɫģǶںƲ棬һҲûСƺѾҹɫг˯Ϣһɽ£һȺѹѹʬ壬ذΧһƬӪ ڱΧŵľӪУͻȻһӰСشʬ岿ȥûзһ˿Ϣ 
˳һĽʿͬ˵ 
ϡͬѹɤӣֻһǾͷߡ 
šˡǱٳȻ־Ͳðˡ 
ӰСĵشʬȺǰһξ룬תɽź󣬿ʼƴҪ񱼣̵ֻĽŲھҹлţԵ÷ֵǣûһ˳赲ɱŵˡ 
ֹһᣬҹɫˣѾǰڰʱ֡ 
˳ˣҲÿϵҪ˰ɡţһȥˣ֪ͨǱ׼ 
á 
棡һʿմͨѶ߳һʦ㱨˴ǺҪǰ 
ֻһ˰ɡ 
ǡ 
ȥҪ˼˼һ¡ˡ 
ǣ 
·վڳǵĳǽϣһӿĵ˱ˣĳȡ 
ô󣬿ҪˡֵҲսɡû뵽һӣȴҪսͬһط 
뵽·ҡͷЦ۲ŵ˵Ķ 
ͻȻ·˾ȵطֵ˿ʼƺ˴ǵĺԼķɱ 
ѵֵͻΧɹԮԼ·˵ļ 
·ʧطԮֻһˡ 
ӽ 
˹ȵʿǻԡѪ˲Լǰ·˾ȵؽгôֻһѵ˶ 
ˣ˹ˮӣִ˺ͽܷѾͶˣ̶ûú͵˴򣡡 
ʲô·˸ԼĶ䣬˵һ˾Ͷˣô£ 
ǱΧԺȥ͵˵ͳ˧һͶˣҲ֪ΪʲôǺ˵ҪѾˣҲţƴܻ 
⻰·һϡ 
֧֣û뵽ȴ򶼲Ͷˡ˹ٰѾ˵һ飡 
ˣ˹ѾεˣûѲһֱ˹ߵҽ㱨 
졭·˿Цҡҡͷ֪Ժܼܲǣǰ̧ȥúưɡ 
Ưڿ·˵ӰĻеıӵϣˤƬ 
˹а˹ 
ˣ˹˳ȥѲӸصĲҪܻ 
ʲôǽвıǶҪҪ죡 
ǡ 
ѾٽıԵ̴ǼæӦҴ˳ȥ 
·˵ı棬ֺͽܷѾͶˡϵͣû͵˽սֱͶˣһ˵ĲӰ 
ϢȷУٲıɡ 
ȷ·˶Ů˵Ļȫġ 
ԭʲô 
·Ҳʱֵڴȥ赲ˣȻ˵˰Χ֮͹˹һͶˡ 
Ҳ˹鱨ǣôǷҪʿʿ 
Ҳܡҡҡͷ鱨˹ 
Ļŵùһı˽ۣ֮ʲôԭ򣬸ֺͽܷδ͵˽ս¾Ͷȷɵˡ 
ı׷׵ͷ 
Ϊʲô 
ˣҲǵȷвѵԭ򡣡һıɤӣҲĿܡ 
ʲôܣ 
ǰ鱨ҲԵõļ衣ǲı˵ֵһʼͺ͹˹ԼǾܽܶ顣 
˵˵ 
о״֮ǰ鱨ʾʬʦ㣬˵ʱ޷չģġֵܼװ͵˶Ųǻ㱨˼ǿĿǲǺ͵սõ˵ȺԮ 
˵Ĳı˿ڲ裬˵ȥ 
ҲԽΪʲôһֵܽӴϳˣΪаʱҪûбҪǵľս 
ΪʲôǲɴһʼͰҪ׸ˣȴôõϷһıɡ 
Ϊ㣬һҪǻɱǣʹ޷Ӧ˵ԭȹԮҲȫǴģȫԮͶǴʹˡ 
Ϊʲôڽ֮ǰѾбȫˣǵ˵ˣֻҪٵȵȣͶ¡ 
ʱǲıش𣬡ԺĲѾڿҪˡ㿴ǰıʾдǿҵİڲڵ˺󷽳֣˼˵ 
˵ԮѾˣݺݵؽӿڣǾһͶһôǣ 
ˣֻһֿܶѡһıæ˵һʵ 
ܣܣЩ鿴 
⡭ 
ˣȥѸֺͽܷļȫץȥǸҳңҾɱȫң 
侲ѵеĻѼģ 
סڣѪ˿ٰͽҾһץȥ



ڶʮ

       춼һԺһŮؽ̸ʲô 硣Ůü˵үүĲּˣǿȸͣҽ˵Ѿβˣֵ֪ܼܲ׻ 
ǰսôǲϻİش𣬡ֻҽӻүүĲ飬ϣֵܼ׻ˡ 
šŮӵüøˣ֪ǰս˹ǰʱ˵Ʒǳء 
ġõļ򣬡׺Ǵ½պĽʥġ 
šŮֳĻüͷչЩ 
˵ŻˣͻȻſ𼱴ٵĴţһ죬ƺű˴ˡ 
ʲô£ţҴŷȥһȺʿӵԼҴš 
ʲôŭʵҼҵţ 
ͽһ׽Ҳȫ乫ӵĽ˵Բˡ 
ͽһ´סˣôܣǲŪˣ 
ôдġǽش𣬡ʲôʣ뵽ɡ 
ܣǿҵĶ˰ΧʿһŪˣ 
ĻɱۡȻҲס˶࣡ 
ǾԡĻг˺⣬Ҳôһ˾ܸɵң˭һˣ㣿㣿 
۹ɨˣ˿ 
һı˽Ҳλ˻Ͷˣһʲôᡣ˼ȻµҲִܲСɣίǸȥһˣԺʹ˽Σһ֣ʹͽҲͽˣ˼ 
⡭ 
˵Ǿȥʸסһ˿ţղź˵Ůӷ˳ 
үү꼱æɢϵĶ첽ߵ˸ǰôôˣ 
ܲ𣿡ЦЦ壬ǲԼߵˣ鷳һ̡ 
ǡǲıæתԸǿȥŪҪһġ 
롣ıʾ⣬Ҳ֪ץȫңȫǡ 
š˵˵ͷǼҲܾûһȥˣһȥȥȨȥɡҪ𣿡 
˵ġǲıæش𣬡ĸҶһԩֻҪǵ˵Ǿ 
߰ɡ˶ȫ߽ 
ʻţ˶ĨһѺ 
ԺҪӡıԴĽ˵һǻǣȫⶼû취еǸֻ֣ҪŪǾͺã֮ɱɱ¾ͺûϵˣˣҪȥˣ¸û֮ǰĶ 
ǡǽ첻ͣصͷ 
õˡӺĲıƿ˵ȥ˻㱨 
š 
ˣǰȫˡ 
룿һҵĻץ˭ȥˣ 
Ϣŭı˵Ҳ֪һȻб£ҲǳԸϧһȷͶУǲǶҲԼģǶԴҶáǴֻܾˡ 
ãվҾ֪Ϊٵļˣһͽ 
֪˴Ϣ˵ҵͶˣֱ߽ʵ 
·˴Ϣɫǳѿʵ˵Ҳţǲòš 
·ˣ˵Ȼ࿴˳ֶֻۣݺ˵ˡ 
֪ͺáǿԼĻ·Ҫأƻˡ 
ǲǸϢŪˣ 
Ϣ˹ӵ˵İΧȦսϢ㻹ʲôҪʵ𣿡 
ܰ૵˵ʲôͶ 
иϢ㲻֪ϵͣ˵ͳ˧й˹ 
˹Ǹ˹ 
ǡ 
ʹҵĶҲܻͶУ 
ѵô˶ԩӣ·˺гݺǣ˹ѵҲݺǣ 
ˣһı˽·˴˵˹ˣҪڳ֮˵仰 
źŽӹ 
μˡ˺۵˹Ӱڿг֡ 
񡣡ӻ֣㣬ûʲôսͶ𣿡 
ǵġ˹˵ػش𣬡ȥ˹˹һ棬ȻͻҪˣҪǴͶҲţܻ 
ôᣡͻȻ죬ǲʲôԻħ߳ʲôҩ 
ʱȥǳѣ˵Ҳ߼˹ش𣬡Ҿ벻װ 
ʲôȴǱߴ·˵һȣ֮޴ıը˹ӰͻȻӿʧˡ 
·ˣ˹˫ֽճȭͷǻʲô˵ģ 
ûʲô˵ˡתվһߵĲıʣη·ɡ



ڶʮһ

       ˡһ̴ӵԷ㱨˹˻ˡ

ˣ

˹Լĸ߽һˣ

ʲô£ӣոϻİ˹һ

㻹֪ҪѾ˹ˣֵҲͶˣ

Ϣȷ𣿡

ҪƵʱںҪͨ

Ŷ˹̾˿ǰ鱨ҪƵʲôֵ£ǸֵܻڳƺͶ벻

ҪǳԺͶҲûʲô˵ġһºǴһˣ򶼲ֱͶ˰ôǣͽ

ܵġ˹ҡҡͷֵǻ˽ǾԲ£һҥ

ҥ˹׿ں˵ģ

ôܣ˹Ȼ޷ţһʲôԭ򡣡

ʲôԭ˹˵ȥ͹˹һͶˣ֪ԷʲôôǾôͶˣСˣôǣ

Ϣŭ˹Ȱ˰龭˵˵˷

ã

ǵȷͶûĻ˹˵ͷδս¾ͶˣʱҪûб£ǵԸӦûȫսҪͻΧŶ԰ΪʲôͶأ

̰£ʲôɣ

»òУԭ򲻻ô򵥵ġ

ˣһı˽ǰϢ˻ʿٺˣ

ǴĲˣվһԵİ˹ʡ

Ǳû֮Żˡ

Ŷ˹˵ͷ°ǵĵط˵ҪҪʿ͸ǲӵʿЩ⡣

ǡ

μˡһűʿڿС

ÿӢսǲֵܼڡҴл

л˺˵Ĺġʿͷ֪ʲôҪʵģ

˵Ҫµǰ죬˹صҪ֧Ԯǣ

ǵġ

˼˻

һˡ

ʱΧǵĵж٣

ˡ

Ŷ˹˵ͷ˹ˣ

˹˺·˴ڳƵʱһսˡ

𣿡˹һµȥ˹ǰһ죬ʲôǾֵ鷢𣿡

ֵ£ʿһᣬȷֵ¡˹Ǻûȫǽ˲ڳǽǵվڿ֣һֱ˲ǹ

Ŷ˹˵ͷûˣȥϢɡ

Ǹֽʿɡ˹Ըڿеһʿʡ

ǡʿصͷ

ûǵ˼˹˵Һ˶֪ǾԲ̰ˣֻΪ˧òӶѡ

л˺˵⡣ʿһʡ

ЩҪ㣬ϣܾʵش𡣡

ǡ

Ͷ죬ʲô֣

ڸȥ赲ˣ׼͵˽սʱϢ˵д˽ҪǾƴϻȥ˰Χˡ

ﱻΧģ

뿪ҪԶһɽ¡

վɽܿҪ𣿡

СûȥɽӦǿԿģǲῴú

Ȼأ

Ȼһʣ˵Է˧λλȥ˧֮Ͷˡ

ǵʲô

˵ҪѾˣٴҲûãֻܱȫ߶ѣǾ͡

Ŷ˹˵ͷΧǵĴжٵˣ

򡣡

˹ͻΧʱ˶ʿ

˹ߵʱû֪˵Լҹܵˡ

Ŷ˹룬ûˡҺʹ˶֪ӢµʿͶֻΪѣǲǵġϣ´κ͵սʱǿǵ

һ˺˵ĺʿڿʧˡ

˼İ˹ʲôſڣǿѻѹضȥ

һ⡣þ֮󣬰˹̾˿ҲֵܱƭˣҲ벻˹ôƭǰɡ

ʲô˼

ȷ˹Բݺǡ˹˵Ϊսˡ

š

м֣һ˵Ķһ㣬˹ԼһˣôܴоԼܳɱ˵ĲӽҪ

ǰҲֵ˵˵Լһ˾ûܻܳ˵İΧȦġ

ֻһֿܡ˹ش𣬡ǵ˹Ҫ

ǶԵʲôô

Ŀڣ֪ûͶˡôӣһǲľٶԺǺʹĽᣬǾҲûˡʥ֣ɺܶɡ

ΪʲôֱͶ

û´ĻǺ͹˹Ӧɽ档˹úԺǿҪǷҪȫǵ˵ĺڱʱô룿

һ´סˡ

ǾҪһʿͶǲ˺ʿͷǻȥɡǵȰ˵º͵սʱ߻һ

ô᣿

Ϊǵ˵ˣôӦõͶԺһȫɱˣܻ֮ǾԲỳǵģ˾ԲͶй¶ȥڵ˹Ūôķͱʾ

ô죿ֽţǰҰǵļ˶ץȥˣ

̫ˡ˹̾˿ǺˣһĵǸӦûء

ȥ

ˡվʱһı˽Сˣ

ʲô

ϢͰ˹סˡ

ô˵ģڷӦİ˹

Ѿܾˡǲı⣬Ǻܶʿļ˵ͽˣͽȥʿҲв˺ǰߣԡͺܻˣСҲɱˡ

˹ô죿ɫ԰׵ץסĸļ򣬡ǲŹҵģ

ھƶǲ˹̾˿Ҳ˵ԺôǣϢȥ˵ôԴǰΪսĽļѾþɢˡ

Ǹô죿

û취ˡ˹ɫһ²԰Ϊսֵֻ֣ܱڹˡˣ촦ͽļֵܣȥԸ

ͽļ

ǵģͽļ˹ش𣬡Ǽ֪ʵˣԼΪͽļ𣿡

ǡ

ˣѾûа취ˡ˹ε˵뾡ִаɣҲֵܻ֪µġ

úáҵ߳š

Ҳȥˡ

ǡϢĲıתȥͻȻúһʹ

֪ܵǲܻȥġ˹ıʹؿգ֣ܷʵڶԲսԼǵǸˡ



ڶʮ

       

һʿһôһηš

ǵΪֹˡƣ촽ⱻһȺʿӵŵһʦҲã˾ʲô֪ˣʡﶪۡ

ҸֺͽܷͶУɼӰ죬Ϊƽߣһִʯ̣ʲôҪ˵𣿡

һ𣿡Цһûʲô˵ӦáԺץǣҺүүתǣ˵ǺźûץסҵǸ

ôһĻһת档Ƿʦҡҡͷߡ

߳ŵ׼õ˫ãȻؿǰһᣬʼǰƶ

ݼôˡȫܵĽͲʱ࣬ĬĬ룬û뵽Ű

ڣһƬ㳡ͣ

ʼ̣

ŲıΧĹڲͣţ׷װеʯͷˡ

ף壬ҺǣԼܵʯͷ۾

ˣйڿļİͻȻ

ʲô£ԱԺʵ

˲شֻǰһļ˹ȥ

ͶУܣ

ǲܡǵ˵ı

ǰҶóôǼһߵĲıǰ׳ûȰ裿

֡˻ش𣬡ǼһߵϯıҼǺܾˣҺֵǺѣΪʲôļҲǩ

¡һʦ߽Ӫʣ֪ʲô飿

ϢΪʲôô

˵ڴϢʱǵ˶αļĸ˷ԣĴˮֱӺϵǲ֪Ϣġ

Ŷ˵ͷ˼˹ֹҼʱõϢô˽鱨ˣֻԼˡ

˼˵

Ҳֵ֪޹ģȴһҪɱǵļˡΪ˷ֹǵжԾӻ֪Ϣʱ䡣

ҲЩˣʵû취Ȱ˵

ˡ̵̾ʱ졣

ôᡭ

صϢЩ˲ᷢԺŹ

ڸȫұǰһ죬ټвıᣬ֮˴ʱ˹ڳ˹ȥ֮ļͻȻȻ̵ͬʱ˹Ϊǰָӣ̵ǰ߳

ȥһ̵ʱǲǸһҶ̳

ǡ

¡һᣬ˽ǱߴϢ˵ǿ˵¸صķϣŮԾʯ̡

š˵˵ͷ˹ǲǲûʲô׼ֱǰ߳ˣ

ǵģȥܼӡ

ȻЦһ£ȻϢȥ鷳ˡһҪøֵܣǼ˹ԺҲ֪ͨǱߵ˱øֵܣбҪĻɵ˹

áԺҴҵ˵ͷΪʲô

ҹư˹ѾˣС㲻֪ʲôԭУֻá

ɣ

ĿǰΪս֣ҲϹֻ࣬սʡ˵Ҫֵܣǳˡ

ȥ

֣ܷ治Ը𣿡˹һˣװֵʡ

ǵ⡣

ǻȥǻᱻͽģҲһص춼ͻᱻץɱͷҲ˵

ǵ¡ܷߵ˵ҲŰ˹Ϊǽġ

ǻмġֻش𣬡˹Լʿȫ뿪ԺǾͿˡ

ȻˣҲǿλˡˣλϱơ

λء

ӴԺǾǵзˡһɱеľƣⱭƣưɡ

㻹ء˹ɬһЦҲãԺټ棬͸ˡ

⣬ʱȺλҷӪ˹ԶȥӰе

İɣܷĵԶԶֵܵӰͣҲͣ춼ķȥ

ˣΪʲôϢԶһʿ˼Ĺ˹

˵ڰ˹̾˿ϾǵĲ߻Żǽô˵м׼ã

졣

ȥ

ǡ



ڶʮ

       ˹²鰡һͻȻӲݴдĽ⣬ֶߵĽܷ˵ôһߵǼ͵ϮǲҲˡ ˭֪ʲô⡣ܷش𣬡ӣƺֻǲǻȥ 
šֵǣȻнʿЭҲǻȥüԺʲôѵǵͽˣ˵Ӧòжϰɡ 
벻ˡܷҡҡͷǻصǣӦˡ 
š 
ˡһѪĽʿ˹㱨ֵ̫ǿˣ˲ǡ 
Ͼǽʥ˹εЦЦˣʵû취ҲԳ 
ǡ 
Ƕࡣһ߲ǰɱһ߶Խܷ˵ûʱǺģǿ߰ɡ 
šܷµһޣǻǾݰ 
˦׷ߵֵͻȻǰһ 
ܵǰסˣͷһ½Ҫսˡ 
֣ܷǰ 
һʦӶ߳ȵǴк 
˹ָ˵ؽôˣ 
ұΪǰߵָӣȥأû뵽ǡ 
սܣǡ 
˵ˡ˹º͵һЦ֪ǵĿԵģѾԴ˽ˡ 
Ǿͺáܷ¶˸˵ЦݣûΪǵļ˰ɡ 
ǶܺãĲҲˡ 
ǺϢءҲ˵Цͻȥ 
ˡ˹ش𣬡ǰս³Խǲȸȥȴ˵ٷػؼҡ 
Ҳáһᣬ˵ͷ 
һ·ˡ˹ֵܾ˾Ʊһ 
һ·ͦģϱϮ鷳ˣ˹ʱĻӦõǵ鱨˾ȻĸϮǣʵǲ 
ţһעġ˹־бڲ̸£ȣ 
˼ƵĸͻȻе㲻ԣֻֽе㷢顣 
˹˿ɿ𣿡 
Կɿôˣ 
е㲻ԣƺʲô 
㷢˰˹վŵ΢Цϧ˵㡣 
㣡ֳסվȴֽŲָӣ㾿ʲô 
ɱǡ 
ҲΪͽ˹㾹ȻŲǣ 
ŵùǡ˹̾һ֪ǾԲͽǷɡ 
Ϊʲô 
ҩЧǿ˹ҡҡͷ˵ɣ֪ͶԺȫҶץˣʱҲڡҸϻʱѾˡ 
һܷԼλˤ 
ûõġ˹ҡͷƵҩǶҩһȫֱܶʱΪֹ¶ģǷԲҩ 
ǵѹ˹˵ǸϻضŪʵʹǲԴ˲¹⴫ȥͻǾĻɢԾԲ֪ࡣ 
𣿡ֵгѪ˿ҵأ 
ѹʲô³Ӧ֪ 
㡭 
Ҳ˵һѪӿ˳ 
Բ𡣡˹г˰ˣҶǿǳģû취 
ֺͽܷһ仰Ҳ˵ضס˹гŭ 
ҪޣͺƳƲߵĹ˹ɡ˹ִ֧ˣ֣ܷ򡣡 
һڸǰȴûȥɢ 
ô£˹˿벽㻹бԼĶûϵδͷˡ 
ٴԼıֱ۾ 
ڱиֵʱ򣬸ͻȻİ׹⡣ǰ׹ϵıϢˡ 
ʲôˣ˹첽һࡣ 
ǰ˹ɡ߽һʦ΢ЦŶ˵ 
ԣǰ˹ԺǱߵ˰ɣڴͽִ񡣡 
ͽ𣿡ЦЦҿɲʲôԺˡһˣ㣬ء 
㾿ʲôˣʲô 
ʲôˣǷʦЦˣ֣𣿡 
˹ 
ֽضסˣȼŭ 
˹˹һܣڷͳ˧ôܻôǿʥħ 
Ϊʲôôǿʥħ˹ЦЦԭûҵݰѵʮǰûҵ 
˹һİ˹ͻȻѵǸ˵кͰڵʦѳְųƽ̻ϯӵǸ˹ 
Ŷԭڴ˵ǸӢ۰˹ЦЦΪֵʶĹ˹ĸ˹ 
㡭˹һֵܣΪʲôǣ 
ΪǻŸð˹ش𣬡Ҳ֪İɣԲôɱǡ 
˹˵ֻŹ˹ 
ͻȻ˹һͺȣһǿҵĹ˹ȥƺû뵽Էôƴ˹üͻȻӿʧ 
˹ӰһͻȻ֡ 
ܳˣ˹룬Ǵ˵еҲ׷ңֻҪܵľӪȥͰȫˣ 
ôŵİ˹ͻȻӿ˺ 
Լ߽ȥǱÿԡ˹߳бŸ֣Ҳɱ㣬ɡǼ˰ѸǵȥԽԽá 
Ĺ˹Ѹַŵϡ 
˭ܶ˭Ӯ˹Բܶ΢Цǵˡ 
֣ᵽҵĸ𣿡תԶȥĹ˹˷ʣ㾭ЩĹΪʱӭҵͷ 
ڵϵĸ֣ҧø졣 
ˣǲص˵ΪʲôŹǸ˹ 
ŹΪܱȸȶ𣿡˹һЦҪأҸطȥ 
ﲻͣİ˹˵طԼߵĺɢˡ 
̫Сˡ˹˷ܵ룬Բ뵽һôܰħĿơܻˣȰѸָɵԺʣ 
̵İ˹ͻȻһǿҵĺԼֹæ̧ͷֻĽԼ䡣ͬʱһҲ㻩ش 
ǵصУվһͷɢӣסһӵʬ壬̧ͷգƺҪЩʲôȴûκκͲʱ˸磬ƺҲΪɢĺƣҽߡ 
˹÷ţЩǷǵļǣǶһҪȫɱ⣬οҼ˵֮飡 
÷Ҫͳ˧ˡ˿еı棬˹һȫˣֺͽܷ֪աͬʱ˴ʵ࣬ƶǺܲ 
£ܵóеΡԺ̾˿߰ɣǰء




-- --



ʮ
һ

       յʹţڳѹɽϣƺҪɽѹˡؼ侲ĵģһ˿ϢҲûУһֱҴŵɽ磬Ҳֹͣ˴صϢˡһ޴ɽУźɫŨƺϵƲظ䵽˼䡣 һ𣬷ŵĺҽһһ΢ɽȥƽɽĴƬƺĳɽԶֹͣ˽Ųͣطγһ޴СбԵĺѹĺѹϷƺϵһƬ 
ɫԽˣž޴ĺһƶֱء޴ĺɽл죬ɽƺηؾ޴ͣزšɽ΢⣬Ȼƽǿ˸š 
ͻȻһ޴绮գںγɵϡɲǼ䣬һҵطž޴ĺɽ 
Զһɽһλϵİڷʦ۵һѪ 
ˣһȺߵķʦ׷Χȥ 
û¡Ϸʦվɢڿеĺҡҡͷ̾˿һµŬ׷ˡѵĲòӦе𣿲֪˹ֵܼʲôʱ򣿡 
ġһλʦο˹ûôױܵġ˰ˣȥ׼´һܰѽ繥ơ 
ϣˡϷʦ£۾ 
Ϸʦսڤ״̬ʱһ󼱴ٵ 
ˣһλķʦͨس˽ղŵ硭ղŵ硭 
ϢŵķʦüѵŴĻ飬Ƕ֪ʲô£ôôסϸķʦ𣿡 
ǵģᷨʦתɫԽˣղŵ磬ѽˣ 
ʲôڤеϷʦ͵վ³һѪ˵ĵͺУӰͻȻԭʧԶɽг֡ 
ȥ 
һͱȽϴķʦһסͬ飬Ǽȥ 
Ϊʲô 
ǼȥסԼͬķʦվſڵļ˷Ըֲԣ֪ͨǣȻܡ 
Ϊʲôȥסʣ⼸Сëͷȥһʲô£Ӧ𣿡 
ħƬ𣿡 
ô 
ʵ˵òᣬҶóסԼͬķʦ˵ 
ǲӦøȥס˻ش 
ħƬڳǿϡǷʦش𣬡ڴ˵״ñǿȥˣһ 
ô˵ǡס˽ɽתȦڴ˵ľҲڵ͹ȣһ 
˳ȥʱ򣬽ԵĶҩĽҩûԡסԼͬķʦش𣬡Ŵˣģֻеȴ 
ĵȴʦǷϵͻȻɢͬʱһȺ˴ɽȷɽ 
ˡصļλʦɫָ 
ɹˣҩңǾ͵˹ȥ 
ԼĻʦǷһ󻶺һλʦŴӻһСƿصݵ 
ʱɽͨѶˮǿҵ⣬һλϷʦǰ档 
Ϸʦĺ΢΢սţҳɹˣħ 
⻰ļ́ͷסԼ 
˹֣Ҳɹˣںϡ 
شĺ˹ȫ 
ô꣬ǵȵ죡 
ӽ쿪ʼҪˡ緢ػش𣬡ȥԵĲɣڴʤ 
һġ 
ˡһʦ˷ܵϻԼӪصĹ˹㱨˺ͺ˹ִ˳ɹˣӪ˸Ͽϣ 
֪ˡ˹ش𣬡ʱȲܸˣǻȥ 
ǡ 
˭˹ָԶһڵھŵССӰôһԼֻĵطƬط˸ʲôȥˣ 
衣ڵſӵĺҲ޵ģЩ˸ǵ裬ԶǡҰЩծһʱֻأٵǰޡ 
ӡ 
ļ́˫ۣһȺ·վԼǰ 
ȥ𣿡 
ص˵ͷ 
أǿԴȥ 
ûˡ 
Ժô죿 
ѧ죬𡣡 
ѧ죿˹͵ʣѧ˱ô죿 
Щȫɱ⡣ 
ˣ˹ЦЦΪʲôǻأ 
ϱʱЩ˶ǡ 
ϱûһ𣿡 
ͷɲǼһɫ԰׵һںеŮ 
ûС 
еĹâһָֻĮ˹̾˿ 
ǰڷʦǱˡ˹ǰкԸһУҵӪ𣿡 
Ӻԥص˵ͷ 
ʲô֣ 
ҽб 
ô߰ɡ 
ڻǳɹˡǰľ򣬡зӡӡȫʧݣҲҪˡ 
ʿųĬĬ˵ͷ߳˴



ڶ

       棡һʿ˹д˴Ӳ෽ҾػأǵĲѾ㹻ıǷˣ ıҪֵĻܶã 
һСʱҡ 
ֱˣһء˹ЦҪ˱߱ҪĶͿԣĶˡǷĲȫ赲ˣʱ䡣 
ǡ 
ˣҵĴ 
ʿܳ󣬲ıȻվ 
̫𡣡˹οϾǰ˰ܰŪת鴫˵ǵĿĲס𣿾ˡ 
ȥǻᱻƵöԾġ 
Ծ˹ЦЦӸ죬Ծ˭Ӯ˵ء 
ˡҲȥ׼׼ɣҪ쳷ˡ˹οţھͿˣϣܿͻƵ˵ķߡȻ׼÷˹Ҳܵġ 
ǡı˸񣬡ˣҾԲٷˡ 
ǵȻȥɡ 
棬ڵ˿Ҫȴܽ˻㱨 
ֶӿһֶ鷽ػأжϵ˶Ϻ󲿶ӵ·ģڶֶҪֶסĻ̸ȥ赲ǲӸȥ͵һӻϣ˵ĶϺ󲿶ӡ 
ǡ 
ֳԵһ顣ڵͼϻһ档 
ˣ˲𰡡Ժһ̾ѵôһԵ¹˶ս˰ɡ 
˵ûĶЩСӡҡҡͷֻܴʿѡ˹ҲǸ˲Űÿζȷжϡ 
ô˵ôǣսʱЩܺðɡ 
ô˵ûҡҡͷǶԷƻû֣浽ʱʲô״أҲ˸ҪһǶԾҲ˵ 
㲼ˡ˹˿صķ߲ûױͻˣǼһｻս۰ 
׼ϢĹ˹ͻȻͨѶˮ 
˹ͷڿи֣˵ñȽడܼס𣿡 
ʱû⣬˹ȻѶԸ˹ش𣬡ͷʹǱ⡣˼ÿ߶ʩ˾ħû취ӱ 
ţǸ⡣ͷԺԵĵҲСҪϳ𣿡 
ʱá˹ش𣬡˹ִʲôʱܵǣ 
ټ졣 
Ҳõȼ죬Ⱥ˹ִ˵˵ɣҲ׼׼ˡ 
׼ˣͷʹô侲 
Ǿûʾͷɡ˹¶һ˿ЦݣѾסˣͿˡ 
ġ 
Ҹ档˹ʮĺһͲҪǴϢĻᡣӰ˵ˮ׼÷˹ҲϢʱĻ¾ѰˣǱ߻иҪԸ 
֪˵ͷȵ˹ִ˻ٷϢǴǰѽǱȥˣСģ̫顣У̻ҲѾʼˡ 
ţ֪ˡ˹΢΢ͷ붯ˡҲĶ飬뾡ԵҰɡ 
ʵû취˻ȥһʱҲû취תˡ 
ã˵ʵĵطͺãֲֻзʦҲͼһСʱѡ 
档ʿ߽˵񣬡ͻȻˣǸӦԡ 
֡üǵķ߲ûʲôΪʲôͻȻˣǴ˻Ҫ𣿡 
˵ļҪ˻ȥı˽Ϊʲôأ 
Ÿǵģ˵õϢˡԺһ˵ڸߡ 
ԭˡ˵ͷѹƽԭƽעⱣֺ͵˵ľ룬׷̫ˣС 
ǡ 
кֵĻҲ׼ˡ 
ȴ߳󣬰˵ 
šԺ˵ͷ֪˵أ 
Ҳǰ档˿ЦҲڱĵطɭȥ÷˹ҪСˡ 
ǡ 
¡͢ʦ߽鷿ҽϢµˡ 
𡣡¶οЦݣ⼸ΨһĺϢˡ 
ǡ͢ʦҲЦˣǡ 
ţ 
ȷ˵ı棬ڵֻǰһҡ 
𣿡ɫս֮ٺ취ɣΣһҪָԭ״Ҫʲôۡ 
ǡ 
͢ʦͷ˳䣬š





       һϰϰɽУһȺ˾ۼһ޴ɽſڣƺڵʲô˵ĵ ֹһ󣬾ôŵڿԶмڵԼٽӽȺзһ˷ܵĵ 
ˣˡͷķʦӭȥ 
š 
ӭӵϷʦ˵ͷɽȥ 
ˣǶԼҪɡϷʦΧԼߵ˵УȥǸ׼£ҲҪˡ 
ǡȺĻش𣬿ٵɢ 
ˣûʲôʰɡСĵʵ 
áֻҪȫƬҪһӦʱ䣬ϾƬ̫ǿˣһȫӣܲס˹¶ЦݣҲǳ¡ 
ϲˡͷҪҪѷʱƳٵ㣬ȴȫƬٳ 
ҪڳҿڡʼЩԷҳֵֵġ 
ǡ 
˵˹Ǳͳˣǻ𣿡 
ǡش𣬡Сı˷˱ӪֻǰѵǱߣʵʱͻϮˡ 
Ŷ˹ֵͷڱ 
˵ľ񼸺ںսʱ·硣Ϣ˵̻ʺͿҲǱ߸ȥϢ˻ûǻϡ 
šڿƬӡʱ˵ˣһߵһǰг̻㡣ǱʲôǰһǺ󷽵ĲͣɧŵƣڱӦ󷽵Ϻǵң͸߹˹Ѹҷȫɱ⣡ 
ڹ˹ĺ󷽺ȣƽ֧Ļش˹ִһǱ㡣 
ôƽְ֧ڷʦģսӦûᾭˣôŪ㣿 
ġϸذѹ˹ߵľһһ㱨˹֡ 
ŶǼһﲻǴǱĸ߲˹ָ˵ص˵ͷôŪʵںܲǲôģͻᵼʧܡΪʲôƽһս 
ϾڷʦǿֲаĴڡԼĵʦ̲סҡҡͷ˹ֻиǰͱ֤ǲսĳŵץסǵġοԷҲûгɫͳߣ̫ǰòײŽֻȫʧ 
ڳ˴⡣˹ֿյ˵ֶʹ޷սʿǵıȴһֱʹܸϵͿϣҲֲôǻмûء 
ǵġҪ׼ʱͻȻһ£ûӦ֮ǰɨǵĵֿõǷӦֻʣǼˣǾû취ˡ 
˻мû 
ǳûҲûиָ֣и÷˹ҲǺѶԸĶ֡ 
š˹ֵͷǵЩ취ǼһҲҶԸġҲʵй˹ͷҲ᲻ɡ 
ܿܡش𣬡ʵҺ͹˹Ϊǻûʲôʤ㣬һĵʵ˲űҪȿסһƬΪڷʦʵҲǵһٰѵһ㣬ôһظıǶǵĹȵȫھ˭ûϵǻЩֻҪǹϺӾУʱǾͷǳϣˡ 
ǻõȺü𣿡˹ҡҡͷҲûȵһǾ͸ء 
û취ˡεػش𣬡ʹӲ£ҲȫֹĶȻǵ¡ 
ǵ𣿡˹ֵ˵ʵ˵ڵҺͺǰ֮ǿķʦˣλʧܣԺϣ𣿱Ͼ࣬ǲ˭ܿƬİ͹˹Уһأ 
˲ǰսҲǵľӢĹˡش𣬡غҲܴеˣֻܷһڤƾһˣ̻Ǳߺ˵ֻҪܳŹһҲͻúܶࡣ 
𣿿ôȥֹܼܲһ˵˹̾˿ǵ밡 
˺ܾõĺ˹ͻȻ̧ͷ 
Ǳڹ˹Ųס֮ǰͻϮˣҲЧĵֿ 
ǵġ 
ΪǵҵʲôԸ𣿰ϣ 
ˣһԸ⡣ 
ôǳ֮󣬲ܶԷʲôˣͶͶһɸɱ 
ˣǹ˹ò׽ȫǡ.. 
˭˵Ǻһߵģ˹صЦһң˹㹻ǲǣҪѹƵˣҲ㹻ˣӮĻҪǻߵĵ˺ 
ɡôѱ˹ 
򰡣ֻȫˡ 
Ҿͷˡ˼һ󣬡ǹ͹˹Ҫ԰˹ֻҪ㹻ƽĲӾͿԡ͹˹սֻ䲻Ӯʧܵʱ򲻿Դκʬ塣 
˹ָЦһ˹ʤˣ˻ô˵أ 
˵ʥ˹ʹʦΪˮɨľаİڷʦڸҸɡ 
ļһﻹи˹֡˹ֵ˵ֻҪӮͺãֻҪʵͺãܱô˵ҲǱƵģȥ׼ɡ 
ǡ 
˹˸˳ɽ



Ľ

       ں´ܺѪȵĺɫ籩ϯʡ ˣӰΧˡһʦ㱨 
á˵ͷĺߵĺ˹˸񣬡˶֡ 
š 
ź˹ֵĻһ䣬ӱɫȫס 
һᣬɫ˵¡һƬţϢ 
ʦã潥¡һ߾ʬӵð˳ŽӲĽŲղŻڰΧǵĺ¶ȥ 
ˣ˹ִ˺ͺѾϣʾˡı˹㱨 
ڳˡ˹ͷǰ˷ƶעⱣͺ;룬õ׵صͷߡ 
ǡı˷ܵһڶڳˣ뿴ڰ˵ı顣 
ϯʡһ֧ڷʦӡ˴һӼļҴɨһۣӢɲǼѿ÷˹ĲϵϯʡҪˡ 
ûϵԺοžɥӣô˵˶࣬ôǺģǱĹ˾ͺá 
š˵˵ͷǣôͻȻһ£ʵڲİ 
ܺϯʡ׸ѹѹʬΧס 
ʡɭһֿտյĹߵڲӵӪǰǵͳ˧ 
ͳ˧һᣬһɫӣھӪӼɭ 
ɭվ޵УҷʵڲǶ֣ҴϯͶӺְԱã˺޹ƽ񡣡 
û޹˵ķֱֻʬͻ˵𡣡˵ȷظ㣬ֻҪǾĵطԲһ 
㡭𣿡ɭһʱ˵ȫɱ˶ʲôô 
ٲ㣬Ҳ˺㵷ҡػش𣬡ѾˡףͿ͡ 
һܺƣȫǵѳǣûһڡ 
ƴ˹ЦѲһưܵĳУǱԤƳǡ 
ǵȻİɡش𣬡֪˻ƽʱӳ 
ϧôƴҲ࿳ʬѡ˹ֻش𣬡˶ٱ˹Ǳȥˣ 
ҡ 
ܺáһվ 
ָŵͼ򴩰˲ӵĺ󷽣ˣȻ˹˹ͿԵõƬغͺܶԺͰ˽սˡ 
á˹ֵ˵ͷֻ㵣ֽɫ̫ίˡ 
Ϊǵ롣˹˸߳ 
棡һıŲ˼ıܽ˹ 
ʱֹ˹Բıʲô¹ʣ 
˺ͺ˹ִǡĲıƺ޷ԼľȣػֽƬ 
Ƿ𣿡˹ٿֽϵݣѵ˹ִ˱ƬˣҲ 
˺ܾõĹ˹ֽƬݸߵĲı 
һᣬıǿֽϵݣ̸ 
Ĺ˹ó˾עħ 
˹ڿг֣ܵʲô飿 
ˣһ¡ 
ʲô£ 
ħƬӡп𣿡 
ûСһĺش𣬡˹ֵõܰԼħӱǿԶѧʹħħƬǿԽصΪõںϣû˹Ǳ߷ʲôˣ 
˹ִ˺ͺľٶЩħƬԭô˵бԭˡ 
š˹⼸Щԡش𣬡ҵ˵ˣǻϺʡ 
ǡ 
ȵȡе˹׼ħＱæе 
ʴʲôҪ 
õƬһʱٱҲǲܡص˵˹ͻȻǶ֣߳ˡ 
ǡ 
Ϣˣ˹ӰڿʧΧǷ 
ǰĶͻȻǰߵһˡ 
ʲôˣһʿȥ 
ʹߡ·м΢Цŵһ򣬡ˡ 
һĽʿӹ򣬿ŶԷӰͻȻӿʧ 
Ķ΢ЦŰħע˾򣬡˵Щʲôأ 
ħעľ򽥽⣬һϵӰڿи֡ 
겻ˡӰ˵˺ܶడ 
˴˱˴ˡﵭػش𣬡ҲΪɰɡ 
һ⡣ 
˵ɡ 
ҿ˹˹ͺ˹ֵĶˣξʲô 
ǵĹңǵ룬Щ߸ϵļһҲԳԿͷ 
𣿡 
 
źƣ˹ֵĶΪб뷨սϼˣ 
ҪĴ𰸾ʲô 
֮ĻشҪġӰڿʧսʤңʲô޹ؽҪˣʱٸ𰸡 
ں˹ֲӵӪǰͻȻһӰɽһںڰС 
ʲôˣڱʵ 
ݷõĿˡ˻ش𣬡ǵͳ˧ 
˿ɲܼġһʿش𣬡˭֪ʲô 
˲ٴ𻰣Ӫ 
оԷϴ⣬ŵʹĽʿ̲סһȴ 
˲֡һӺڰôǿĶڱʵ̫˷˵ɡ 
˭ڰеӰ߳ķʦ 
ͳ˧ʲô£ 
ʼ⡣ 
˵ 
׼ɨʡ𣿡 
ǡ 
˵Ǿĵطڣ 
ǡ 
÷ͶǻŹ𣿡 
Ǿڡ 
˵ں͹˹սǲǺһߵ𣿡 
˭㰵ڷʦһһߵģش𣬡ǹһҲɱɱȥ 
شģһ󳤾õĳĬ 
ûˡ˵ǵˣҸʲô 
ֹһᣬһ˴Ӻڰ˳ 
ҽи֣֪ԸԸҰæ 
ӭ֮һ˿âиĴְæ֮á 
и 
˵ 
÷ź͹˹ͷһҪ 
áסֵ֣ϻҾͲ˵ˣҵĲȥϢɣһǾҪҲϣ㿳÷ŵͷɡ 
ֵ˵ͷŴ·ķʦʧںڰС





       Ϣϸؿ˿Σ´ ƲˮԴҲ㣬ûĶѲһӪأ˵СĸҪס˵ľʵǺ۰˭֪ʲôֲ࣬󲿷ʬ壬һСľˡ 
ϸ˼һΣȷû΢˵㡣 
ˣ 
ӪʵĹأһŵ˼·ԭɵֽ 
ʲô£ 
дʬǲ 
ʲôֵôСֵģǺ˵ĲӰɡǶǿ죬Ѿһˡ 
ǰڳսͣ 
ȷһץסڱȥ 
׼սһһ߷ͬʱ˹˹˵Ķ 
ұ档 
ôôˣ 
ֵĺѹѹӰӣһţǵĺüǿ϶򲻹 
ڿǶԲߵĹͻȻŵͨѶ 
صſиֵӰӣʲô 
ߵ˾Կɿ𣿡شص⡣ 
Կɿ 
ȻҽսסЩһٵش˹ˡ 
ΪʲôֵʣֱӰѱ˹˲ͺˣαҪôӣ 
㻹֪ߵɬػش𣬡ǾԲԺѺõıʾȻ˹ǰʱĿľӪͻһ׼սɣҲΧвٵ˵̽ڿǣҪӲſԡ 
ǵͻȻһ·ִţΪʲô 
ٺõľҲҪ㹻ľֲ֧Уûֻܴµġָƽ׼𣿡 
ҡ. 
˵ЩʲôĹؿĴƬӰҵس˹ 
ӰĹãȻվͻȻһվԼǰ 
һħġ˵˵Ȼȥ޷ 
ðɡصش𣬡Ǻ˵ľôȥ𣿡 
ر˴ڣ֪һġ 
ҡһɫĹڹ𣬿ϨˣУ 
һ̾ϢɫĹڿը 
㡭ؼ 
ټˡɳƵڹ𣬡أǵҪʵǵ롣 
ҷģһᾡȥʵ֡صӣҪҸʲôۣʹҲϧ 
ǾͺáɳƵԶȥֻ˿Ƶʬ塣 
صı棬˹þò 
ˣҵһ֧ʦӵصȥЭԮӡ˹ͬʱӼӿٶȣϧһдȫ˾ 
ǣ 
߳ˮӹ˹ 
ûã˹ͺ˵õģһ𿪴ǵ磬˲ÿ־۹⿴ǰڷʦΪҵܣȴú 
ˣ˵ʲôҲûˡ˺һᣬıȰ֮ƣֻпٻˣ£ܱ˵Ŀġ 
֪˹˵ͷȻһƬãȻ 
žһһļӰе 
ôˣԺֵ̧ͷ 
ôû뵽˵ʹֻ࣬˵ʿû뵽ǻҺģôҲǱұƵġ 
ôˣԺ˵ϵļһۣҲסˡ 
һΪʲôôİڲӻ͹˹Ĳӽս 
սֻǸӡ˿ɬػش𣬡Ҫñ˿һģ˹ǰӵĿľͰ׷ˡ 
ǰȫɱʲôô˵ⲻǺӰ찵ڷе𣿡 
˵˵ʹ࣬˹ϵڴֲ̣ܴõõʬ壬ֻһ֧ˡ 
ǡǸô죿 
ٳˣʡסˣѵø˹Ͼıɱˡ÷˹ĲӾ켯ᣬǵԮȫ÷˹Ǳߡ 
ǱľҪｻս÷˹ķ˭ 
ҿ˵۾ɨͼֻˡ 
ҲֻˡԺ̾˿Уɭ飬ҲҪһŲſԡ 
š˵ͷο飬ֻܽˡ





       ƽ׼𣿡 ŶҪشԼĲı 
ð졣ıͷ󺹵ػش 
Ǿ죡ϾҪˣȺһǶħʲô˶ɱģ 
ǡ 
棡ƽ񶼼кˣ˶شǳ 
æҺ󣬲ıظϵǰ 
ȥ 
ǣصĴɤŰѹ㳡ϵĽͻҵĿڸȥôŰѴҸʵںܱǸҲû취ħǽǿǼ˾ɱѪļһΪ˴ҵİȫߵԽԶԽãҷģһﶥסˣҶϺ󣡡 
صĻһ䣬ʿǾͰֺȺһ󳵡һᣬȺĳӿ뿪Ҫ㳡ͻȻ徲˺öࡣ 
жŽԼĲı 
ǧˡ 
ǰټɡ 
ǣضվԼǰʿ˵ˣ֪ԼҪʲôˣΪǵĸ֣ǵĺӺͰߵøԶܸõرܿЩħǱ£ӻħĽŲܱǸҲܸʲôʤĳŵֻܱ֤ÿ˵µʱһûһῴվߣ 
ߣҲ赲ͣһᣬؼ˵ϾԵûϣսûԮûвҲܻŻȥģҲ㱨ӵġ˾ҪˣߵģԼ뿪ŽرգֶӳҲֹԼʿ뿪ӡ 
ڶ죬ϵ㳡ϵĳأ㳡ѾһƬվʿ 
ǵĲӸ˶ˣº͵żԼǰֶӳ̫ٵĻǾȡһֶӺˡ 
ˣҵķֶӲҪһֶӵĶӳǰһһֶԱѣ 
ڶֶԱ 
ֶԱ 
ķֶԱ 
ֶԱ 
ֶӳǵĻ㱨ڹ㳡Ͼжӵʿص۾ɲǼʪˡ 
ǣصЩɳƣллҿսҲһıˡҲ˵ʲôϻΪԼϣΪԼػˣսһϢɣ 
ǣ 
ʿĻشڹ㳡Ͽջص 
ڣǰ 
ڸԷֶӳĴ£ʿһǰرԼ֡ 
ɫ䰵ڣڵʿԶߣһƬѹѹӰԼٵؿ 
ȻҲܣǲȻƮҪϿյģôˣܶ˼죿ϣ 
ڳϵʿӿźŰѹ̵͵ȥͬʱһѡһᣬҪǰĴرܵס 
ǻжˣ 
ԡѪĳԼǰϵֶӳ 
һǧˡ 
ҵõϢˣǵ÷˹Ǳ߸ȥֻҪټ죬ôҲ׷ˡ𣿡 
죿ֶӳЦˣҲ̫Сˣʮ춼û⣡ 
ãҲЦʮ 
һ 
ôģǾôǰΧôöò£ʧôʬ壡 
ںľӪֲͣȥ૵š 
ĹǺѱġش𣬡ӲĻֻʧҲһ졣 
㲻Ҽŭغ뵽ûҾͶ 
Ҳû취εػش𣬡ٵȼɣǿûˡ 
УҵȲתһᣬͻȻ˵һҪΪʬ̫࣬ôɽ·߰ɡ 
ǵȻܲܺüʬһС·ɡô߿µһ¡ 
ЩˣҴƹȥȰǰЩСطˡ 
ҲáһĺйߵĽʿʮ˸ִƵԷȥϰ 
ǡ 
ˣ˿ٳˣǸô죿ı˼ŵĹ˹ 
ҿٽƣԱסƬصİա˹ػش𣬡סǣпշɱ̫ƬصĶúȥ򣬲Ȼ˶Ǿֻ㡣 
ǡ 
ȻѾˣóһ㡣ı˳ȥ˹ضԼ˵İղԺҲҪɱĵطİգǾ͸ɴһζ񵽵װɡ



߽

       ĵյůůġݿĹ㳡ϣŬػе þû˶ˡһ趯ľ޸ߵ˱ԹӳԴӽԺһ쵽ŰݣͲȥ⡣Ȼ˵Ҳɾ̫ġ 
ɱɱʲôãµķʦػش𣬡ڲû³ʱȻ˽ȥԺòˣòûֽ£Լˮ׼ 
׶̫ǿ󺺲˵ʹǷҲ򲻹Ǵ򣬴Ҷû˼ 
㻹ץʱ˼˵ģ 
ôҲ򲻹󺺷еߵĨ˰Ѻ쵽ʱءĲ˻ֵڴġһô꣬ӳĶӡ󺺿ŵԼǰȻһ¡ 
Сıһ߻˵Ժֻܳ԰׷ˡ 
ʲô󺺵ǿպء 
Ϊʲôô͵˵µķʦ̵ 
ˣû˵𣿡 
Ŵ󺺵ĻشΧȫЦ 
̸ЦŵǿԶһ 
λò˵ͷݴɩҽмλȥԷ 
鷳ˣʦվһԣ 
š 
ȥˣĻش𣬷ʦ˴ 
˵ȥɭ￴С񡣡 
ʰöչ˵Ҿһˡ 
û취εػش𣬡ǵиѾˡ 
׶ٴ磬СöÿɰԺʱٴȥ˿͡һߵһ߸˵ض׶˵ 
ϲͺá׶¶º͵Цݣô·ˤġ 
˵ôˤҲʹ 
˵ŵĻİ˿͡ȵһʯͷϣһһߵȥӰһûˤڵǰѾһ˻ 
׶ٴ磬û¡ 
סŮͨ죬ŬҪ׶ٻվ 
˿ͨ͡׶ٵļҲغ 
ôˣ׶ټæŮá 
ʹŤˡ˿͡ǿ˼·˵ϣͰ͵ؿ׶٣ô죿·ôԶ 
Ůˮ˫ۿԼ׶ٵͷһƬңһʱ֪Ǻá 
侲ǿ׶پԼֻǼС¶ѣûҪôҡ 
˿͡ħŤ˵ĵطǻȥ취 
šŮ𵭵İ׹⣬ʧˡ 
ôˣ 
̫ʹˣ˿͡˼ػش𣬡ԡ 
Ůһδʧܣ׶εҡͷһѰ 
׶ٴ磿 
ؼ˵ɡٲȥᵣġҶ˿ڻʹġ 
š˿͡Թ׶ٻ㱧ôԶ·۵ġ 
ᣬֲء 
׶ٵĻشŮ͵͵Цˡ 
׶ٴ磬ԺһŬѧħһôˡ 
ǿԼ׶ٻش𣬡Һڣû˵ġϾ͵˹ˣܵңŵŶ 
ô͵˰Ůֹš 
찡׶ֵػش𣬡СģҪˡ 
š˿͡ԹԵػش 
ǱŶߵķӾ磬˿͡š 
ͻȻ˿͡׶ͣ 
ôˣ׶ٴ磿 
Ǳ˹ˡ׶ٰѰ˿͡һʯͷ棬Ǹ֣˵ļ˾ɱȺһɡ 
һȺ˿˹ĸ֣ͻȻһеվڶڡ 
ɱ 
Ľʿʾ񣬸ָɴشһơ 
һӰٵȥ 
һӳӰͬٶȣһѪ˻ 
ֽסȥһ꣬ǲУ 
˽׶ٵ 
õֳ޵ʲô֣ 
׶١ 
ǸŰȻ鴫ǰȥ֡ 
ʥ֣ 
ǡ 
ŻһĺӰŶĲð׹ȥ 
ĶԻ˿̲͡ס̽ͷȴʲô 
һ󣬾ŵӰֿˡ 
˲𡣡˵ٹҿ϶֣ϧ㻹С 
׶ٲشȻվڶڣֻ϶һѪۡ 
׶ٴǶ֣ô죿 
ڴʯͷİ˿͡ҵ 
һ޴󣬸ֵ 
Сӣƾı£ӮһУҪܵѣΪʲôһҪҵ· 
û˵Һϲս𣿡 
֪򲻹ˣΪʲôҪţ 
׶ٴΪʲôܵ˿͡룬ֻͨһܷҵİֻҪܻص͸֣һùЩ˵ġ 
Ϊʲô׶ٳĬһᣬЦ⣬ΪҴ 
׶ٵĻش𣬰˿͡ 
Ϊʯͷ𣿡ʡ 
ʯͷ棿׶һͷʯ׹⣬ͷһң˿͡㡭 
û˵껰׶٣ֻĺԼ



ڰ˽

       ţͲĦڴӵ·ŲԼȥСӣƭȥӣæ˰ųԵǼȥҲͰˣԼⷨʦҲһͬʣôȣǵġ ŵĦͻȻԼ΢⡣ 
ţǴѸˮĹ⡣ƺԼôúûκҹԼôˣ 
˭أ 
Ħһһ߿첽ȥ 
ٰħע뾧Ħһˮ 
˿͡ôˣ 
ƽʱСŮſĦһ» 
Ħ壬ڹ˹ˣ׶ٴ򲻹иæ 
ʲô׶ٶ򲻹ĦҲ˿͡סȥˣ 
Ħڿʧ˿͡һòħȫɢˡ 
֪ü˿͡ʯͷ룬Ļ 
뵽Ů˸սӻһСԼؿڡ 
򲻹Ҿͺ׶ٴһˡ 
ĦǼһԱ˾ͻȥ˯ôֵͷݱԹ 
ǰĽݸп 
ʲôĽġ󺺻ش𣬡;ܳ԰ɣôҲҪˣ޳ȥˡ 
 
ڿĵȺͻȻһűײˡ 
ʲô£ƽʱ侲Ħôŵس˶ 
׶ڹ˹ˣ 
ʲôҾȥ 
ȻؼúĦԶȥıӰ˺ǿ׶ٶ򲻹ȥ 
֪ 
ӳþûˣҲȥ˶˶ɡ 
󺺲ߵĸ˵ 
šݾͱȥˡ 
ҲҪȥݶԼɷ򣬡ǿ׶ٶ򲻹Ҫ˸һ 
ġһԷġҪ˶ûԵľ̫ʹˡ 
ҵ졣 
á 
СӡֿǰѪ߰ߵ꣬ʵҲҶ٣ǾǸ˲ţҷ·߰ɡ 
ûء׶ҧش𣬡Һ˵Һܴ 
͵ȥɣ 
ǿ׶ŬֵĽ⣬⼸ڶˣȻڴ򲻹 
æҵмŶԷĹ׶ȴ֪ôģͻȻ˿غԼΡ 
׶٣⼸Ƚ 
Ҳ֪Ϊʲô 
ΪѾûĿˡʱشʦô˵ģǰĿǺӣûжȻ 
ĿʲôӦöվͬ˵ߵˣʲôǼȥ 
ǿʼĿ궼Ϊػش𣬡ᰵĴˣ˽ԼߡΪǺΪϣ˿ǣһֱȷĿꡣ 
𣿿ѾûĿˡ 
ɣӻءһףΪʲôӵġ 
Ϊʲôٵػŵ׶롣 
֪ô׶ǰͻȻһģСأԽˡ 
Ϊϣ˿ǻӽôǿ׶ĬĬ룬Ϊӵܸϵ𣿡 
ܵģҲʱһֱҪ𣿡ôŵ׶٣ͻȻһȫӳһ 
һ죬õĵĽӰ 
㡭.Լĸֲŵʣôܣ 
ΪҲ׶ᵶվڶڣɢ˵ƣϵİ׹ⲻͣ˸ѾûиղŵƣˣϣһҪ 
ҾͲսͻȻһΣ 
׶ٲشֻǷһȣӵ.ĵ⣬ס˸ֵӰ 
һĵ˵ȺУ׶һڵϡ 
ܡֵ쵹ڵϡ 
ϣԡѪ׶ڶڣͷ 
ôˣ֪ܴ򷢼׶̧֣Ŭվ 
һ׶ٵĽһѽһ굲׶ǰ 
˺ǿŸϵԮ꣬ͷ룬вȥˡ 
ȥһ걧ϵĸ֣ 
ȻˣûȤøĴ󺺳嵽ں󣬲ֹţ ղԶþʡ
˿͡ޣ׶û¡οԼãǻشȥɣȻȻбĵ鷳ˡ



ھŽ

       ܵһҪȼţһȺֳĺ½ʿʬվڿõĳǰ档 طһͺ΢ĹâеĽػ裬Ⱥȥŵĳȫƴʽ 
һܼıǰĺˣ϶˼˿ڣȺҲмʬ屻ˡصؿţһ˿˿Ѫ˿ȻȺǰ·ϡ 
αأĺȺдͳҪѾƣôҲûáΪʲô㲻ǰܣǲصȥ׷ɱһܵˡ 
·е˺﷢ɳƵЦشֻ־˽ 
ûʱġһȺ𣬺˼æ· 
Ȼʤ֮䣬ҲҪˣǸ 
ȺĺγסԼȥ·˳ȥ 
ҪˡôŵĳŬ𽣣ȴһ·ð𣬴ǰĺӰ 
һ죬ǰĺӰ˻أ͵Ϯ˵ڵϣ˼ڳǰŬվ 
㡭ǰԮǿϳݣѾزס˰ΪʲôܵΪʲôҪ 
ˣôôֶӳѪȫЦ⣬ǿԼýټİ˲ԻԼġ 
صĺڹ£Ҳ˵ֻԼµ֡վڴǰĹâеĳ 
վڶؿˣԭޱ۾Ĺâ˺ĺǰȥ 
ǰͻȻ˴ԼͷӹɲǼг˺⡣ 
һ󣬵·м˱ɣԭվŵĵطվһűˡ 
ɵĳѪ·ϣóǿ壬Ȼڵǰ档 
Ǽһ﾿ʲôôôΪƴЧֳŵǰˣΪСֵ𣿡 
˭Ϊǻ쵰Чһ߿Ѫһ߻ش 
Ϊʲôӣ֪ 
Ϊʲô򣬺ΪУ 
ǻ쵰ɱҼˣʱûһվΪ˵һ仰˺⣬Ƕ 
ϲֻһˡǿվֱ壬ǰ羴ˣҲֻһôԼˡһҪӻǵĽŲ׷ǣ 
û׷ˣܵֻ 
÷˹µʱ򣬾ǵĩգĹâһӮģܵӣС. 
ûѻ˵꣬һѽ̴š 
˭Ҳ赲ҵĽŲֵ˵ʹǲܵӣʹȫµǰ棬ʹǿأʹŰɡ 
ҵšط£Ǻܿټģ֡ 
 
ѳγĸĻ 
ûˡ 
ǾͺáҵõϢǵ׼ʡˣҸ˴Ǻ· 
ˣ 
١˵沿Ӳ᳷ˣᵲǰʱ䣬ӦܶԸһܵĻ쵰ɡ 
ġְѳ뽣ʣ˵ô 
ôиͷֿվԼǰϺͺһħʦҲڶüӻҵнٶȵġ 
иʦЩ΢Ц˵ģȵġķʦԼʬҪƣû 
ðɡһĸǿػش𣬡ʲô֣ 
ҵ֣Ϸʦȫ̫ˣˡֲҪɣҪܰæ 
ֲʻ˻֣Զȥ 
ˣذɡ 
źþԶıȰ˹ִ˲µġ 
֪ջĿ⣬ֻ뵽Щ飬еȻѡ 
ˡıֹ 
ˡЦʱԼݵĽɫɲԼģ¾ֲҲǣ 
ڸ֣׼õʲôʱ򣿡 
κ˹ִȥ˲𣿡Цⲻˣɿȴ⣬ʵǸӣӪͬǸֵһѡ 
ϧıҡҡͷˣˣذɡ 
á 
ڽҹɫУԼȥ紵˵Ѿ˿˿⡣



ʮ

       ҹɫȥ뿪գǰףؼȻһƬžһʳȻСϵ¶ˮڷգ۾ȴϵϣ·ѱ˵ĺΡ ѽһ죬ԺһȴƿϢ֦ϵ˴ų𣬹ϵĳ¶Ըصµŵһƿӵİ׷ŮӣԶȥ 
ϣ˿ϰԵŵ˫֣ɿǰỶطɹԶԶԼʹ 
ؿԶϣ˿ǣֱһ˿յԼϣͻȻع͵͵̾һ˴ɫԽԵ㲡 
ԶؿһĻһŮǡ 
ȣûа취𣿡 
ûа취ҪõõˡҡͷҪƽϵ䣬ɲܰõġϣļλʦæţʱûʱ䴦° 
ֻϣܳŹʱˡҡҡͷҽǱô˵ 
û󰭣ֻǾ̫ѹ֣ܲá 
ѹǲܵİҡҡͷǡ 
ɷô˵ҲһƬȻ 
ǰսһ۽ŵĴڣʵ 
ϸµսǰ˵Ѿѹסˣһɵ˳֣÷˹֯ǰȥӦսµϢҪȻܵ 
ϣʲôϢźð 
ġذοӣλ´̿ɴûء 
š 
ˣ´ʲôʱõ֪ЩϢͣһᣬĵʡ 
µ˼սǿ֮µĻͱ𾪶ϣ˿ˣúϢ 
˵Żˣһʦһļ˹ 
ôµϢôࣿؼæӭȥ 
ˣҰɡ 
صĻķʦҡҡͷ 
εļֱӽ¡ 
ǰսѾʰ𣿡һʡ 
ʦصص˵ͷȻյضߣ˵˼仰 
ôܣص͵ͽ 
С㣡ʦ˵ȷ𣿡 
شһһ̧ͷɫָ 
žԼϺɫʮ֣ϣ˿ǵˮ 
ϣ˿ѸĨˮɴ 
¡ 
ýųſŵķʦ˽һļѵϣ˿ǵϡ 
һЩ飬Ҫ¹Ŀ 
ţ֪ˡ ϣ˿ǵ˵ͷ 
Ƿʦ˸˳ȥš 
ôãҲôˡ˿ϣ˿ǰʼļ 
ϴļĿӣϣ˿ǵԽԽ죬üζվǿסԼʣµļ 
. 
Ҵҿһļϣ˿Ŭ˼þƽе 
ʵкηԸһʦ˽ 
 
ǡ 
һᣬ˽˳ִš 
ȵ£֪˰ɡ ϣ˿ǵʡ 
֪ 
ô죿 
ЩҪԵġ 
ȥ˵𣿡 
ҡҡͷԼ 
㡣 
ͣһᣬϣ˿ôʣǰʱ䷢㶼֪ɡ 
֪ 
Ĭһᣬؿϣ˿Ǳò԰׵ش 
Ϊʲôң ϣ˿˸ŭ𣬡鲻ʰʱ֪Ҫ˵ôģӦòӰ쵽㣡 
ϣ˿ǡֱϣ˿ǵ۾ǿʼҲû뵽Ļ㹻ԸˡǲŲ㡣 
֪ ϣ˿Ƿ˵ôʲô 
ΪúҲվϣ˿ǣ֪һֱŲǳҲкܶڹ㣡ɲΪʺϵѣǼûô 
֪֪ ϣ˿ǵҲȣأҡȴ 
ϣ˿ǡصһ˿ƣ֪ûܴеλãҲǣȺѣйʦ֣ѵеλãΪǻһֱھܾˣôȥĻҲĵİʱϣ˿ǣѵǶܸһȥ𣿡 
ҡҲǸ˼ ϣ˿Ǽæ⣬ֻǡ 
֪ϣ˿ǡصԽͣҲֻܶ⼸˷ƢˡúñأΪѻȥ𣿡 
š ϣ˿ô˫أлл㣬ء 
û¾ͺáˡ 
ء ϣ˿ؿ߳ŵʱͻȻʣ֪ôʺðȣ㡭 
ʶʱֻǰƷس˵Ӿˣ֪ĺˡÿСʱ򶼻ΣѾˣ֪ԼӦϧʲôУû 
̫ˡ ϣ˿¶įοϵɫأĺܶԲ𡣡 
ϣ˿ǣ˵ʲôûˡ 
عţϣ˿̾һļĵǰٴοļ



ʮһ

       ɷϣ˿ǽߣþûϢȲ »᲻Ϊأ 
뵽Խˡ 
һˡ 
ѽһűƿ߽ӡؿɷ¶յ顣 
˰ȿɷҪȻźãûɡ 
ϣ˿ˣҷƢġ 
Ǿͺá 
ء 
ɷĲĳŲˣ̲סе 
ţ 
ûд㣿 
ûаΪʲôô룿 
ΪҾ㿴ȥܷա 
СذѲ˼е¶ЦݣԲˣ岻ôãҪԵС 
嵹ûʲôȻش𣬡Ͼ񲻶ûθڡ 
ӵĻششһֵɫ 
ġɷ¶ĹŹɫȼæοûʲôսҪҿƵסġ 
ǾͺáڷӦ˳ڻش 
һºݺˡһ߳ŷһ룬ԲŻô񲻶 
ӲҲĬĬسŷ˵ 
ȥϴ롣 
ɷ룬վ 
ȵȡסӣȣл˵ 
ʲô£ 
ϣ˿ǽȥҪ˵Щ顣 
أ⣬˵һˣûϵġ 
ǵġҡҡͷǺйص¡ 
йأֵʣʲôºйأ 
ġСĵ˵ϸ£㸸׵ϣһɰڷʦӡ 
Ƚ𣿡 
ܶࡣ 
ǵ˴ˣ÷˹µˣ 
Ѿ÷ŵĶǸˡ 
Ҹôˣżҵļ˻ðɡ 
죬ȴ˵ֻᱧסȡ 
أңҼû£ 
ӵۣҡͷ 
ȣ̫ģģһᱣģڵ㣬ֻһˡ 
ʲôһʱӦȴһ£ͻȻأңڿЦƭңһֱϲƭҵģǲǣ 
Ȼ˵סӵָˡ 
ңƭҡȰͷǰ߸ңΡأҽѣΣҽѰ 
ޣޡοӣΣ£ء 
ǿҰҺ£ 
££ءȣ 
οӵͻȻֻ˶һ»񣬡ˣ 
ˣûʲô󰭡ҽػ㱨ֻĹȻȥѡ 
Ǿͺãʲôʱѹ 
С֮ʱǱ÷ѹĺáѣԷ岻áСȥҩ÷ܰϢһᡣ 
úá 
ءվ׼ҽͻȻϵ˶еߡ 
ȣҾ⣬Ķȥؼæסӵ֡ 
˲ضͣ˲źáҽ˸߳ȥš 
ŵἣ߰ߵɴƺЩˡ 
ء 
ӵĺؼæסȵ֡ 
ءȵؿţ֪ƷҲ֪ںóȢֻΪΡ֪ԶԶȲǣˣߡ 
ӺĿصյøˡ 
Ҳ뿪ģȡ㷢ģһһֱߣһֱһϢ 
еƺûصԣȻͣ¡ 
㣬ˡ 
߽ϣ˿ӡ 
˰ ϣ˿¶һº͵Цݡ 
š櫴һ㣬Цء 
ǰþûЦˡ ϣ˿櫵ԴЩ飬ȴصλá 
طʲô£ 
ȼЩ顣أЩļȥ 
š 
ˡ 
۾һ۾Ϳƣ˷ܵӡ 
أ˸ÿµĶΣÿ£һֱҡ 
ǵȻȵ֣ô뿪ߣɵϡ 
šؿԼɷ򣬡ҽңǲϣô 
Ҳáϧؿӡ 
أɷɫȻģҪϺҿЦ 
ȣҲƭ㡣صصĶġ 
ƭң 
ǰȥסӡ 
£Ԯӵˣָʾһʦһλ߽ϣ˿ǵӡ 
Ǳ 
˵ܲȶ⼸Ҳʲô 
죬ǱߵȻȥͶĲӻϣ͵ 
ǡ 
ǽ˸˳ȥ 
¡ 
ϣ˿߽Լӣؼæ˸ 
أôƺԼϣ˿Ǵ˴һۣ˵ͷ 
أҪҪ񡣡 
·Ը 
¾ܷԸ˸񣬡Ҫҡ 
䡣 ϣ˿صͷǺúչȣֱЦΪֹͱҡ 
ǡһµ 
£ȵһ±ͨ졣 
ȡ ϣ˿ǵͻȻ÷ǳᣬԴִԺоͲбˣԺҲһǰǸӣԻл룬Ǹˣǰɲһɷȡ 
ǡ 
ȿ˿ϣ˿ǣֿ˿ɷϿҵĿ⣬ֵ 
ˡ ϣ˿ſȥأǲôְɡ 
ǾͲˣϣ˿ǡؽ§ͨӣϣ˿ǻ˻֡



ʮ

       һ̫գɢҵĹâض֡ӵľ޾ǵصͷҲԹԵȴƻĵһϲ˻ĲҲԹ򣬶Ҷ֮С ֵӰУһ̸ʲô 
ȡһĨ˰ѺЩǶֶѰò״̣ΪԹˣû뵽 
û취ߵһ˻ش𣬡ܱЩɽʬ˺öˡ˵÷˹ѾȥȺħսܿǾܻؼˡ 
ϣˡһ˽ӿڣϴǳսô꣬β֪Ҫأ 
εսһܿġǰ˵ŵػش𣬡û˶𣿡 
Ҳǡ˿ǰ׳ʵ꣬˵ͷ 
ǲƽ񡣡һǵҡҡͷĬĬ룬ûоѵһսӵĽʬϻᱻɱɡ 
ֹһᣬһȥͷ˵̫߳վ˻ᣬ˻ 
ҼϢͷ¸·ġǸҹ· 
ͷȺƣؿľ˫ۡ 
ͻȻּķͻȻߴߴĽһʱ䣬ƽͻȻ쳣֣ѵȺɧһЩӴؿţ˼æؿԶǿһŹ̳ 
ȵǿ忿ǵһʿ˷ܵصͺ 
д񡣡ٵضͷ˵ӱҵģӵ˺ܿ÷˹±ˡ 
ٵĻͷæйߵļˣԸʲô 
ʿֱԵʱһȺع·ߣæͣ 
һᣬһĴǲԶĵطͣ£һģߵߵ㱨Ȼߵǵߡ 
ʲôԩҪߣ 
ˣûСͷæش 
ǹ̫ʲô 
ģˡͷ˵ٴ˿ǴǻʼҵģѾرˣԡ 
Ŷǽ˻ȥ 
Ļ㱨ﴫһ˵ 
սʱͲôнˣǻȥϢвٺӰɣɹͲˡ˳ȱȱˮ 
ǡ 
ˣǲȱˮͷæش𣬡ٴһˣʲôȱ 
ŶǶ𣿡Ů˵Ҿͷˡǰ 
˵Ľٶȷǳؿ졣ټæվ˳ػش𣬡Ƶ˺ܿͻִ¿ȥԮȡ 
Ĭһ֮󣬶˵ 
һᾡȥԮģҲִ˵ˣֲ֧סʱ;쳷ˡ 
л¡˸ 
սʱö񡣡Ůº͵˵Ǿͳɡ 
ȺصȾӾŷ׷صС 
𣿡Żͷ򲿶ʧķ˸ 
ҲǷ˸񣬡ϣƽ 
һƽġ 
㡣ɳ۵ϣϣ˿ǣȽû𣿡 
ֻסô𡣡 ϣ˿ǿ˿ԶһС̾ôȰҲûãֻϣܵסսʱ嵽˶ȥ 
ڷʦǻĹĵ˵ôܼʲô˶ɱأӦֻɱЩ 
ǾͲǰڷʦˡ ϣ˿εЦЦǱߵİڷʦҪȥæ 
֮˶õ˲ʲôˡ櫻ش𣬡һҪЩȫɱȽ㱨𣡡 
ţС־ ϣ˿΢ЦŻش𣬡ǱһϢͿŶȻؾˡ 
Ų㲻ء 
ÿء ϣ˿櫵Դ 
櫲ĻУ󳵿ٵؼԶɳۡ 
ҹɫסأӪﾲĵģֻвʱĿҹɫл졣 
ȣԵ㶫ذһ붫ݵǰ 
šɷ˼ڻعȽӹ룬һڡ 
ʳ֪ζһڿڵسʳصü 
ȣ飬ǣҪг;źñҲϣʲô⡣ 
šȿɷ򣬡ҲᵹµģһҪɱ˵죡
زȰ˵ֻؿӰʳ꣬Ȼǰȥᱧڻһᣬȷ˾ȵĺ



ʮ

       ҹɫŴأϵƶ֮գ۾ƤƲ䲻ͣشȥʱʱһЦȻѸٵض㵽ƶ֮󡣷Ŭϴ󣬰ƶȥʱʱֵ¹£һʱڵϻ߲ĵӰһʱֱӻһƬڰ ڱ¹ǧٹֵУһٵнš 
ߵһƬĿյغ󣬴ӵһ֣ͣ 
ǵĸλˣ 
һϷʦָ̯ڵϵĵͼ÷Ŵ 
ˡ 
ˣڵٶȣҪ·ϵ졣 
ǻ쵰ܵٶȿ»Ҫǵ󡣡ͷ̧ͷգ¹ϣϵƺˣٵضƲС 
ġϷʦЦЦŵˣƴʱ򣬻ƴġ 
ô˵ɻиһҡͷǻȸϵ·϶סϢҲá 
㡣ǱԼŪ̫ۣʱŵ˴߹ȥȴûɱͲˡ 
ֺһӻ֣һּǰ 
ҹɫˣƺѾʼ룬ʼںƲٳϵƶƺҲƲסԼƤϿ£ɭ飬ҲϢȾڣɭһƬž֮С 
һƬ֮УͻȻ 
ꡣһʿģ˶ߵͬ˵ɫãҪ꣬׼𣿡 
ꡣش𣬡ұ졣 
šˣ˼ˣ 
ꡣ 
˰˵ʿͣͣͻȻʣСЦ𣿡 
ͻȻҼЦһΣǰڵߺһսʱ򣬼ֱһǣЦѾ 
ʹҲ𣿡 
ֻһЦҡͷ˶˵ʯͷûʲô𡣡 
̫ź˰ 
ˡʲôеңܻʲôҲ˵ҲС֡ҪסһС֣ǧ 
Ϊʲô 
һú֣ƺ㽣ִη壬㻹䣬;Աԣ 
׷ʵʿͻȻЩԣͬʱ 
Ǳв˹ʾ 
ǰĸͻȻǰը˲õ̻ 
ˡôе˵ˣ 
ǰĺ˶飬ڿǰʿ 
ôġŶĵˣֵ룬־ƣôʿֵط 
þĵˣӵʿӳǰһȺˣǴǲǶ֡ǰֻ֮ȱС㣬ȵ˾Ժ»㱨 
뵽ʿӳ˸ƣʿǿÿ˵·һɽȵڡ 
ǵĶɽһзǳҪĶ룬Ѿڵǰ棬㹻ʱǰĵȻסǻ쵰 
뵽ĸĶ˸ƣ֧²ת˸ɽȳȥ 
ˣʿӳһ·Ӧ˹ǵĶǸߵɽзǳҪĶֻܾסȻԮ 
ɲǼ䣬ɫĶнʿȺУͬʱһ̻ը 
ԼĶʿȺмѵǰ̲סȵɫ 
˲սߣҲôǿȫʿϵĵȼɽ﾿ʲô 
ôŵĸֻӽȥʿӱ忪һȱڡ 
ǰĸͻȻһ֧ǹǿҵķ˹æӽһ񣬵һ죬ʿӳٺˣֵҲһ٣֧ǹӲͬķ 
ǸӵľȻнʥˮ׼ٴʿȺ˻صĸͷһ𺳣ɽһзǳҪĶζҪȥ 
һĸֲĺӰʿȺȥ 
˵̫ǿˣʿӳǿֵĽӰҵҲǶ࣬ǰǳ¡СʲôһҲ޷ 
ˣ˷ܵĸϽ˽æҵʿӳƵһߡ 
嵽ɽȿڵĸͻȻǰվһ翵Ӱ˾վ·УһҹƮƺһ磬ܰɢ 
ͻȻһĪĺϮͣ˽Ųʱϵ¶Ҳɢ˿еƶ䣬Լº͵ĹâϡɲǼ䣬սеˣ֣ͣؿŵסֵŮӡ



ʮĽ

       Ůӱ۹⣬ֲһ֪Ϊͷһ֮⡣ ô£عĸֿٺղҪҾˣ 
˭˵ʾĸֿŶԷļ粿ҿŮӵ۾ 
˭Ůӵˮϵı޵ĺ⣬ΪʲôҪҵ 
˺һÿҹȥұ֤˺һ˿һ 
Ҫȥʲô 
ôྫʿأֻǿĶ 
ʲôûСŮӱػش𣬡ֻĹһӡ 
ôĹ̲סЦҪѻҲҪһ㣡 
Ų㡣Ůӵûκα仯Ҳİˣǻȥɡ 
С㣬Сģһнʥʵعʿӳæ첽ϣŮǰ 
ʥ𣿡ŮӵȻƽ㲻Ƕ֣ÿ 
ǡŮӵʿӳæ˻ʿȺУߵ˽ʲô 
Ůӵʵڽʥ֮ϡͷ䲢ôôǿѵ»һţ 
Ҵĸһγ˳һŨҵĺɢ 
ֻҪÿػĶҲΪ㡣 
ػĶòߵġŮӵȻ䣬㻹ǻȥɡ 
Ǿûʲô˵ˡ 
ŸֵĻؼ䱻̹ǵĺ 
˹ڸֶ 
޹ءֵҲͻȻûκθ飬۾ŶԷļ򣬻ǰŲ 
㻹ǻȥɡŮƺȫֵĽƣûжֵ飬ûʲôҪ 
ֲٻشһͻȻŮǰ 
Ůӷһ̾Ʈںʿŵĺ½ʿֵط֣жֵ۾Ͽƺӱʲô 
ǿҰ̲סЦȻҶһʥԾ𹥻¿ֻпغݸǰ 
ֻҪжϺ㣬ˣôŵĸ̧ͷѰŶԷӰ 
۽ǵɨڿƮӰӣͷӹ޵֮飬ĶͣĶҲȫɢ 
ãǿջĿĸּæ۶۾Ѹٺˣ߻裬ֹеԼȫӵԼĿ²ʮˣѵҪȫŮӻ 
뵽Լǧϵò׸ϵ֮ǰۿҪסʱȴһŮĪţг˻ںޡ 
ûʲô 
δӵܵĸͻȻǰһæ˫۵رһƬŨҵĺס 
ܣһɳƵڸֶ 
ǷʦŵĺͷϲҶŮˣܵĺûᣡ 
ߣ죡ѸٵغһȾȥ 
ǰͻȻðʿæΧסصŮӣ㻤סķʦҲһȥȴͶ󺣵ʯӣû˿á 
ʱ󣬺𽥱ɽ紵ɢ¹䵽ϣΧŮΧʿǷֵѾܵӰ٣ֻмʮĺ˴վ 
һĸֻͣȫѱ亹ʪ͸˶շһ֧߶ϻ˼־ϱȥһСʱ󣬸һƬݵͣΡ 
һ󣬺½½ֵķ 
жڹ 
ֹСʱ󣬸Ÿյĺˡ 
ûˡϷʦӰ֣һ 
ʮˡֵĻΣִһ˿ңŮ˺ÿ£Һڡ 
áϷʦһ˿ڱԻʱи˵סߣҲǿŮ˸ǷʦĿǡ 
书̫ˡ 
Ȼ鴫Ϸʦ̾ 
˵Ůõǡ 
ΪбĶԻǣ 
Ǹûˡ 
ǼڶĸŶ鷢Ѿڵǰ棬ͲôˣúõԼɡ 
ʱѾɽɫȴȻûзϵǱƶȫסһڰʱ⡣



ʮ

       ɫǻƻ裬ϼӳϦĹâȾһƬͨ졣һʿɢҵػһ󳵣·ߡŴӵľһ£ͣ ˡһһĴ󳵻㱨ǰʮ͵ˡ 
ǿǰϵϢ 
ǡ 
žٵߺȣѾͣµĶ飬ֿʼǰ 
ǰսˣ 
ڻǰĴɫ׵÷ߵĲı 
ڿٵǵĶбƽıش𣬡ҷʿȻ赲ˣƺûʲôЧ 
ǻжԶ 
Żжʮ·̡ 
ֻжʮˣ÷ŵǽϢˣ극ǰ 
˷ġıžŵ̾˿ǰʱҲǰͬʱ÷˹µĶҲǿ׷ǵġ 
ǾͺãǾͺá÷Ĩ˰ѺǽϢɡ 
ҹɫסأڵʿһӳԼķ򿿽ĵԼͬ˸ƣһʿæ첽߽ӡ 
ʲôˣ 
ӵĳһ󺰡 
÷Ŵ˵Ĳӣǽȥ 
һ£ҪĴ˺ʵ 
Сʱӵųصشˡ 
ӭ˹٣һ˿첽ߵͣõĴǰ˫֣С򳤣յõҪϢûʲô׼ԭ¡ 
ѽһѽشˣֵ÷Ŵ˳Ҳһۡ 
Եĺס׼ˣ 
׼ˣ׼ˡһػش 
Ǻáи˴ʿȥϢ 
ǡˣмλˣС 
ǿŵʿûòȻҵôã÷һǰһ߳ 
ԭ¡򳤻æͣƲȣʲôðˣܵ׼¡ 
쵰˭ðң 
ǣСԭ£򳤼æ֣ˣˡ 
أУôһŮ˶ûУ 
Ϣŭ˾˵ħˣŮСȫˣСҪ򳤣Ҳˡ 
쵰ħôԶܣ÷𣬡֪֪һжӰģ 
÷ŵĻĲıɫѿ 
ǣСԶһԼ˸ƣЦŻش𣬡λ˾ 
ӭλ򳤵ȸλãվɤӣεûʲôöҲЩ⣬λЦɡ 
˺ˡ÷Ųͷش˵Ļϲˣ 
ȻôżСҲ͹ˡ˵ЦͻȻЩ죬ˣϲˣ 
˵Ļһ䣬ԶصĽŲ֨һͣſϵͻȻŵطһɳصĺԶ˹ 
ͷӣʲôı͵վָˡ 
ϲ˰˺⣬λ˲ǼҪϲ𣿡 
ıһһ﷢˷ȥȵһڴǰʱͻȻʧ 
˵ˣλá˺ɫ׵ˣָſڽܣ˵˸λþˡ 
񡭡֡÷Ųһˣ㵽¡ 
վſڵ˲شֻض÷šһҹ紵ƬҶ˵ͷƮ䣬ɻûƮϣϢط 
̫ˣҵʱ㻹šʱ󣬸ּһ˿Цݣ̫ˡ 
㡭ҡ÷ͻȻ£ұȫɱģǰ˹⣡ 
֪⡣һǽǵȥڵʰɡ 
ִԼ߹ıһһ֧׶ûü֣ͱһ֧ 
Ҫò򳤵Ļ˵ɭǵϷǺġ 
ˣˣ÷žŵش档 
ˡش÷ŵĻҲܵһдû㡣 
˵÷ߵļλ쿴űƽĸ֣һۣγȥ 
ֿ˽ˣ¶˱Цݡ 
÷ֻһͺȣͻȻĽ⣬֮ѪԼ˷ɢȥ 
ֱôݡεҡҡͷǶгɼ飬ôá 
ƺû˵Ļ˫Ȼס÷ţƺһգ÷žͻͻȻԼǰʧ 
ңɱҡ÷ŽǽһţҪʲôҶ㣡ǮҲãŮҲãҲãҶ㣬ҡ 
ģ㻹úֵܳܳЦôɭҲģôô 
Ȥվſȥﲻпõʬˣȥߵ 
֣̫ãǻ 
仰˷Ĵš



ʮ

       ˡȻװ򳤵Ϸʦ߳ŵĸӭȥ ûпõʬ塣ƣػش 
ϧϷʦЦЦǽʲô 
Ȼǻȥŵ˹ˣ𣿡 
˹Ϸʦ˴Ҳǡ 
߰ɡ 
عͷĸ֣ͻȻһźٵԼ˹ 
ôûӦĸ͵ؾһɱԼȥ 
㣡һĸ㶷Ѻɢȴȵطֻǿסѡ 
˭Ϊʲô 
ҽк˹֡ϷʦǰͣĺҵӦ˵ɱԭȻΪûˡ 
ѵڶԸ˹սлûã 
˭ҪԸˡ˹ֵػش𣬡ǵϣԲܳ⡣ 
ԭһģ 
֪Ѿ̫ˡ˹ֵûκˣ㲻ҵƵġ 
ھһĬ󣬸ͻȻһŭźз 
ˣ 
ôܾôܣǳ¡˹ְڰֻֻ֣ͺžȵҵûܡ 
ǣһָʾ 
ǵȻǴɱȥͺϡ 
ǣ 
ں½ʿǼϵʱ򣬺˹ȥׯĵð˺һʬӵð 
ڷڵͻȻԶһźٵԼƽæ˾ڡ 
ǵ˳źʹ 
Сʲôϡǰĵ˵죬ʿӳʵ 
죡ûʱˣ 
ʲô£һ翵ҲȲ㡣 
֪Ӻ͸˵ĳƣҪɣϵʲôĵʦ 
ʲôʿӳֵʡ 
ش𣡡 
ϵִˡ 
յͷʿӳش 
̫ˣϵڵ״ 
ڴ˼ŵ֣ͻȻͨѶ 
źţ£ 
ôŵְħע˹򣬿һƵӰӡ 
ôǿƣͷ𣬼ΪͨѶ򲹳ħʹҲò 
ѾϵִˡʿӳԺ˵ʲôҪ˵ 
Ǹ֡дʹִһɰڷʦһġ 
ּ֪æش𣬡֣ôŪ 
ұˡеԽʹ࣬һ⣬˵˵ħħǺ˹֣ʹȼ֮Ҳ޷Ƶħ 
˹ֵ֣г˾ɣôͻȻôǿ֪ˡ 
ҾûʲôźˡֵʼòȶҵҲȼմҪСġ 
ȵȡּæ˵֪ڷǳʹ࣬ټһ£ϵˡ 
һᣬ׸ڿСʿǿǼգæ 
ϵ˱£˺³Ҳڿ㡣ֵڸ 
Ҳ𣿡еѾö϶ħǺ˹֡ 
ħֻһ֮ȵƵǶû취ϸϵ 
ֻ֪ش𣬡Ҹ鱨Ǵʲôꣿ 
ϣΪʲô 
һҪܹ˹ɱ˹ҲܷŹ 
رҪ󡣡ش𣬡Ǻǲܹġ 
ǾͺáͻȻ̾˿ˣǱΪһˣɷشҸ⣿ 
˵ܵĻһش𡣡 
Сʼе˶ңֻҪŮĽ̻壬һˣһҸֵԽԽͣһֱ̻壬һˣǣͷȴŪñãˣĻǾʲôûеĻҺαˣܣ 
껰ĸڳõĳ֮һ̾Ϣ 
ֻ֪ģʲôҲ֪ 
ԭҲֵ֪͵ļûõȥǡǰҴµҾɱȥʸף 
λʦ治Ļȴû 
ֻһ󡣡ͻȻҵطұɱǣֹݣ 
ҴӦ㡣ش𣬡ģҲһڷʦٻʹǹ˹ 
Ļش𣬺﷢һЦ֮ʧ 
ǰս𣿡ʿӳŵͷȫףɿݣƵʬ壬ǰ컹Ǹ󺺣ȴͷ 
뵽ǰԼôܵ˱ģʿӳ̲ס˸ս 
Сг֣СƷʦȻǡ 
ħӰ˵֣ҪСˡ 
šֵ˵ͷӦӦ 
ȥǱߡӰ˵ϣ˿ѾǱֻ߽Ҫʱϣ֮ȵϣͺðˡ 
šںϾͿˡ 
ģпغ³ڣҲ䡣ҪءӰڻشڿʧ 
ʱҹ¹ҫŵϵĸ֣ͷɳҲûκϢɽҲƺڰŸֵ 
ħѧԺһ󺺰һöɫ´̨¡ 
ʥӽֻ֮ʥ 
ʲô簡 
󺺴̨£һԹΪһܳʮ˸ģһû 
ʸ˶ˡվһߵļ򣬡ʣǿİպ׶ٲῼģͿǺͷˡ



ʮ߽

       ʱ֣ȴڰ֣Ĵưһ䣬оĵģ·һҲûУֻʱʱջ磬Ÿһ˿ طļüͷԽԽ 
ڿļ̾˿ͷվƿ˴ӡ 
ı꣬ĳͣ 
˵±ȳˣȴ˽ҧסûշֱֵһɵˡ÷ǱߣʼãɺǼһԼܺȫʿ˶챻ɱˣٶȴԼ÷˹µϡȻ÷˹Ŭӿоٶȣƫƫʱ´꣬Ӹûǰõ˶ҲӰ죬ֻǿԼҪֵһˡ 
һ뵽ǹɶħͷʹ 
ȺһԽԽ󣬹Ʋþʹˡô˵ҲҪסȵԶ˲źãֵܼ÷˹¸ϵ 
뵽ڳ;еļˣһů⡣ 
֪·ϹӦõ÷ŵرԵ˰ɡֻҪܴƹ͸ɽܵĿƷΧˡ 
ôŵæָϻǰϸؿ̯ĵͼ 
ţ÷ŵرɽ룬˵Ҫв˵ֻܴȥֻҪҶסˡ 
ôŵĵվŴ꾰 
ͻȻһ󼱴ٵĽŲһһıŴӡ 
ʲô£ü 
ˣ²ãıһļؼ鱨ֵɵˣ 
ʲôϢæ򿪴ӡ 
ݣһ±õò԰ס 
ô֣÷ŵ鱨ŵ˶ǰ׳𣿡 
ˣڲɵʱ򡣡ı˵鱨˿ʼ٣һɱѾһ֧ܿɹ۵Ķˣǳ˵ƽǸȥ˿ 
뵽ħķǰһ 
˵ƽԭ·أƽľӶϺڳõ˻ûƽǣʿɽ·Ҫƽǳ˵֮ǰ·ͨ 
ǡֻɽֻǾзʦҲԶԸôɽִ 
һᴦģȥټ֡ 
ǡ 
Ů˸һ򰲾Ÿָǰĵذѵգ·ȺвͣʱʱͣŻҵǡ 
վڷִ̾ؿŴ⣬֪ʲô 
ء 
һᣬعĴ̽е 
ˣʲô£ 
Ŀؼæߵߡ 
ղ˵Ҫݷãڿ쵽ˣȥӭ¿ˡ 
ǡ 
վ̨ǰȺĿزþͿһڱԼɳ۹ 
󳵳嵽ǰȻͣ£ӳһ˳һٽҲ 
˿˺ܼ飬ҴķʲôҪԮˡ 
ôŵĿؿ첽ӭȥ 
ˣִѾڻȺˣ 
ص˵ͷ첽߽ 
ķ鷳Ϳؿסš߽֮ǰķҳ֮ǰҪκ˴ǡ 
ǡ 
ʲô飿 
˻ҵĴţʵ 
˺ܲ¡ķܿ˿ȷΧûˣͷյضߣյ 
ʲôѵĻ󣬿صеﳷ˰뻢ڣ 
Ѿ´سˣˣҪҪɽ·ƽг˵ͨ· 
Ŷǳͨ·ȫ˽ضϣɽ·ôͨ˵ 
ԡķصػش𣬡ѾΪ³ǣұһƽҪͨ¿·ߣʹ·ߣҲԳˡ 
ֻһ·ˡ 
ţֻܹشԮλеһλܵˣȻǽΧ𣿡 
С˵ʲôƨش˺һȭܻѾĸˣοдڡ 
ǰЩʬʲô˿ʥʦһӮġ 
ǵȻ 
һСʱ󣬴̺ӻ˳ 
ġϷһϻϵǣЭ˿· 
ʹˡ˸񣬡һмҪ죬ˡиˡ 
˲ؿ 
أȥ 
Զȥһֱߵʿ 
ǡ 
Ⱥ˽һ° 
ߴһõϢֶԴȺ˵ͨ˷Ĵǰ챻ˮˣǱûˣ´ҵһˡ 
ȺħǸô죿һʵ 
ұ¡ֵȣѾڿ·ˣþܿ·ʱҾܰȫˡȺħǲܵóѵġ 
ֵı֤һƬ˽ְܿϿֻŵʧָƽ



ʮ˽

       ⻩Űȥ Ѿˣһֱͣǰ·ѾȥǱ㡣ڵҪͣٵȸʮ죬ʳǸ⣬߲ͣˣʿǻûʲôƽǿܲˡ 
뵽ÿ춼޿ѯʵĸŮ쳳ҪߵСǣˡ 
ҲǡһĽ룬˲ͣǶǽұԽԽ࣬˭֪ʲôʱǣƽֻҲǿġ 
ޣݺݵԼһôĪͷд˺ִڣԶҲ׷ǣ 
棡 
 
ŽĻһʿ˽ 
 
áʿش𣬡С˸ȥѲһ飬ƽǵǿܿסǵʳѾˣĲǻо룬һûʳƽ̱ 
šһϵʵû취ȰһʳӦԺˡ 
ǡ 
ڲ˶⼸˵Ϣ 
˲١ʿش𣬡һˮѾˣû㹻ĸɾĴˮʿã֪ҪȰˮ˺ȣƽǲԼᣬڿ˾ֱӺȺˮˮ١ٴ˵ҩּ֧졣 
ţµȻȥЩƽͷ˵˵ʲô𣿡 
ʱûˡ 
ҲȥϢɣ⼸ˡ 
СӦġʿӳ˸תȥ 
׼߳ŵʿӳͻȻűƿһӰԼǰ֡һʱͣ½ŵʿӳײһ 
˲ھӪʲôʿӳŸմӵĲıɱ 
Ҳھͺáıûʿӳ˵ʲôһѰǰڵشˣ²ãݸղŶļֵɵˣǰ·ϣǵķǱҲӦõõϢˡ 
˵ʲô 
Ϣ˵ס 
˷ֱĿ⣬ıְϢظһΡ 
ȥ·ڷӦĽʵ 
ȥ·ߡҲӦʿæش𣬡Ҫôƽ˵ 
˵Σ 
ۺ÷ͰСǱߵϢֻһʦǷʦǳݰСǱߵ鱨óʥ޷ֵıصػش 
ֻˡһΪⳡǹȥû뵽ϵھǡȥ׼¡ 
ǡ 
򽫾˸˳ȥ 
һᣬƽʿͲı߽ͬ˽ 
֪ʲô£ 
λƽһۣһʵ 
û𣿡 
ûʿش𣬡ʱ̫ˡ 
Ŷ˵ͷҰѸλҪǷһõ顣 
ͣ𣿡 
ʳҲҩû𣿡 
ѵǱˣ 
ɤţѹ˽˵ 
ʵöԡ۰Ͱ͵ؿԼ˵ղҽӵһ鱨ǵǰһӰڲӣǵķ 
ŽĻ䣬һƬ 
Ǹô죿ǲܴùЩħİ·ôߣǸô죿 
ұţţοŻҵļˣ´꣬Ҳ.ֻҪضǾͺ!Ѿɽ·ˣȵǻصǣͿ¿·ȥ 
ɵϲ𣿡 
ġ֤һںѺ󣬾Բõ׷ϴҵġ 
ı֤˵ɫ΢Щ 
ϻȥ׼ˡɫȻ׵ļ˵²˳٣λڶԴ͵ʱ̫ţӰҵ 
ͷҵ˳ȥ 
Ҳ׼һ°ɣ˯ˡλµȻҪ׼˺ά򡣡 
ڿһˣƣ£˸ 
ЪɣȻеæˡ 
ôŵĽ۾ 
ɸЪһĽͻȻĺͿ޺æĽʿԼ 
ô£ɱˣ 
סѵĽʵ 
ûСǴϢת⣬ƽΪϾҪˣŹȣѾƲסˣ 
⻰Ľæ첽߳ 
ӪĿյϣһȺ˲ͣؼȥһСʲôãͻҵཬ򶼳ǵķܣһݽ̶Ȼּȥ·ȥ·ϵż֪˭ҵĺӣŵȺȥǵĸĸѲ֪ܵǿ޽ȴû˷һѡ 
⾰ĽĲı˸ƣıæ˸ȻסԼĶ䡣 
ܣ 
ҵرŵȺһ޴ŭ𣬶죬һʱʲôҲشԭء 
ұ£Զúܣȫ˸Ķţǽʬ㣬߲˵·Ǹ߲ˣܷزȥöӣСʱǳģҴҵǾԲõ׷ϴҵģ 
ȺʿһԼĶ飬еĶм˷Ӧ˹ϵĺӴ޺һ˹ȥŵϵߡ 
ǰһƬæҾĽҡҡͷ߻Լ񣬲ıæ˽ȥ 
̤ĽֻǰһƬǣһһѪ˳ 
ĲıæһѷסԼĳ٣ٵظʩһħ 
û¡˶񣬡ֻǶ̫һͺáȥ֣һ᳷ˡ 
ǡ 
Сʱ˵Ĵһ򶼳Ƿ򻺻ƶʱϳȺؼȥʱʱһŭͿ޽ 
 
ߵڴʿߵĽʵ 
ղŵɧʮˣһٶˡʿش𣬡ˡ 
Ǿͺáһӵʿϵƽǰ·ಿӾ͵פٳˡ 
ǡ



ʮŽ

       ɫ磬̫ɨƣֿʼԼĹâŴءݵ÷õ·ҲʼɽᡣЩ̶ȴֻǱɽᣬһСĲȥͻ˶ȥʱ򣬷øΣա ҫ£һӺѹѹӰǰнšӺӰߵһɽ 
ͣӰٵشӶӳڸɽתһȦֱض֮С 
ˡӵĽʿ˹ֻ㱨ûеˡǰٶȣֱɽʮϳ˵ĵˡ 
Ƶأ 
ƹȥĻ·Զܶ࣬ҪԮǾ׷ˡ 
ûϵ˹ֿһᣬͨ·ǶˣЩáһɽʱŮˣ鷳ˡ 
ǡ 
뵽Ůӵһʿӳֻֽŷ 
Ҹ档վԼǰɫ˹˵㻹ζҪһĨȥȻ㲻иߵĳɾ͡ 
ǣСһ 
ӦûЩ˵ʿȥٵĻ͵ش˶ͻұ档 
ǡ 
ŴգȻܲ 
ͨ·ǿˣһӹ˺ܶˡ÷Ǳ߳˻ƽʳҩز㣬ڱ״̬һ²˺ܶˣسٶȸˣҪصٵ졣ʿѾʼ͵˵ǰӴ˷ǳǿܼܲ춼Ǹ⡣ 
Ƕ֮ﰡ̾˿ңǰڲӣ֪µĶʲôʱŻ 
Ŵ⣬ֳʵ 
ݻسƽеٻ㱨ǻصǻ졣ػش𣬡ںǵĲӼսݱ棬սĵȫǽʿûʬ壬Ϊ·ߣ˵ĴʬϡƲֹۣҲĲҲͶס졣 
Ŷ 
û¡ؿŴ粻æ˵һ䡣 
Ǿͺá¶һ˿Цݡ 
ʱٵĽŲͻȻһٴŴ˽ 
ˣ²ãͻȻõʬľԮ󲿶Ѿȫ𣡡 
ʲô 
Ϣ͵һվ 
˸ŵı˹âŵһʲô˵ 
֪ˣȥɡǰ֪٣ְ˰֡ 
˹֣ڵ˰ 
ˣӦô죿 
˹ֳˣ˭ȥҲûáֳص˵ʹ˵˲˯Ҳһʱܸϻ 
Ǻǲ͡ 
ֲشصѯʣֻ̧ͷ컨壬þò 
ȥһᣬֳ 
ˣ 
ȥûõġҡҡͷ 
ˣȥܴù𣿡 
ҿųĺӡֿԼʿӳҲ㣬ҲĶ֡ 
ȥ 
ȥʲôãҶˣȥֻѡ 
ǵһʱ䣬ǻܵˡص۹гִ֣ȥһи̣˭سǣ 
֪ȥʲô𣿡 
֪ 
ȥĻһû⡣ 
Ҳ֪ػش𣬡һȥһøȥ˵ʱôǵ󣬽Լȥûʲôͬ 
Ҳܿȥ 
Ҳ뿴ʲô⣡صǸףӵôܿŸðն޶ԣôˣûΥ־ʹӦҵҪɣҲúʱ 
ȥ𣿡 
˭ǸأתţǺͺǣͽˡ 
أ 
ӵʥʿԱǺܿڿؼҼ 
Ҫȥִһ񡣡ػ˵һ񣬶ǿΪвԸģ뿪 
ӳʲôΥˣһԱʡ 
꿭صĻȫӳĬˡ 
ˡҶ֪ʲôˡҪμӵĻûʹҫ֮⡣ڣԸȥվߡ 
һʱ䣬ʮվߡ 
ȫȥôǺʹˣͽˡ 
ȻվһߵǣطԸ 
һΪսһϢ 
ߡ 
棡һı˼㱨ʥʿſųӳǣѯʵʿ 
ô£ȥִ 
ڿǰеĺ²ͻȻɽͷվһȺʿϷĹâա 
ҫ֮⣿ʿӳЦƴֲͣļܶˡϧ˵㣡 
һ֮󣬺ѹѹʬ岿ͣɽ£ؿһȺ½ʿΧһȫҫŰ׹ʿ 
Ԯӵ½ʿǼæ˿ 
һᣬһʿӺ߳ 
ʲô֣ 
ʥʿųء 
ʿӶӳʷĭ 
ڻУ÷췽˵Ⱥڽ˶ǡ 
վڸ̨ϵ֣򻶺Ⱥ⣬֮͵͵򿪽ŵȭͷӡǵƬӡ



ڶʮ

       ɺɫĺڳ»ʦؼɫƺ˼̫֡Ŵأȴʼ޷ĺֻлҳڷз裬ûκλҿǸϿա ͻȻ䣬һ޴ĺɫг֣Ѹٵ򶼳ȥڳȺ͵͵ľУһѩĹڳڹǰ͹ײһ𣬷޴ĺڳĻһͬʧ 
Ӫĺ˹֣嶶˼£һƣ 
ʦǹʿʱ׼һǽϽ 
źĺɫеǺȥȴＰʱֵĹڵס 
й¼̣淨ʦҲ࣬һʱܹµġ 
Ŀųеĺϵ 
ǵĴˣսæعͷ˸񣬡ڿǵķʦ࣬ҲǿҪʬ壬ֻռ΢Ϸ硣 
š˹ֵ˵ͷ˵ 
÷˹ĲʱˣǱߵ껹ûͣѾһɲǲٱƽƶʮһǽӴ 
ʮ죿ӵ˭ 
ƺǡ 
ϣ˿ǣ 
Ӧǡ 
ûʲôµġһȹģɲ֮Ⱦֱǽ档Ӵʱ䰴ǽӴʱ㡣 
Ǿһ¡÷˹ԤһºǽӴ 
һ𣿡˹ϵһҪǰ 
ǣǵķʦû⣬֡ 
𣿡˹ֵͷʮ㹻ˡʮ칥ûֵǰɡ 
졣 
Ǿͺáһºڳ칦ɡ 
˵Ǳһϡ 
սܽ 
ƣִ˺ͶԷĳʦܼʮҡıԴɳƵ㱨 
ʮ𣿡ƣصͷһᾡ 
ֵĻشսǣĿгǡ 
ϵͻȻվȫõİ׹⡣ͬʱһ޴ıըڿž޴ĺɫ԰׵صϡ 
ˣ 
û¡˿ٷħˡ 
ʲôˣ 
վ¿·سʿԶһӰæʡ 
ҡ 
ˡԼˣʿæѳŴ򿪣ǺͺһȥΪʲôֻˣ 
ѾȫˣͻȻЩ黹ûֻˡ 
˼ҡʿȥϵĻҳʲô黹صػ裬̫Σգǿºȥɡ 
֪֪߶߶ػش𣬡ߡ 
ߣ衣 
ʿ˵ͷתȥĹâ 
վһ޴ħ֮ǰĬĬ¡ 
ˡȥʮǳѣħƬȻŪħǲǾΪ˽õģӦˡ 
һᣬְѷעͨѶ 
ʲô£Ӱڿг֡ 
˹ҼֲԮֳش𣬡ħ 
˴˺ü֮ҶƲסӦ֪ĺ 
ֶ֪ΣҷȻȫ𣬺˹ǱҲܻˣԮ˾ܺˡ 
ƴ𣿡 
ǻô죿Ǹϵù 
ϲҡҡͷ򲻵ѱã˵ʱ㻹𣿡 
ҾĬһᣬɬش 
ʱһһͻȻ˽ 
򣿡˵⣬㻹ﰡ𣿡 
û⡣ 
Ҿûʲô˵ˡҪַ򲻱ҪʮſԷҰѷķǡ 
귢ͻȻʵ㾿ڼطֶ 
ʮɡджˣԷһ֪Ļǲġ 
Ƕйɡ 
ǡʹҲڣҲԼ󡣲ÿжڵġ 
ǰǼǱɱʱΪʲô 
밬˵Ĳ̫̫࣬ǳ˷ʦʿ 
ֻ֪𣬷 
ݡ 
Ǿͺáֳ˿ǱߵĸǿҪСġ 
һģء 
ΪʲôҪӰʧֳʡ 
Ϊ 
֪һͻ죿 
֪ƽػش𣬡ֲֻ˶ѡʮǰųƽ̻ʦģûĸ򡣡 
αء 
Ҳ̫ˣоеģЩ顣΢Цţһսѣʣһˡ 
ǰֿգǼߵļһˣӦôͷأ 
ʱ˵ɡĻģ벻 
ҲǣȻϣӿɻúءȥʱҪǺÿ



ڶʮһ

       棡 һʦ˵˺Ժ˸ 
һСʱ·̵ĵطֵˣ 
𣿡˵ƣѵ֪ۣǷͽĴӣಿ׼ˣһӵķʦȥǱԮ 
ǡ 
ǵķʦԽԽ٣¾ûʦˡԺ۾ͨ죬ɳɤӣôȥܲ 
û취ƣҡҡͷ˵ķʦܺ𣿡 
һ˿²СԺվҪĸ˶ڲſԣȥ׼׼ 
ڻֵʱ򡣡һסһ֮˧Ҫиһʿ 
ҲȥԮĲӾ͵Ҳټһˣ 
ȥҲıʲôֻܰʱӵþһѡ˵ˣҷΨһĳʦҪҪʱã˷ֵط 
㡭ô˵ֻҿҵѧȥȴ׼ܣԺôǵļˣ 
Ҳǵһˡ˲֣Ϊ˧ߣսϲÿЩ飬ֻ迼Լʧ͡ȥܸıκνֻͽʧѡ 
㡭ǰİˣԺһս㲻ǵ˿𣿡 
սϣÿ˶ӣԼ˻ش𣬡ͳ˧ģҪСȡЧʱ̫嶯ֻԼڸλá˵ˣôأȥ²սΪ׸ 
浹ùҪˡ 
վھӪſڷڵʿϦƵ룬͵´ô꣬ǵһα׷ôǱ֪ôܵʲôʱǸͷ 
ڱͻȻԶиڵԼƽæ˾ڡ 
ټһʿϵӪǰȴԼͬĸ˵ǰ档 
վҪǵ˵Ļðء 
棡һʿӪʣȫ˷ܵɫ˼ݵǰȥӭӣ 
Ϣ˳˿˶Ժȴһѣһʱ޷վ 
ھ밬˾ӪԶĵطһƬ޴ĺŴءƺޱ޼ʵĺУԼԼ˸һ⣬ 
ֲǰϺͬŶȥ޻أԮӵķʦӳ룬˵ķʦʵ̫ǿˣҸоħӣôǿȵķôȻ˥ˣ𣿡 
ķʦӳߵķʦһҡΣϵĹâͻȻʧµȥ 
ֵһоѹķʦӳæо񣬡ûպ˼ˣϣԼŲסʱ򣬴ܾ쳷ˡ 
Ŭ֧ŵķʦӳͻȻͷһգʲôԪػȫоˡ 
ǾԾĸо𣿡ķʦӳ۾ȴܵѹҲͻȻʧصķź 
ɻķʦӳ˫ۣһ˴һȺʿԼķ˷涪صʬ壬ˡ 
ᰣͷһɵķʦӳĵ£شʦˣ 
ȥˡһ񣬡һˣǼһħ治ǿЦ 
жǿԺʵ 
ҲǷʦƾо³»һ㡣 
ǵ¡Ǿܾ˵ľ档ǿˣڵ˵ķʦ̫룬Ԯ˾ܷ 
²СԺ˽ǼһصƺۣʼҲܱǿЩɼȥ 
˼˵ùĿпصĸһϢһСʱ³ҡͷȵѵࡣ 
÷˹ǱˣͻȻʵ 
ֹۣӸ޷ԮִˣִҪˡߵͼǰָţִ÷˹ϣ˿ȸҪʱȷһֱ֧Ԯִˣı٣ȥ֧ԮҲ𲻵áƳǺ÷˹ƶʱϣ˿Ӧú󳷵͸ϣ˺Ͼ÷˹ָӣʤͿˡ 
أ 
߷ʦ㡣ε˵³ʦԺشʦ˵ǿܵסԷķʦߵҲܺ͵֡ 
ʤҪʵǿ÷˹Ǳߵʤ³˵Ǳս˭Ӯ˾ܸԮ 
ûڵͼϻ˸ȦԤǱ߽սصͿ̵ʤˡ 
ͻȻ˵ 
Ϊʲôֵʡ 
÷˹ֱ߽ɬ˵ֲ᳷ҲõƳǵġ 
ǸǱߵϢִ໹ܼʮ졣˻ش𣬡ѵвã 
вã֮˲Խǹصġ 
ãҾȥ 
Ӧŵİ˸վͻȻһɾ޴ѹԼķ 
ļ³ЦùһСʱͽ 
ȻԺЦŻش𣬡Ǳ׷ܣڵȻҪ𡣡 
ǾȥȫʱʵɡվҲͦȤģûڴ·ʱ͵սˡ



ڶʮ

        ת˰ һڱվһſڣߵͬ˵ 
ɡͬҡҡͷڲŸ붬ѡϼʱܰѱӶ 
Ҳͬ˵ڱش𣬡Ҿʹûѩʲô 
ٵȸܼˡ 
ҿɲ¼ѩ˵ʿֹš 
˵ˡͬ˵˹ˣҪǲڵģǿͲˡ 
ʲôòõġ˵ʿ˵ǲѣҪеǾͱʾȫòˡ 
˿߹Ӱ󣬼æֱͦ塣 
𣿡 
һɴñӵŮʵ 
˽ûš˵ʿش 
ͨһ¡ 
ǣһʿæתˣã 
ʿƿš 
˰ǰվʲôϢ𣿡 
еϢϣ˿ǻش𣬡ɢɢ͹ˡ 
ʱûʲô¡ػش𣬡ӵ£ǽЩеĽá 
šϣ˿ǵ˵ͷˣ 
Щˡص۾ڼ俴һۣհ˯ˡ 
 ϣ˿ǵҲǾͲˡҳȥΣ 
á 
˶Եº㰡 
Զȥ˵Ӱʿͬ˵ 
˵ǴС浽ĺѡͬش𣬡Һõ»⼸ѣȻȥԺ󣬵¸û취֧ 
ǰΪʲô˻ˣϵ񾿾ôİ 
˭֪ءҲʵʵվڣ̵ʱֻϼǰ壬̾ͻؼֵأӲҸҲ˵ 
ǰʿ̾ٲ÷ôӣ˺öෳա 
մϢˡϣ˿һһ˵ҪʮԺִܵζټʮˡǱսֲȥ֧Ԯ 
Ŷش𣬡ִ˳Ժ󣬾ҪǶס˵Ĺˡʱⲻ̫ð𣿡 
ֲƽԭϺǽս ϣ˿ǻش𣬡ӵִ˺̳˵Ҫ͵֣ȴƽǱߵսֺٸߵĵˡ 
ִ˶סķʦܶüأ 
ǻ治Ѹʦ ϣ˿ǵдһ˿Ц⣬Ǳִֻǿοʥ֮ȡ 
ҲǡֻҪһʱ䣬ִ˻ָˣҲҲ˵Ǳܡ 
ϻܶùֵ˴𣿡 
ֻҪʵʵס˵ȥ·ͺáصϸһ˿Ц⣬εԼء 
šĸ¾ûôˡ ϣ˿ǵдһ˿ǣȵڻǲϷֱ뷨ҪɱĶִ˶Ը˵Ľɫһ͵˶桭 
Ҳֻġػش𣬡һ 
Ǿͺáǻȥɣ㲻ھͲˡ 
á 
תʱϣ˿ϵͨѶ 
ִ˵źš ϣ˿ǳ˵Ҳ׼˵ˣǵһ񡣡 
ʮӺ󣬼λĽѸټеһСʿΧΧ 
ΪִǱߴϢ ϣ˿ǶվĽ˵ʱӦǰųˡҶԾ²Ϥһ 
ϣ˿עħиֳһŲ϶㲵ӡ 
ˡ ϣ˿ǹѾѽǶˣ˵˵ڳ˵뷨 
Ƕ˰ֵ˵ɳƣʵ㲻۳˵⡣ 
ˡ ϣ˿Ȱ֪뾡סǣɸʱ޷ϵΪҪ̫ǿԼԺսֻҪ̴˵ 
лĺ⡣ֵ¶Ц⣬ҪıսֲõԺˡ 
ˣֵĻشϣ˿оһɺ 
ϣ˿ǣʱ䲻ˣ˵ 
˵͵ؿһѪ˿ 
ǰŪ˸֮ķ󡣡òֹסԵ˵ô꣬൱ɹˣǰķ 
Դڵ״޷ǹ 
ǷͲ˲ٿصġֻش𣬡Ǽһƺǰ֪Щʲôһ֣ѹ̻ʲ 
˵΢΢Ц 
ķǳǿһᣬֵ˵ʹ㸸ףҲһܶԸ֮£Ҳˡ 
ˣ ϣ˿ǼȰ˱£˻һ󣬺͸֣Ǹа𣿡 
Ѿ;ƿˡҡҡͷ³ԺҲ˼죬ڻõʱɵ顣 
ˡ ϣ˿ǻæôǳʿô죿Ҳģ 
ǵ˵ʬ岿ȫɡֵЦôһ㣬׬ء 
ô⼸һֱû̸£˵ҪִּƻӦȳ˲ְ 
Ǹ֪¡ 
ˣ 
ϣ˿ǣ̫ˡ̾˿һĵغǲҲҪ˭ʲô¡ҪģôѡҲҲԺеĲ˾Ҫ˲ݺս 
ˣѾþϣ˿ǵĻش˵Ҳû취ﴦˣǾͻˡҷ󣬺˹ֲһҲˣʱòʲôħһġһҵʹһֱź˹ָ֣ʾֻǣʹֻ֧ͱӢǱɱʲô취 
ϣ˿ǣôˣ 
Ȼϣ˿ǻشʵ 
ˣʲôʱģ ϣ˿ǵдſǻӦǰϧ 
飬˵ʥΪʲôȻôɱԼˣ 
ϣ˿ǡֵ˵ͣкܶ飬ʹٲԸ⣬ҲȻֻĺ󻼡λϣܶʱǲֻģҲӦ֪ 
ǡ 
Ҳ֪ôжִϣ˿ǵĻǾþⳡսҸɡ 
ˣʱ쵽ˣҲҪҸˡֵӰڿʧˣϣ˿ǣҵĺӡ 
ﾲĵģе˶ͷȴϣ˿´ 
ҽɢ׼һִ˷չ˵˵ж ϣ˿ 
ǻش˳ 
Ҳ߰ɡؿϣ˿ʪɴȰϾǿķʦ㣬ʱҲǵǺԾ 
ţ߰ɡ 
䰡 ϣ˿ǿϵ̫Ķ硣 
ʾȥҲ硣ػش𣬡Ҳ괺Ҳ硣 
ϣˡ 
־ˣҪɱ˹֣Ȼд鷳 
𣿡Ժ˵û뵽أҸպҲȥǱ߰ϣ˿ǡ 
ʲôȥ 
һʥʿһϰʦ 
ôܰʲôæ 
ǰﲻϡԺػش𣬡ȥһҲһȥ 
˭ȥ 
׶١



ڶʮ

       ¹⣬ȻһǡǾشţ·ڰо޴ޡѹѹһƬӰӣΧסУΧԵˡ Ȼ˸ŵƹ⡣ 
ˣɫϢɡȰüͷĺ˹֡ 
ô˯Ű˹ҡҡͷ˾Ȼ׼ǾսĶֱӵǱȥˣ˾ڴʲộѵǼһʲôɱﵣ 
ҪеĻᵽڻʹɡοƣһܹǵķˡ 
š˹ֻص˵ͷʲôֶΣӦڽҪˡ 
˵ŻͻȻִеħԪͻȻǿҵ춯 
ˡ˹վɲӦǼһƴɾƾڵӣʲô 
첽߳ˣһ޴Ĺǹ򷢳ľ޴âء 
ǿʥħ̾š 
ûɡ˹ֵͻȻƮǿʥħɫĬʾ¼ 
ź˹ֵĻ޴Ĺº䡣 
嵽治Զմƺʲô谭ͻȻͣɲǼ䣬һ޴ĺ𣬴۵ĹâĴɽһʱ˵۾Ѿ 
ãؼľ޴һʹں˹ϷС 
û¡˹ƿסԼĺ׼ 
 
š 
źƬӰʼǽƶͬʱɫϢǽȥ 
ˣ 
ǽϵʿһ³ǽͷһƬ 
ˣѾ˳ǽں͵˽սһָʾ 
һʿ㱨 
طʱܡվһߵĺ˹ָʾ칥 
ǣ 
˻ʲôУǹؼ˹ֻҲȥɣܿõõǵĵط 
ǡ 
źĻһӽʿ˹Χסȥ 
̨ϵſǽϣ¶ƽЦݵ֣طһ˿Զ˸ŵĻ⣬ڿԼƶʹһƬźУ¥ȥ 
ˡ 
̨һӭȥ 
ִϢҪȥסҪһСʱȴϢԺ󣬾ܸһ 
ǡ 
ˡ 
߹һָŵķʦæ˹ͦǿģһʱṥ¡ 
Ŷڻشĺ˹ֿһۡ 
ˣҵ뿴ʲô 
߽ĵңóһԿףһš 
ŵٰãһƬ׹֡ 
һվһħм䣬۾һᣬħ･˹âһ˿˿ѪҲ 
֣ΧħԪزûʲô仯˹ֵ룬ɿǵʱôħ⾿ô£ 
սŵ˫ͻȻĹâͬʱҲʼضɲǼ䣬ĹâѸɢסƬս 
ã 
ֲĺ˹̷ħԼıΧ 
û뵽綼׼ƴˣҳ⾹Ȼиʦķʦ 
һƬ޴ĺУؾҵضʯͳա 
ʱ䣬ĻҳƮ䣬һӰҵĿԣӵվ 
ˣ 
ֵȥĺӰһ˫ַס 
ǻʣˣ 
ˣƬص˻ˡȻش𣬡ͼʮ˺ʮʬ塣 
̫ˡ˹ֵĻ˵Ļںޣþƾô 
˵ĺ˹־ҿ岻ͣضеĿҶ 
ˣڲʱڵʱ򡣡ο˼Ȼ׼ôһѲǣǻҪ뿪Ϊǡ 
Ҳǡ˹վ˿Χޱ޼ʵƽأôǱ߽ 
ˣѾˣǻ뿪ΪãԺ˵ɡ 
ɫԝĳУһСƬӰĵĲڰ͹ƽĵϣײײԶɽȥ



ڶʮĽ

       յĳڳڵسԼĹâڴϡֻǣĴغͽĴأѾȫ˸ӣǸʵĳкΧؾӪѾʧӰ٣ֻ⣬Ȼôġ СӺ¾ʧߺ󲻾ãٵڴʮƥƣսŨŨ۵սϡ 
ˡ ϣ˿Ǵӯվûܸǡ 
ǡ 
һվϣ˿ 
ָʾһж 
ǵĶʲôʱܵ 
õĵ棬ϣ˿ü 
ƾ񻹵ðܵʿܵһϡ 
վϣ˿ĽСػش 
ô 
£ҾнٶȲôء 
֪ ϣ˿Ǵ˽ĻʹµϢѾʧˣܵһ졣ǼȺ򲿶ӣעûвĵˣǼȸȥ 
£̫Σˣִֿ˶ķʦ 
һսҲӦ˵òᡣ ϣ˿ǵĴٲ⼸ڴԺ¾ûˡִ˰װ 
Եڵ״ĵؿɫ԰׵ϣ˿ǡ 
ûϵ 
Сõôȥˣһи̣ԺС˲ýµȴ󲿶ӵȥ׷ɱ˰ɣ˵˶Ҳˡ 
˾Ҳ˵ټˡ ϣ˿ǼᶨҡҡͷĵҲеԺ͸״˵ 
û𣿡 
ϣ˿ǵӰڿʧԺĵʣܶù˵ĺ˹֡ 
ҲֻܶһˡӰεҡͷǶ߲ȥ·ϣͷҲˡ׶ڵˣ 
Ҳһˡ֪ͨǡ 
׶ٴ磬ǵˣ˿͡޼ʵɭ֣С죬ôˣû߳ȥ 
Ϳˡ׶º͵ЦЪЪ 
š˿͡첽ϹһξĶ飬ݽ㣬Ϣ£ 
һڲݵ̸ʱ򣬰˿͡ϵľ 
Ժǡ 
˿͡æħע˾ 
˿͡ڵˣ 
ɭ 
ŮĻشԺε¶Ц 
÷˵ɡ 
ǵ˰ 
귨ĻԺ˵ͷ 
췢Щ£ҲҪһ¡ 
ԺĻ鶼סˡ 
һô죿 
һ˵λãϣ˿һΧܵĺ˹֡ 
ôҵõ 
ǰʹ׷ٺ˹֣졣Ժش𣬡׶ùȥҾС 
ô֪׶ѧһ𣿡˿ֵ͡ʣûִ񰡡 
Ժش˿͡⣬ֻ¶һζЦݣӰڿʧ 
һᣬڷӦİ˿͡ӿֳһƬ쳱 
оǸ򡣡 
ſ۾׶ָǰ 
õĻܵͷסǡ 
ɽ·Ŭǰĺ¶УͻȻи˴˸ģˤڵء 
ˣ 
źĽʿæסˤķʦ 
û¡ 
ϢŻش 
Ǽǰ 
ҵʹһ˵Ҳɡ˹ִһʿı̧ͷҪǿԼˣϺˡ 
ãõѾ࣬οǲҲˡһƿĽʿҴʱ뿪顣 
ʲô 
ʦţҺʦˣʱò˷ô·Ļǿ𽥻ָҲС˵Щһֱڸ·˹Ǳ߸֪Ѿˣи֪ͨǡ 
ǵ׷ǣ¾ 
ڵҪǿָʹѰǵ١˿뿪ߵģҲһעϣע⵽ҡ 
Ҳá 
һĺ˹ֵ˵ͷ 
ԶȥĶ飬۵³һѪȻڵϡ 
֮ǰûҰްҳԵĻҾϣˣ֪ͨ˹ˡ 
ˡź˹ֵĽʿʣ˵˱ֳصö࣬Ƕĺ𣿡 
Ѿȥˡ˹ֻش𣬡ʵ⼸죬ʹڿָҵĴΣաֻҪǶ⼸죬ԺĻᣡ
һֹ⼸ġʿ̧ͷ˿еʹгŭ𣬡Ϊ̫û˽ᣬôԾôȥ



ڶʮ

       ̫߸߹ϣɢĹâȴûܸشůɽϵĲľɨ£Ѿ¶ƣ̬޾ɵصſݻƵҶӣڷҡڡ޼ʵȺɽźĻɫ£һֱ쵽ߡ ˥ݵȺɽϵУһ㣬ɽһȺܵĺ˻ƶ 
ڳؿƶŵĺȺУͻȻһҵĿȺͣһڶмĺϵˣſͣеĿҶ 
˵ĺ˼æ£һḧ˵ı˵ĿڽֹͣɢҵĺҲƽ 
ˣѾûúϢˣҲԽԽҸطϢ°ɡ 
ǰͷ·ĺ˹е˵ 
УҸо׷ǵڲͣرƽܸ֮ܵҵϢټʹָǱɭԺܰϢ 
˵ʹŻʧӵĺ˿˿ͣϵ㣬ǾټһǴǰɽȣһͿԽɭˡǣԵ㶫ȺˮǼ 
һᣬȺּԶɽٵƶ 
˶鲻ԶɽͷϣһҲڿٵƶš 
ǵľ˵㡣 
һ߿ǰ׷һߴ˵ 
׷𣿡 
ϣ˿ǵӰڿͻȻʧصǰȻôƽ 
²СԷҲڲҹǰ 
ҲϢˡ 
ϣ˿ǡشӺô׷ҲǸ취׷˿Ҳƣˡ 
ΨһĻᡣ ϣ˿ǻһʹʧǽɭ֣Ǿûʲôˡ 
ز˵ʲôǰͻȻˣ𱻼ȣ¼ָ˶顣 
ʹˡ 
վɽ׶ٿƶʹ˿ 
ǵķǰҲ˿ֻҪǶסǰɽڣ˾ֻ־ˡ 
ǿɲһ׶ٵɫͻȻֿʥʦܻܵˡϢ£ռλõǵɡ 
쵽ɭˡ 
ӵĺ˿Žǰɽȣһɣƺࡣ 
ɽȵĺ¶ͻȻ涼ǿҵƿʮ֧˷ϵĺȺһҡ 
ڿٵֵסͻϮ󣬺ȺѸγһΧȦѱź˹ֵĽʿΧм䡣 
˲𡣡 
һͨ˳ɽȵһͷ 
ͻϮܺˣȻֵһսĶ֡ 
ô֪ģͷĺ½ʿʡ 
ٻҡ 
ָָϵʹ 
׶ǰɡ 
ں½ʿϵϷʦͻȻɳƵ 
ǡ 
˸ 
˹ֵʦμ档֮ΣòִС 
˵˹ֵԽ˻ƣҲ٣㲻֮ΣҪʱ䣬ûպúдˡ 
ź˹ֵĻӰӲͬ׶ٳȴͻȻֵĵȫ˻ 
ڵһʱһٵĺӰͻȻ׶ߡ 
һ׶ٵĽһѽ񿪣˵ѸƮŶֽˡ 
֡ 
ǰͻȻͣ 
ôˣ 
ͻȻֹͣˡ 
ѵ ϣ˿ֵʣҲӦ֪ܲ׽ǵϢ˵һǾܽɭˣΪʲôͻȻͣס 
Ҳʲô⡣ظô죿 
ֹͣˣ 
һˡ 
ǼٶȣСΧע͵Ϯ 
ȣ𼤶˾ǰˣҪƵסܷ𡣡 
û˶ͻȻҵضؼæο 
š 
ǿ̫ 
ӵĺ½ʿ׶˿Ŷ˵ļˡ 
лдɡ 
Сģ 
׼һγ̵ĽʿͻȻ˹ֵľ 
һը𣬺˹ֵҵس鴤 
׷ˡ 
һͷ󺹵ŮӳںȺ 
ǵÿУлˣ׶١ 
ˡ׶ٵ¶Цݣþòƺ˲ءڲɵʱ򣬵ȴİɡ



ڶʮ

       ѪĲҫɽŵȺؼɱաмĺȺͻȻͷɢ˶һȺ׶ɱȥٵһȺϣ˿һߡɲǼ䣬ĽɽлصɽУֻϣ˿Ǵȣ뺣˹ֶš ӸղһҺֻǲһ㡣ϣ˿սǷܳɹҪͻ׶ٵķ߻ȼ赲ǵĵˡ 
ŮʦԲǡ˹ҲؿŶĹŮĵӣǰǶĴ˵ҸĶ֡ղ͵ϮʧܹΪǶԵսһҪ֡жϲҵƣԲҶ̵֡ʤܾҵ֮ǰܷͻƵ˵ķˡ 
뵽ĺ˹˿ͻȻֱͦɲǷɫ򣬶ϣ˿ϹâһڿͻȻʧ 
Ȼ˹ϵģϣ˿ǲûз 
ֵ֪ܲͻƷߣ˹ĬĬ룬ȵھͻõ㣬ʱʹѾʧҲԷԼľơ 
ʱһǿҵɽ紵ϣ˿ǵɴ 
ˣ 
˹ָԼ۾ 
ĵôˣӦۻˡ 
ٴȷϵĺ˹ȴ޷ٿűɴס 
ɫɽеıԽԽ΢ˡ 
Ӯˡ 
ϣ˿ǰ˿ 
ȥûϣˡ 
˹˾ġ 
ֻöҸղûۻȻǲܵ£ 
˾ĵĺ˹ִһ߾˹һ޴ĺϣ˿Ƿȥ 
һ޴ıըϣ˿Ǻͺ˹˿ͬʱ˹Ʈɵɴ¿ӡ 
վ˽ŵĺ˹̲ס췢һЦҹڰҹб 
ĵӣ³̵ӢۣȻǸˣһƬӺ˹ӿ֣ǶסǵĹƣҴŮ˾ǣ 
ʿǵĺ½ʿǽֵͣס֧ԮǡʱϵʹҲԶƮ 
Ҳˣ̾û˰æҵؽº˹һֹϣ˿г˻ںޣʱ£Ҫͷٹһᣬʹͻʧסץסٵģ 
ʹ 
ϣ˿ƺʲôͻȻ 
ȣְ֧Сʱˣ 
ûŪôµͻȻϣ˿ǵȫʧ˵ѹɽѹ˹ҧҧĹâֿź˹ֵĳ 
ӢƶʹͻȻоһסԼĽŲ 
ʹߣҺΪһ壬ϵа񡣡 
˳ķʹһŮӡ 
֪ǩԼʧȥʲô𣿡 
֪ 
Ϊ˻ҲԸʧȥ𣿡 
Ը⡣ 
㾿ΪʲôϧʧȥԼȡ 
Ϊ˴ǰĵˣΪԶĺƽ 
شʵϣ˿ǾþûõʹĻӦ 
ֵȼķʦӦ֪ƾ͹̡ 
һᣬʹϣ˿ 
ģ޷֪֪̽꣬˵ǷʵΪһ壿 
򿪡ҵģ 
ڿ֧ŵͻȻߴĳҿԽԽ졣 
æеתͷһۣϣ˿ǵˮ¡ſϣ˿ǵ岻ͣز˷ڵϡ 
ŮӵĿУ˾޴ıʹں޺ãһʱ䣬ڳ˶ֵԻ󣬲ͣ 
ôˣ˿͡׶١ 
ڴԼġ׶ٵгͬ;壬վһǲңҲ˰ɡ 
µУһֱôʹã𣿡˿͡ҲĵԼһô𣿡 
УôʹͱΪʲôܼʹϣ˿л죬ҿʵԸԸˡҵ㱻ȻжϵͨǿԸһ㣬ԸΪۣȡҵ𣿡 
Ը⡣ 
ˣ 
סĶļı̣ʥ֮俴˼ٵĽһ 
ʲôˣ 
ʥ֮ˣλ˸Ͽȥ 
Ϣ̼æſʥ֮ȥҴ߽ͻȻâĴʱȻصҪѾȫۼ 
ô£ 
ƺԼѡµĵʦ 
һ̵ش 
ǰһ𣿾Ȼôǿȱ˻ᱻ©𣿡ֵʣ»˭ 
벻Ҳ벻ߵ˵ش𣬡ҲͨˮϢء 
أİ׹⽥ͣľ޴ľǽϳһӰأӰǰģһüĴźɫʮֵľɫŮӡŮӵɫ֮У޵ı˺ãеΪ֮顣 
ô̲סͺȻʸ񣬿ҲԵʥʦ𣿡 
ڴǵУŮӵüһʵӰӣڵס˺ɫʮ֡һᣬе˶ˣӰһſʹ 
գħսĵڶԼѡʥʦϣ˿ǡ 



ڶʮ߽

       ãعĺ˹ּæȫħŮƺʹΪһ壬ɹĻǾ䶨ˣ ôôǿ 
ܵɽѹԼӿȵ˺ˮ 
ò׶һֹȣߵϣ˿һۡǣȻڵϣûվ˼ƺޱ޼ʵħͣڵϵϣ˿Ǻ 
û취ˡ˾ĵȣֵ˻Ĳʹ⣬İɫͻȻ 
˵ħôôǿ 
Ŭֵһ˸߹һ˵ĵ˵ĹϵĹâ𽥰ȥ 
ʱ仹ȥҵ֮ͿϨˣǵ¾͡ 
ΣڵϦصһ䣬ֻأȫƴȻ޷ͻȫķصĵˡ 
ˡ 
ǿһۺȣ忪ʼҡ 
Ǹˡ 
ôŵŮӣؿ˿սɷӰһۣƺҪԶԼУȻ󻺻۾ 
֡ 
ȵ˵ħ̷ֶεͻȻܵѹʧӰ٣һº͵ڰΧԼ 
ˡͽҰɡ 
ϤķԸȵһ·һڵء 
ƺѾﵽʦˡӮˡ 
ˡ 
оԼħһǽһȫʧ˹ͷһƬ䡣 
ǿֵסһֺ˹۵һѪ 
һʿ׶ٴɣ䵽˹ߣ˼£ۼǲˡ 
Ͷɡ 
ȫ˸͹âϣ˿ؿŬ֧ŵĽʿǡ 
ѾûκʤˡҵĿ겻ǡ 
Ц 
ӵĽʿһϣ˿ǣȴĹ˻ȥ 
Ǵ˹Ըأ׼ 
ϣ˿İ׹⣬ʿڶ־޴ѹ±뺣˹ߡ 
Ҫˡ 
ϣ˿ǿŶǱĺ˹֣ͷ̲סһɡзĵˡ 
ǿһֺĺ˹֣Ϣ΢طڵأƺϢûˡ 
һ 
ôŵϣ˿ٴħȴͻȻһӰ˹ֳȥ 
ȣ 
ȥ˺ϣ˿Ǵһ 
𿿽ˣ̫Σˣ 
ħݽߵȣӻһذףٵش˹֡ڵϵĺ˹ǿת壬һذ״ 
𶯡 
æлĵϣ˿׼ѸɵĻħӳֵʱһɳƵͬʱһѳ鵽ȵĺϡ 
װı첻 
ؿŰĽʿϣ˿ϵĹâʧˡ 
ҿɲװĿˡ 
ʿش 
Ǽһһǲܵġʱ䲻ˣ㻹ǿ¾İɡ 
˵ʱк½ʿֳƵӣΧں˹ߡ 
 
ϣ˿Ǽ򵥵ʡ 
ڲ׷ǡǰ˻㡣 
Ҹǵɡ 
ھ 
˵۹ⶼϣ˿ǡ 
ƺûѡˡ 
һϣ˿̧ͷȴͻȻõİ׹⡣ 
ȣ 
ϣ˿ǵͻȻ˻ҡ 
һǶ֣ 
£ҲҲˡ 
ȵ˵ǵͻȻó˻ 
ҿɲһγǡ 
Ҳֻġҡ 
µĻȻš 
ϵĹâԽϸصЦݡ 
ֻǣҾȫ 
£뱣أԺҲ̷ˡ 
ô˵ŵȲ᲻֪Ǻõϣ˿ǣתӿԼɷȫ˳Լɳ˿ڡ 
أлл㡣 
ضԼ˵ 
ľٶһ仰Ҳ˵ 
춪ȻܵԶԶģԽԶԽá 
ڵϵĺ˹ͻȻ˵ 
ȻȥҺһҡ 
˵ʲô 
ָʾĽʿӳش 
ôԶܣ 
ǵҺܸм 
˹ֵͻȻ峺޵Ļ 
ֻǣϾͲԼˡ 
˵껰ĺ˹ͻȻһԾݵ޷Ķһ˵ȡɲ´˼졣ͬʱһɾ޴ĳΧס˹ֵĽʿȫɣǵصħɽȡ



ڶʮ˽

        ĻҳУغϣ˿ǵ׶Ǳ𣬼æ˹ȥ 
һһ̳з˳䵽˵ϡ 
Ƚ㣡 
ŵȥȴϣ˿ס 
뿪 
ϣ˿ǵһ䡣 
׶٣ϴߡ˿͡㵽ȫĵطԺ֪ͨ˻Ҹǰ櫣ʥ֮ұܣֱҸϡأϴ뿪Բܱ׷ϡ 
㣬ôˣ 
ֵʡ 
Һ赲ˣǿߣ 
˵Żϣ˿Ѹٰ 
ʲô櫱һѱסɿɭȥͬʱ׶Ҳٵذ˴ɭкػϡ 
ô£ΪʲôҪϣ˿ǽأ 
櫲ʵ 
׶٣Ǳ𣿡 
ᰮµ⣬ʵ 
ˡ 
أ 
롣 
ذͷת櫡 
ǼһԼƬƣܻܡ 
ƺΪ֤صĻ˹ִ̳˳Ҳûʹɫֻǵصħסء 
ǣôϣ˿ǽǶϺ󣡡 
ûǿ赲ȫ 
ؿ櫵ĿͻȻ÷ǳᡣ 
ֻǣϣ˿ǺصֶܼãǻҪ֡ 
أѵ롭 
û˵껰ͻȻԼԴһ£˹ȥ 
Ȼ˵ԭ򡣡 
سϿҵض׶˵ 
һϣ˿ǰˣ˵Ŀһҡԣ櫰ˡ 
׶ٵ˵ͷɽȥ 
˿͡ 
ߵɽ׶ߵŮ 
絽Ժ𣿡 
ԡ 
Ǿͺá 
׶ƺ˿ 
Ǿ￴ɡ 
ףǲҪ𣿡 
ڻûܵʱ򡣡 
׶ŵ¶ 
ҪҪҲõȵ˹صʱ¾ 
Ҫô 
ԼȻ䵽ϣȴʲôоûУȫʹֽҲƺԼģ޷޷˵޷۾Ҳκ˵İ 
ԭô¶ 
ôŵͻȻиƺԼķƶ 
һعˣûߡ 
ȸ˵롣 
пңһӮˡϧΣҲһˡ 
ôŵƺԼ˱˵档ˮԼϡ 
ڿ𣿡 
ȵѸӹصףмݣõЦ񣬾Ҳ˵ɫ 
ҲǣôǰأûֱȻİ뿴أΪҿ޵ӡ 
˼ȣڷǽ뿪Լȥ 
ˣءֻǣֻϣ㣬ͿôһΡԺ󣬻Ҫ¶õЦݲźãǲϲء 
һԸȽԶĺڰ֮С 
̫ǿˡ 
ͣƮŵӰϣ˿롣 
ֻǶʥħĿ־жʱѡһħ˥ߣԼͻ̱ԷҺѾûǣܶ࣬ҲֵĻᡣˣղŵѾ¶ôһ㷴ӦûУ 
뵽ϣ˿ǰæп˿ɽֻرһˣվɽȫΧ״ƺѾû 
ɲǼ䣬ϣ˿ͻȻֵµ龰 
ء 
ϣ˿Ƕɭе 
֪ڸûߣϰغȴߡҲصˣ㲻ҲͱĴ⡣ҹƻܼһСʱ 
Ӱӳϣ˿ǵ¶οЦݡ 
˳ȥִˡôʱͲᱻ˰ɡȻ֪ϣһԽԽãǣǶҿĥ 
ѾûбҪˡ 
ĸı䣬ĹͻȻʧһǽں˹ֺ֮䡣 
Ӱɭأ˹ͻȻ޴˻Ӱ˹ȥȴõİ׹ˡŭŵĺ˹ַ޴ĺɫصشڵסԼȥ·ĹǽϡԶϣ˿岻ͣƮҡɫޱȵĲ԰ףɹǽȴٰ֡ 
оԼԽԽ䣬صаȵһ죬ƺʲôˣԺѸ¡ 
ʱԶԶԼ˸Ŀ⣬ԼʱϲЦݣ֪ԼʱǿװЦԼؼʱϲɫʱǱ˵ĿпʱƵĽкΪ䲻ɷεԼ⿪Ľӵеɵݡ 
һУҲ޷Լߡ 
Ϊʲô 
ˣǱƮŵĻ쵰ɱȵļˣӴ˲ٿģòԼ˻գȴֱȥ 
뵽أ췢˷ŭź 
صأһɼǿȫʩΪϣ˿ǡͻȻԼĹǽʧͬʱ˷ĹҲӿʧؼ˴صԪرӰ١治ͣţһ޴Ӱӵð˳ 
أôܣ 
ϣ˿һƬҡ 
Զĺ˹ƺоʲôԶأκħʹֻܵײײȫɽȥ 
ɵؿܵϣ˿ߣһѱɭС 
һõĵ⣬зڵðľޣ뵶֮Уܵĺ˹֡ɽȳ˾޴Ļ죬ķʯײһʱ䣬ɽб̳ȫ֣Ҳκζ 
һᣬ̳£һƮաؼæϣ˿ǣƮķȥ 
ɽУֻصźӦĴؾ޵ĺص磬ƺҲŵò 
ǡʲô 
˿͡Լ۾ָŴǰʼ˺ü׵ɽȡ 
ôôֲ书 
նħ 
׶ٵѾеĵյŤԼȴȫûз֡ 
Ӣеնħ 
ȵʵ 
عôǿ;ȻѾֱ׷˵еӢ۵ 
˵еӢۣҲӲһ 
׶ٵɫԽ԰ס 
Ѿħһʹġϣûܽһ 
ѾѵɱΪʲôͣ 
˿ӵʵ 
׶ٲشֻǵϥ£ɽȵķһׯصʿ 
ѵ 
ʡ 
׶ص˵ͷ 
ҪʹһҪд۵ġʵѾ 
¹⣬ҫɽбŮźࡣߵľޣҲڲͣӦţƺڰһһǰԶվһֵˣԶڵϵŮӣԶɽһȺˡ 
ڣؾʧڿУؼָֻ˳ 
һгأɽȡ 
û 
ڵϵϣ˿ǣ֪ΪʲôԼСʱ͸׵ĶԻ 
ϣ˿ǣԺʲô 
֪أסǣһҪܶܶˣϲˣõҸ 
ϲˣõҸ 
ϵ˵ŵϣ˿ǣǰס 
³˹ĮĿ˹ַݿɣĹ³аգǶ˹ǰȥأȣԼԶҲ޷ 
ΪʲôôŬǲأΪʲôҵǲң 
Լϣ˿ǣͻȻͷĿѣȫо˵ƣ 
Ъɡ 
ϣ˿ظԼ 
һжˡϣһ۾ҲҪ



ڶʮŽ

       ֪ˡúϢȴǰº硣 źӰڿʧ˹˿Щ㱵ؿѾʧȥâľ 
һŲ̽䡣 
ûκηֻЩն 
ǰ 
˹ƣҡҡͷƺһ²ࡣ 
¿джôһ󣬼ʹʤˣĽȻעġսһѾҪˡ 
Ҫˡ 
˽ۡ 
ǵģעһ쳣õսǲĻ 
˹ǳ鶯һ£¶Ȼ죬ƺ˻Ұδ 
ôһɱﵣǿнѾΪܡֻвͣȡģôڶǣͬʱ˵ңͻϮֶβп´СԺս´붼Կˡ 
Ҳôġ 
Ｗһ˿Цݡ 
ҪǶҪʦУǿɲоеġ 
Ҳǡ 
˹ҲǿЦЦ 
ڻÿôõ飬ҪȴӰƤܵ˵ 
棡 
һı˾˧Ӫ 
зͻȻˣ 
ҲӵһȫϢˡ 
 
ԭƻչ׷ 
˹üеļָô档 
ƺ׷ 
ӵ۹̧𣬺ƽ˵ 
š׷мûʲô뷴ҧһڶԡ 
ϾҪɽ˰ɣǵĵˡ 
šôҧţûлתءܵð˦˲źֽš 
˹ҡҡͷ 
ҾͲһᶼҡ 
˦ǵĻһںͿ˰ɡ 
ĸ˻ڡ 
˹ʦ顣 
ҪסǵĴ̫ˡõٿǡ 
Ҳǲߡ 
ͻȻЦЦ 
ٲǶԾ¾û˰ɡ 
Լʦô˵˹һ 
ˣ˵ɵ 
˹Ȱ 
սǸ˾˲ܸԾĻᡣ 
ҲǸʱ 
ȫӵȰ档 
ڿغ¼һСʱ˾С 
ʹܴǣ滹ѧԺֺʿǲŹġǲܳʧȥʧ 
Ѿ 
ҡҡͷ 
һֱоӷӡ﷢ϣЩȤĶ 
ͣһµĺ￴ŶԼĵӣͻȻŹֵЦ 
ȻζڱݣǺβɴҵԼȥ⣬ҲΨһˡ 
˵ʲô 
ûʲô 
ҡҡͷ 
Щ顣 
Ҳ֪󹫾Ǳߣˡ 
׿񶥣Ŀгֵɫ 
ڤҲˡᰵΪֹҲһˡػ֮ʥ֮ȡΪĳܣҲٴȥûôɵ顣֮ǵһֻҪԸ֮Ⱦ͹ˡ 
 
Ϊʲô 
ϵӵĻ 
ЩҶţʱԼʵڲ֮͡һҪһսһδ㿴پ 
˵껰ĺҲӣһ߳ 
ǳгã 
ǿôã֪Ƿ⣿ҲʧɣΪеһУûгԽ籾ĿܡǿĺϷɡ 
ɫˣһʿСĵڳǰߵһɽڸʱͻȻϢص¡ 
ڱһҲû𣿡 
վ 
Ǳˣȥ 
߳İͻȻؼϤѹ 
ôϺ󣿾ûİ 
æϵɽǰİˣԶԶĸˣںɽһȺʿŵĺӰš 
ּˡ 
ɽĺƽؿɽµˡ 
һϰɣһû˼ 
ɽµˣ࿴һۣһɽȥ 
ǣǷᰵô 
üǰĽʿȺ 
û취Ƿʦħ 
߰ɡ 
ػӻ֡ 
Ҷáѵô֣ôС 
عȻǿأ 
һֵʼ 
߰ɡһҲûá 
ȫ峷һⱻ 
ԼĲӷ 
ʼ𣿡 
˹ԶɽֱĺɫУϵ´ 
 
ɫս˶ŵˣѾûκϢɽѾƽأؼһƬžֻдصĺĿڻ졣 
Ȼħϧվ˵尡 
ѪĺŶ洭Ϣˡ 
вͿħӮľˡ 
վǵֲܺ㿹⡣ 
Ҳ¶Ѫ˿ 
üֻޡ 
شϢŲ䡣 
ѶĸҴ˰ɡ 
㻹ôǸô 
Ȼô⣬ǰٸܺðɡ 
Ǻðɡ 
ӰͻȻں֣߳ں˵һ仰 
㾹Ȼô룿 
һĺͻȻЦȫԼơ 
ȤĽְʵֵĻͬھģôã̫źˣ 
ЦŵĺӰͻȻʧ֮ɽȵһ˳֡һҵıըطȫһƬ֡ 
嵽ǰôһ£ǾԶס 
ؿűסԼ 
㾿˵ʲôı⣿ 
ֻǸһĴ𰸶ѡ 
ػش 
㻹ǾƵƬô 
˵á 
Ǿû취׷˹ˡ 
˳ļ˿һԼķƮ޸п 
гһ͵ĹƮ˹ȥ 
λǷȥܽһУǵԼҲи˶ˡʣµ£˾ͺá 
˵Ҳǡ 
ſصĻӦ˵Ӱʧߡ




-- --



ʮ
һ

       ƵϦڵϣƺѲܸشů⡣ź磬ڲԭɨЩݻƵĳݣŰ£صͷȫûдʱĲһƬտֻмֻ߷ɵӥڳ޾ɵż һ޴ֻڴϹ¶ʻšûϵǣȽĲӣŲæǰߡھ޴˵͵͵ 
Ӧûˡ 
ϣ˿ĨĨͷϵĺˮش 
𣿡 
櫽ŵؿҲͷ󺹵ء 
أоô 
û¡ 
ŬѹڹŹֵĳ嶯¶һº͵Цݡ 
Ǿͺá 
櫴˿СĵĨȥͷĺˮ 
أĲʹΪ۵ħƬʧص󡣡 
һϣ˿˵ 
ڵǰòҪ˶֣Ƭɵһʧؾ鷳ˡ 
Ժǲܺͱ˶ˣһлɱֿܻô죿 
ϣ˿ǵжϣֻ 
ġ 
ϣ˿櫵ͷ 
һ·ϣǲʲôܿɴġ˼Ȼа취ءʱͲ˶ţڵعǵСˡ 
ŲǶء 
櫵˵ 
뵽Ժֻ˵ӣͻȻģҲĺ 
ҪӿǰٶȲſԡ岻ʣҺֲȥֻܽˡ 
뵽ӵԺ֪ԼǼݳ뷨ϣ˿̲ס¶һ˿΢Цǣǰһֱںݳأϣ˿ͷ̲סһʹ 
һȺˣֻʣˡ 
ϣ˿ḧĿڣȡһ֧ 
һᣬٵƥŴͣڴԡϵ˿£·ߡ 
һ˼ݳʣϵǰĳ׼Ҫϵ 
ǡ 
˴һٵķӦһϳͷʣһƥѸٵԭһͷȥ 
λоΣ 
ݣſغ³ߵˡ 
Ѿˡ 
ػش 
ֻǣٹһ꣬ҵ˥ߣܶ๦¾ʹˡ 
´ѶԼҲˡ 
ƽ˵ 
õϣ˿ﵽ֮󣬵ҴЩ£λд衣 
Ȼ֪Ǽʱܵ 
Ҳ⼸ɡôλȥȥҲû 
ҲáҶôãҲö²ˡ 
롣 
ʲô£ 
·ͻȻͣԶʵ 
ˣѾˡ 
ܺãˡȥ 
ǡ 
λ롣 
ȥ 
ڵˡ 
ǰվŵȺԼĶ飬ϣ˿ǳ˿ 
㣬ûɡ 
뵣ĵš 
ûġ 
ϣ˿ǰο 
Ҷѹס˿϶ܸõѹƣο³ʦҲء 
š 
櫵˵ͷüֲơ 
ַƬúַһɡ 
ġ 
ϣ˿ǿ϶ػش 
ַΪĲصƬ࣬ħ̫֮ǿÿơֻҪҺ³˵ѹסƬûġҲԺȫֶѡ 
Ҿͷˡ 
ϣ˿ǵı֤¶˵Цݡ 
ӭ˵ 
ϣ˿̤ӭӵǷ׷׵ͷ 
ؿ 
ϣ˿ǻ˸ 
Ҫˣ֪ںδ 
̻ʴڷӡ֮Ⱥϣ˿Ǵˡ 
ͷٹػش 
Լȥͺá 
ϣ˿߽ 
ԺǲôĵӭˣҺܲӦ 
ǣԺǻע⡣ 
ôô¡صӭϣ˿ǽ㣿ҳƺҲ֡ 
ߵû˵ĵطʱ̲סʵ 
Ϊݲͬˡ 
ϣ˿΢΢һЦش 
ʲôͬ 
ӭʥʦӭϣ˿ǡ 
ؽ͵ 
֡ 
ֲá 
櫻Ȼ 
ǶԽĳƺǰһе£ǽдˣѹܾúܲӦ 
ˡ˵ǵˡ 
ϣ˿ߵһǰš 
 
ȵﴫ˳ 
λ˺á 
ٹ䳡Ŀغ³к 
á 
ص˵ͷ 
ڸʲô 
ϣ˿Ǵ˵ˡƺе⣬ 
ҲȥɣҲܰæ 
ڷӡ֮䣬 
šûʲô⡣ʱȲѹƬ־ϾԺ󻹵ÿԼ 
ϣ˿ǵĻ㱨˵ͷ 
ܺô 
ǡ 
ô櫣ĶԻˡأϾͰ⿪֮Լ 
ˡ 
һڴˣɫͻȻеŹ֡ 
һ⣬ء 
ʲô⣿ 
ֱӿڣǴӻȡһ򣬽⿪ķӡ 
ǸصһŲ̲סǱƶ 
أ 
˵ĺǿͣסŲ 
 
˵ͷ 
ǵ߿Ƭ 
߿飿 
ھḷ́˵ĺ̲סһ 
ԡõĻͻ޵еĸ֡Ҫء 
ҪĻҾͲԼħ˰ɡ 
һ 
˵ͷ 
ǣ־ǳᶨҲֿܵħ־һɹ㽫޵еĸ֣Ҳûпв˺ 
ҲҪ 
ظɴػش 
õĶھߡڵңѾˡ 
صĻشϣ˿Ǻ˿ 
ܺá 
˵ͷ 
Ȼϡݡ 
Ůʿ̤һ 
һˣͻȻý棬ֻһ޿ɵ£Լķѹ 
Ϊʲô 
֪޷Ҳ޷һˣʡ



ڶ

       һ죬ͻȻԼǰһɽһıӰ£ԶǵķƮȥͬʱһݵӰҲߡ ˣ 
еĳָŶĽ̻ʡ 
ǧ֪࣬˶ͬѣ£Ľ; 
ش۹Ȼˮһƽݳվǰؿſء 
ǶزģûѹƵס 
ݵĳ³ʵ 
ʹô֤ҲǲԺĳ־ͻȻ 
ǵǡ 
 
Ϊ־ᶨҲŴɱ 
ʲô˼ 
ô벻׵Ŀŭʵ 
ҲΪҷ˰ɡ 
þõسĬһֵĻش 
ΪˣôŪȥΪһţ 
ŭʵ 
ЩƬʲôܣ㲻˵Ҿ㶯Щӣ 
ϣ˿ǡ 
ῨصѯʣĿתԼĵӡ 
磿 
ϣ˿ͻȻԼʦôʣһ롣 
ȻսսѾƽϢûдѣӦûڼϺӰɡ 
𣿡 
¶˱Цݡ 
ҵ뷨һء 
ңǸСٵʱҲôŵġ 
նڷصš 
ԣ֣˻ҶЩ׷Ҹ˵Ŀ顣ʹƽӣҲţֻҪͨ飬Ҹضήߡһֱôǵģô 
û˻ش⡣ 
ʱڵĵطģ˶˺ܶࡣǣ͸ˣԼﵽʳ⣬ȴ᲻ðԼʳһ뾡취ɥϣ󣬿ǣȻûа취ȵеˡôǰȥ̲ס룬쾿ʲô 
Ȼû˻ش 
ǳѣҲкܶΪҵŬþˡǵЦݣʱĺܿġʱҾ룬ҲܾȸˣΪҵְλɡǴ̣ǽ̻ʣôֻҪҿڣЩ˸ҲôҲͿԾȸˣ̻ʣиǲǣͿԾеأ 
˵ͻȻ¶ɫ 
ԣΪ룬ŬһʱΪν˵ҸҲò޹ˡһȥĵλͷһȾŵѪҵʹ޵ļһǣҪöࡣϣ˿ǣҲһɡ㣬Щ̵ˣʵôΰôÿǶԴĽˣЩۼҲñǾȹ٣ôôǲǶԵģ 
ˣҲ֪ 
ϣ˿ǵĻشдã 
ǣʱʲôȻҲе˾޷ 
Ҳɡ 
ػش 
ǣ̻ʣŷ֣Լ̫ˡ 
Ļ˳ʹ 
Ҳ˵ǲ֪ĿѣӰķΧڣô£ȫҺ㸸׵һ¡ʹȫִУҲԭѵ˴ݵҸѡ֮󣬸ܿĻܿ࣬ܵһܡҵմôѪôԩ꣬ȴֻûƷݵҸѣܸıǵˡǼȻעǰѲ˿ѣôΪʲô 
ǣʹǶݵҸҲȴûĺãôˣ 
ǰʱҲô롣 
Ȼն 
ǣǸǣŬˣˣܵõҸôΪʲôҿܵˣȴЩ̰а񣬺ó˶ࣿˣˣȴֻܱĬĬѹ裬һҸòҲͬ£㸸Ҳ״ԣ֣ѹһ顣 
˵̾˿ 
Ǵ֪Ⱦ˶˵ѪţôһδԺЩռݸλ޳ܵļһǣȥ֮úõöࡣǶʱ䣬ȷõöࡣǣ˺ַ֣ȥһֻˡ 
µͻȻսȭͷ 
ôεˣȨǣȴһ䣬Լ룡ͷֵܼڵˣûȻڷܶЩˣԶ࣬ǲԸǽûѣǱǱû취Ӱ硣 
˵شͷ 
ҶˣǣһҲûСҾ룬ҿЩҪҸŬһҪŬŬ 
پսҿˣӢֱǣһЩ޳ܵˣµļһȴպȻһȺˣ磬ֵڴˣȫˡ 
ԣһֱԼҿЩʲôڹսУڵõ𰸡 
ûĴʲôֻǾصȴ 
ҵõĴǣҿаα磬ң粻Ӧôڣ 
ˣ 
ˣ 
ҲǸҷ𣿡 
ЦȻƽ 
ԣ룬ҸܻٵӦôڵأҾдҿħ󡣲еطãиɨطСҾˣҲˣȫԣ뵽һ취 
ĿɿڴˣЦ 
òϲһҪɱ˵ħǲͿҵ뷨ˣ 
ˣ־̫ᶨпӰļƻɱ 
³ʡ 
ԡɱƬռȫҸ־ļһħ 
Ǵˣ뷨ǲԵġ 
ϣ˿Ǳ 
ϣкܶ޹˰Ҳ˵𣿡 
ЩˣЩмӰ磿ǵøЩλаļһãǵĴڣû壡 
ǣǴڵģˣһһˣȻļϵͳЩٷӦõõҸҸңˣ 
Ҳ˵ܲʵ֡ 
۾Լĵӡ 
ʵְɣõõҸ˶õҸҹֵΪǣ𣿡 
ϣ˿ǣõʥ֮ȵˣȻ 
˵ĳ 
˹ҸˣȻ˿ھԽԽࡣ˲ҰޣгԵģҸɽʲôסͺáҪӣҪʳҪů£ңǹþͺãҪԽԽ󣬳ԵҪֶֺãǣֻܲͣػٻȻ˻࣬ѾˣԺʮٱضȥأ 
ǡ 
жȡռеǰĸԴҲ֮Դ 
Ļû˿顣 
룬ôȥͷֻʣˣȻɱɡ˵ʵγֲǶħ֪ЦĵطȻĿҲģҸûа취߶Ц 
ԣҪ 
³ʵ 
ǰֻҪûˣЩգ࣬Ҳˡ 
Ƿˡ 
ضŶĽ̻ʡ 
ݣô֪İɣ㾹ȻվǱֹ߲ 
Ǵ˵ʿԶֻʿ





       Ǿûʲô˵ˡ ͻȻ¶˼ǿơ 
ս֮ǰиҪǡ 
˵ 
ʲô⣿ 
˸ۻ磬ΪʲôҪά 
ά 
ü 
Ҫ˵ԭǾΪв˴ڰɡҺĿɲֻͬҪһӦþȣҾ;ԲңôһǾͱȫˣ⡣ 
ô 
Ȼش 
һȻ֪жڰô࣬ô࣬ѵͬҵĿ𣿡 
ҵĿȻǰһʹʱЦݣҲûеĺáھͷĻڷǰԼһУҾܽܡ 
ϣ˿ǵش 
Ҳùʲôӡֻ֪ҲϣˣҸһȥ 
ػش 
Ǿûʲô˵ˡ 
˵ͷ 
ҲĿɡ֪ǸǵģǸҵģأĽùء 
ʲôҪһСʱҲͻƲķ߿ɶˡ 
˺һ׸ 
ЦȻ䡣 
ɲǼ䣬غͲԼͻȻǰ֣սһšϣ˿Ǻ³ҲõĹâϣ˿ͻȻأصӴԭʧð̳һ 
һ죬һΣһطð˳ߵĶ޷һ 
ֻݰ 
³ȫעض 
ȻɱҴҲҪȷŵϣ˿ǡ´ûôˣĶѾṩ˸ղôǿķٳһ֮׵Ļ 
⵹ѡ 
شŵһͻȻֵء 
ҲӲһ£ɲȴгŮҾ䶨ˡûĸСʱӦòħǾͿܲʱڴˡ 
Сʱǣ 
ЦŵĿؽԽԽ졣 
ҵҪʿô¼Сʱ 
΢Ц𣬾֡ 
ɲǼ䣬ӱ͵֡ 
ħ󣡡 
³ԺԼͬʱ˵櫺ϣ˿ߵļ˵ 
ƺǿʥħ;ϵĹܡ 
Ȼ³ 
Ц⡣ 
оķ󣬱ΪġڣûǵսˡȥͰҴ򵹰ɡ 
⣡ 
ΪõĽɫâŲˣ޴Ļһ㣬ȽȽƮ³ȥ 
ȥ 
̽ħֵλ÷һħ³롣 
˵ǿرˣֲæûĻ䡣 
ڵҺ³񼼶ǽԵġ 
ȫĿ롣 
оͺðˡڲǹһȥɱϣ˿ǡ 
ؼˡ 
ѵĽԽã³ü 
ڵĿĲǴ򵹵ˣҪСʱѡҪܴеһͺðˡǣʹӱȽְɡҪȵץסĻᡣ 
أ 
еĿͻȻ˻Ƶĺæһһž޴ޱȵİԼԶĵطȥ 
ϷӦĿתҲǰʿ˫һĹâȫǿյطһ΢һغͲҲӦ˹ǵطҵһ 
ʱӰҲĵط֡ 
Ҫˣ 
ϣ˿ǵ櫸˵롣 
ǣŮֵط֣һ㾪ŵı鶼ûУֻǿٵֵڿݣҲûնɱأ˸ֵơ 
˲䣬ݵĽϳĹâռƺŤˣͻȻת˸ݵϺȥ 
ڿֲ֮֮ʱֻ꣬߳չʹ 
춯صıըλڱըĵĿأأ˺ɿߵĶ޷İʧ³Ȼء 
ʱһӰ֣ȻڿеһնȥʿֻܿԼƽ 
۾ͻȻԼһůĻͬʱһԼϡ 
ǻǹһ񡣡 
Сĵذ˵ݷڵϣһħȻһߴԼ˿ڣһ߶ȫصĶ˵ 
Ҳǽ̻ʣһֻһεһУǾӮˡ 
ƨ 
Ŭվ 
һû˭˵ʤѶ 
վˣ 
ſڵϵؿŲԶε櫣˸С 
ͻȻѾأǰϵĶҵ 
װе߸Ƭľ򣡡 
յ߿ƬܿסԼ־ĻҾӮǡ 
Ժǰľ档 
߿Ƭһ֮ʱħ־ͻή٣ֿܵһ 
һǸ𣿡 
Լ 
ǣҲԣͻңħһήٵϣ 
ֻСʱѡ 
ٴαԼĿص 
ڣҪ 
˵һͻȻתԲԶðĺ 
Ŀ𣿾ӮӮ 
Ļ£ȫԪ⣬޵ĺڰ֮ۡ



Ľ

       ܽ˾ŵա е˶ͻȻ֣ǿ޷ݵĺڰϢ塣æҵطŸָٺʿƴѰŰϢԴͷ 
棡 
һԼ̻㱨 
ϢԴǵĻ۵صҵˣڵķӡ֮䣡Ѿ˷ǳǿĽ磬޷˽⵽ 
ۣ 
Լֵس 
ǵµģֻԼ£˲ܽȥ˾ʲô 
滹ʲôˣ 
һԼʵ 
ļ¼Ӧûݴˣϣ˿Ǵˣ櫵£³ 
ȫ 
ԼͻȻֻм˲֪Ĺϣ˿ǵ顣 
ѵһ 
ȥϵˡ 
Լ 
ͬʱħѧԺ֧ԮҪдʦȫ 
ʲô 
Сĵʡ 
ֻҪ˵ϣ˿Ǵ˵˵ڵºԺȻ֪ 
ԼŬؿԼĺ 
ǡ 
ʵҴ߳ȥ 
ʹҪôҲӦõȱ° 
Լ 
ʹոԶԶǰǣƾǼϣ˿ǣôǲ̫ˣ 
֧ϡ 
СʱԼ̶ԼȺ˵ 
Ȼ˵ʧܷʲôԲ˳Ҫʱ֧סЧʱ䡣ҲĴϾ 
ڣؼİʧǰ 
ƺеãأؿܣͻȻͺһſֲȥ 
΢΢һЦͻȻӽǰʧһط֡ͬʱصҲԭʧһѳƺйһ㣬ͻȻððŵ΢Ķ֡ 
һƺʲôסˡһ޴Ĺ򣬺䵽ϡ 
ɵһմƺûʲô󰭣ݺݵض﷢ĺС 
Ӯˣ 
̲סЦ 
ǿĿŭһþؿһ 
ԼɫâһУϵĽŨĺӭȥ 
һ죬صĺɫĹâƣ˵˳ȥصصڵϡ 
صһ鴤Ҳ֧¡ 
غȫǰ˿ڣȥ 
ȻͼصһҪһʱȫָԼ 
Цŵҫ۵Ĺâ 
Ǿϰɣ 
˲˷Ĺ 
ô£ 
ѹһ۾ͿĹ 
Ҽǵұ֮ǰѾȫ˰ں˭ս 
ڿˣһϤĺӰںȻһһα򵹣ǺӰƺʹҲɥҵĽ 
أôʲôʱôˣ 
˺۵İ´·磬櫼æҵڵϵĽ׼ȥæ 
أ㣡 
ش櫵һޱȵ񣬴޵ĮͲм 
أ 
һս櫲ͣ½Ų 
زңΪʲô 
˼ͻȻǰľ³¼ֺͷǸʿսĳ 
رƬˣôǿΪʲôᱻƣѵΪ˾ǣƬơǸк˹ֵķʦһ 
뵽櫻 
رƣͻزˣ 
أأѰ 
ųŬŰ˵Ӱһغš 
ûõġСŮ 
 
ѾİˣڵħĹֽܰţС˰ɱˡ 
زŲң 
ŬصĽػش 
ͻȻúһһؽؿð˳ 
أ㣡 
òŵŴɱԼİˣصˤڵϡ 
˵ˣǲš 
ƽҲһ˿ϧ 
ħĿıΪ˾㣬㾹Ȼϡ 
ʶʼģ˵櫣ѾûشĻֻþ趯ŵĺӰ 
ء 
ĬĬ˵ 
֪Ϊ˾ҲŻħģԣһҲ㣬̫ûˡҰҲʵҵĳŵ֮ǰԣһ죬ѵĻҪ 
Ůӵʶ˽ˣֻ峺ˮգڵϡ 
ͬʱ䱸ǿĲʹ⡣





       ڷＤսӰͻȻͣסӿصصͬʱһŮӰϣ˿ǵͷ֡ ǳˡ 
ɫ԰׵ϣ˿վг˰ˡ 
˲𰡣ϣ˿ǡ 
ӵ 
ָٶȴҵء 
Ҳĸ 
ϣ˿ǻش 
ҵˡ 
һ㲻ҡ 
ǣʹڰɱˣħѾƾκβȵŮʧʱ򣬾֮ʱͷӮˡ 
ˣʸ⡣ 
ϣ˿һ߰ʥħӵغ³һ˵ 
ʲô⣿ 
԰ӵħٴηֳƬԷӡɡ 
ܡ 
Ц 
ΪʲôҪӡ 
ϣ˿ǲش⣬ֻ˸ 
Դ󡣡 
˵Ҳӡħ 
ҲҪϷӡֻ롭 
ϣ˿̧ͷ峺۾Լ𾴵ĵʦ 
ֻٸһλᡣ 
ٸһλ᣿ 
Ц 
ôƾʲôҪ 
ǰħսʱǴģȻҲദ 
ϣ˿ǵŵ 
ʱǣڲǡѾڴ·ˡ 
ػش 
µʱ򡣡 
ϣ˿˵ 
ǲֻңҲˣܶˣԺΪԼĴɵı绯Ϊϲ磬ȷ֮ǰá 
еĴ޷ֲġɱˣڣҲܸеֻû 
ȻΪ 
ţֲġֻҪ෢Լˣֲܹ 
Ҳڣû˷ԼǴģҲûļ󡣡 
಻һ֮ͻȻġ 
ϣ˿̾˿ 
䣬ġԣԺ᲻ǰӣҲͨʮĹ۲죬µ˶ۡ 
Ҫҵ½ۣ 
̲סҡҡͷ 
ֲħܻôңҾãѾûбҪٸˡ 
Ȼа취ʱ򣬶Ҳţʱǰһˣѵˣµʱôãٴζҡ 
ϣ˿ǵʣգ˼š 
еȫʧ 
Լ̿ߵĲʹ⡣ 
Ůһǿ쵽ʱϣ˿ǲŷġӦħʱ˵ĽҲʧˣҲȥæҪǲ취ϣ˿ǵħþǾˡ 
Լһߵ鷢 
ȥһῪ 
ܳȥԼתͷŽ̻ľӢǡ 
Ҳˡ 
Լ˿ 
ڣǣӦڷӡ֮䣬ħս 
ϢǣһƬ 
Ҳ֪Ҳš 
Լ򶨵˵ 
ʵʮǰ˾ͷ֣ӡħƬĽѾɶƬΪ˲ö˵õ·ӡħⶨһƻһȥռƬȻӡִƻˣϣ˿Ǵˡ 
ǣƬôֱӷӡˣָЩˣƬʱ֡ 
Լ԰ŵȺ˵ 
ҺãˡǱƬҾԿɿˣԴ˾еƬϣȻӡȻҲͬˡ 
ƻһֱؽС 
Լص˵ 
ڼ䣬֪˶Ӣ־ʿڰеƬռȫˡҲڽеľ˼ƻһӡħ 
ǣħǿ󣬴Ҷ֪ӦǴ·磬ϣ˿Ǵ˲ŷŮҪ¾ǣǻָʱ䣬͵ȱ¸ϵ 
Լᶨ 
£Ŵ򿪺еģ̰ѳϣ˿Ǵ˰ᵽŮӰķΧ֮⣬ʣµ˷һϣ˿ǴħݽߵʱһзֵħһͰԼеϣ˿Ǵ˺þٴηŮڽȥĵһ档Ҫʲô𣿡 
ˣ 
Ƿ 
ھͿʼ׼ 
ڼң 
Ŀصϣ˿ϡ 
Լ꣬Ǹ 
Ҳڼ 
ϣ˿ǻش 
ֻ࣬ʹ 
ӵĻشЦ 
ããҾٸһλᣡ֪󣬻ûڣ 
л˵Ķ䡣 
ϣ˿ߵǰ棬᰷뽣ʣݸվߵݡ 
Ժˣɴ 
˵ͷؿվԼʿ 
ݣҪϢüأվţ°ɡ 
˵ŻԼߵĿյء 
ˣҡ 
Ůʿԥš 
ôࡣ 
סʿ֡ 
£Ѿǽ̻ˣֻǸħѣôԣʲôˡ˵ôվꡣ 
Ļݾн¡ 
˵𣿡 
ûϵ 
ôǿ 
ԼߣͷԼļϡ 
ж꣬ûˣ 
мʮˡ 
ʿش 
ʱһǸӡ 
ǰôˡôξ㿿꣬ɡ 
Ļһ䣬ϣ˿ǵҲ꣬еһжˡ 
ʱ֮ħǻǳˡ 
Լǰľᡣ 
ϣ˿Ǵ˿ǸϲȼĽ䡣 
ˣΰӢۡ 
Լ̵쳣˻ơ 
˭ΰӢۣʹǱħΪǣǲŵԴڡ 
ΧߵȺĬĬع¡ 
ʮ 
ݿɴˣﰡ 
š 
ѾΪʥʦݿ΢Цؿǰι۵ĺǡ 
Щǡ 
ˣʶЩӢ𣿡 
һԸСŮʵ 
ǰ 
ݿɵ˵ͷ 
ǻкܶǲ֪Ĺأ˵ 
ã 
Ϧӳ£߱µǣԼĸһ˵ 
˵ںܾúܾǰħ˼䡣ӢµӢǣħӡ󣬷ӡӢ۵ĺǣΰĽָ̻£ٴκħԼħٴν٣ٴνӡٴθϣ 
һӢǵĴ˵ôȥԶǵļ֮С




-- --






       ڽˡ£˵С˵ʵ籾ĵ׸塣 óһΣû˷ܵĸоֻǾһЩꡣ 
ҲùŹ֡д£ΪöߺԼŸˣдҸֵ飬ʹжΰѱ˵Ĺ£ҲǻЦĽֶ࣬ңȴõʹʼҸģȴǱ磬ҪǣԼдʱ֪ģˣʵǸ˲ȻΪܹޣдȻѹ֣дµĹֱ̼Űдˡǣǰдʱ˳һʱҲӦ֪ʲôˡ 
дˣǣ͵ԼдĳԣȴʮǧȻȷдĹ¡ңҲԼı̬Ŀ꣬ɱ⡣ 
дµĶٿڵӣʵ̲סЦдһ˿ĵĹ£ͷȴ룬£ŮܲޣѾллأЦˡҺãڵҲѾҪο 
಻ȥˡҵļѣ˹º󣬳˶ҵı̬Է߿⣬費Сͬ顣ȻͬĽɫͬһһµģûͬʵΪҵĽɫϣ˿ǡ 
ȽԼӵİֽ֮࣬һ˵йûоܾأ󣬰ˣһǰȥȫǺԼйأû˿ߣ 
ͷôˣȴԭǸƭ֣ȴԼκͳݵˡʵ˵Ҳˡ 
ǣȻͬ飬ǣҰдӣӢ۵ôǵȻҪͬ顣ɣֻ 
ɫʣУʵܶҲС 
ǣӦӦãΪԼܣȻһֱӦ٣ 
ôչȥ£ԺδһƬ޻аɡ 
ҺãѾкܶںˣҲȡ˳ɹǣܵĿûбƻĶࡣңںܶطƻΪȲѵ飬Ϊ̫ˡƶ˵ȥǵһҪʲôȻгǴҪĶˣʱ˸оδϾʲô۵ֻгԱԺ󣬲ʸ˵ 
ǣΪһӣȫԼǼΪʹ顣ԣʹҲԸܵӵĽ飬ٵϼꡣʵģʵǷǳϣԼڵõĽۣȫİɡֻǣǺڣԼΪʲô꣬Ȼ 
ڹµΣΪʷ۲пȥġ¼󣬺ҪΪʱ˵ΪֽͺƶϣȻԼ߼͡Щƶϣǲʵû֪˿ʱһΪǺħսΪҪҲô¼ǣ֪ʵˣһ츴ּأһпЦõĸоɡ 
һϰߣŪĳкܶҪлˣƪȻҲ⡣ 
ȣһģķء 
¸շʱмһʼ͹עˣеһʱһηµң䶼֣¿۾ܲҲֿܼ꣬ʵ˵벻ʱдǸͷۿƺʱΪǸŮӣԼְ֧ɡһֱõĴ֧֣һֱأΪмֵۣ󲿷ֶġ 
ͬʱԼڴңҲһʼˡý˿.һͨʢԼԱ˵ΪȻд˳һμԷȻԺ󣬾˵˵˿ǶҲѡ񲻳ˡ 
֮󣬹һֱڼįзչһֱһƬĹ½һߣҵĽΪӦû֣ҸҸο򣬿ûҽܡӡУǵһ۾ĶߡȻŮ㣬ӦùߣҲҶ뷨ֱܾ̫ӣûӰˣʵһ޴ź 
Σ֪ԼĹ»ڿ˵ǺܴļǣҿʼжٵطжڿҵĹ¡Ȼ˲ˬĹ£˲࣬һʧֱһ죬С˵Ķһߣjiyaԣ˵ԼΪ¶ޣЩɥģֿʼԭҲ֪طһˣΪҵĹᣬ£ʹֻΪһ˶дҲֵõġ 
֮ҵǣͬʱ΢İ棬ط֣ҵƷȻΪƷƼ͵һʱΪʱ򡣿ǣڹĹϵҲòڸбߣʱòȷĵʱԽԽãŪúܶ˵Ȳֽ߹ע伣˵Ƽҵı༭ǵĿġ 
ȻԼƷûڴȻ˾ÿһΪһܣһһǣȻڵſ˵Ƶλߣru0819Ϊҵĳò£صԣǷдˡ 
Ȼ֧֣ټԼϰ;ϵĽ»ؼšǣˮ׼ȻǰڼšڣдĽ졣 
ҪᵽµʼӼߣǸŮˡ£˵ǺҪӡԣΪӵ֮ǰ½͸Ϊ΢ڷһ㡣Ȼô˾ɥĹΪܲʣǣܱûã٣ôġ 
ô£ôˡǣдʲôƺûͣЪҲھһʱϢֻдʲôɡ֪һʱǶ೤ϣԶͺá 
ô£˵籾ϴENDɡϣټһ졣ʱĹ£Ҳ֪ˡղµˣҲ԰ղصߣµĹˡ⣬Ҳ£Ĺˡ
---------------------------ûϴ֮ݽ--------------------------------
Ϊ(www.i7wu.cn)ûϴڱվĴ洢ռ䣬վֻṩTXTȫ洢ԼطƷ֮Ȩ뱾վκιϵ