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һ Ҳ[ ־Ķ ]
һ ԩ

       үȥһòׯͻŮӶеضһ˵ ̣úչĸףȥһѡһұϴźɫТ£صشһɫıִڡ 
ǿ绤ȥɣүաСΪãǵ˵ 
ǰүҸһȥɣһĸߴ⺷걣ڹ˵ 
ˣǰһŮͬѧû£һĵһҴƵʻȥ 
СѩʱŮͬѧҲˡϸʱڼͥ⣬ܽϣ󣬲˵д˼ʫû͸ֻðĵס 
ϴѧԺѧҵɣҪѰСѩʱȴʧȥټֻ֪ûпϣְǨˡ˼ͬѧûдַҲʧˡ 
ڸȥĵ죬Ȼ绰˵ܻڷɥڼ䣬ΣǱϾͬѧԼһֱǹԼǰԵ 
˻ʼҴƵ꣬һѳͣãذ򿪳š˾Ƶ겣תţһƯСӭʣмλ 
ԤԼʳѩСڼһзȵʡ 
һǶԲ𣡸ղλۻ¥ţС΢Цǰ·۰ӳеİ͹£·ȶˡеŮ 
һСۻһžͿͬѧǻӣһӣѧУʱͲϲǡӰ룬ͬѧǶϷǱΪߣһѡ 
һ˵Ůһϣ沿ԵЩ¡Ա߻һͦεк೤һĽӴֻ֪࣬й˵ʱܰεĳšڰ۸Ƕһȴһֱ飬չ˲١ 
һˣЦݵվߵǰ棬ˬʵ˵ͬѧǵ𣿡 
԰೤һӦĿʼͣСѩϡ 
û֣һƣҡ˼¡һĹâһһȴ޲ 
𣿡һʼעСѩеʡ 
ҡСѩ͵͵ԥ˵ 
һͬѧġҺСѩ˾ʽＯĶˡ;иϻͻȻɣתʽһ⡣롪۲һı飬ɵ˵ 
ǡһֵʡ 
ͽˣæԱ߽ܵ 
Ż£һΪԾôҲû뵽Сѩôͽ顣ǵУ׷Ȩ̼ҵĹӷǳࡣҽ̫ϣҲ׷֮һôܼ޸Сϰ԰೤һô졣 
˼ʱʵִ̫٣ûüˣͬѧϯʢһǰ 
ɩضСѩ 
СѩԸһм䣬һ仰û˵ 
Сѩͬѧô˰㲻Ǿ˵ͬѧ֮оһгϢ𣿽ѵü棬ӦöʾʾһЦǺǵ˵һ߼Сѩϵʾš 
һԴ֪СѩԺӵĳƣȥˣеżҲˣһʱ֮䲻֪ȥ 
СѩһߣƱǿЦͬѧܸ͹⣬ʱ绰һ㲻أ˵Ǹˣȷʵѣʵûа취Բ鷳 
Ҫ٣ǰһһٸҲҿڡȥˣҵҪȥһľȨ 
50򣡡Ȳز廰 
һСѩ 
Ҳһ㣡СѩæĿڵ 
ѸٵصСѩһۡ 
㵽ҹ˾ȥȡһ֣ص˵ 
ͬѧðȾƣȾƣǿ̴һƿę́ȸһƱ 
ҲȾƣһһڻؾվ׼ߡ 
ֵܣ̫ˡͬѧķϣٺȻ̫ⲻȥˡæסһǿаλϡٴζСѩʹɫ 
ܺȾٺȣȾһСѩվƱֿ˵ 
վźȾƲ£վʾ⡣ 
һζҵĴæģһ㡣Ϊ˱ʾҵĸлȸΪѾƱ׳ϸһ 
һͬѧҡƱơ 
ǿƱơ 
һľܴ󣬵ǽ첻֪ô£¶Ǿ͸оԾͷκƤأ 
ҪˡСѩȰ 
û뵽Сѩҡ 
ľ治Уǿӣǰϳһᵹϣ˯ˣվԸ 
ǰһųţСѩ˵ȥһϴּ䣬ϻ 
磬ҵ鶼ˣһվű߶ٴһλ˵ 
ȥɣѾϣס²Ҫ©򡪡һ˵ 
ǣһؿƿؿƿͷ˳˷䡣 
ɫִؿ˴֣ɿʻȥٺܿ죬һŤŤ˾һʱҲûм٣Ȼһͷ˺ˮ 
ʱѾҹʮһӡһһֹڼž



ڶ³

       һȻĺ꣬޴ӿ֤֮㣬ȫһָˮ峺סֵǺˮ£ļ紺Ĺ۹ο͡Ϊˮ¼ƵƵ֮һ˵档 һʬбڳڣںˮмٵ³׼ȷ˵ʱӦóΪʬ塣տѧ˵һֻǱԲ˹ȥ໹ûֹͣһ䵽ʮʱͻȻԶһ⣬ˮӿԽԽ죬ѸγһУ·һֻ˶ޱȵˮĸľ֣εذȥѾʧȥ֪һͷ𽥸ܵһɹӴҪҲ棬üģɢ 
Ҫװ˯л˵һƵһĴУݺһ¡ 
Ǻǣ˼ллңһӺЦ˵ףˣиоʶˣΪʲô廹ܶأУҪվǲУô£ѵǼ˹ˣ 
ͼ˹ˣ·ǿ͸˼Ǹٴδ 
ĶֵҳΪҾͿǻƵͷʺ򡣡һһͿʼ͵͵۲ܵĻһɽܴڡˣĸоʶȻûио֪̹ǵζʶϵĴʹʹ಻ϸѰ˼飬ûҵ˵˭һڶƲסԼƿڴ 
ٺ٣Сӣû̹֪ͼĵ𣿡 
裡ҪʲôˣʲôֵֵãΪ˭ø˹Ƶģ˰ɣҲŲôɵرأԷ˭һ﷢ë±Լ飬ֻòͣϹ¡ 
һߴĺӰٿسһǰѪڣֻĵ۾ŭһҪ̻һ 
㡪ǹһŵֱˣʡ 
ǹ͸𣿡ǺӰϷʵ˵ٿǹ 
ҡһʱŷԼ뿪壬ղŵĺֻԼĻǣ˵ꡣѵʲôط޵Ҳǵ 
˼ˣҪҴ󷢴ȱ㣬Сˡ 
ңôģһ۾Ļһɵϡܾˣأ 
˵ҲţСӣұƨǷпɫ̥ǣӰߵԱߵһʯǰ˹ʡ 
һ鲻Խһ¸ƨɣԾʣô֪ģ 
һ֪һѽһѵ÷ͼıӰζһһĻǿ϶˵ 
ײˣܳȥϰֺ⣬֪ô֪ģ 
СӣֹÿԲ֮ҹǲǻʹƨ񱻻Ƶģ 
 
δʱµģ֪ܲ𣿡 
ԭĥô꣬ҷɱ㲻ɣһԣŭգܵӰǰҪ򡣿ĴɹԼʹĳǻǣǻǡ޷ֺ 
ҧʶģӰ΢ŭ 
ˣˣЦˣһŪ˵ 
㡪Ҵ˲С˹ʵ˵ɣһֱѰҵļ̳ˣ񹦡ΨһˡӰתŭΪϲĵؽ͡ 
񹦣Сأһ˵ 
顱һ죬һҵžźӰдӰмۣγһɫԲȻɿתһ滭ʦ裬ǺɫĻʾȻܻɫͼգۼͳһΡ񣬺ڷ٣һɫۣ˫Ѫ۾ʾֹ죬뵽Ǹӣԡ 
Сӣ֪®ɽĿ˰ɣ뵱ҽϱ֪㵹ŮӡĴꡣ 
𳵲ƵģţXǴġҪб£Ū˲ˣĵزһȻԾϲĹ䳰ȷ 
ʲôơţXĪʡ 
Ͳ˰ɣʦ̽ɣһоɰģԸµʦ񫡣 
£ҵʱޱȱġϿѧ书һ˲ָֻ˹ΣûԭĸߴԵήҲӣΨ˫۾ѪѪ죬ҪѪƵġ 
ôһȵʡ 
ǸͷϴΰҴˣڻܻûΡܻ˵һҲСϢ١ʮġ 
ֵ˭ѽ𣿡һ׷ʡ 
㻹벻ˣ˵Զ»Ұ𣿡˵ 
Ү˼ܱˣһϲıϧֻѣ廹һ 
ֻҪѧҵġ񹦡ҪʲôʲôһһģĴԼ 
ãֻҪˣҸʲôУԼĲףڻ֪һҪųȥ뵽ЩһˬشӦ 
Сӣ̲˳ȣҵҲ׾پɵģ³Կڷڻü˵ 
ʦкɣһ׳־Ƶػش



С

       ǾɵģǹΪûʵ壬ֻעؾΪֻھϴﵽ߷壬ܼ壬ط˼䡣ֻڹƮȥûʵ壬⡣˹ؿʼͣˡĿνǷëǣ겻ġ Ҳûָˣһɥ˵ 
⣬һ֮壬Ҫ˵ˣϣġסشȿһǷܿ 
˵ţһźƤֽƵĶһǰֽ淢̹⣬Ƶȥ 
ʲôѽҿһɻʡ 
û˽𣿲Ҫۣþ񡣡˵ 
֣׭׹ģס¡ԭǡһһЦľ硣 
Сӣûʧĵ˵ 
ϼһɹ֮ô㡣 
ϣ״ȹ˵ľÿ궼ӵǣСƵΧתһеһ˵ľͻ⣬ͷۡ񾭲ֲ̱ˡΪĸߵҪڻǵһӲȣ߷һȣǿһ񣬹ȡ˳˵ŨĶǾƷÿһףʮǣһ̶ȣСһҲģʹ 
ϣʵܲˡһڴڵֱֹͣʱȻԼ壬һƵӰӡ˵شУҿԳҿԳ 
Ҫ̫磬޳λʮǧüЦˮһͼʮ죬Ҳˡ˼ҵҲ죬Сӣ֣ȥ 
һɺҺ׵ֱһĿУ˱Ѫȣɬ븹գۼ䣬ƣһɨգ·ʹ 
ҽķһԣֺǺǵ˵ 
һʼɺɫûɵ֣Աһʯȥôûжû壬ҸͲУ 
ٴȤȻؼ 
һسǿʯͷһʯͷȻʷĩ״ɢΪΡ 
ôһǰһУݺݵҧһԼ֣ۣⲻģܣ 
㰴ҽ̸ڼϰԺţǡ񹦡ڶ㣬ȥѧɣ 
һǣǴڶ⵼ΪΡطϱɰٴɽӡȻ֮֮ͨ˱ȥޣҴ󲿷ֻΪǳй⣬ֻ³´лáһ˿Ȼ֮Ϊãϰתһ¶ 
յյΪΪһڵɽһǧĹУϵشƮ֮ð̣ԭ޵ĺӰŨɫҲʼ࣬ת̣ٳɻҰסйԲһӿƮ䵽ϣֽ̤ʵصĸо 
һֳɹѧ˵α仯Ĳʽеǰʽն͹һʽ̫£ʼ򲻳УӲ 
ʦҿԻ˰ɣһŵʹ 
˼һ֣ص˵֮·Ǽ׿ģеȥ𣿡 
ҸңΪط˼䣬İѩٶĿҶܳܣһػش 
ӣ㻹ᣬ֪˼գĵն񡭡˵ЩԺ׵ġҸ㻹ķͨˣḯã󲿷ֻǻᱻС׽ع⣬йٸݴ˼Ϊƶ񣬽Ȼ׼ʮ˲ֻͶ̥תʹܹתҲʧȥǰм䣬ԺûʲôΪǰһ֪ҪӵеԼ;񣬾ͼѣɹĸ֮һҪʮ˲Ŀ飬ܹء䷳ظһܣھʹǸһֱߣһɫ״ľڣ 
ɽ޵׶ɭֲˣһ˿־ĸоɵôһ硣ûͣסŲΪеֱǰ 
ס뵽ֻҰ㡭ٴҸ档



 Ժ

       ڣǹϼž۵ӣҲǹͶ̥תաҪ޻ΣͶ̥תͱҪĿ顣 ֻкķ½ľãݼţƺн˺ܾãкֻһ룬һһƬ̵ɳĮǰˣ󲻼ߡ̫Ҫ𣬰˻Ϊҽһʱֻһ꣬ҪԺȡǼʵĸоĥգܡʮˣô¶ţһ˿ϢһͬĹҲáеֻǸ׹̫ޱ޾ɳĮûһƬҶҲûһƬ𣬹 
ʵһȫͬĴڣӰӣȱڵϣڵ棬һ磬翶ʵʵڵĿռ䡣һˣһûвһӪ̨һڣʶʼģӰңۿžҪǿҵɾһƴ˫ַɳĮڣɳ׷糾ɢ֮ʱһӿС˽ȥ 
ǰһûгķ֣ϹӰ㿣Ϣʮ·һң¥ǰмɫŮ·һķֵйһŮȥ֮һЦӭһ߹һȻź£˼ļŮ˵ǹŮǵһô*أһ¥ǴѰĿĳһɦŪ˵Ůȥο͡һ𣿡һĽСŮߵһǰεεʡллһˬؽӹӣıѪһҺţȵоûʣͬ塣һ󡢳ʵĸоҪ϶¥Ůͷһļͷһĸ첲Ц˵˼ҵһ۾ϲˣѵ㲻ϸƣǲİģ 
һٴδʱǰŮȻѩЦٻ⣬üĿ顣ѩҵѩһ૵ʡҲѩһѽһǱħһ㣬һ䣬ѩѹ·Ĵϣѽһ 
һҲƲסԼȥ 
ˬ֮һûһ˿ƣ֮УоӯࡣڼתμҲܰⲻЦɡʵһ˹ʺˡڹȥʮĳ;УһֱûкúòӪڻڼɿʱһȪȪǴڤͨ˳ǣʱֻǺһȪˮʱѹס˾ĴҴܵľʱ䳤ˣûڻİ취пܻ߻ħ 
Դ˵Ȼָƣ˵ðһǸУŮ֮¡дçײΪһΪ̫Сѩڵľңʹ޷סͷŵԸ 
бֲ˲ŮǴŮ̫Ƕ棬˲١ 
μˣǾͲͬˡĹ࣬½ѶͣҪи޶ȡͺһˣʱûŮ˵󣬱ȻԹر𿺷ܣʧʧأǿ顢ȲΪ 
˰˵Ժõĵطĳ̶ֳϿάȶҵӲҪЦż 
һ׼뿪ŮѰɭɭ쵽ǰεε˵Ǯ 
㡪һʱſǰ֮˲СѩһòСѩŮҵĵһΰȻộˡٴοŮʱȻֱƭĸо޺޵˵ʲôǮ 
㲻ܰɣŮɫȻ˵ǿӪҵҲܷɱġûǮμˣӲС 
Ǯʱһûа취˼ҵĵطԼûֻôͳһŰԪ󳮡 
ǲҪٱңǮĻǻٱġŮһ˦Ǯһŵ 
ǮһǮ߸ߵؾϧû⣬ͷʸСԲǼٵģ˵ļǮأС㣬ʶǮзеڰ汾ôǼٵأ 
ԲͨڤҡŮԾɱ˵ 
ڤңһʱסˡڤ磬סĵطȻǮˡǡ֪ڤǮͺˣһ 
㣬ȻҪ𱣬ŮһȷʵûǮӣֱŪĸоҧгݵ˵ 
ҡ 
Ѧ衪 
㣬ʲô鰡һĻ֦չ긾ŮһŤ߹װǻƵ˵ 
㣿Ҳ٣ҲƲɣ 
λǮŮʵ㱨 
ϣıӵˣͨŵģйپұ磬㲻òͷ𣿡 
𱣬ʵҡһŪ࣬ſڽࡣ 
Сӡ 
СڣһݺＱææܹȹ˵ 
Ͽȥұ磬˵ӵ 
ǣСվܡ 
ȵȣһĿıδ󺺿ţ˵ϰǷǮ 
ϣⲻǶүʲôʱģôҲ֪ͨһüЦ̬߹ȥŪɧ˵ 
˵ҪǮλֵܵʣҸ󺺺Ƶ˵ 
үƷأЦֺá 
Ҫˣ󺺸ɴػش 
ϣүС⣬ÿĿ֧ôܿյѽȻүڣСӣ˰ɣʹ߿ 
ֵܣߣǵ˵ȥǰһĸ첲ߡ 
үµĳ𱲻һôߣ⡣ 
𱣬һ˼Ժ



 ԰壨1

       һڴ󺺵ĺ棬ֻ뾡ѿ֮ء˼ԺĴţſΧһȦͷɢŮ׹̬ӵز۵С״һ̬ǧĿ޲ɭֲһ˾񹦣ǷȻôҲͷƤ飬ѡ Χ۵ģֿЩǹ»ҰֺУûڤ޵λԣʳޱŪ˲ˣ 
ڹȦУһŮڼҵش򶷡⽣Ӱѽѷ֡ 
Ů䲻󣬶ʮңΧŮٱֱֳѪ죬޵ĺ⡣кݶ޲һģµء 
йĲߣǼʵݡתŲеһһ壬ߡʮȻú磬ɵػŮĹơ 
Ѿͷ󺺿粽ǰ磬²ȥ֣˵һߣԸ 
йһˣսȦ˫ֱȭˬʵ˵סְɡԶҵĶ֡ 
Σ˵ţٴϣŴ󿪣ȫһƴĴ򷨡 
ʵڰ಻סеŭ𣬴ӻͳ˫عı𿪡ֱһ飬ƲסֶɡһôŭĴ󺺣һҧ۽ᣬʹ˵֣ТŮ޷𱦽Ҫء 
򲻹˾ĨӣŮ˰󺺱ǰһĻˣȻֹ档 
ԵĴο磬ܵǰץͼеıϣǹЦһ£ˣתֱȥ 
һз̫ˣ籾ûзҪץסҲ޷ջءۿžҪɲзϣ󺺼ƿڴǲ˰˫عֶ 
ȻһЦɵػӽǰ 
һƶתֱ£λй΢Цű˫ۣȴı󺺶ԼжԹۣİΣ벻ˡһǸ·Ծм䣬һָѱһٲѴһߣȻһץס󺺵˫عһжˮ硣ܹۿҰҵ֮̾ 
֪λʲôޣҿ»СС»ޣʹ˻ɸΪΣһűͻȻϮܾĹȰ 
һҧ촽޵˵ɱ֮𣬲졣˳ĲΪŮ 
㸸֮Ҳȫҡǰһ͵㸸ĶɣȫͨΪӳ֮Էְڡ˵ⶼӦãԹñˡ 
סڣҸףǺˣ𱦽Ʊǰࡣ 
ȵȣһٴ赲סĽ˵δͬ顣ҲҪֵòֵãΪʲô˱ĸȻǸˣøס˵ö֮ЩܶļͥŮԶֵΣ 
ҡʱƿԡ 
Ҫλ籨Ը֣һȻ˵ 
λֵܣ򲻿ɣ缱æ 
һʾ⣬վһԣת˵²ţҲŹˣΣ 
ߣ˵һһࡣ 
һ̬վԭأű̵ؿǰʮ״Ҳ޷ǰֺ 
һв飬лʽͷ 
һͷϱŷһ𻨣˻ȥ 
һ΢Цͷ˵һ 
ζҪըˡн޹ѵͭͷԣ޽ɲɡУҾܾʹ˰ݡϢȫĹһһ˫ 
۾Ĳλ֮һ㲻֣Ӵν١ 
úݵģԹ۵ĹǲɵΪһѺ 
󺺺ĸҲᵽɤۣҴ 
ߣһȻ΢ЦȻԵáݲȵڽ㵽֮ǰ۾ 
ϣΪһضѪϹ۾̾Ϣϸһһɴ粻ģɫıȻɣڵϣһ˿Ѫ 
ԭһѶʵۣΪԼоԵһСΨһûϵ뵽Ϯ۾Ϊ˲ڳΪ۹ڷʱ˾ųɵû뵽Ծɳܲס񹦾޴ķ֮˲ˡ 
ֵܣÿĹ򣡡۷ʣܹĺ󱳣Ϳǰȭ 
ллλȣλҲȭʩ 
һûилλ翶֮أһҲЦл 
ֵܣؿߣľ¥Ⱦȥһˬ˵



 ԰壨2

       ˸߲ҵر߱ģԺԶһҾ¥̫׾¥СԶӭʩλү λֵܡ󺺸 
λүС磬ϲЦտضһ˵ 
˶¥һż䣬λָһӣǫõ˵ֵܣ 
һæƴǣңСϯǴ룡 
ǿˣӦֵܲҪƴǡȻʢ 
УУһߵλϣ˵ 
ͲҪˣԼֵܣؼ⡣簳Ч¹ˣҲ԰壬ĿƵעһ˵ 
Լ˹ʦ⣬ĿסֵܣӦҲһӭֵܶĽƵĿ⣬ֿ˵Сһλ硣 
ãֶһֵܡ߬סһ˫֣ĵЦ׳νҾ¥ǰֵġ 
ж󵨣жгϢܰ͸ǿһ֪Ǻˬ֮ʿСһ˼˵ 
佱ũ񣬰ϴ֡Ϊ峤ķ裬аŮһܡһΣյɫ죬Ҵ˰⣬ײˡҲյĲȭžȵ̱ˡúºú˺󣬰ͶסиǹյļˣѰ̡׳ɷ˵һιٵʷһСյĲˮ˵ӱǹҲ⣬ȫŮٶٶڣȫС׳оƣʹ죡 
ôأһʡ 
Ǵ֮ɱ̫ءүңû뻧ΪäĴˡһ·˵أȾƺûǮʣСʹһܣΪֵܡÿڴ˺Ⱦ죬뵽Ժ𣬲˵ܵ㡣 
ôѵأһתͷĪĴν 
ɲ׳Կ籾Ǽ죬һץ֮ʱе 
˵ǽǰĵطƱȻѳְӦŴŶԣһԼ鱾ϵ֪ʶɻʡ 
һѾڰ಻סԼһҵһõߵĶ渵ԭҲȷʵܵ¡ճȺ¹ϣΪ޵һƷͳе־ǡƫƫǿɳܵй٣֮ͽǰսߺ죬ʼɣڰ޳ȼ֮һεݺңǰŽԣʹɹıȨλǰȨܿաһŭ֮£д˴ְ棬뿪ǰ֮ءƾһڴ˿Ҿ¥˴˲ 
˵֮󣬷޷޲ƽ֮ɫԱӢĩ·־ĳ 
Ȼؽ䣬׳־βһٱ֮ʱΣʱ뵽һ֮·ȴ֪к뷨ܷ³ɽԼһ֮ɣֻ̽Եʡ 
ܵ뷨Ҳй˫ȭѵ֣񻢻ȺǡƾǼֵƵڤ°Ტۡɾʹҵǳ˵Σ޻̸֮п˵ 
бзչ׳ɾһṦΰҵСԸЧȮ֮͡һľ 
б̸ף¥ѾùеĻչѡ˵ڤ¸ƣ͵ֵУҲΪˡüչ˵ 
磬أ׳ظ˵ 
ܣڤ֪ζض׳˵Բô򵥣 
ϸһ룬ô¡𷴿ͳ˼ڤȷʵ췽ҹ̸ҹԴ󡣻Ǵӳ飬άֺǰ״һת⣬ί˵ԺˬΪ壬ڹҲӦһţвٵѰɣ 
ǣѱ£ڤµĽʿвٶʹн顣׳佱 
Ҫ˵ڤֵ֪̽ܡֹ 
Լֵܣʲô˼ɣ׳ν˵ 
Сĸǽж 
׳ͷ˵СΪСΪ 
֪ܶڽкδ㣿練һ 
С飬û˽⡣ֻȥҵҵĳңࡣһ˵ 
ֻȥ˵ˣѽʹͶ̥תҲǽȥʲôأ׳۵ɵţ󣬾ʡ 
һڹʧȥġһŵػش 
ڹ׳ʡ 
ʦ˵Ǿ֮壬Ӧû¡ 
ֻأһ̫ðˡǵ˵ 
ҶҪԣܹɹҵʱһλһȥһԵ˵ 
ллܣ㹻ˣסЩӣǶྡ֮ꡣϿҵ˵ 
ʢС죬ҵüޣ̲ݻҪȥһˡһҲеֵܵأȴڴ˶ͣʵڵĸ׵İο 
ǾڴףչֵٰѾԻһáƱ˵ 
ܣҲףտɱ׳žӨ⣬ϲذһһɶ 
ɣһҲĳȣӯõֵ֮ܰʱ飬һμġ



 ۡ

       һմν·ͼͼҵڤǣҲǡſأԽǳصĹϼ̲顣ͷСӳеɫŮֶŲͣɧż£ˮҲﶼкɫ֮ͽԼΪҲһ֮ѣòΨһĿŵرֳֻˡ ۲һһһŮĺ棬ҡڵš 
СʲôȥѽСͷɫסǰŮŮ°ͣһģͦ㣬𣿡 
ûءŮŵֱԱ߶㡣 
үң֤ĺġôСͷŮβһѣ˵ 
ūѾˣδǳͬҩƹܵĶӡŮӵػش 
ϰĶϱȥɣСͷɥ˵ 
վסʲôģسǵĹˮͷĿռˣȴ˵һŮĺɻأҫؾǹȵ 
ҵ⡣һŵػش 
ͷ涼˵ϰ壬ǮмʲôģҪǼðģļϸɣ֤óǹָһŵ 
磬ȷʵġ̫׾¥ȵģΪϰһػش 
̫׾¥νͳȵģСͷĿתͷһɫʡ 
ǵģĽšΪһյڤ磬ûеû쵽֤߲㡣ʱ֤Ҳν͸һдһݽţϣʱܹȥǴͳϣһ档 
СͷĿؿ˿һݸţֺõ˵Ǵͳױţ룡 
лл˵ţһԪڤҡ 
ֵܣԺʲô飬˵ͷĿһֿ˵ 
´ȾƣСܻ£ˡһȳ˵ 
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˰׸ߣʮ׿ĳǳشţĽвʷƾõĹųǡֵͨݺᣬߺȣַǷ 
һһ·һ츮լ޸ۡſС෢ǿ׳ȽߵǰȭλãºŽоɽҪ̣ͨһ 
𣿡һĹĵʡ 
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ԤԼ𣿡һһҲӸµʡ 
ûУ 
ƾʲô㣿ͷðαӵĲƷ̫࣬ðݵĸǶţëеѸӶ򲻵ģҲסǶˣûȥߺ޲߶ 
һƼţתŽһӻͳνдŽţݸ硣 
һ굽ͷţ˲˵ЬӶĥ˺ü˫ÿ¾ôнˮźӵġǸżеȥֻ߿࣬ǲŲѡ 
ǰ¹ѣǹѣ糿ڣˮδ۷ȴΣ߲ඣһǻƵ 
üСѲһˣִӻͳԪڤҵݵУһС˼λЦɣȷʵи㡣 
ԵȣͨһǮоǼٱҺЦǺǵ˵꣬ȳԺܡ 
ǮʹĥԷ飡 
֮䣬λɿܳʩ˵ֵܣŽ룡 
ս븮ۡţһ󼱴ٵĽŲһ̧ͷһһλٶòã׵Ľ߳լӭǰ˫ֱȭ˵ֵһδԶӭˡ 
ˣһ˿жøУæ˵Сܺεºܣͽ٣ʵڲʤ֮ 
룡ǫõ 
룡һ֪ʢӴǿ޴ϣԼɲа԰ 
ŽһִУصͷõЦҾΪֵͷǰ·룡 
Žǿһֱ֮¡Žߵ¹Ըûʲô£Ƕȥɣ 
ǣ¹һ˳⣬һŹϡ 
¹Ƕ뿪ˣŽСʣһֵܣڿɺã 
нĺ鸣һаһػش 
һֵܣҪһֵƵĺáŽ֣صضһ˵޴ͬ㣬ðȣûˡȻǴܣǾԼֵܣǧҪ⣡ 
һ֮ǰ޴д˼ţҸµеŽεĺо֮꣬ŽĸأؼҿҽȼСʱΣաٻصӪʱɱӲ֣ڣɷӦնƳʱ޴ͦ´ʣ˵îԭΪʱǳν˵˹ǵҲмеģТ˳ĸǴͳ£ûĸ׾ûǣʱ򣬲Σʱ򣬶ӲغڴǰܾԼТôҲҲĹԸĸ飬ôҲ塣Ĺãؼʱ򻹿ĸ󻼡й飬ү˼ 
νһθ֮ԣƽʱõҲǵͷͣҲǰĴ̫ˣͰŽشʮ壬ͣн£һꡣ 
ڵʱͷһأ˭û뵽˷⿪ŽӹŹֻŻ޴ʼм㣬ǳΪĪ֮ͷ 
νΪְһŭ֮´ְ֮ŽҲһְ뿪޴һ治ԼһͬûбϡŽϾмҵģﶼǣҡоǳ͢йð£ڣ͵ǰһӣԱʱ֮Ҫ 
ļֵͬҲȰ裬߲ôԼ֪ˡ 
һ˴Ĺ֮󣬶Ǿ֣Ϊúû 
ҲҲҪƷλ



ڰ й

       ֵҪȥֻҪҪкڰ޳ָйٵ걨׼СµͶ̥ת£Ǹ⣬ûֻ֣ͨһѶȡ취Ž˼ Ҽм£ҪϻȥæһϿҵ 
뱣ԭȥҪʮ˲Σأûһ˳ͨʹǽתɮҲǰʮ˲ģֵа𣿴һȥɹͻɢóŽٴѡ 
ŴͲҪȰˣѾʮ˲ҷǴɣһػش 
ǣŽĴָ̾˵ȻֱֵҪȥǱҪͨڰ޳йٵǰԼ䣬˳ͨ 
֮ǰνѾ뵽ˡ޴֮ʱҵƱŴģȥͨؽڡһͳֵ޴ƱŽ 
ֵܣǮûȥ졣ŽǮƻһ 
һ˻Ž˵Ŵ磬Ĺʲߣֶ࣬Ǯȥأϣ粻Ҫƴǣ 
Ȼֵܾ͵ҵڼҾŽڿƱװڻУվѽúдλֵܣȥȥͻأ 
ǣĹ򿪷ţػش 
һСʱŽЦػˣѾףзҾʹȥ 
Ȼҵĸδұ뼰ȥھʹȥɣһż˵ 
˾ƳԹ𣿲ȻҲõŽ 
лٺȣھߣһŽߡ 
˼ֵһرɭϵĶڡǰһһݣһһ׵վмأʮɷֱֳԡ 
Žôѽ˵𣿡޳˵ 
λ̫żҪй٣㿴Žʾ 
˵˵޳ͷ˵ 
Ǯʹĥһٴˡ 
ߣ޳ڶֵࡣԽߣԽأҲ͸Ϯëֱ߶Ĺι״ëȻ 
˺ܳһ·̣ڽڶ 
޳Ǵһǰ˵ڴԵһᣬǧҪߡȥйٴ 
޳ߵǰһʯԶ򿪣ǿĵԿһȥ֮Զˡ 
һʣ磬ǽΪʲô˻Ҫǵģ 
ꡪŽæʾ⣬ȻС˵Ҵһ꣬δڣΪʹߵùһ̫ΣﶼĸƽĹǺѽġ 
˵꣬һ̫ƵⲻŽ󴺷紵ʧԶӭˡˡ 
һ̧ͷһһӲߣӷףϰװڸСƵϹҡë߳ʯţЦЦؼ飬һ֪ʲôù 
йٴŽؾϹ 
Ž˲ǣαôף룡йƤЦⲻЦ˵ 
ʯһİ칫ңһ鰸飬ѵøСɽƵġһѻƤӣг˵ݲ 
йָļͨĳ˵ 
²ңй룡ŽվһԣЦ 
޳˵һҪֻйٹ¹ʵ 
ǵģŽش 
˵ֲ֪Ҫѡʲôй˹޳ָ׷ںڵ۹Ƥ̧ʡ 
˵˵Žͷػش 
ڹ£òͷǹʦҪҪ籩¶ԼʵĻɣһ޷йٵ棬ĵ£ֱӴ¡ 
˵𣿡йٴǻŽ֪ˮƽ̫ߣֲãﶼҪҲˣµֵǶˣðģ 
ŽæߵĸǰĵһƱֺõ˵ģһС˼ɾ⣡ 
ãŴ̫ɣʱǮûҪŴ磬ⲻǸӾø 
յ˵ŽıҲǮµĵ̫࣬˼ȥ˵ɣйؽӹǮϲЦտ˵ 
Ҫʮ˲һͦ˵ 
ʮ˲㣿ûëɣǽˮˣ¿йپȵʡ 
޳Ҳؿ˿һ˵Ͷ̥תҲҪʮ˲ѽ㷢˵أ 
ûУҺѣһᶨػش 
˵ֵܣӹ񴳹ʮ˲ĿǾ޽айȻŵʡ 
ֻӵУСһƵؿ˵



ھ ´

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ʱ䲻йػˣԺ޳˵ҲѾֱ֪Ӵʮ˲ȥ 
Сʹȥйүүڰ׹æͷֺõ 
ÿһ㶼Ѻеͷɫ̰׹һĿ׼ȥ໹ֽУʮֲֿҲеııˣȱȫηһϢ 
Խߣͻһָصĸоǵѹȵһѡٿ޳ǲĻٲΪ衣 
ڵˣֵܣΪ֮ɣظضһ˵ 
ںڻüϵըװ 
ûлͷΪĸףҲΪԼұȥһǰһǰͻȻһʯţϡĸѪִĿģһȳϢӭʯԶ򿪣ȻһԶرա 
һûлͷԴֻ̤ǰߣ벽ǰһǰľٴʧһȻһӣŵǺɫĻ磬мǺɫĻ棬ͷɫĻ⡣ƴǸճӣֱһΧô޼£·ǻĺѾ·ӡ 
һؿԼͷüëգۼ䱻ζգɡƤⱻսɢ̱ǵĸ֮֮Ҳƺ̣ȥĻǴʱͬһ򣬺ķ̡񹦻̨ʧͱˡ 
һһ 
ҧ֣֣ټ֣ڻɺɽɫʱʧӰ٣ǰֵɽǶо߷ɿһһǰΧɡɽǰгȥĴšˣʲôɾģϣŵأûѪȴɭɭ׹ǡÿһͻİʹԡ߲ʱʴһľһĵе˵ɣαֿԣǻһְɣʵҲֻҪ۾һоͶˡ 
ҾҲǶҹһһ»ָһߴغǳ⣬һҧ֣һһǻѪһһġ 
ԶѣˮǧɽֻУɳˮůźһ߳ëϯ˼ҵ޸裬ͦطԽ˵ɽ 
㲻֪ĳ˭˶֮ɣɱһĴ졣 
𣡱ɱɱһһѵصź⡣Ѫһˣһվ 
ɱɱɱһ۶ɱˣϵѪʾͻһסˡ 
ľˣʶģˡ˭ĶڸʲôҲܡһ͵ջֻص֮С 
¡һ죬һûվֱ壬ֱһʯҵ䣬ڵϲͣس鴤ֻͷΧ£ſϸȴޱȵݣؿһľǡʱһᵽʲôģʹĿġ 
ҼǹΩҶ𣬰ٶ֡һ㱻ʳϵʱ̣һ𡶹񹦡Ĳڹķ̽ҵ֮С 
˹;򷨹ڣزʣΪۻƣȻ֮ħһĬĬ߶ſھȻΧı仯Ǳѩأŭţ˷īǳŸֲָıͶ׹޵ԨǹƤƶֲпѶоޣ޾Уһжṇ̀лΪ 
ҿǰһУҪôôķ𷨡һţҾȻڻͨԴһ湦ţX. 
磡˭ұ˵أһСӰɣҳ 
ʦ˼һðɣһ˳ͨĿ飬ˬ˵泩 
ΪС군أãǹڣʤʱ򣬸ϿȻֻͿԻˡߴٵ 
ʦһ߰ɣ˼ôҲҪ֣һֿ츸ĸĹм˵ 
ҪŮƵ裬ҵϴαƻû޸ʦͽԵԺġߣȻˣֱذһĻȻһ֣ƽֻ 
ʦһܾûˣоһžӨڵڣΪĲƸ 
ҿ뿪˵أڤĸ󻼣Ĭһᣬ̾ 
ȫ¸İ,ӭ֧!



ʮ ط˼

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ļԲȶ侲һʼɽչ쵽ڲɼת𽥵͡ÿй죬ϵĺų⣬磬磬Ƥð͸죬ԡնСһɫ佣һӣ̷׷׻Ϊ촷ۡҲγһֱʮ׵Ĵڣһ൱һը 
ʮһ󹦸ɡݲαװһ£ҹɫʩչ֪ķAС 
һ˳ػص˼С֣ôûˣǿ塢أĸ׵ҲǿյģϺ͵˻ҳܾ˴ɨǶȥˣˣ⣿ޣѻ죡 
תһȦһǻصѧУᣬࡣ 
ڸûг֮ǰһһֱסУ˵Ƕ 
ļһֲ֪ĶƵȥˣŶءʵԶ򿪵ģԼŵԿ׵ȻԼ֪ģһѲѴ֮ 
һ䵹񣬺òҵһǿӵ·ǿպϴžգֱԼ˵Ĳôôѽôߴ͵˧СһƬŮ 
ôѽһȥװһԼͷ˵һҳԼпĻ̳׼ֵƵװһ˫֩ƤЬƯŮۻԱĽĿУԵõ̳߳ 
Դһ񹦣ӦرʶſԲʮڵһϢ˲ƵһƫƧСë˺һλŮȹȹѾ˺ƬŮˮѩ׵ûȫ鷿ץѪۡһëסŮ˫ۣһë˺קŮĺɫڿ㡣Ůֹ˫ƴؼţһߡŮѾһ۾ҡͷ 
ſӰƣȡ֮еǶϴͷŮҪ浽αǿַĹһֵǰĵشȵ 
ڸĿĻëŵһ£תһ 
һǿ׳ĻëͻȻӺóһѳˮ߳ŭвٹ£Ȼ 
ϰСһĻëҲγڵ˵ǣǵĺ¡ģëǣԲ˶ߣ 
ôˣݴֵͱһسԸ飬Ͳó֣ܵĿͶȻ½ʮȡ 
㡪ݣţëһɢĺĻ֪ӲӣµӶ·ӡ 
 
ңŮ˫һӡ 
£ǱҸˣһŮͣڶ˫顣ɣɤð̣ǿһĭתóԼһ·ظϡϧѽĶ塣ɫɲͰ 
ŮŴ󵨵۾ߴһ·ԼϷţʧһ𣬱鸴ӵһ 
ԼϣϿȥɣһվ䵭˵ľȴΪɫǣֵ 
磬лл㣡һ߳ԶŮмػһûлشվһӣǰߡ 
磬£Ůٴӵذ 
˾ȵףͷ͵һϵùɣһתº͵ʣ㻹ʲô𣿡 
ҡһȥŮƵĵ˵ 
ðɣ㣡һ󷽵˵ 
ҡûؼңŮ͵͵һһ˵ 
һŮʴ·Ӿۣϥǣһѩ׾Ͷദ߹⣬ֵĴɫһ档 
硪Ůؿ˵ 
ؼȷʵʣĸҵåͿˡһ˼һ˵ҵǶסһ𣿡 
ɶңһҡŮһ˵ 
Ů󵨣˰ۡҿɫҮһסɵ˵߰ɣСѾͷ 
ιҲʮҲҲˡҵֽҺ죬СѾͷҺ첻˵ؾӣС˵ 
Һ죿أڵŮ̫磬ҵѩƽ⣬ϧһͷһѩһסߡ 
һҲ֪ϧ񣡡Һطɧ 
鷳һ§Һļ˵ߣһأ 
Һͷһĸ֫ѣشӦСͷһࡣ 
ᣡһĿбӵشǰߡ 
ȫ¸İ棬ӭ֧!



ʮһ Һ

       ӵ·̣һʱԶˣᰴ塣 ˭ѽǿ˶Դ̽ɻʡ 
ұѽʺԣһƤЦشȤǿӡ 
㡪ô֪ҵţǿӸԻ󲻽⡣ 
һţƤܿࡣһ̧ȾҪš 
һ飬ðϴˡСӶһ²Ӱ˭֪ĶˡǿԽ˵ԽӶű߾ǲý 
ǿʺԣϸˣһҪ˵͵Сڿ㣬׷ʺԵĵ𣿡һؽҷǿӵϵס 
ǣ񰡣ôôߣǿͷԻ˵ 
ǽȥ˵ɣһһƿǿӣҺ߽ᡣ 
ӣǿӱһǿƵľŵضݺ 
˭ѽӴڿ㣬һŰëϵˮ飬߳䡣 
ѽǿʺԣŮҲ֪ͨһӿҺʱæס˫ȼĹСܽҡ 
ꡱҺ쿴ӵǱ̲סЦ 
һҲù龫ֵĺӳγ󣬺ܹ񫡣 
װ߳ʱһӭȥЦ˵ӣ˲ʶѽ 
ǡ˼ʡ 
һ˯̵һһԾЦ˵ 
һϴе񣬿ġΧһƵĴ 
ϴ˵ڸϿķһ£λС˯һ²ضԺӷʩ 
ƾɶŲѣӲ˵ 
ǷСҲɾҪͬ⣬ҿŮסǿӵķˡһǿ˵ 
ǻסҷɣӼæӦ 
ϴ˵ҷˣǿӼɫٵ 
Сϴҵġ 
۲ݣϴߣʵǸߣӾϲؼЦ 
һôǿһȻ޷ǰߴ͵ӾǰĸСһ 
һλˣ̸һ书Żɽġһصػش 
ʲôˣܸܽʶҲѧǿ׷ʡ 
ѽҲʶʶָ񹦡ҲܳߣǰƲҵŮڵײǽͷһޱȵĳݣ˵ƴӡʱҲȤ˵ڳݵĿһá 
˵һܾã֪òðǡ 
ǿӡӺңЧء԰壬Sǣų͡ѧУҲǺŰߵķͬ㣬ͷǶҪ֪ǣ̫壬ôˡΪԺĺͼƣٲұۡ뵽һ°ȻȻذͷβϸϸ˵һ顣ֱǴ۵СۣĿɿڴëȻ 
˺ܳʱ䣬ǿӲŻһȵʣģ 
һ֣ʹ񹦣ȼܵһһԲεĻڻֱۣһֻĺ衣ɵǿӵĸ첲šһ˵𣿡 
ϣɱඣǿŰɳϣСеˣҷ㻹𣿡 
С֮ƣһȫĽ˵ϴܲܽ̽ǡ 
ҿǿǡ 
ϴҲ̫ôɣǸҪ̾͸Ͽ̣ҿɵȲˣһ˵ǿǣǿ۶ˣŲӱ׵غ 
ǰϴɲֵܲѽҲ룬͡ 
û˵Уҿǵǲʺġ񹦡ֻ˲ǡһ˼ڤ룬Ѱʺķ 
Ҳһأǿѿڶ 
Сûӣ㻹ΪϴѽͷѵǿӺһĵЦŶһ˵ϴиõİ취ɣ 
һؿڱ֤°ϣһһ׺÷ǣһǿӺＱǵӣͻȻ뵽һıȵθڣܰװױûûεĳСӡ 
ʲôҪ㾡ᣡӷӦ죬һһ⿴ǿӵĿоˡҲֵܶ໥ϡ 
ǿɵ˵ֵܶšʲôҪģ˵ɣ˵껰ǿӳϲ飬Ȼ˵ǲʲôҰɣǰ֣ǿӲ 
ֵܣôẦأֻҡһЦ˵ 
ҵĻѿɲˣǿڵشӿӿڴֻ˵ 
ûϢҽֻҺ죬绰Ըˡһװν˵ӣֻأ 
㣡𣿡ǿݹֻ˵ҵֻѣҵķ㡣 
Ҫ͸ɣ˼ɣһջǿӡ 
ллϴ󣡡ǿӼسӵȥ 
ϴŮǡӽʡ 
·ϾȵġҺûϵҲȤһЦŴȤ 
һٸҲҸϴŮ˰æġ 
СӹҶûθڣȥ׷ɣһɹ 
׷˭ѽǿ˸߲ҵܹʡ 
Һ죡˵. 
Һ죿 
꣡±ѽӽŵסǿӵ;档 
ôҪ˵粻չ㣬㵱ػʹԸԸ⣿һ˻ǿ˵ 
ңǿӼֱԼĶ䣬ŮؼңʹߣϻĵڱǷǵǿӹӶˡ 
˼ŮӴ˵·ؼ̫Źˡ㿴һòذʾ 
С»סǵǿǲǣһɿ 
һ·𣿡Ӧٶ۵ǿſ˵꣬ͻȻéٿƵ˵ģյģŮӻؼңֵ 
ǿ֪ܵ飬һͺӹЦǿҲ˼ͷЦš 
ȫ¸İ棬ӭ֧1



ʮ Ѱ

       SѧȫʡصѧѧˮƽһѧУһܹSѧȹѧУǰձݵı׼Ƶģж˼䣬˫˼䣬к˼䣬ڸӲʩӦоС ѡ˼䣬һһʼƽ֣һеΪļͥ˻Ҫãһֳȹϣ󷽵壬ȻǿӿͷҲ󣬻ѡϴ 
ϣӺǿڿ￴ӣ˸Ƿ˵رǸɫ£ѧżݷݷѧӣҲʼԼڵѧУҲץòѧνֻҪԵʱ򵽳С 
һһﻮָǶ书顣뵽ڡ񹦡󲿷֡¼ǡУʱϸµһЩɵ书зֱʺǿ书ҽԼľ飬һĽдһֽϺѺӽнҪǿһϰʲôĵطʡ 
æһУѾʮӡ׼ϴ˯ڲšAƯŮԱǰΪұҲͽϮѾȥһˡĿǰߴӹ˽⵽ԴѾһЩɿŲþͻ֮࣬Է 
̫ˣ˵ҵıں˶ɱŮδ䲻ǿӸ̾˵ 
һ֪𣿺ǲݣӳŲʡ 
˭һͷһãȻʡ 
귢޹˾Ķ³˵ 
ҡôһʵʡ 
ҵıڱ˼ʮͷûˡһŮӶҲһģ˵ǽʿɵģ춼޴֡Ѿĸ顣ǿӱߵ˵ 
ϴʶң̽ʡ 
Ҹףһʹ˵ 
㡪ӳԾʣԲǲ֪㸸ס 
ҸײҸ߼ǡһ˵ 
ֲʧô죬Ҳ㱻ɱҲǰ˸ɵáƲûǲ֪򻹻ɱ 
ʲôҪǸǿߵ˵ 
ǵèĹ򣬱Ѱ·ˣӴ 
ƴҲҪϴֻعǿӱƽ 
ллǵĺ⣬ҼܴǻǼӽʱҰɣһûû˵ĿڽǺ߽˷䡣 
㡪˵ 
ҿ㣡ǿ 
˭ҪӺǼأڴϣһ˼ͷڼ飬ٹʣĸҲûж˵ 
ǵٻؼҿѰǷе˿ɣ 
ڶ죬һѧУﱨ˵Уšûֵ߳˽е 
վס 
һ׳׺ݵסȥ·С꣬һһ 
һתΧ塢СåλεĵӣؼЦţķ⣬ѷɡ 
ô٣һŲæض˵ 
磬컵ǺµСӣǳһëȻܵǰߺٻָһݺݵ˵ 
겻ɢһʰǣҲΪһ󺦡һåŭ𣬶򵨱﷢ݣ˹ 
Сӣıӵһĺ¡ͽ֪үֻۣôд¶ذŪеذ׿š 
¹˭ֻ֪أһͻȻΪһӰ˫ӳһľţʧ 
һѪɸ㶨·ٵС죬 
Ǵӵģǹ˭ʲôëӣһѹȫˡ 
ڼзǰݺ󣬴׹ӣϸϸѰһ飬ȻһΨһֲͬߺڿ̨һȴ£һӡĺۼһ񹦣Ŀ棬۲ܷ֡ 
˭أҹǺˣ֣Ҫʲôأ±ץһʲôԭ 
ѽ磬һֻûѧУ 
ʹ˫ڹѽȵءǿӺֵܽġ˫ڹڿָֻţˣա 
㣡ɶʱѧղƾоղ 
ϴǿ߳Ҵк 
ղ˰ѽһų޵ 
ƨ̫ͣ߳ˡǿһĭ֮Աǵ˵ 
˭һƿţ㣿ô 
ӭҺСװ˵ 
ĸң֮ã֮ãԻΨСŮҲһ̡ 
ŮѻƬ񫡣Ů㶯飬ͻ鹷ƤҩεϣҪӲקǳһƤɡ˵Ů˿˿Ů˵ĶƤϿ֮еŵԶţŮ˵ĻлЦĶȹһ֪˵Ҫ 
վŸÿ׼ԷҺֶŲ˶˼һԸ 
ã治ԼˡһΩǴӵشӿó˫ӣڲϡ 
ϴ󣬻һ˫ӰɣǿӺɳӰЦ˵ 
˫𣿡һûǿӵ֮һǿû˵ 
ڼǿӶһüŪ۵Ц˵ 
˵û˰㵱ưͣһǿӵں󣬳 
һӵģյ׼ȷһΪ͵⣬Żж 
˵ܲٲܲٵèӼ⣬ӸʤèǿӶԺоܷУؼʱֵ飬Ǻӳı߰ƽ 
̶ѿе㵭̫һĻպͣһ߾͸һ´Ҫմ桭һͷſš 
Һİѿһˤ˵ûģлǡҾôѽ 
ϴӻˮ˼Һæһ磬ˡշûУǷġǿӲ濹飬ƽ 
㶮ʲô 
Ҳ˻һǷֵģõĹǿੲݵάҺ졣 
ͣһƽһָסĲеϴ鲻ã޹أ뷹˸ɡӿһɫӣԲάͲӡ 
Һ죬³Է¹ǿҺĸ첲Ȱ˵ 
ллǿ磡Һί£˿ĬһͷСسԷ 
һҲоԼʣеˡȻϲҺ죬ԼϾľˣԼʾлҲûʲô˵ġһΪԼ񾭹˺һŮ͵òʧܳΪʷˡǺܳʱûпշˣʳõķ˶ˣиŮóԵģã 
ԲҺղһʱ嶯ԭ¡ǼСǵĻҲΪԼ±çӹѰҽڵ 
˭۸ϴ󣬻ζǿһ˵ܣƵ۷Ź⣬վȥ˭ھƴ 
û£һߴšһȻţȴܸˡǿΪ߲嵶Ϊһǳ͡ôҪִԣ 
û°ɣӹеעһʡ 
ûУҺҲ¿ӣŵʡ 
˭ѽԸǣɱһŵػش 
ǲ۱ɣӵĵʡ 
Ǹңһ˫ǻå˭˭ѽǿӴţ˰Ľͷ 
СӾ֪ɱɱʱô֪ѣҪද룡 
ʲôͷǮү̾ȭͷӲ㻹Ƕأ㲻֪˵塯Ҳüǵáˮߡ԰ɣǿŮǰײ䣬رŮջѰһлԼˡ 
죬ӾĿꡣ 
ˡÿƾͳһߵӷǳϵϢģ˫Ͷ 
˵УУǿҺ΢Цӣӵţ졣 
ǿӣ극Һȥ˰ͷΨʡһ꣬ŵ 
ǿӸ˵ϷƵΧתһȦ˵ 
ԼȣҪ͡ҺŲϷһ۵ϸ߸ЬعŶȥ 
ϴ㱥ǲ֪ҲСŵѽǿӶŽյķرԹ 
ǿʺԣ˵˻ϴͷӣ֪ϴһֱϲ˭𣿡Ӽǿ̭һɽ緢ذзŭкǿϡ 
ҡǿ֪ʧԣֵܺ˵ӳĲ 
һȻˣƵɳϣһԲ 
Сѩ𣿡ӴƳĬСĵѯʡ 
ҡô˵أһ챻ȻΣǲԸСѩйأѵһĴϢšҲ֪ 
ҵġֵһѰҡǿӽֺá 
ϴƬǣǰϣһϢġӳıߵ 
ԵܻڼģҵһԸ˵࣬˼䣬оˣ̹Ȼضǿ˵ 
Ӣ۱ɫϴؽǣӲʧʱش 
ȫ¸İ棬ӭ֧!



ʮ ϴ

       һɣһĿࡢīתǽǣضһ˵ϴ룡 ϴ˭ճУžϴͽ겻˳ 
ϴеģһǰܵ侯ŭһֱ˵ơ 
ĸаƾʲôȥؾΣһһ 
㡪ڸ붯֣ͱһŵȵĺԾһֱšһƷȻģڰҲָģȻǿ׳кǰһ׼ȷ˵˼һûж֣Լʧˡֲ̫ˡ 
žžžӿںȻ߳δ󺺣мһλİ֣еܶӡ̫ѨͻĿ档һ߹һ˵Ȼϣ־Ǹ֣а 
øŷƵģ书ԸңǵٵԼķмＸ 
һ䲻̬صȴġ 
ǿνǲʶһӣǰľ¥һ𡣡Цݿʢ롣 
ϼһЦ 
²ţΰŷҰӳǫ˵ 
ҪǲӦأһ༥ǽѵ뻢ıƤҲŲôɵء 
СҺʶأŷҰŲæ˵ 
вңһɫ࣬׼Ϊǿ 
˵ӡǿӶѣŷҰָף²˵׻˵ĺã˫ȭѵ֣񻢻ȺأҲĶ֣һֻšסֻأ 
ɳܣб۵һƵ˵ 
̸УЦǿʲôԷģ޶ɷ㿴Űɣ˵꣬ͷҲﳤȥ 
 
ԵʶǰӡŷҰһָǰһƱƽȵطɵһмϣˮϵðݡ졣ûһν⡣ϰڣŨɢƮ磬¥Ʈ㡣 
ҲһһӣǰľƱɣֹסŷҰıӵǰ״̬졣һľƱ¶ϣɫͣط仯ǱͬźŷҰıӻתڡϱȣޱȵƷ 
þƣŷҰˬذѱоһɶǣݼϴ󣡡 
ϴ࣡ĸֲıغ 
ʲô˼ҶߺͿˡһһ˵ 
ôң̫СݲŷҰȻɫ 
ңңһ˵ҺεºܣҵϴⲻɱС𣿡 
һ˲˵һҿͣϴʣŷҰݴȵ˵ 
̧̫ˣһѧǿϰһƴǣμӺᣬǰԼԴڱ˵ĿұЩ¡ 
㵱ҵģвŷҰһƵĳϻ̳Ͽֵ˵پܾͿңǽƣ 
ҲǴ״֮ˣлˣкˡͷŶף˵ҲпԡȻŷôңƴǾԵСܲˣԺʲô£羡ܷԸһ΢ЦŴӦ 
һ׮һúѶ·ֶΪأԺҪ뷢չ˵Ҫİˮ㣬󡣶δǺ£Ҳδǻ¡ 
ãɱ 
һͷϴӦŷҰĸĴСӲ롣ҲǰһֻûݵϻţֻΪԺĲ·С 
ϣҺ˵õľƵԷеĺXOͷҺȳǸɺ졣ƲһǽǿӵɫǰƲ 
ΨһѵǺӣȻˣеǷƵĻᣬäĿäӣԼҵҦ˵Ҳܴ򣻲裬Ҳܷ裻ǳΪ˺ķǿԳΪȶǴģйġ 
磬һҺҡҡλεߵһǰʱ֪ǲСģ⣬һһᣬһĻ磬Ͳӵ𣿡 
һԱŲ壬ε˵ҺӣʲôѾᣬһչ㣡 
Һӣ˵˵ģҰ㣡ǿֶžƱӣζס 
ллллλ磡Һһˮ˵ϣСýͿλӦˡ 
˵˵ǿӴžƸ˵ 
Һôһ޼ƿʩֻúЦͷֲǿѿһԸν 
ǰһУӸֻ֪кͷԵǿӣת䣬زϡ 
ͬģϽɱӶƱһǿһ£һɶþƾǺþơдĺ鸣ȵ˼о뾡Īʹ׿ն¡ 
ˣʫ˴󷢡ǿ˵ 
ǿʺԣˡӺػؾ 
ҽǿĵܵܡҪţǿӴӵ۵ضԺ 
ͷԼ򵥣֫СĲ̱ӡ 
̱أ˭ѽǿǿиƵ˵ 
£԰ԡŻҰһӽ 
СûǮǿӲʾػش 
˵ʲôأ԰ʲôԼɱ飬һһֱ뻳ڵѩ䲻˭Ϊʲô¶֣һҲûСᵽһϹ 
ӴóͷͷصǡĻ̡̻˵Ӷ԰ÿ˶ǳ壬һƺϣѾЦи棬γһ⻬СԲݵһƬǽ塣 
ǼеŰɣһ֮˵ѽͬû˵ҵյġԲŮڣ˵ֻˡΪô𣿡 
춼鲻ͷĶ֪ǿʵʵ˵ 
ӣôһĵӵ 
Ϊıɱ˹˵ 
ϻҲ֪ıɱؼ˭ɱǿӼͷ˵ 
Ӱһǿӣ˵һǸŮģǳƯջôɱ⼸ҲǴ⼸еĹͬصϷŮĺ޴ѧӢĴѧԣǿӣлϣ 
ȥİɣҲܽӢࡣϴѡޣų졣ǿĭ˦ָԼ͡ 
Ҳ֪²Ӻش 
Ȥһ̾ 
ϴ㲻ȥɣӳԾʡ 
 
˵罻ɣٴκȰ⡣ 
ԣҲˡƨ£ȾƣǿӴʲԵ 
ͷһվǰ̨ȥʡ 
զǿźĪ˵ 
ѻ죡Һ켱æ׷˳ȥ 
߰ɣɵݣֻǿӵļ˵ 
˭ɵҲɵʾ̸ߣǿԴں߳Ƶꡣ 
ºڷߣǿӵĻ˵ɱ˵ĺʱһܾӺǿͬеҪиͬѾͲͬȱԼͲǸôϴ



ʮ շŮ

       ԰棬ӽS͸ԶˣSڳеĶһµĸ¼ʱѧУ֯εʱһǰ֯ȥʱѩ飬һ·ͬУһ·Ц뵱ʱ⣬һӿһɹůһ˿˿ʹ羰ɣ˹ȥʱᣬޱġ ʱڣڹ԰ĻСһеһ˿⣬һɵô˸¡ʵһ书ΪӦøе䣬ҲǴ顣ɫͷһѵǴҩìе˸ʮִ 
Ʈƣ¶һѿ͸к£һ̶ͣ޷羵δĥңɽˮ䣬һݡǰʵдա 
׵ҹľɫһ͡԰ߣ֪ʲôʱ֣ʲôֶɱ˺һسһĹ۲졣ǣ˴԰ӽһСʱһŮҲûѵжʧ󣬻ǽû 
ֹһûһ㶯ûϷˡǰһôһרŹϢĳʣһһƨʯϣֱ˫ȣչӣ˸Ķس̾۾㾫ٻȥ 
ͻȻенŲƶ۾һʶͷſˣΧһиоϸСĶܸܵ 
ûŮ˵㣬ҲûζҺͺӶһǳɻ󣬵ûнţûƶֻƾԼĸожϡ 
λ磬𣿡һƻһĶ𡣲ݷ˵ 
һװۣϲ״עһɫȹŮۿʼŹ⣬ɫġ 
ŮŮװɬصͷ˵㿴ô˼ңҪҳƵģôÿ𣿡 
һĿˮŮҪ˵쿪˫§ȥ 
ŮͻȻǰ·ܾС¹̬˵˼ֲʶ㣬ֻϢһ۸˼ҡҿ׵Ůӣ 
һаĿתעŮݵ˵ˣϵŮ·Եġ 
˵Ļ𣿡ŮĽ˵˶˵ѻƭˣҲţ 
Ը⣬Ұ͸㿴һ⿪£¶ŷġ 
ģĵǺĻǺڵġŮٵһؿһһץסС֣׾Өϸֻе 
˼һû·أŮŪɧ̬ջһ 
һŮִ˵ֳԭΣ 
ôŮʧ˵˵ʲô 
ǲײĲᣬ㲻֪үֻۡһһ۾ϳһԹֻǲӺ˵ģżװϵƭƾͼơ 
һͨղŵİ̽ŮĵǳĵɿŮ֣ͷųԼصĹϢһûŭŮ˵ٲʵҾó 
ҲˣŮܵͬϢʮ˵˼䣬ȡ衣ǾˮˮҵĶľţɡ 
һζҪըˣҾǹ࣬ͬˣֱЦԹ˹;ݡҾŹġնһʽɽն񾪣һޱȵĺɫɽХŮȥ 
Ϲɶʱˣզһأɽһյɽһϵ 
ãϷа֣ˡĳһϵ̾š 
úãŮΣ壬ԭصֱתȦԽתԽ죬γһɫ飬նϢȻмĵĵطһۼ 
֮ҲŹâҲ㣡һһɹʹζ𡣺ںζ۳һС򣬾ѹ̫ɢȵԹٶɫȥ鲻ʾӭǰһ 
ɫʱըѣŮֳԭΣĿίң¸ͣ˼󣬰˵ʦ 
̿ˡɻк޹ʲôҪšһȻ˵ 
Ů⻰̹򵽵ϣͣҳԵĶǻˣеİ࣬Ǻɫԣ̣ٴŮΪ 
Ǻǣɱ˻ɣҽҲԷ˭һһ˵ 
˵ĶʵɱҰɣŮ۾һգη˵ 
вĹһȻǹɱ¾ı֮أδһֱһǿĺȻѹšŮȷʵ˵ѵӣþŮ񾭲鿴һ¾ 
ԭŮޣһʱͬѧ˶ͬһѧǼҶũˣԭȱˮزգͥʮƶΪ֧ϴѧѡҳезмͶкĸĸÿ굽سǴǮкϴѧʼкܸж̰òռӡȥкٽҵʱţ˵ûйͬԣҪһϡǷԺǮͬ׺䶥ʱͻ˹ȥڵȴĲ飬ͷһֽģеѪ壬ΪӰ֮޻ţΪƭģʲôȲѵĿԡڶ죬ת𳵸ϵAΨһȫصѧҵѡû뵽Ϊܺһ˼ҵС飬̵꣬ϾȻƭ԰֮󣬻ӽɽһ֪Ŀݾº󣬻Ϻܶʯҷڸǣѹʯͷ 
ִĳɶ񣡸 
겻ɢǡڿݾ￴һ־нһЩħֵĹºķϰɺϵ侹ȻɹԲص⣬ܹ˼ұһĹֱǿǰܼʦ͹»Ұʳ˹ֵľǣڹΪõ˺ܴڳԺҵλСȫʬмѧäĿ֪Ů˹죬˼ҵ׺Ѱ»߲´˶֣ܵӦеĳͷ޹Ůƭܺ 
һ˽󣬳ӦִƲã˹ҷ͡ԳͷˣѾֶμΪ̣Ϊ࣬Ӧò˼֮£ϣԺк󻼡 
޵ͷ䣬ǿƽ޿һ粻ɫŵսսɪֱҧ촽ʹ˵ҪɱɱɣԸˣҲû˼ 
Ҳˣأһض˵ǣ󡪡 
ݵ΢Ϊūҡ޹˵ 
ǲ̫ίˣһϵ˵ 
ΪˣԸһСްͷʹؿڣɬػش 
㻹ڴ˼Ժ㡣ǻԽƵĺãһ첻µز£Ů 
һͼˣ޿˵ѵӲɾһˣ˵žͷܲȥ 
һһ㶣øҵŮӡæջع𣬰˫˵Ҳ˼ˣˡ 
ת˻ӣΪЦǩԼ 
ԼһһͷˮãȻ˵ǩǸɶ 
֣µ˵ϢӦ֪ĹأҲǩԼɣ 
ϧҵѪѽһҧָĶͷһ㣬һѪٿʧ޵ɫʱ࣬ǧĵǷ޲μˣ 
ڴ˾ʱ죬ٴ㵽硣һ޺ɫѾˣæӺɽĿݾ뿪ߵ԰һСԲšҪʩչӰ䣬ٻص˯һͻȻײһ˵ϡؿģһ 
å 
ԲҲǹġһæصǸ 
ȫ¸İ棬ӭ֧!



ʮ Ů

       ʱ߱졣߹ʺˣһˣŮɫʣҶӰ涣ǹ｡ģӣԼɼ ƾղһɲǵײһеǰŮ鷿һСҳԣԸСѩ͵Ƕ̼񫡣ţС̧ܵͷ 
Ķأ￴һĿⲻסѲһԵɫɵòȻŭʲôٿҰ 
һһμŮŭƵ㲻ô֪ҿأ 
㡪̣˪һСãꡱһ°һֿϡ 
һҪܡﷴֽԼϡҹǼȵҵȥʵ 
ãһ߳жĵմӣȻһСѾͷסˣȥЦѪͲǹˡ 
һʩչ񹦣ȥ뵽һͻᱻ˷֣¶Լ̣ 
һɵվŲʹ԰ߡһ߲ҪＱǰһ˺һ֣һ֣һʹ͵ٴײһܽӴһظײʵɽ壬ĶͷƵģ 
žһƴһϣɫָɽȽȽ𡣡ҷңˢشӿϰγǹŭطݣҴ㣡 
ඣඣһΩ²ң߰˶ȣɤӺǰܣֿץסŮֲɡŮĸɶţ޿κεرһקǰߡûܹ¾죬һǹŮ춼һ㶣ֵʣô£ 
ҡŮһʱ֪νͣɫͨ˵һϼɱйأؾֵ顣 
ͬ־ץ˿Ҫ֤ݣҪַ̰Ȩһдǵ˵ 
˭Ҳе𣿡һΪŪÿЦá 
С޳ܰƵĴΣһ쵼ģ̲סǰ΢ЦŶһ˵ʲô֣Ϊʲôôûؼң 
˲𣬵Ķֱ׳ٸʵף鵽ʮ˴ԱֳĬ˵ÿһ仰Ϊ֤ţţ˵Ҳǣ˵ҲǡԹһɵֻеͷķݡҪôţٸ󣬿ϧҲǡ 
һΪ˱֦ǻһתüͷһ壬Цݵ˵Sѧҵѧ֤Ȼ£ҿԱ֤Ҿһɼĺѧطĺùǿ˱ֽ֪⹫԰ﾭźģΪŵ׽ֵġҲΪǾ룬²ǣԭΪԽ׽ù鰸ԭǾ졣Բϴˣд̧֣ҵĿӴ򿪰ɣ 
УһͲˣת˵ 
˻ûдϣ˵㿴Ӣٷ磬ôҲɫ񺺼ģ͵Ǹƨ˰ɣһͰ͵ҡβƤӣôҹЦ 
ȵһļ˵СƤӹǵľסˡСӣɫˣΪ֮ɣǻ飬Ƥˣߣؾ֣ 
Ҹ㿪ԸͳԿ 
һһҲ𣿡 
뿽Ϳ˵Ϳѽһĵ˵ 
Ž˵һӣ㼱 
˵ģһ˱˻ԣҳԿ㣬ԺҺҪ˯һ˯Ҫһԡ 
åɡ̱ݶţ۾ﶼˡ޲ȥһԵһͷʣ 
ҪƨûƨɣҪظûظҪҪҿһӣһأһ֪ܵС 
ռ˼ұˣ˾£Ҫ緢Ļɽһǰһק 
ͬ־һž 
Ҳٴθ 
ʲô֣ 
Ͳ㣡 
ǣͲͬ־һž 
ֺֺЦ¿ˮõİ취һԲһݺݵزһź󣬿첽׷Ѿ˺Զͬ¡ 
ѾѾĹݹҪȢ㣬ôʰСӡ˶Զˣһֻܿ죬һشظ 
ȫ¸İ棬ӭ֧!



ʮ ɽ˫ɷ

       ڶϣһٴԼļУǱбѲļ󣬿жпܻҾãݴ͡ ʣˬˡǿ塢̡衭һڴ£˺һ¡ʱְȻæٻؼңÿλҪĸô񣬷ôǡһļͥǿɶƻˣҵһһһ٣⣬Ѫʹ 
ણһ׹ 
ϹСĵ㣡һŮӵ 
ӣҲ̫Сˡô˭ҵլѽϹ˵ 
Сĳŵ괬ҿɲعѡ 
ôأϹɢŨŨĴζ 
㲻ȫ֮ƣҲΪá㵱겻ռ˶𣿡˵˵ţᡣ 
ңִ򲻹Ҫ֧ʹ뿪ٹǰңӣϹ˵ 
ܶ㵽֮󣬿֮ء˸е˵ 
˵ҵǶͷŹǵ𣿡Ϲĵ˵ 
Ҳɣ˼ᵽˣ˵ȥ 
ôʱ䣬Ҳûз֣ƭǵİɣ 
ᡣǺһˣŮץȥʣΪǶ𣿡 
ʲôôҪ𣿡 
ǡؼĿǡ 
ҵԼԺͲˡ 
Ϊ˭ѽؼ˱Ǿ֮壬Ҳ޷ 
ֲҪɱȫҡ 
˵֮з䵹ݽŲжϣѾһڵķ 
Ҫ޹Ϲʧ˵ 
ڵҲҪҵӷݵ˵ 
ǲʧˡһվǰЦ 
˭Ϊһӷ˺ܴı仯ǶʶΪϹǸСݸɵͷӡʮ꣬壬üë͹ӥǣ¶׹⣬״ݳʮֵĿ 
ϼһ㲻֪ϲܳ𣿡һɵشȤ 
ΪʲôƾʲôңϹʡ 
óǴϳ˾ĴԲ֪̫ª˰ɣһһ߷ǰĳˣһ߻Ļûն׼һ 
֪СϹһСë䣬ǰɵ߳ŭγڵɱ 
ŲƯұǧĺ꾫˫ʼͣͻȻֵһϣҪŪ֣Ƶġ 
ҵѽȻеɫôˣҿûŮ˵áʡʡɣһϹı쵽ʱ͵ʹնɽ 
ϹСģӾһγܲһʻţʺϣѹǸʲôҪŵ⡣û뵽ôһŮ޸Уһ 
϶֮һĹնǰȻӾûôˣײ֮£С¥ƽƽƷһ㡣 
ҵıҮ򰡣ɲܰҵС 
һѾһ¥ƽϷȥֱһ˾סС˿ϡٵĽô˼ 
Со׷һغϣӾ͸ܵһڹϹ׷Ϲ 
һǰӺϹںһ׷ǣ磬֮ɵԶжʮϣͣ 
˭ΪʲôҪɱҸĸһ侲ʵ 
СӣҲ֪ˡǺɽ˫ɷǷ޵µԩɱһҲࡣ˭Ҫɱȫң㲻֪Ϲ˵ղűһ͵Ϯûзͳ֣˵ƾǷ޴ʮ֣꣬оԵİա 
ߣҽѪծѪ֮ءһٴʩչնڶʽɨǧ 
ڹնӳ֮ǰһɺɫľ񱩶ͬ籩ϯϹޡ 
һǰ棬һĽǿ󣬲ҵģʹʮɵĹҲΪ㹻ֵסնϹ񹦺εն񾪣ʱѪնĵڶʽȵһʽǲͬնǲ⣬Ÿı仯 
յֵסһĹŵڶһĹ֮ӿͬʱϮڵĲնϮʱ˥ߣ˼ѪҲ˺ò 
Ϲһˣ۶ˡȴûмڽǱǰս죬۹۱ǱǹۿڣʳָĴָ۳ԲΣһһһܶʱһ磬ϵƸŨʧɫ 
ʱһſϹõı߳Ҷб絶Ƭ״ͷʡѽĶһܿ췢ŮӵҲһ״µıΨһͬŮӵĽϵһֻˡıСˣ̫ϧˡ 
һ̾䣬ϹͻȻʧȥӰһ֮ƣͬǧıһһѸٺɣʹնڶʽɨǧһ߳ɹڶԷǿľǰȻһ˲һ򣬲ǿԷǿĹ 
Ϲʤ׷ʩչųɵѾûһɵɫСצسһ 
һҲҴ⣬ʮɹʹնʽɽӭͷȥһ죬ضɽҡѪ岽վסΡһҲһѪնѻΪƬһء 
ӣ˫ϱڣɱϹŴߴٵ 
ɷһϣսʳָĴָ۳ԲΣһһ֮󣬱һֻķˡֻ߲£ͨȼյɫĻ棬ȶ˷Ȼ˹ûдﵽǷ켫ĵزַܳͬ񹦵һȻеǰδеѹܷȫڶδ֪ 
һһʷһһҸ¡һһײʱɽ϶ʱһصľۣһǱѩأˮɱһڣΪ 
һľʹִУҧǰһ磬ڹնϣȺһǰ˫սʹʮɵӭŰеɨȥն񾪣ǽȴⲻ񻰡ܹնƽʱǴҲǿܶ࣬Ǹյյİ뻡νͲʷſ޿һһûϱڵնһ 
ѵһҪڴ𣿲ҵĴδԸδˣĸ׻ȥȣұǿػȥ 
δǿޱȵĽӹһϻǳһ˿ڡһϵѪʣʱǳرһҲΪѪɺԶ 
صĽͷϵһͻȻһźס칷ʳȻ³³ֵһƬѪ죬һʵµѪٵػҲֹڴˡ·еȥʬľѪԹڷɿϻۡǧСϪڱ󺣣ؿھȣ͵ѪҪѪܣСһ̲סһĺ·ɷַɵѩ꿦죬岻ϳţԭеĻٴοʼ졣 
ɱͱɶħˣӾֵػӶһ˵ 
ѱһǰһƲɵشһ壬һʶѾģ壬ɢͷ׶೤ҰݣͷʧȥѪ⣬ֻʣãۺڶϵĺҲ𽥱һι״Ĵؿڱ̳ʳںɫѪҺһ״ֵɣܵػӶѺɽ˫ɷʮɶԶصˤڵϻ˹ȥ 
ȫʱâȻʤѪʽһѪ粨ӿĴ󺣣ڲϢӵխСӡˮѸǣӵ赲ס󳱵ĳк̮һֻͷԺ¡ը֮ʲôҲ֪ˡ 
ȫ¸İ棬ӭ֧!



ʮŮ

       ըһ׷䵽ɽϣһ̶Сİڵӻ䵽ɽʯмһ϶һ´һ¡¡ɽʼͣزɽʯϹѡðһѪɫԲԲǣֱ׸߰ߴ֡״ͬ˵*мһȭͷԲȪֱһɫˮʮ׸ߵˮİɫҺ壬ֲصľ۳˰СʱȻ˥ܵļͻȻֳһӰڰУϡϡ涵ƺڽ·ȴһ·䡣ǸӰ¶͹µˡλŮ¶ףǸ*ǿȥ˷ܼһ͵һ˷ޱȵĶͬһѽǹزŮӵ·ɣ쳣 Ůӵ忪ʼЩӲеŽǹڶŤþӦĽƵʣĬŤҡڡвʱķؽк˶һСʱǹſʼήҲ񣬽ɽ塣ǸŮĺӰȻΪһ̣Žǹ˽ȥ 
ӣ˵᲻° 
᲻˵˻ķҵ˵ٺ˵˵Ҹͷ¾ƣ 
Ҳǵϴ𣿡ǿһƨɳϣ˴Сѧί˵ 
ϴһûµġмˡҰο˵ 
ⶼһˣмҲô绰ѽǿϰԵͷ 
ϴλһأû˵꣬ӵľͿһ£еϴɲ 
磡˭һͻȻһӵĶҼǵñɽ˫ɷ׷һɽϣɱˡôһţѵµ𣿿طǵģǰ׵ģݮƵ̫Ӷౣҷ磬⻹ĵ˼ѽɽǱˣǰ࣬ӸɽʯҲˣɽϵȴѪȾƵġҵôϸ𪣬ֺ󳤸һЩϺʹ⵽ô£ 
һǰһУȻ֪Ƶվơ 
 
˭һһŮӵѰȴʼտӰɽŵŻ 
ѵ𣿡Ǹٴ 
һеĵףӻҺˡ׻˵ǹ׶㣬ѷ浶ǹĴһҲν֪˭ʲôʱͿֲˡһΣζҲΪˣŸ֪Ŀɹá˵ʶ֪ѩ伣ҺҲû㱾죬бŮԽΣյĵطԽȫԽ˽ĵ˾ԽΣաһ£ɫظȵ㵽˭Ͽֳ򡪡 
ңܰҳˡĵ׵һ 
ĸҿҪװŪˣӾǹһ淢ˣڵʼߡ 
ѽǸæ˵ 
ޣĸޣһͷһƬհףûӡ 
̫˰ɣҾڿྮѽ˵һʶըװ춯ĺһ¡ 
һ۾ش򿪹ۣܲ鿴һ飬ȻʲôҲûз֡ô㣿 
Ķˣ 
Թԣѵˡнղֳ֮ԡʲôȻڶﲻѪ֮ǴɣŪŮڶôˣɣ 
ҳȥˣ 
ΪʲôһԾʡ 
ΪΪһһʮذǰһ顣Ȼߵıһû 
һ֪˱壬һǰϦĹ͵ڣ˿ڣһ¹ԴԴϵĴ룬ԶԶĳըʱûлɢڵһֵйءһ㣬޽һŸܵġ֮봿֮໥ײ죬ʹѱ䣬һµ̺һӣ䵽ϺѸΪʱʶڳ˯״̬񵽵޾أһؤֽȴɡڵӿк;ѾʱΪǩԼͬӦʱϵԼĴ֮סɽ緢ס˻ 
㡪һĵʡ 
ҡɬ˵Ϊ˾ˣס˵ľѪֻá 
ΪԼһʱ嶯ֻٻһŮӵףȻǸŮ壬йһģ崿ǲԡ 
һβѣΪʲôԼֻѩȴƫƫôŮԼǣҶǣɫƵѵԼǷȤʢĺ 
˲ʵһжĸԸġްοһ˵ȻϸһַŵĲӡʵҺʵû˺κһˣǶԼĳˣܹһ档ҸжΪ壬رǶǸѩŮ֪ѾΪ˸ɱİףȻһʵ˾塣׷氮̫ˡ˵Ȼ˵صͷʹĻ֮С 
һ۾ſʶԼ塣浤ﲿλһúԼһģһСˣϰڣ΢Ĺâ۾Ǳŵģŵģϸ߾٣ԼಿλһӰӰģмһɫСԲ΢΢ѵʲô֪ⲻѹ·һҲû 
غҺÿ 
Ӧø˲ǣø񹦵㣬ǱԴﵽġ㣬Լڵ԰ٶȺڵľѾ͹Ϊһ壬Ҳ˹ʵʹлھŲ㣬ﵽ񹦵߾磬ʱ˾µһ 
Ϊʧȥ̫Բˡʲô÷ܳ𣿡һʵعĵ 
˵ҲҪлأЦ˵ 
лңһָԼıֵʡ 
ǰҶһιԶز˼䡣˵ڣһȵ񹦵ھŲʱҲһΪ֮ʱ˵ܲл˸һλ𣿡޷˵ 
ٺ٣֮֮Ҳ 
ȫ¸İ,ӭ֧!



ʮ

       ɽһɽи˼־ϲ˵û뵽Сյͽܣ̶̰ʱָͻƵ㣬򵥡ҪأӽͽȻʱԣͶˡ 㲻㣬ɽϵôҲ뵽һֻϰ¾СɡҲκ˶벻ģһðɣ 
ĳڣһ߼Цͬˣһа书ôľΪã绢ºγɡҪ£С 
кηԸһòɵŮȶ˵Σκαʡ 
Ͽ쵽AȥһˣѰһ书ˣ£Уɱ󻼡˵ 
ǣˣŮ˫Ų£ػش 
סĹܹŹ֣йа߻δ˵꣬ŮѾƮʮ֮⡣ 
һᳵ·ǰٸнΪ˵ҸС̣֮ʮ꣬ΣһǶֶ֮˰ȥģҲ룬ҲáԼ·ûȥɣ 
˭ǿӼһߴӢӿߵңǳԾţʡ 
ǿʺԣұⰡһҪΣ̧Ⱦ͸ǿһšһ첻ֲʶϴˣԼѡô͵˵Լֵ̫ʧˡ 
ϴ󣿡ǿӵӶҪˣ˵ǻϴ󲻴ǡˣϴôֱˣƤ 
һȥ񲻶ģͬƵģҿûȺãһеƿǿӣɳϣһֵɳϣӺ˵أ 
ǿӾվڲ輸ǰ棬ί˵һͳȥ̽ϢˡһûϢǶ켱ˡҺͺӰ඼ˣұĴСӽ˵Ҫңûл 
Ҷһûôоһأѵһ˼켸ҹһΪҵ˹ԼֵܶˣǶǿӲؿװʣôȥѽ 
ӽҽȥûߣͻˡǿС͵ 
㻹ģһЦӭ 
ҵĿǴģǿӺƵͷֺõ 
绰ӣϿС뵽Լֻе᲻áλǧǮ൱µĹѽСΪжǮ˵ġ 
һ˵һˣ֣ϲķ۵糸ظϻһһ㶣źһһͷ˽ĻޡһҲǱӷᣬ۾ʪ§źӵͷĺ󱳡𿴺ƽʱǶı۸ǿӣʵŷһѧУһţ֪Ҫ۸ٴΡ˴ΪǴũˣ˰ͬѧϷŪŮͬѧԸһȻҲòƾĳɼӮôҵƾȭȭЩڰŰߵоǿӡһҪ޽жΪԸ򣬰Ѹĵסʧȥһ͵ʧȥĹǣЩȫǿһäĿݲżڼһصȫ緢ͷ˳ǿȻͷԼ򵥣ԴӸһܵһ෽չˣһҲءʱʹ飬ԼҲǱ顢һһҲУ԰ߵСֵˣ򸴺 
ȶɳϣһԼΣվһ飬ӺǿӲԼͷҧΪ췽ҹ̷˫ֺݺݵ˼۾ϸϸع۲һð죬ɹšһһ죬ĳһɫ򣬻һȦȻͣϣͻȻչʾ֮һض˵ҽ̸ǵĹϰûУ 
ˣǿӺͺͬػش 
ʾһ¸ҿһĵ˵ϴαʦö˴Ժһӳʶ˶ҪԣҲԼԺиҪԼǹƥǺѵġҪ֣ظԼˣǿӺͺӵʵܹԼæ 
ǿŪڿ˼֣ȭҲĺ硣һ߿ҡͷǿӻ⣬ΪԼ֪жһһǿӱǰǿ࣬ĸ֣ǵ㹤ֱǻȭȣ˵ӶʸֻڻҡҪˣˣƵġԺÿϸҺú 
磬˯һĿ֣ǵʱ˯𡣺¶ʱǲ𴲵ߵСݴһ١Ȼһ⳵ĸɽϰ֮һָԺҲһ˹Ըоͬȷʵһˮ룬ʵһɹԽɹĴžѾ򿪡һһڵʾΪʲôʱմأ 
ûʲôʱմѽһʵ 
ʱմҲʱ֮ţͨռһͨһͬʵռĶԪռ䣬ͬޣȴʵڡֻӵгǿʵ߲ܷΪ죬ķʽͬﵽľҲͲܹͬռˣʵǷëǡѾ߱һʱմˡҸ·ֻҪһʱ֮ţһ¾ˡĵָ˵ 
һǿӺͺӸԼλ˹ȷʶڵڵΪѸתС۾΢΢ųһ⣬䵽ಿλ﷢һ⣬ԮŽ࣬Ȼâ𽥻ۡںϣγһɺӿͷϵײǡһ¡¡ڳܲסײȻпһĺڶһһĵƹʱ硣аţ 
ƽסôƨĵطкôأ 
ˣ治󣬲ܴԺ󲻿ѽĹԽߣٵĵط͸ࡣﵽһĳʱܹһȴˡʲôҲ֪Щڡ־￴ġؽ˵ 
һټʱֶǺ쬣˹ϢĻһչ٣ҲӦ񹦡뵽һɵļЦſǿӺͺӣÿǵٸӵϣ񲻸ãԵÿп࣬Ϊˣλֵܣָĺݣ 
ǿӺͺϰͻȻо󱳺һͬʱսû£˭밵ѽǿֹΪֺҺ죬˵˼ϴĻ⣬ûʲôѽ 
ɫǿʺԣôѵ㡣һһһͽʱմѽ͵ǿӹǺĺСӣúɣһѡ񹦡һ㽻ÿһݣԸ۾õһ 
ϴ󣬾Ⱦѽǿӿһ׹սľġ 
£ǶĿ飡һع϶š



ʮ Ůɱ֣1

       һǿӺͺսʱմ֮ʩչ֮صﲻãվĵطһŮӣ޵ӣ˸⣬ͤͤһȹƮѰһ飬ûκη֡̾һʧӰ٣û һŲ߽һҷ꣬˼ˬڵСˣҪһƿͷȻԵõһ²ԷУϲ˼ζԷĸоƵȤ᲻ġ͸Ŵܿܿ࣬ŲͬǾʡŵĸоã 
СʱԺ󣬾ƹ˹⣬һԼӣ߳Ƶ꣬űãҡߡ񣬿ɣʳ⣬ɣ޾ƣҲͣƣ£ɫҲ 
һõ룬ߵſڣͳԿ׿ʱ־ͱ˷һ֧ӲĶĺ 
ģףһһãɵذѵƷ 
ϣ֣ҵĸ첲ҪˣһŮʹ˵ 
ˣܶŹ˵£ŮϹɶһſ֣Ůվֱӣ٣ⲻʲôһɫһ˵ʲôΪԼǾ˲ҿɲһס 
㡪ǵһ۸Լڼ︸ĸİٰǻڵλ£û˸ҵ֪νСӣŴϷŪȫ⡣˵ǽӵ˵ʧٶˣġ 
˭ʧˣһһʱ⣬¶ʡ 
ֽһ 
ңɲ𣿺Ӻǿûȥѽ˭أһվſڣͷ˼ 
ŸŮߣһӶǸ̫࣬ˡҿԽȥ𣿡ʡ 
һ򿪷ţȥɳϡԼϴϴȻ󵽳裬һ͵ǰĲ輸ϡԼһɳϣ赭д˵Ҿһǲˡ 
һôʧٵģôģײ´½һȲ׷ʡ 
ôĲҪҪڻúúõģҪĹġOKһСᾯ죬ŴԲñҫģһҲɲˡЩνƻĴ󰸣ҪϹèӣײǹϵġﷸأǱӺ⣬һң⣬ñ˭ڡҰְ˶ˣΪʲôûв֣䲻ΪʲôڻҲ쿿ؿ죬翿Լ 
ʲô̬ȣǾΪµģ㲻֪лˣͷϵ˵ 
ͬ־Ǿ죬ΪҷģҲˣڿˡһϷŪ˵ 
ΪģЦҲ˽վӣԼҪ˱Ҳأסô֪ҵţԾʡ 
˭̳ܲģ±ģһԲѷ 
һŮģɰģôĵ˵ 
Ҿϲˡһ޶Ե 
ϲ㣬ҽջջվѲ豭صطڲ輸ϣ̧žߡ 
ջǰŸߣžֳһŮӡһе㲻ˬٿһһ˪ˣо͸Ӳáؿλ֮ͣһԲ 
˾ôţˡ 
ջλŮӴƳĬ¶Цݣ˵ҽСǶ³㡣 
Ķ³ҵġһ̸Ķ³ʲôϵҾͼңҵʲô˰ 
СȻһЦ¶˵³˵вܣһٻĻᡣϣܹܡ 
ʲôһ̽һ¶Էĵϸ 
Сĵ˵õʲôԣֻҪǵİš 
ҪǲԸأһ̽˵ 
С˵ 
ҸΣ˽һͷ۵֣еǹ֡ᵽǣͲһû뵽òŮӾȻôᣬղŻǧĵĹƻգ۾ͷ顣Ůĺ룬ЫܾΪ׼İɣ 
Сһ粻ԥӣߴٵǴӦ˰ɣǵ֯ǵǿģ֮õϲĺô 
һС۾µ˵ҲҲʧȥɡ 
ûѡ񣡡С˵ 
ҰɣҲܲٻ󣬶ҡһĿΧСвλɨ䡣 
Сƾճһ߱ѴǶһԲʯ˸žӨĹâĿȻ䡣 
Ҫȥ򣬲Ҫٻҵķӡһɳ⣬ĸɽȥ



ڶʮ Ůɱ֣2

       AһɽǣҲһˮǣŶʷǡɽˮƣ֣ɫˡﻪ챦˽ܵ飬͵ʤء һٷȻɽۣӲɽºˮϣ£˯ӢۺšҰܾ裻Ҽ£͵ҿʫ飬׷ɽ꣬֡۹ͷԽҲ޼ҿɹҰӣͬĺֵܣҲ޸֮ߣ۰µĹˣδס񳯣 
СձԴ鸴ӵעǰߴӢкһһĥ͸Ǯ̰ŮҪҪʲôأΪʲôһСƵ˻ôأʦ˵ӵаŹ򣬲ӡǴаϸǳȻһѹȸСԼ·磬ڲϵתôСΪǿ𱦽ʹһָ·ֱһĿڴȥ 
һЦЦվ˿ƾСıմ 
ۿһһߣһǿȻɵˣո˵󣿿һǰһѪһں֪Լô£ɱ˲գ۵ʱ۾һգӿһ˿ϧ 
һûеʹҲûиееСֵ۾ǰȻһˣҲһѪ 
ģһ˫֣еվСЦ˵ 
㡪С汻ŭˣ˲ָ˱ɽ˵ɱֱɫɫصػӶΧȻ½ҲشţѩһһƮԽԽѩСı㼯ۣγһ򡣳ʱڣ콵ѩAǵʷǺģѧҵصȻ˺ܶ꣬С˵Ϊ˼һԩߵʲ졣 
һǱ״ʱСһһһָЩдŻ֮ƣŲͬĹ켣һȫߴҪѨÿĹ񹦵㣬÷ѵ¡ڣٺ٣һ΢Σĵһֽ 
С΢Ծһ£ȻһҧкȵתƣǻһתһѸ͵Ϯһηƣͬǧˮӿߵľ׷۶ϣΪ 
һβд˫ֺϲݶԼڵζȼ𣬰һΧγһ׼Ļı򡢱׷׻Ϊˮڶȥ 
СǰĻ澪ˣҲ޹⣬ʧȥ˶־ 
еı򡢱ʧ󣬻ٴԭ֮ССѾûʧɫ֪Ӧֻñ˫۵űһն 
ɣ֮ʱͻȻϨ𲻼һֻվǰ˵Ҳɱģ߰ɣ 
Сۣ߷߽ӵһ촽ҧƣһ˿˿Ѫһ仰˵ 
ˣȤһ֮ĺáһصɽ£Ȼһ⳵سסҺ콹ǰתתȥһһܹ˽Ļȭһؿ˵ôʱ䵽ĶȥˣҶ켱ˡ 
ҡҹˡһſںɻء 
ҹð͵̩ϰࡣҺ첻˼˵ 
̩Aһ˽ҵ̶ʲǧڣй˾ѧĵطһЦ˵Ϊ˭ѽ̩˾³ 
ҺԺ˵Ƕ³Ů 
㻹һ˲лؼңһͲţЦ˵ 
Ը⣡ҵҺ콾˵ 
Ǻãҵĵؼңӭ㣬ź㣬С㣡ٰСѼѽһܵص˺ףɵ 
ĵ¿ηΣˣҺ˵꣬ŵŵţ¥ˡ 
һĮĵش򿪷ţŻûϾͱһײˡͶ̥ѽһԹطɧ 
Ͳܽ˻ 
˵Ȼ˻һҪ˼䣬ȻӦջ˵ͬ־겻ɢ 
һΣҲջ 
˭˭ƨ£ҼŮķŮ˯ѽûǮһ˻ǲ 
ޣͷŸɾ㣬㵽֣ŵ 
ҺҲһװģؿŵ 
֪˭ŵ˵һ¥Ҿˣ԰кķˡ 
̰㿴ɱˣǷŻˣһؾ档 
ɱ˵ҿһȥı졣ҪƱ磬ۼΪʵ 
ûɱ˵Ķһѵ 
ɱ˻Ҫ𣿡 
ɱѵû𣿿㻹ѧɵģУһƳ˵ 
û취е顣һûзҲûп϶ͽ˵ǾڲһӣŮʧٰһʱ䣬ҳ˵ԼŮˡӣҪҪ󾡿ưǲһڣŮʧ٣ȴһҲûС㿴ܲĳæ 
ֲǾ죬Ҹ˵ʲô²鰸̫߿˰ɣһؾܾ 
ˮ飬һңÿӦΡı죬ӦΪסдǵһ˼빤 
һңʲôʱɵףݵأɹô֪һ꣬͵ 
Һ˵أòãЦ˵ 
ôҾåܰôŰɣһƦƦ˵ 
˻𣿡ֺһ 
⻰Ұ 
һ磬æɣץһĸ첲ҡţ 
ưֲһ˵飬ôأһɻʡйľţëһΪĻࡣôʲôƲˡ 
ҾҪ֤ǿҲǿϵǿ˵ 
ðɣҰһ£ввҵ¡һ뵽ϴҲǶܹ֪һǿӦ 
ҮƵһһ£һС컨



ڶʮһ Ůʧ1

       һ֯˶ǵĳƺҲĻӪĿAпֳҶġпϷưɵȣ֧ҵһҵۺкıҲʼղ̲ԭ һװ۾ƤЬĸ߼ڣҡڵ߽ܲ¥¥֡һ壬ϴһִĴӪAеĸ߹ٺţ̾޼֣޲ڴѳԣܿ˵ͨ죬һAжҪҲܹǰӺһΪֵܣνˣ֪ΣıԶǡǿƼᣬĹؼ˲ţ˲ŵĹؼˣˡ˲Ķǳֻ 
ܾãߴıڱعؾضһ˵˽ĳƺܲ˵ǺɡһòȻı䣬̹ģ˭֪ɱʮ֣ϴ󶼲ǶֵһȻͲҪˡ 
³𣿡һʡ 
³ûԵŸһķֵıδܳػش 
һ΢΢ͷȥܿһű¶Ϳ֬Ĩ۵С㣬һҡŤβ޵߹ĵ˵ܾã 
úãһһ뿪λС㣬ЦŰڰ˵ƯŮӣϲԲԹǽϣ۸ǲɲС㣬Ϊ 
һͦԺõģԶԶһŮӰ뵽 
һ·ϣͣһʺãһһӦ𡣿첽ߵſʱͿԼ̫ӦŻûþͿˣеĵŸЦʣ󴺷 
𣬲ӭһ˵ 
Ķѽ뻹벻أߣֵܽϴԧԡиյĳ⣡Ÿһʢ˵ʵ䣬ԵһˡϴĶܣȻ̧ˡ 
ͱˣڣҶ³е飬֪Ķ𣿡һ˳ˮ£ϵ 
³ĶŸֱԲ˵ 
ܵ鸾⣬塢ˣҲϵĵ֡ʼ飬¿һҴֳͰҲӦ͸ż⡣ 
һܾŸɳģԼĵġȡϴεĽѵһ·ϵİķУҲΪ˽ʡʱ䣬Ѹҵ𰸣ֱ˲Ƶܾ칫ҡϣһͿһĻ档 
Ĳߣǽ׳ţܿӵڽ£µһԵɳϣվϰǰ濪ȣһŮӷس̡ŮҵͷʱڵĶ˵ϣӣһСУסط˷ܵʵɽܵķ壬ҵزš 
һæ䣬ͻȻǽһɾ޴ײ˻һͷܵĿ¡ֻ˫Ȳ£ż⣬ƨɵȻʹȫ͵ǸĶѨȥֻܺǸŮʹ캨ؽһصضѨУкɷ٣ܵ˫Ȼ 
ˬˣȴϼۻ࣬Ĳ 
˭ܷʱȻŭ޲ɱֱǹ죬ζˣҲӵĵ̡߬ȭͷ͵һȥ 
磬һʶһ͡ 
ô㣿ջȭͷŭδ˵ 
Բ𣬰ҲǹģղҪ֪˭Ӻ͵ذƽڣҾȥСӵȣһΪԼղȷʵڱ󵷹Լһѡҳǰʬ˰겻ɡ 
ˣʲô𣿡ܺܿںԼϿƽʡ 
ǰ֪Сѣһװثͽᡣ 
עһ۾ֹ۲һı飬ȻЦ˵ϻʲôѵֵ𣿡 
˵Ҳɶ£ֻҪ棬Сһ׮һȻۣ 
ֵʲô˵ֻҪܰ쵽ģϵɽ͹˵ܶһΪָƣ֪ǰΣնֵܲܵˡ 
Ůʧ٣֪һʡ 
㻳ģܲ˵˵ 
ǣˡ֮УһŮһæ䡣 
ܶһѵӣɫ侲طҲ̫ʼ˸ҴкǲġУ⡣Щɱɱ飬ҺٹʡƷ˽ҸǴӲ롣 
ϣλؾԸ羭ᵽһֵܰɣǸµŮ˴ŵȹŤƨŪɧ߹ĵ˵ 
⣬Լˣ̰ؿһۣһ򵥵ؽܡ 
ɩƯһʻڡ 
ֵ˵ҳ˹һ̧ģԸ磿Թ 
ҲǴӦȢ𣿱𣿡§СĶͷο 
һҲ֪ʵAвӦʲôסĶĿģһһϣʡ 
ֵ⻰ˣҪ˵Aղˣ֪ĵطֻһܺȻƵ˵ 
ʲôط 
ƽ𺣰ϸؽܵƽ𺣰ҵıϰ˭Ҷûֻ֪µľǿҡͷһĶƷأ 
˵ô𣿡⻹ɵʡ 
㻹𣿡ܲɵػش 
ɹģ⿪Ц˵ 
ҲҲǰ𣿡ܽƻش



ڶʮ Ůʧ 2

       һ뿪ƲΰԼòıΪǰСһΪ˱ݾߣװѰꡣſڴ߽ƽ𺣰ġһŮϢҲ˽ װν̻Իͣݳ޺һƽܹѵġһһܴأȫ˹ѡһ̨ڱ裬һмɫŮ̻¶飬ŤΣʱƿ͸ڿ㣬ǵǰ̨ѪڣеӴĻǰһѣ񫡣 
һ̨ƹϰָơӢзҡű׾ơСظ˵ơĴŮһֽԡķҡ̣ԼӣӻԼഺ˲ھǰС飬϶¥İᡣ 
һ㯵һڰ̨ǰһոֵ߱Ľ˫Ȼζšܿ죬һСߵԱߵһǰװŮʣҿ𣿡 
䣬˾ϣ֪ӹߣСȹ̫̣ĺɫڿһĿ⡣һһĭĿתضź췬 
СԤĿĴﵽЦˣļٽëһգһգĶһԺȱ𣿡 
һڵصͷŮԱ˵С㣬ƣԱ׼ת˵ǵǰ 
һžƱСλСڣʣﰡ 
ϼĴ 
ĴѽС㻳ɵʡ 
С游ĸˡһƭ 
֪ඣС׽ؽӻ 
һЦЦδÿɷ 
ʲôҪҿԸṩ۷񣡡Сȳϵ˵ 
еĵط𣿡һΪ˴̽Ϣֻýƾͼƣˮˡ 
СŮԱһɫһĸ첲ŤƨɳĶ¥¥ȥ 
Сţ߱߿ʼȹӣȹӺܿ˵˽£ѵЬӳߵϯ˾ߣбӣ˵ѽ 
Ƕźɫߵĺɫڵסһ˶飬鹵¡ѩɽ塣һʹƿĿ⣬صʣҡͷ𣿡 
СɫһĮʣûУҪǸ𣿡 
һƲԣæΪԼ绤ԣһԹܡ 
Ǹİɣ֪ĹءСֱӣƽ˵ 
էĵطָ̡һǫ˵֪жλС㣿 
𣿡Сʣһÿ𣿡 
һæ˵ǣǣһ˵һʡ 
ŻСܹĵʣʲô֣ 
СʲôģʱᵽһŮɶģһ΢˼һᣬûñ֡λСĮغģʮ׳һĦȭƣŭһ 
λС㴩ȹӣȻ˵˵ˣʲôġ 
˵ͬƵŵ 
һ౻ʶƣҲأֿһȫſ¡֣ɵߵڴɪɪСǰСһذвʲô֣ץŮ𣿰֪Ķң򡪡һͷȥľĴͷӦϣΪΡ 
˵˵ҽ𱡣ϰעһˣһˡǲҪúðߡҿûʲô˵ģԾš 
ϻ˵ЩŮ֪֪һͷش 
ҲǶϰԸġսսػش 
ϰأһ׷ʴ 
ȥˡɫҰ׵˵ 
Ժȱµ顣һƿ𱣬߳䡣 
¥ݵһ¥һסˡԭۻֵ˵ɫװıڡ󲿷ֶȶϸ첲ۣˡеѾѪأһغҲ̶á˭Ĵֱʣݶ 
ʲô˭ɵģһҴƵĳ׷ܻطݵһȥǽɷúɡ 
һصס΢Ŀһſյķ䣬Ȼ뵽ǿӺͺӻʱմ򿪴ţһһ˳ 
ϴôѽҶˣǿӸճžͿڱԹ 
ôһֱʡ 
Ѿһˡǿ˵ 
ȷʵˡһ˿ǿصͷȻźʣô 
ǫ˵ûôã֪ôΪá 
Сӣʦͨһ˵ص˺һȭ㶼ɵڶ 
ģŵһʡ 
ǻм٣ţ㼯ġһָ 
̱۾עģȻһĻۣγһ΢СšϴҸô̽ҡȲʡ 
ǻ˵ɣǿ߿ 
֪ԣӷŭضǿӷй 
ëϯ˼˵Ǹ֣һٲԶûţǿӴԲѵ 
ëϯ˵Ļ𣿡ӶǿӲѧ 
ëϯԷ𣿳Էͺп˵ĻǿӲΪԼ绤 
ǿ˵ĶԣһûԶˣҲеļҽ̸ǣԼԺǿӲҲ㣬ԺҪѧϰĽˡһеضǿӡ 
ллϴģҽһŬģǿӵؿ˺һ£һ֤



ڶʮ 

       ϴ󣬺Ǹѽ㷲һ һ֪Сں棬Ҳ֪ٵĿġɱ㻹̫ˣиңŲįԼŲиʱʱԼҪܶǿʳҾᣬȨǮǴүŲᱻ۸ֻмβˡ͵ǵıڣ¹ȥһ߰˶˵һĿһɨĿԹɱ 
һĺֵܵʴ¥һӲˡͺʣѣϧûơþƺòˣǻһãļˡһҲرˣȻԼ˲٣ֵֵǧǧɢ򵽵ġˣ֪ӣԺţԱ߽ 
ûһж̵·ױúͿ϶˽֣΢һ¶ѩ׵ĶƤһ˵һţп㣬ɫƵĿֻһװƷɿбƽĸԲƨɱıţŰ߸ƤЬ߶һŤһĶˡ 
ǿӺͺӲԼͬ˵磡ŮӺݺһҺǿӸѪˡ 
ֵûŮ˵һֺֺЦǿ磬档˵ǵľ칫ʹˣ 
ᣡ¡һԱߵһе˵ϴôˣҿɵܽأ 
һزЦ˵ʲô 
ȥģе㺦ߵصͷȻְͷʣԺ˵ȸҲ 
һоһϷ֣޾ܿġһ뵽ѩͲиͷѩΨһŮӶǻƿƯ˵Ҳֻһķ羰һʵİԼɵĺ͵ƽ𺣰˵һ顣˼һ˵ϧû֤ݣⶼһ֮ʣֳŵģһƽ𺣰һҵǲȥץˡ 
ǾͲҵˡһһ˵ղײգĶǿͣ涼ԵͦԵ֣һһһ͵ǰȽƵƣֿʼûسԶ 
һƻؾƱͣľƽ˳˵ϡһ¾Ʊùľ˵Ǻþƣ˷˶ϧѽǿӺͺһ߰Ĵָϴ椵ľտݼͶء 
񲻶İߺӣ˵ֳǣҲǣһֻһһģߺ͡ǰ֪ͶонˤǽֻǱкһ֣Լ鲻Խ쵽ԼôˣѵĿʼϲûεļһˡ 
ҿǺⰡһƿٶ飬һƿʮһƣٳʮڡһдʣͣ߶ 
飡ǿȲ˵ 
һתǿһۣǿ֪ƵĵͷƨҲҷһԱ߿ˣ͵֡ã˭СϹˮġ 
ƶˣûãŭ 
ˣ벻ˣôͲһƵĿķ۵Է༥ 
֮㲻ҴãҸû꣡˵꣬һĽϺݺݵز£תߡ 
Ѿͷôÿ˽šϣ޹ĽҮһʹĽŲ롣 
ǿӺͺҲ̲סЦ 
ЦɶЦһ˵ 
ϴǷˣǿһЦһߴŴ˵Ҷľ糤֮ˮϲ 
ߣʵǸߣԵ̾ 
ٷųƨϿԷԹҴǵһõطһסЦǺǵض˵ 
ʲôõطǿӺʡ 
˾֪ˣһأһھܾ 
Ƶ꣡ȫһľƵҲ˵ӣ춼ҮһǿӾͲסڵ̾ĽضƯСֱˮ 
ϴط죿ӿһû˵ղҿ˶ǳ 
ûɶһ¸鷳͵ǰѹǮ˭Ϳġ 
ǿתͷʣϴôǮҲûϰ࣬͵ģģ 
ȣ˵ţһǿһš 
ϴǧҵѽǿӻסмֵǮﰧš 
СûϢͽ㿪磡һӻûɵĿⶢţֶ˵ǮҿģԺٸϸ˵ߣѵһأǳʶúܣһקذǴ¥ 
ϴҡӳɲ˵ 
ϴǮ򵥣ʲôǿӰͦصضԺ˵ 
ǣѧУʱ߶ҪXXXǾ͵ʵϰ׶ΣΪŮ׼һɷнµظϻɫοΡ 
ܵ󵨵ǰߣǿӿλСسѺһĽССǰһƣ 
ǿʺԣûзײײزλСײݵһ¥סϸ֫˵ذһ䡣 
ϴøǿ§һĸߴСЦŶһ˵ 
СӣСĲ񫣬ר׳ˬһΪֵ˷ſ۶еӺɷɴߣͲܾСڣܷղӡοضǻӻ˵Ǿȥɣˣ 
ǿӺͺӵλС߽ȥ֮ʣµһλС㵨ӵĺ̺˵кηԸ 
ҡһеλƨ滹δģСĸ첲˵ȥһСһᣬװκܺ35ӢҺƽֱǴʵ磬죬ҺԣӦоСһСʵĴϣֱŵСȹӡ 
 
ꡪһѸְС촽ϣС˵ 
ԼС㿴һҵקԼȹӵϱߣӲֵ 
ʲô֣һĻʡ 
Сܿȹӡ֡ڿ㣬ɬվߵһǰʼظ· 
ƤǺܰףǺܽ͸ഺĹ鷿е΢΢´*졣ڵˮεسСݡһع壬ƾѹ·һߴͦΣޱȵ¶ǰϲһ׳˵壬ִûиܹ֮С 
һתӣ˵ôɣ 
Ľصͷ 
åһߺ޵һĶġ 
СӣٿеС˳¥һ·˵ҲϰɣǮġ 
Ծһսľʣܡҡʲôطû𣿡 
һ嶶ɸ˵Ҫ£ûȤղӡû뵽ҸмƵı˲ιۣûҪ˰οС㣬Ц 
óøܲ𣿡ĵ˵Ů˾ǹ֣е׷õӣҪԲšĮԶе棬ͷõ㡣 
ǣǣһæ˵£´´Σ



ڶʮ ɱ

       ϴ󣬲ų湻ģǿӿһ¥ĵϷ˵ ôô죿һоûʲôʱ䣬ǻԼ졣 
ٺ٣ǿεͷɵЦ 
һŮˣűӴȤ 
ǿţһŭ㲻Ҳһй 
ƽʱ˵Լɣ𣿡Ӽ 
һֵֻǶ죬Цŵ̨ʡµļæֺõ˵ܣǮأͽˣǵľƵѣһѡ 
Ǻǣ˿ռˣײ棬ԺҪˡһ߸˵غ͵ߵϡ 
Ƴϣҹɫɺĳгˮ糱е˿ʼжαװжƣԼľӪİѣϢеҲոտʼǵĹҲе˿ʼǷḻʵҹˣţҪˣţҪ׷ʲôҵ׷ѩҵʲôһصڽϱ߱ã˼ 
ǿӺͺӻδȤȻ̸ŵһμ˵ĸܡڰУڶǹǡ 
Сģһߵһ߳ľĽֵһʱͻȻеɱͷмƽɿǿӺͺӸǰСѵ 
žžžܶʱǹ 
Ҷ㣡Ҷ㣡һշŲضŷӵ 
ϣ洫ǿӺͺӵļãǹ򲻹еˡһչΣݵǰһһ˵½ǣҲһô档ǷŵϺ󣬵͵͵ʣ˵زأ 
û£ֻǱˣСػش 
ǿӣôһתͷеǿӡ 
ǿӼѵ˵Ҳû£ϴģ 
ֵ˵ôأǹҲΪѪһͻİɱŭˣԺ˵ǿȼһᣬȥǣ 
һ֣վ·עܡʱϻҲ˷׷׶˾תͷܡɱǸѵأѸٵضһ˺Χ˵ǹʹһЦһգʩչնһɽһȦεնһΪӿȥûзӦɱһ˵ڵأʹŤһɱˣΪЩβֵáֻʹɹͰǴڵأɥʧսĿɨһܣߵһɱǰץʣʲôˣΪʲôҪɱң 
Ǹɱ촽һһҧͷһᣬԾˡĻҾͲŸһԱߵһɱȥǸɱֺηעһûʻҲͷһԾˡһһɱһһ˲ƵɱǰֵסѨɱˡȻʵ˵˭ģ 
ɱһԲĿһ׼ʹụֹ̀ǴͻȻǹણӵХɨ䵽һϣǸɱǰѪѻ졣 
һתŭؿűǹĵˡĸһҹµļһÿһͦǹǹĵǺ˵صһء 
ǵ˭ģ˭ôݶҪԼأû˭ѽһļ٣ŭ쳣 
СӣҪˡ㣬˲õˣĽļգмһ׳˵ 
磬ôûѽһСĺ˵ĵѵ 
ǰôǹôһҲûСһҲֵع۲Լ壬·úһǧٿף¶ļֻһӡΧкںɫڲͣظļ塣ͷھȻڻˮͨӵңӵнղ֮¹˭ֻһأһõ£¶ţشñøЩɣ 
磬칦ܣСɱ־״˵ 
ʲô󣡡ǸΪ׵Ĵˢشһ䵶͵һһʱ죬һӣն񾪡ǽ֮ӰȫޡձʿһʼСĽ䱸ſʶĹĸƽǰвϵı任ʮСһıۣ侲עǰ·ߺ书ʽǶ󽣷ɢһа֮һģӰ뵡ʯ䣬ÿ˶žŰʮһ֮ 
һ߳ɹʹնкɨǧɽХǿӿ硣ӰʱΪΣͬʱƺһֳΡһŪؿ˵Ҫҿӣѱ˰ɣ 
˺Ϭʹ˸ɫͬʱʮըһƬڡһͣԾζܣǹ룬Сĳŵ괬ԼֻһΣԲʲôʧ 
ȵɢһٿ֣·ըĿӿݣʮɱһ⣬֫ϱۣҾ御ĸһӣҲûһڡһȺ֮ͽѪɱ֣ 
ʱѸٵذΧԺ󣬻ͲﴫȰĻһеЦﷸѾûˣ޹ܺզɶǿ˵Ĵ£ͽʱմȥЩèǣʰӰɣ



ڶʮ 

       һؼԺ󣬰ǿӺͺӷų鿴šΪɡ񹦡һ㣬Ǳǿᡣ˺أȴû֮ǡһԼӵеǺδˣζеõʾѹԴԴϵ͵ǿӵڡֻǿӵ˿ϣӵҲ𽥻ΪѪˮһ˳ƺǿӣӵϾ͸ðˡ˿ڴһӵʹӴˡû˵ͷ׾ƺ˿ڡڶһ˵ǹͷˣԵģҲû⡣ һǿӺͺڼˣԼݺзÿݣպƤȻһ𣬴˯һ 
ڶϣһԵʳȻ̸ǹ񹦺漸ķٴ͵ʱմ 
æЩԺһɳϣŲ¡ˣվ򿪷ţԭýԺеʣ·ϵɱ˰İɣ 
һ˵ְҵôûɵ۹⿴ˡһȥɱ𣿡 
㲻ɱʣȴ˵ûɣصһ˵ 
û¸զģͷӣһ˵㾿ǿһˣҲţ 
ʲô㣿ҽһϰ˵·ϷشǹɱҵֳһͲһĴͽܸɵ˵ġҲһйأ̽Ħ˹ϰ 
֤ץѽҪϹһȻϣѰµطʡ 
ΪʲôҪɱǣֻ˭Ҫɱأ辶ӱ𴦴ȱڡ 
ôôأҪ˵һٱ𣿡ְ뵥ϸŮӣһû취 
¥иŮʶɱ㱨İɣɲŹ׷ʹ 
һһҧСôߵĸԣԲЩСͬۡ 
ôô϶㰮ˣ 
 
ˣ 
Ұˣ𣿡һζҪըˡŮӣֱ 
ţЦǺǵػش 
ҶҪˣһŵŻӡ 
ôѿ𣿡Ȼɫ˵ 
ѿʮѿһ㲻֪ûϹҡ 
ҵţɫɷף׵ˡ 
ŮӾ鷳رΪǵŮӾ͸鷳һڻûϲʸΨһŵѩ֪˲ŮΪԼ˺ԼĿǰʱΣգѰգûµĺá˭Ҫأǰɱ֣ӦáѾҺˣڵѾԭһˣǲϳҲ벻ġôֵʲôˣﲻᣬҪͱˣôʱ䡣ǾڵŮʧٰˡϴڻƽ𺣰֣ǲֵܣǾưոݵġȥ飬̽ 
ҹĻ٣ɫưĹڲġһƽ𺣰ķȥͷǵ㣬³ˮҵƻĳУҹͣҲûȤʧȥѩҲ᲻ڣҲǰƽһҪһѰһܲΣض־ʰ쵡ҵ֮· 
һڻƽ𺣰Ѱһ飬ҵ˾ҡϰһӢˣʮ꣬Ũüۣ촽߹175ıɱҵĻ𣿻طҶš 
üͷƵֲͣɦĺڷ۲˺ܳʱ䣬ҲûзκһƯŮ㱨ιļǩ֡Ū飬ȡûģ򷢳ȥ쵽ҹʮˣǶԵýšı顣һŲסȵʱˡȰŷϣȻߵļǰһţһһ飬ڹͻĵطһŹӻƶ򿪣¶һš߽ҺԶϣӺԭδߣıļһ 
˰棬ͳֻ˺󣬳ϻ̳Ͽֵ˵³ϴûãҰɣ 
Ͳ̫Сһʼ 
ǣ³ұ֤񣡡ϹϾ˵ 
߳ңϰһŤϰһ¡ܿ죬һƵ˴˽ʣкηԸ 
ʮһȥӻλ࣬һҪֵȥֹб䡣 
ѵҺڳԺڣ²ΪȻ˵ 
з˴󣬻СΪ˼һ˵ɼֵſţһжϱ档 
ģڴǵߡֵ˵ 
ܣôǲű˾͵ڰԼԴֻͣǮ׵ġؽѵĵܵܡ 
ǣ磡ܵܵͷϴ 
Ը֮͵ڵˡһĹۿظ 
ݰգһڴĴҹ䡣Ůβ֣мΣһͻȻͷ׷ȥ䣬ǶѡҲͷˣҲ򲻹ԼץһҲû塣пֻһٶˣʡŻһӣ˵ԶõġһһǧһǧһڡһڡһܲԿ໹ǮأϴͶƱɥ·вͨˡ·Ӻ󶼲ףǮ̫ˡϵĽ׻ʲôأǵĻӦǶƷ򶾷ҰǵǮˣͷ𣿵ʱڸ绰һ򾡣еǮҵ֪Үһֵָһ˶֪Ļ



ڶʮ ջ

       ҹһֻèٴϢǱ뵽˼䣬ɫ۾ѰеһȴҪѰҹһոµ ʱ佥Ƚ23㣬ɫĸ߼γʻƽ𺣰ĺţ·ٵԶȥһӰɵգȻʧȥټ 
γʻʮӺ󣬿һĹⶼǰäĿʴҴµĺ֢쵼ҵһϰ壬Ͷʰ쳧˰һ·ơϰֻµƤ򵥵£ϼ䷿ӣ쵼ˣһţ㿪ˡ쵼˵ҲˣʣľǳŮޣȵƤֵ۳ȥеǱ˹˵ƣȨıȡȻҲΪʽ㣬߾ӪƶյġĿǰ쵼ѾʼӶԼ̺ͼͶʽר٣ǧϳǣ¾ɽ棬 
һߴƾɵĳǰͣ׷߳ʮȫװӣÿ䶼һǹǰĵܵܣī߽ܵһɫƤ䣬ں棬Ҳһӿ롣ȵǽȥãڳǰҲͣʮ¹ڲĺꡣһĴ£ӵ 
ɺðƤЦⲻЦض˵ 
ֵĺ鸣ֵܻúõĻţҲЦŻش 
ͼ˰ɣõĺ飬˵ϴʧ֣ΪֹһҲ֮а˵ 
ллֵĺ⣡𣿡ⵥֱ 
Ǯ׼𣿡ʡ 
ʹ㣬һֽǮһֽҹζֱ࣬˵شߴ١ 
ãӣҲˬӦ 
ܣСĵ㣡ĵܵܵ 
Ӻĵܸܵߵм䣬ֱӣ͵ԷǰĵܴܵƤóһԲҩ裬߳˳˵΢Цŵͷ 
ҲóһԪƱһżһ£Եͷʹ˸ɫͻȻγļһĵܵؿҲγǹ߿м΢ǹУҿĵܵ׼ٵſ£ȻѰνз˫˼ҵĻսֽ׶Ρڵֶ࣬ȳ֣ռоԵƣܿ죬𽥼٣Ҫֵסˡ 
ܣûˡϵضԵܵ͵ɣܷʧףѪ޹飬ͷӷҲɡ 
ܽ˼ǹ͵ʮ˹мƤȥӣҪǹӡҲˣһ̨ɻĺضԺ˵ 
һԾ͵ǰӡǿҪõӵʱһӰӲɡߵ˶һ㶣Ǽˣû˶Ͳˡǻ໳ǶԷһ֣ﲻסذԷմʱ澯ɾװؾɿشӳǹųǹ;ѻǹΧھֳʹӳĺ棬һ˷ܡһûƭңҿ˴󹦣üˡ 
磬ǱΧ˫¾ֵ˵ 
ģô죬˭©ķҷǰƤɡ׺ݵطġ 
쳷Ҳˣ֮ǰ߱˵ûʲôѽѵң 
ͽǻ飬ĴҴܣؿǹֿŴſľ졣±ߴˣѰܵĳڡ϶Ƶתĺ棬һӣ촰ȥȻ˳Źܵȥ䵽ϣͱΧľ췢ˣ˵ֹͣ 
ͣͷ϶ǹͷһ챻Ȳڵءľһ뿪ǹ϶ؿڱ˼ڵϣش֣ǹڵϡ 
ܣʹشһתҪܹ 
磬ߣΪұ𣡡϶̧֣Դ˵ 
ŲԶľ˼ǹתһƬ֣ʧ 
ֳﷸʮһץ׵ͷͽʮѲ鵽Ʒһ䣬սǹ֧ʮѡһ켤ضԹֳ㱨 
ãӼѲ飬նӡֳҲ̫ˣξƻôһӣAеʷǾ޽еģסЩΪķһĻػҶǨ˵ϲܱ¶ֻЦеض˵СҵҪúõؽ㣡 
һʵ̫̫ˣӣȫһոµİԪ󳮡װжƷӸ˾죬ջ񣬷ɶ׷顣ƷҪģƱɱ˲ѪĵؤӣªȷСߴ󣬺ڱװױڣڰײ֣ǷǵߵóƱһŵţȻһѰѵաɫĳƱһ׷Ʈ䵽ɳ輸ӡϣ䣬ꡣԽԽ࣬һųƱ硣˯УЩǮóԵ͸ѩʱƯ·͸ѩѩŽ׵ĻɴӯĲ߽ź̺áͷϴһɫĻƹڣһмǶһʯгϸ׾ĲԸӡԼŰ׵ϸ֣߽ʥĵãͶĽףĿ⡣ 
һԸȢѩСΪ𣿡һׯϵʡ 
Ը⣡ٷ֮Ը⣡ 
λֲһһȻתѩʣѩС㣬ԸһΪɷ𣿡 
ѩɬصͷþû˵ 
ѩС㣬Ըһɷ𣿡ٴϵʵ 
ѩӦһĶҪˡ 
ѩ¸ҵ̧ͷһĵ˵Ը⣡ 
桪 
һſͣ׼ѩѩҲҸر۾ȴʥ۵һǡͻȻһ˵ĴΡ 
˭ѽģҲʱһ˯ۣڵظҪţȻ뵽һӵĳƱæĿ˵ȻæҵʰҵӣȵеǮװӣŵҵĴºʱѾȥʮˡ 
ôôһݾʹСеرԹʲô°˵ţʼһһĵѡ 
أһһΣһӵĻ޴£ҲԸⰡ 
å־һһ⡣ 
һռˣһץס֣һһͷ˽һĻһ§ݺݵ촽Ͽǡ˺ܾã촭ˣһŷſ˵˰ɣ 
㡪۸ˣֻǿĸ򣬳˵ֵǣһ뱻ٴռеĳ嶯ҸС 
ס죬ȴֹͣᡣһҵģһ顭ǵѩǸöðһȻ뵽



ڶʮ ͻ

       һϢģμжջܴ󡣲ɻ˴ĶƷ˳ϲѹҪ˻ƽ𺣰ѣֽɻ˺ܶ඾ƷҲ鵽˹ŮΪȷΪAеΰȶ˾޴Ĺףܵίıú۵һṩйܵ˾ֳĽ׼ãѾʼˡΨһв⣬ϴαеŮʧٰûư駱ץ½ЩŮܱˡAоѾ۾ȡϵĿǰڽһ鵱УŲþͻջ ˵Щ˵飬ϡˡصˣ׼Ϊһһٷʢļȡæ䣬Һˡһǻʶ˿ʼеΣǽ̸˼֮󣬾ȻȵһҲø԰ѺӺǿҲ˳ҺˣһҹͣϷ˵Цڣòգ 
һѯһºӺǿѾͨ˵ڶ㣬񹦽ǿӸոսڶ㣬״̬̫ȶΪ˽ǸõذԼҲΪ˸ûԻ͵죬ѡʱմһǣĲſԳ 
絽￪ᣬҺ쵽ѧУѧԸȥѧһѧѧǺϡƽ飬һڻܽǡʱֻһˣǾѩһеȼѩ֮˵ɣ 
һΪ̫ۣһڴ˯һʱѾϦ£СԹַؼһʱ䶼ûкúԼ񹦣͵ӶҪˡȻڵٶȱϾԼϰЧҪˡ 
һȱĿԼĵ鿴ԼϢڵѾԭŴһȦɫҲں˹ȻǱһΧŵģȻӵ޾ϢЩϢֿԷΪ޲ϢܡԴȪԴȪһΪȻȴΪ壬ǱģɼȻס˹ʱȻ糤֮ˮԴԴϵرӿӯľйҪԲʱͻȻԼƲסĽ룬ҲӿľڵѸٵͣڵסزһʼʹŤȫţۿžҪܲסƨϴһů紺Ϣ಻ؽľڵ롣ϵײڣ൱ﵽƽ⡣ײڵḶ́ҲںϵĹ̡һеԼڵһһǲ֪˶٣ֻû 
ͻ˵أﵽ˹񹦵ĵ߲㣬¡ֻҪſʶѲ鵽ȫеÿһ䣬ȥ鿴ڣڣҶʮļµһɽϣҵۡһϤѱСһһˣһòίꡣ 
Ǹ޷޲ƽʣΪʲôһȥɱ 
ҲҪæСػش 
Ϊʲô񲻶֣ڵʡ 
ϴαʧˣСٵ˵ 
ʧˣôԣŵʡ 
Ҳصġ 
Ϊʲô 
ΪҪ 
㲻˵򲻹𣿡 
İ취 
ʲô취 
赶ɱˣ 
ɹ𣿡 
Ƕҷϣ 
ΪʲôҺʦãôˣӦ֪Ϊֵ˼ί˵ 
˵ܣС˵ 
ҿǰǸСˣҾȥɱԹ޵˵ 
ˣѾˣһ񶨵վǰ˵ǵһϣһոɵ߲㣬֪ʵжǿģ 
Сӣ֣ϲ˵꣬гһ֧ɰëɫǹɫǹͷͨ⡣һ˴ǹ̹ 
һȵʹϣмǹӽһ˳һһǧкȥδʣһг˵ʲôȫʹ 
ãҵĵڶУǹһף˫ǰ·ɣһɫ𽥳͡󣬵ﵽһʱ˫ǰƣǹУͣתǴһΪˣХ 
һĪ˷ܣһִսڼļȵԼֻһʱ˲ųһŻ𺣰Χ걻ǰһĻĿɿڴ˵ǰ֪Ĵѧ찲Ź㳡Էٵģûû¾Լġֻǰž޴ͺգʧԽȼԽʢɫɻƱ죬ҫ۵Ĺâǭ¿𣿡һӻﴫ 
ôûҵìǹأ꾪ʧĿŻһһеضС˵ʦãһɱһʦģ 
СԹۣûһ 
ӣһҧݵһź⾵ӳڰգĴָ̫Ѩָס۱Ƶģ۾дʡڲϵطŴһɫ̽յһ 
СģСһ˹ɻһ򱻰׹յԺٿر˽ȥ 
һСźһӱ˽ȥ 
ԼԹҡϧ˵ϧһûŪˣ



ڶʮ Сʧ

       һͻȻһѩأˮɱ磬ϼӺ䣬񹦻壬Ȼе̹ǣͷ絶ģ͸ı롣˫ۣûпΣȻһ˵ߣæǰСôҲˣ ҡ硪Сû˵ʹһ硣 
һΪǸίӰҲץģû롣Сɪɪֱ˫֣§ָսӴ˻СҲʵ̫䣬Ҳ⣬Ȼһͷļͷ㷢ɢһļͷϣģһŵ§Сļ򣬹ĵ˵ͿϣΪ㵲硣СĬĬصͷ 
һ§С´죬ֻѩµĴرѩǣ˫ȥ֨֨һߵģֻкѩûʳҲҪһԼֺܾãСϾŮӣҪЩ 
һʦ˵ķ֪ô䵽ʦֵС˵һܣ汦̫Ͼ¯ϵһ澵ӣ걻߷ƣ䵽˼䣬ʦʦԵõʦ˵죬棬ͨ˸ͳܲˣǵڶأĻõ̫Ͼζ𣬾书ٸߣҲֵסҿǡ 
𣿡һС۾ʡ 
£Ը⣡С˵ɬصͷ 
һŹֵŮͨһأܼס𣿡һζ𲢲ôģԼĹҲһͱʲôѷɫ⺮ԼҲɶΣգֻǵС˹ؿڡ 
С·𿴳һ˼ﻹ۵ģ˹ԼİΣҸһĻ￿˿˵ûǣϰŮҪҲڼֻҹΪŻֻҪͬʱ˹һ 
²˳٣ǿʼɣһڵ˫ֶС˵ 
СҲ˫ãǵʼϣѪĸоࡣؼȻɺХˣӵвһůڲͣʡ 
Ҳ֪˶೤ʱ䣬ǺȻеȣ·һƬ֮Сͬʱ۾Сϲ˵ڴһˣ 
һ˵ͬʱδΪСǣһؿɲǺöԸġǵΧˣϵ·ѱջ٣ҶҲյķ죬̡ͷлϵڣð̣ͷֵĵҲһ۾ͿһŮ塣ԭѩ׵ļڱ濾ĺ޵ģˡȴͦ鷿ϣ解ΣҧһڡСͻȻеһңԾ۳ԵضԼʧɫԼƬ¶ʱʱߵͨ죬ּĺ۾ 
һﾪˣһŻҵջĿ⣬סܵĻԽԽ࣬ԽԽ󣬲ʱػһȼձըԱԭҪ̫߳ࡣڣ˷һȣͷҲɿݷˡùζΧʱоˡ 
ȣȣʧȥһıСһ͵ֿסˣڴ¯տһѪڣϴֱߵ 
һۿСͷ㷢һһƵģͨ񷢸գ˫ֲͣ˺ţ·ҪԼеĶȥһͳ屻ץһѪۣһһʣСôʵԼҲ֪ 
һҾҪˣĻɣС˻Ե״̬૵˵ 
ãҪһ飡һɵرС§ڻСеԹ⻬ϸӴһС鷿ֵʱһͷԺһը죬ȫѪҺȣµСܵܺͦһӶСƽ̹ĸ 
СҲǲֹ˫§һĲӣ룬־˵磡ңҪ 
ʱһҲزסһ˿С壬˵ڵأһķһ߷ֿ˫ȣСܵȲزصɽ 
ض֪˶ã洫СסһѪڣƴɱ𽵹ɽ꣬ûмеɲͬתάĻܣǵһ΢һʱظеСڼں⣬һ֮ӿƨɣǹޱȡһۿһƨɵĻͻᷢԭƨϵǰСѾ࣬ϵ÷øޣرѾҵĿšѱҲʣ΢΢ز·Ҫɳ 
һСϽ˹ںϣΪáȻһǳȵؽڡۣγһµı塣 
ϲɫ˫գһŮӵȻǵĶ 
ޣһʶڵ 
һñǰһЩһʵ壬΢ЦſһȻ͵˲Ҫһģҿûôı¡һж˵Ǹգ 
ʲô࣡һ뵽Լù͸ˡͲûո㣬ӱôԼˡ 
ѵûƨϵǰѽǿǰѱ̺ž񹦣Ƕ֮÷˵ֻҪ˾ʹ֡ϲ˵ 
һʡõ񹦣ټҵĹ񹦣µһΪΪ𣿵ʱҲͿʦԸҲΪ 
ʵŮӵ֮Ϊ˵ 
ǲǶͼŮӸ㼸𣿡һεѿڶ 
ô򵥣ŮӶ֮壬ڣѾ÷߿ˣҪСˮ 
Ѿ俪ˣ䣿һ˷ܵʡ 
Լ黹֪طʵ 
ȺѩޡСйԽѵǶ֮壬Ҳ̫ʱײ˰ɣ 
㲻Ҫ̫ˣǰãԺɾͲôˡӵ֮Ůôҵġ޼ˮ 
ҪͶ㺢ɶѽǮҲǱİһ̾ 
֪֮δ˵Ѱ֮ϣѾΪҵԭԸ㡪Ͳҵˣ 
һʡ 
Һ졣 
ô֪֮ģһŵʡ 
ⶼ˵ĺ鸣˵ΪˣҵҲߣŲõĽҾͿˣ˵ʱ۷ųʣ 
ŮҪһˣһ뵽檳Ⱥһҵң㵸衣



ڶʮ ƾ

       ˵ÿ˵Ц ³ˣһһתȦ߲ 
ʱСҲһĥһСʱǵһƹϣʹģ̫ۣ֪˯ˡСһӣ˫ּɼԭתȦһЦ˵أ 
ڵѷ˷츲صı仯һƬ𺣣һů紺ϡСأһ˫ڱ۾ЦеΪԼ±çʵΪһ𣬸еԲСȡһŮӵ٣͵Ҫ˼ҵҡ㡪һ֪οڣôǸ֧˰˵һ䣬· 
·СԼҲûд·˫ֻסǰ鷿˵㲻ܱһ 
ѽôû뵽أȻҿԻûҲӦܻûѡ뵽ƪйڻû·ĻûʵͬС죬ѲסһԼͷ·˹һ͸㶨ˡԼŪһ׺ָСûһŮӵ·Ȼ̫Ҳպʹˡ·ߵǴҪġ 
Ժһ˵ôܳȥأ 
ð죡С˵˵ؾȻѾˣֻҪȥȻͿ뿪ˡ 
ģһһץסСָ˵˵ 
С˼صͷֲûгץø˵۾ 
ͻȻ䣬ǵɳ˱һİĵطȺɽ࣬գɽϪˮౣѾ＾ڣﾰɫ紺ֳһϲ˾ 
һСֲ˵һٻףһḶεġ 
Сһյ޹°˵ⲻ㣬ԸġʵԺҾ͡ 
ʦ˵ɶָþǡһоЦʡ 
ǶǱʦֱƵģǰ򲻹ңӬƵĸңҿΪˣʦ̻Ҿ˵˭ܹңҾͼ޸˭û뵽ʦȻΪɽ֮͸̫ƫˣС޷޲ƽ 
㻹ȥ𣿡һеĵ⡣ 
ҲȥʧܣʦسͷңʦǸ󵷹Сˣȥֻԩ˵ѾˣҾ͸ԼˡСͣһ£һ̽ʣ㲻Ұɣ 
һ߬סС˫ϵ˵ôõŮӣôòҪأʮ˸Сһأ 
滵ĸСߵشһؿ˵ 
ָ߸˵ɽߣɽַһɽڿһ·ͨԶҵһ·ƣдXXXСɫŵɷףŵ˵ǻǸϿ뿪طɣ 
ΪʲôʲôµģһĪʡ 
ɽʦĵطʼҾ;òԣôеڶڷɽأҲϳ·ʦ־ͲˣС߬һģشߴ١ 
ʦʲôģһ񹦴ΪûмĶ֣ܹеµġ 
ʦǧɵģ˵õһ飬ϳ˵书;ڻûĪ⡣ʹеĹɽңӶ£ڸĶ֡ǻ뿪ĺãСһԼĻĵؽ͹Ȱ 
С˵һУһҲ֪ͲǹĴˡֻû뵽ʦԼСĵǧҸɺϵŮͽڻŮˡ֮䲻Уһеɺַ·ע 
ʹṦ±ǧʵڱչĹעΧΪһս׼ۿʱҪˣԼʼûͻһأڱչصĽҪͷһиϾ˼һСò׵ȵһ·ĴСһ˾ͿؾͰӴˡһ·˾ǳ飬óԵˮȣ֪ǵɽεĴѧ󣬾͸ӵȳϡɽһǮһҲûҪ㼱۳СԲµַԺϵա 
СĴ·չȷɻҪ죬һСʱǧ·̾͵ˡ 
˼ţСͥһʰ䡣ȵԹˢɫѾ磬һߴСȥϴ衣Сһɫ䶢ԼҪһؽϴ䡣ŻˮһɳסˣԳС̹ܵһС˲ô࣬·ϴų˽ȥ 
ǳ˵»Сʤ»顣ⶼ˵ոճ¿۵ŮرĿҲرʢһζǺġڣһǸ򵽴еĿ֡һκѩûкúõػζ֣ϴڱȻõͷţ־ѣ޷߷Ŀңһ˶ȫſ޹˼سĺһֵĲֵһҸ˹ȡǴϴ䵽ɳɳҵĴϣÿƶһطһԸ߳ĿʼȫˣޱߵĴɫС 
ʹ̺֮ɫǾڴϣһ˿ңѽ·ӵһҸر۾ŸղŵһСԸһԶͣһܹ쳤ؾá 
ʮȫʮ£ǸϢʮӣžͱ˵죬ֹܹݣ¥Ҫˡ 
һڴһ붯Сæ·ϣһ߰һһ̲סشߵȥţ˭ 
Ů˽벻Ը硣ŮʱС򣬻ܱĸϻԭҲĸСɽ˵һ޻˵ֻվ·ĥĥȥš 
Ÿտһ죬һͷ˽𼱻ǵĺôʱĶȥû˵꣬ȻŪһһһ㶵ġںҺҲɫ㲣˫ۺףĬĬעһ



ʮ һҹ

       зһգǧꡣû뵽еһʱ䣬Ѿȥʮ졣Һ켸ÿ춼Ҫҿÿ춼ϣʧȥұ˳ÿһ䣬һϢҲûСǶΪһˣˣҲиʬ尡Žһţֻǳȥû꣬һġ죬ͷͶ뵽УҲڵλӰ࣬ڱΪ̾Ӹӳ϶࣬ӰɡͬҲǸǡСѾͷҺҲǳѧУϿΣͼҿϣǵһſɵɵصȺʱ䳤ˣҺ춼Ϥˣ˴˲ͬĸоദĸһһһߡ 죬Ķ¥µһ俴¥ϵĵˣ˼¥ƴš 
侲ǽ壬ŮӵӡڿȣȻɫִʲôŮҹ찡 
㲻ҪҵɣѾ25ˣﵽ˷䣬ŮѲɣһֱ׳ػش 
СߵĶ֪ˣӭشкһŮѣСɣǶԼˣ˵ 
㲻¥µҪɱһŮ𣿡ԾʣǰƵģôŮˣλֹŮô򵥡̫ˣèˡ 
ѽû뵽ɣ˵ǻһأСǸ¶һֱȱ˵չˣͬһĹܹһ𣬺ദǸжð 
ҿɲԸԴף˵йĹҲ檣ҪġȻе㲻ģǻǺģһŮܼ޶ҲԺҸ㡣ȻǮ˿ȢţֻһӴҾˡ 
Һ죬Ըһ𣿡СתĿҺǶͬ⣬ôһľ񹦿ܾɡķչΪġ 
Һһ˵ҵȻԸ⣬һ 
ĹСôһƯòҪһԱ͵֣еŮţҲࡣοԺ󿪽ԼĹ磬ңڣ˼ 
ΪǰڣһееСҲͬУʹŮϵķһ١ԶǮ˵磬ʲôʱҪ㡣ԺζĶСķŮŷҡ֣һеԼˣӦֽԵ硣ҲŴѧҵǷ绪ïʱΪʲôеСʱ֣أҲǸи׷ͻɡԼ·Լѡģ޷棬Ҳܴ档 
ҪһЩСԱ߲ͣؿܻϽǰʵҲĬĬˡ˭ԼϲһĴܲɫأ 
극ѾҹһӣһǷֱϳ⳵ȻźСؼҡ 
ڶһ磬Һˣͺʵˮĸһ𿪿ĵس緹Ů˵Цһһߵڻһǵһһ԰ʫָȤֲʧáŮһ̨ϷŮ͸ǾʵĹ¡ΪԼߵһ𣬿ʼһµڽǲ⣬ֻҪܹĵغԼİһӣ 
硢ϣǶˣζ׳ԼֵĺòˡԷˢ롢ϴ¡䡭ÿ˶Ÿɣ໥ַǳǫáϣһ𿴵ӣ˵ЦҹҲûһҪ뿪ġʱʵںˣÿ¶ƣɫС˵ǽ˯һ䣬㵽ȥʹ 
һ˾͵ϺСһΪ˶ˣԼؿշһͷ˵ǿӵĴϳ̾ 
죬ˣһܲˡ㲻ϰడ 
ݼ٣Ц˵ 
Һ㲻ȥϿѽҪϲҵ 
ڼģڿʵϰڣϿεġҺ˵ 
٣ʻƣһҲԲһԴͻ֮ԽʢʱҲԽԽڵľϵʣ÷ŵǱѾʹһǧ̫죬ûȫںϣڲܹĴҴܡҰԼʹĻƽ쳣죬Һȥļ϶εСڴһ¡



ʮһ ˾

       СһͣŪߵƣڴ һʱܵʱСܲˣҺͻˡ˼˹ȥһ˺Һ£Һ·ֿʼµһֵĲɱҺǵһΣûж೤ʱͱһ˹ȥ 
һֵõһ֮Ĳ䣬ڵٴӿ̵ͬĺˮĳ֣һܡҪѹƲסҴܵʱŲӻˣһУĿɿڴŮһڴϣһɳϣдҸƣһͷĹţͨ죬ߣήҵҺ죬Ұް 
ҿĵһΰûеȵһ죬Ҫٻ־̫ѵк 
һʱѾɥʧǣһ˹ȥ˺קȲɣɺء 
ǣķ񣬾עҪˡ̰ͬϻ񣬷ɶ갮ϻ⣬Ҫۡ 
һԴ󷢣Һ亦ͬ۵Сݣ޵С籩Ụ̋޵ֻֿ֮ǲϵʹʡҲ֪һôˡ֪һһƽˣһʲôһ⡣ضԴֺް취ֻؿ񣡷ǵййСȻָһҪһзƽ˾ʱһһͷһ˯ȥһֱڶ磬ͷѵĽкڵ˳Ĵ󺣣㣬շ磬泩ޱȡ 
񹦵߲㣬Ѿ˺ڡֲ󷨣һСʱͿһ顶ϻͼпġʱһŮ§һ𣬸оܺ棬ŮӽʱͷȻĳˣڵȫ񹦡ǻǡؼ 
ϧǱ鱻շֽˣΪˣְֻݺݵʹһ١ 
һʱԹ޵ҺҲۺǣֻСЦճм仨ϷҶϷҶһֻԼǵԼռйŮӵ壬ΪԼ±çΪ𡣴ڴ컨壬һԲ 
磬Һ춼壬Сȥ̲ƷԵԹԺϢһ磬С˵ 
ϣһʵʵشԼķɾˡŰѾĹںϣ·󺣲ϸݵؽɰٴ߸壬߱塣ɲͬͬԵײȻǾκˣޱȡں纣һֻбѱȨһԼĵԼͬС˱һ캢ȫ˸ҫ۵Ĺâ۾Ҳһգһ磬л۽𾦵ı졣뵽һ£һڵϵëˡ 
ŻˣҺŵôС 
ڵܹȥýŰѻһᴵһ磬˲Ϣ䱻ˡˣŻԺò119ˣ֪ҵֱܹжɱ 
ϷŪң÷ȭһʵش 
һһһķϵʣ𣿡 
ҲΨһеʧ˵ĸŮ˲ռһݰ飬İֻһԲ˷Ů˸Ǹ鶯һ飬ͻصظ㣬һС͵åɱ˷ϣŮ˶ƣÿһֻԼϲϱˡԣ˵Ů˵İ˽ģô˵İ޳ܵġ 
ԭ𣿡һٴαʾǸ⡣ 
ԭܰôһ˷һ룬ͬ𣿡ؾһ䡣 
㿴ĸطȥһƤ޳ܵ˵ 
ȥģЦƿһߵϴȥˡ 
Һȥˣŵʣ磡ϲ𣿡 
ʲôʱ˵ٻһȢģһ̹档 
ҺֳĬһᣬ˵㲻Ը⣬Ҳǿġ 
٣ǱǿƵġһ˵˵ҵľԶҵģ˭ҲܶҪţȥ 
˭Ҫ鰡С¼æ߳ѯʡ 
Ҫ飡һڻش 
Һ;أСƵʡ 
ʱһ˰ɣһ˵ 
㣡˵꣬Сֻȥˡ 
һڹӣŮźţ˲赹ˮϴӡƣ˵˵ЦЦʱ䲻֪оʹҴҶȹϿʼһǽһһ㣬̫鷳ĸסŲĴϣ𽵹ꡣΪһǷ̫ǿһ˻ӦˣŮҲ͹ͬˣЭ顣 
һٺһ֣ȻҲΪţǽŮջһԲܷĴĿ޲̰ɱԼһξȻͨŸ㶨 
֪ϦǺĶȹա죬СǳĶһ˵ʲô㣿 
ܺð㲻ϲ𣿡һЦŷʡ 
Ҳ˵ڣǳԶĿǡ㿴סĵط˺ӡССһ˵ 
ں˵Ǯأ 
ҺҲ˵һؼҪ㣬㹻ˣ 
һмؿλδޣ룺ȻҰְǶ³Ѿȥˣҵòַ˺ܴı仯˾ִж²֪Ƿҵݺͼ̳Ȩĸϣ޷Լ֤뵽ˣжʱ˸вѡ۰Ͱ͵ؿԼֲ¶ 
İٱض˵ҲıãƾϹҵĸ˫ò˫ȫ¹ˡӢеľӢ׬ǮֵСһ׮ 
ǵĺϹҺݵһһ 
ţⲻֵǮ˰ɣҪͷһӰһ 
Сңô㣡˵ţһͿʼĸ֫ѡ 
ɶأѲȥƭŮ𣿡СЦ˵ 
ɽƣһǧ˵ 
ҪǮ𣿡ǲһ׬Ǯ͡ 
ҪʽϰҪٶУҺӧͷ 
ȿҹ湫˾˵ڵг鲻һٶ򣬹Сû⡣һΪԼ廨ͷǹͷͳʵ˶ϰǰǮΪ̳кҵסҵġǻûʦ֤ĸʧˡ 
ڵŮˣǾԲܰеǮܵġˣҪ˽ǮŻҲ 
Ҵȡ㣡ֵ֧˵ 
ҰˮƯһЦ˵ 
ֻҪ㲻ҴˮƯУҲЦ˵ 
ҴС͸ʦûǮﲻ㣡С˵ 
ĲƸڼҸúھУʲôҪܡһ§Сļ۰˵ 
ʱûǮǮһؼҪҺ콾˵ 
˵Ǯȹ˵ɣһĵ§İŮ˵ 
ѽҪˣ԰ɣСͻȻСС 
ԣھͰǳˣһצŮȥ



ʮ ˵Ŀ

       Ҫ˾Ҫ֡ֳɵĹѲҺ컹ʵϰ׶ΣҲܰĹĶȥأһ˼룬Ȼ뵽ܵܣҲ֪զˣʱմųǿӺͺӡէһʶˡǿӱǰ߲˶٣ڴֲڵƤðˮۣӸǽȣͷܳһͷѾ175۾ԵøӾܸɡǿһϲӵ§һֿЦ˼һΪǴӾԺ͵ܳġĵҪӣһֱһĲ꣬ʹһֱûȥ׷ԼϲŮǵŮĸױĵض˿ĭ˵Ƶģ⣡ ڣڿüˡŮɣҵı 
ڹ˾ҵһǿҲǨ¾ӡȻһⷿʽŴ˵ġһһСףŶţֵܽһ˽ν 
ʼ˾ãſȸ塣ӳ⣬ô߳ȥϵߺţҵϵпܺǣҷͷж㴫ƵĵѰԼֻҪơʲôģǷʵݡ˵л飬𽥶ˡѹּеĹƶǷ˾ˡˣ˹ǰĿͻĳЩ˵ɡò⣬ñְñ˵ȥɣ 
죬Һ˵绰˵ĸײˣؼҿһˡһС˵Ұ㣬ȥȥ 
ôô֪飿һڼδˣû׼СǸ¶ð졣Һİְǹ˾³AһָĴ̣ôСӲ֪Ƿῴۡأֻ˵ϰǸģ˺࣬ĸΪ˷ǳУѾ˵ˣʱ򲻻ᷴԵġ 
ȥȥ𣿡ĥ䡣 
ȥɣϱҪţοֲǸҵġС󷽵Ȱ˵һ 
ðɣһ㲻ʮ壬Ҫи˶ϡһǿӺͺӣźù˾󣬺ȥĸδˡ 
һ˳ʡǣͳʡһٶ๫ĴɽʻȥһʣҲʡ𣿡 
ɶʱҼʡǵģôѾͷһţЦʡ 
ҿˣԡһʳָŶ䣬˼˵ 
ҾжԶһͣĿһ·ȥˣȻµŴһһܣʲôطֵĶˡСʱ˻ûңʡ 
ˣˣ˵ػش𡣵ǰһվ̨ڽгͣˡ˳һԶһɫճȥ 
ڻüճΪͨߵģҲ̫˰ɣû뵽һһôɽ 
ûǰճһСӣСƽͷԵúܾһǸˡСΪǴ򿪳ţԺҲ˵ѳȵسɽ￪һ幫·ֻʻ·Ǻƽ̹ʻ˶ʮ๫󣬽˵һɽĹ䡣 
ɽĵԽԽӣ಻˵̸ܶΣաʱǰû·ˣȻַ·תéݴĵ澹Ȼ׷ƶ¶һȫĵĵ·Իһ㣬һ·֪ͨ˶Ĺؿһɽƽ̹ĵطͣ 
ճԺ׽Բһذһôǰһ¶һԶ̣水һֺ󣬴Զ뿪¶һ¥ʮ׵ˮ·¥ڷǰһ˵裬һ 
ش򿪣һλ˴Լ˳һǰһֱһֱԼ۾һж̫˼ˣСӵʲôݣΪʲôסһطһжһԡ 
£¹šοǹĵӡһǰȥ˵̺ãҽһ 
һк 
أһߵˮһ衣 
أ΢ЦŻش 
ȥҰ֣ȵϰǶͨһ¡ 
ˣֽһȥ輱æֹ 
Ϊʲô˵ʡ 
ȹҺ˵ȥɣȻº͵˵ 
һеıӣ¥ȥ 
裡Ը˵һ䣬û¥С;ηϰ֡뵽жٸ߼ٵĹףûϰһأδһġΣ㲻ͬҲУҵĻ¾ġ 
һ鸴ӵ¥Ȼ֪ǰ·ǵɽ𺣣ǵ͹ǽһж̫ˣòеš¥мһʮľˣͷںڣ۾ĹâȧǺܸߣòã䲻ȻɳϣҲԲ³һװ˵ߣǰһ侯ӷǣԲµһսǺƽû浶ǹʵսû̵սǲֹͣģʵսϰеġ 
һվűߣųֱǰ֪ľˣδˡ첻µزµƶʱͷų 
˫ĬĬעţѻȸ˴˶΢һеûᶨԼ׾ٵػ֡ 
Сӣ°ɣڶԿסһİջԼĿе˵ 
ֻɳмһС輸ŲߡڷмһɳϣһߵһɳصȺʻ 
뵱ҵŮ𣿡ϵʡ 
ȢΪޡһᶨػش 
ջ㲻֪𣿡˵ʡ 
ҽϰˣʲôֱ𣿡һΪʡ 
СӺܴ󵨣ҷҷ𣿡ٴʡ 
ңֻϲûôࡣһ֮ǰ׼ζҪﵽȢĿģȨ档µĸĸȻԺΪ󣬽Դϲá 
֣̾˵ҵŮҪҵĿ飬𣿡 
һĬţӦͬͬѾҵˣһٴֻǸһӣ췹ʱҲС 
Ȣ˾ջҼͬ£ԶţΪջҸǣ𣿡·𿴴һСžţػؽ 
ַˣмѻأĸģһҲ֡ԼѾʧȥĸ꣬ӦöĿɹ󡣲ΪԼһ˵Ҹͼž۵Ȩ˵ɣʲô飬ҶܣΪ˰˵Ҹ˶ܵίĥʲô



ʮ ˵Ŀ2

       һǵ¹ȡһݲϣݲҪؼһԿףԴ򿪳ȥͨ 뿪ңԵһɽ£һƬ֣ҵһɽжΣգҲǰ߽ʮವ֧һ񹦸ɥˣǾһ亹ԹԣûԶգ滹֪жٿµԼء 
һ߾裬һһƶ˺ܾãʲôҲûһΪǰֻҪŻһԼԼ֪ѶưˡĵسǰʮףԽԽС¶ҲȻ½谵Լ洫ĵˮ 
һһָȼһ֧Сǰ·һֻһȥСжʮ׳̽ͷǰû·޵׶һ뵽Ŀ⣬뵽ûҲẦĿʱͷ¸ȥһʯͷӸ˶ϵؼٶȣһֻӥչ衣ǹĵӣ̫ˡڰȼճһŻ޻ŰƮƮ䵽ĵϡ 
վУĸųǹɨ䡣ҿģⲻҪСһˣӥûһ˵㲻ʱҲ壬Ϊǿˡ߳ɹ͵ػӳնһʽɽǸ˻ûüתܾͱж˿飬ʬˡ 
һû뵽ǾôһغϾˣлеϧԼ±çǵǰһҲ٣ԭһˡʯ֮䣬ʣµѸٷ˹ȭѸ硣һУţУ۵һȣȫɨſ£̱ 
ŵؽһţȻϡͻȻ¶ۣ治סð̡̣кξ壡ϢԭָԼľתͿˡɢǽھȻм伷ѹƺһһٴλӳնͭǽҲһ룬жȻһɱħɱħĳźȻ̮Ժ󣬳һ޴ɽƹЦ·ڵȴһλĽ 
Ľһ꽫˵û뵽»ô˲ţǲϲˣˬʵĴЦɽﲻͣĻصص 
һȻ˳ͨ飬ﲻоŪһ㣬ŮķδҲ̫п˰ɣҪû񹦣ڶô죬˭ԩ 
һƲ֣ЦëǶ裬סغ԰οĸվһ߿һһ΢ЦڵŮԽԽ˳ۣʮֵ⡣ 
ҲüЦشž߽ 
˵ģĸЦŶԽ˵ 
ˣ׼СˣҪȼȻ²طԸ 
Ա𣿡 
ֵСˣϵ˵ 
Уĸָ˵һȥæˡ 
ѾͷҲȥ裬СеضŮ˵ 
Ů˳Ͱ˵С˵ 
һԽķֺ֣Ҳڸ˳ɡɳġ 
Ǹ˲ţΪЧʵ̫ϧˣƵ߶ָɳŽġ 
ΪʲôԼ黹æأһ룬ȴһ仰˵ 
һûзӦб̽ѯʵһһ𣿡 
Ҫ鰡һվ˵ 
££żϻ𣬲彡һû˵ء˵ǰҲ֪һЩ̨СֲʵˣҪѡǹϵͳһĴ⣬ԭԵϣǾԲò˵ǰɣ˵ 
ǵȻ̨͸ոˣ*ҿҲ˳ۣһСұ⣡һͬܵػش 
Ŀǰǹڸ㽨裬һֽܻŪսǾǧˣ˵ǰɣǫ͵һ 
ô찡ѵ̨Ϊ𣿡һĵػش 
չӲȶչĿǰҪǹǿ㹻ʵʵ;ʵԺ࿹ʱܹͦ˵׻׻̻ 
Ҫȵţ£ 
˾Ǻó嶯ҪŴɱɱҪѧȫ̿ǡ䷳š 
ĸҳޱףʲô飬ֱ˵ɣһӶҪըˣǽ˿ҡ 
һԪҪҹʣΪҵĹϵһֱڽ״̬ʲô⣬ҹǳ֪ڵĿֲ̫֯࣬вڴƻ˵Ҫ⡣ 
о𣿡 
ͨķӲΪ壬ǾݿɿϢһаҲƻǲò߶Ⱦ衣̹档 
ͣһᣬһ˵жμӱ쵼˵İȫ㿴ϸǾл񡣡 
ҲУУһæ˵ 
Сӵĵˣ»ĪһڳԶ˵ 
㲻¹ŮɹѸһѰ 
ҶСģ˵ηҲֻδЩ쵼˵ֲһɵģʲôҶҿɸϼƱˡҪŭ˵ 
ãûȢϱȱ˷ˡԼһֱڹ˼Ǯء 
ңˮܶϣпջһ 
̸Ǯһ۾ˡæʣܸ٣ 
ʮ򣡡 
ʮҲ̫˰ɣ 
СӾ֪ɣʮ鶼ͷһӵˡ 
˼ҲǾϸɲɣ¹ʶ٣һʡ 
ھʹ˵Ȥطʡ 
ĶҰһϷ˵ƾǵ㹤ʣҪţҲú簡ǮŶˣҲҪǮȥܲУ 
Сӣǳ֮ʲôҵģʵس޵ 
ɶʱ򣿡һļûаźãԼ뿪ᱻҡ 
أʱԺ֪ͨ㡣ƽؿο 
Ǿͺðˣ 
ڣ֡ 
ɽһҲֻ֣һ



ʮ ѰҺ

       μжҪȵԺǰѵһʱ֪ϲϸֻǴԤ룬и˼׼ڴɽ죬ҲûʲôġֻܴΪAʡһܾ»أɽս̹ˡҪսװһʦľɽפǸֻеľжʱó򣬾شֺ97ܵľӡ һصʡAУյſڣСǿӡӾӭˡôҺأһﷸֹûǿӹسԼȥ 
һļңҶǳˣ໥˵һʱĿ¡˵˾ĹѾ棬ڳӵһЩ̶Ĵͻ⣬ϵһЩСͻѺεĺϵ˾ҵǲչģԴҲ˵ǿӻһϲûһ㱨Ů飬Ҳԭ׷Ůͬѧ£ͬˡ 
Ҫϲˣһ˵˵ʲôʱѽ 
أǿӲ˼˵ 
粻Ҫͳ硣ӣʱ֡һԼ黹˷ܣ 
ұɵվϿϯΪһӷϴɣСӳ߳ЦкԽԽһͥˣǰ˶ǰһɱ˲գ۵ˡħ޷ 
Һأʡ 
ϴλȥ֮һֱûлҪȥأСʵ棬һҺǨŭ 
˵Ӧûʲôɣƾֱ˵ 
ȥ֪ˣҳԷһɴ˵ 
극һԸǰһȥ˾Ҳֻ㱨һƤп߳ţС׷˵һȥɣ 
ˣȥ˷㡣һܾ 
ϳ⳵Ժһ˵̩˾˾ֱӰѳĿĵؿȥһȻ֪̩˾ľλãŷ֪ġAͷҵ֮һ˭š 
ʻаСʱ뿪ʮصľÿҺ󿪷ҵҶǴҵܵⱣģҲٵ˹ʡ̩ǺǨƵ˵¹ϳڳибǨĳС¥ˡ 
ڳſڻͣ£һǮ߳ſʱֵҵı߹ʣʲô£ 
Һ졣һ˵ 
ҺС㲻ڣش 
Ƕ³һ˵ 
ԤԼ𣿡ɿʡ 
ԤԼҺĺѣһߣԤԼ𣿡һͷ˵üСѲƵĶ 
Բܽȥתؾܾһصơ 
һڵؾʹˣƲԳԷƣܰôӲﴳһһؿڵĶԽغſ£Ͽ֧Ԯ 
һһƿʱִֵܳһһڵسһһһһһͰƸʺȻ󲽰ͦصߡ߽ŲʮԶΧʮһɱڣһӡȵγɺΧٵ̧ȭʱһʩչμ磬ȭžͰǸ㶨һڵؽл 
һμæóֻ绰شԺͷһȳһյߵһǰ˵³룬 
Щƾ׳ϱˣǼֱ̫ˣһûзϡű߽칫¥ݵʮ¥λͣ½Ųضһ˵˳ߵߣһǶ³칫ңˡԶˡ 
ֲЦˣһôһԸղŵΪеⲻȥҲ΢Цŵͷ 
ȵ棬ſһģһıΡȻţ˫ȷֽֿǰ۾͸¶Ĺâضһ·ж֮ޣɱ֮һҲоӣ书ԼĶ֣ǴֵܵӦĬͬһ书ԸһѶȡȻˣɽҪǻҪεһ׼ӲȻﴫ 
ǣ˱عؾػشÿΣ򿪷š 
߽װεĸûʵİ칫ңȽԼǼ칫ңͲ̸ֻô㣬֮𣬸ûпɱԡ߼ϰһøƵͷѩ̵Уһ˫ӥһޱȵ۾ͷѰܶмֳһƬ⻬һﻳǲҺĸףүү࣬үүҲ 
ʲô𣿡³˵ 
Һ죡һżɽػش 
ż𣿡Ǿǧ֮Į߰ޱȡ 
Ůѣû뿴һĽ͡ 
ʸŮ𣿡ͷŪеĸֱʣЦʡ 
ңҰǱ˴మҪ𣿡һоݵػش 
̫ˣˣִ᲻ǿһʱĳ嶯ܽģûϲ㽨ûǮʲô֪һҪǮ𣬹һġͷȻ˵ 
ȢԼĹ˾˵Ҿͻͬʹ࣬ƶġ˵ҲһԵĻش 
Ĺ˾ʲôжעʽ𣿡 
Ƿ湫˾һעʽ𣬹˰ɣһֱͦ˵ 
һҲҽй˾ҵĹ˾һһôͷƤЦⲻЦ˵ 
Цһһ򣿡 
Ҫ٣ 
Ҳɣ 
ˣ 
ҪҺ죡 
ûʸ񣡡 
ƾʲôûʸ񣿡 
ƾףӦҵԿǡ 
ûţ 
ͣ 
Ķ 
Ҳ̫˰ɣҿֲΪҳȻ㲻ʶ̧٣ͱҷ飬㻹Ҫ㹦ҪΪ˲ҵҲǳصģѾ֪ͨ˹ҪҰǹԹԵظҹͷ˵꣬һתת˹ȥ 
һ뷢칬ľУֲǻļơ



ʮ ҹլ

       ջɳ²֡ĲУġϣһṩҺҵĵַǱΧǽ⡣Ǯ˵ĺլռʮĶ׶ߵΧǽǽͷϲ˲Ƭʹ̵˿ȴɵңƣĸƵġĸЩͬڹ˾ıĶ֡žżһԺһߵС¥Ȼ¥ߣռÿ㶼Ӧʮ䷿Ӵ󡣱һӾأл԰԰мɽȪ͸ֻݡһСԺӣ˾סĵطǲƺȻǶǲƺϵķݻһƬ̡ Ǯ˾ͣͻܣһǽͷİУ̾ 
ӽҹһƣ͵ʱҲɾʱǡǡǶֵʱһȷſʶ˽һլһа˸൹ǰĸѾԺϢˡϢӦǽֵܣס¥ĵڶ䣬һӦͷסģôпҺĹ뷿ļе㲻ԾһҲû룬ӥ붫һȲɹⴰڴһϢʧһӴȥèһǰߡ 
ֱߵ䷿ӣһ죬Զ򿪣뷿䣬ĴͷƷ΢׻ɫߣŷһǷǡҺŰɫ˯ڴϣ׵ӣĽë۽黬ĺۼİ˶ᣬһһۣ̲סǰס۾ĬĬף 
Һո˯ûȫ˯죬һһǣ̾ˣֵ̿۾Ҫˡ 
һֶסС˵˵ңߣ 
Һ˵§һšһһ£ٴδߴٵ߰ɣҪ˷֣ 
ڵĺŷһ˫С۹۾һ£ˡ 
ҺѸٴ·һߵ¥ݿڣһһ¥ݡҺŽţߵúһߡһûгŴҺӴڷɳȥûǸһȥͱˣ¥ȥҪաߵһ¥ʱ򣬹¥ʱҺĽһƿڵϣһһҪ¶æҺܣֻҪ˴ţͺðˡ 
ܵԺʱﱨϣ˸ڴ˹Ѹγ˰Χ 
˵һɿسſڹĸĸóǹһͿǹһҺ챳󣬻ӳֻһԲȻǰһƣֻһԲεǽǳȥӵǽ伣ĸ˱ϾǼʶ㣬΢һ£ϳһ뾡˹ 
һǵĵҲһĻйǿɨԼǽϼɹնӭϡ˺ĵһնǰӭƣնƲǰ壬Ǽնʱֵܵǰ棬ͬʱӳõһ 
Ϊ׵ֵŵضһ˵СӣſС㣬Ȼúѿ 
һس޵һ£˵˵ϻ 
ǹطֿػ·ڣֵܾ𱦽һɱһ·һԲΣǺ̫ԵĻȻһľ硣Ϭ겻͸ȻǿĶ֡ 
һ̫⣬ҺԼϸ۲ǵʽȵϣ޷ջʱҲֻ׵ľ룬Ȼʹնڶʽһ쫷ĽХȥݿֵܵʽ޷˵ؼǰֵ˴䲻˫˫ƽֺһƣƸӿ񱩵ϯۿԼնƣһҲ˫ֽͬʹ𹿰Ƶģѱת糵֣ٶȴﵽʱֶ£ֵǰͻһ͸ݣдԼ׵֮ɿײȥֵܶ˵ıȥ֧ͬԼǺס壬Ȼһǰһǰ˫ƽ죬˫ִǰߵĺϣͶ֮뿹סһǿơ 
СһʹʮֵĹգ͵ں档һӴƾУĵڶˡ˱ɳȥԶѪڵϣһʱ֮ 
˸ŵĿɿڴδһֵ֮ĳ档Ϊ˵Ĺ̹ġɱǾɱСһôǰǿҪɱأһֻô 
һҺſߡǰĸ˫ֲǹҪòˣһÿǰһǾ͵սľغһĸǰңں治ֲԣΪѡ 
ʱһСݸɵ߹һسһǰ档ڲŷִ˴Ȼһ֣һһλʮ꣬ʨӿڣǣüۣ׵Ķڵ٣еĳ



ʮ ܾ

       ˣ߲˵ Ҳ𣿡ΪҺ죬һһУѽ֮⣬ض˵ 
ʳ֮»Ϊ˷ǣΪί˵ֻҪС㣬ҾΪ㣡 
Ĺƨ˵׻ǲҴҺ𣿽ƫа˭ܰ£һ׳ɽӵػش 
ٺ٣ԣЦ 
һƴ䱸ƺгվʱҺ˺˶ԶԶضţĸĸ׵ĸ첲ǰҺĸ׺ᣬʮ꣬Ǹµˡ˵ܴ󣬲Ӧԭ䣬Сš 
Һ巢µضһ˵磡ҿ㻹߰ɣְ˵ͷģʲôɵĴϡ 
һתļ˵£һң 
ʱѹûֻϡ谵ǹŴءûз磬͸ޱȵĺ⡣ûŵţұ˴˶档һʱ䲻磬Сǿڼҵżˣ쵶ն飬뿪Ƿ֮ء 
˵֮⡣߶Ա˵ֶ֮һ˵ҿ㻹ȷſҺС㣬Ǵ˺ 
è޺Ӽٴȱҵ²ģһȻܾ 
ðɣҳȫ㣡ߵһָȻ󻭳һԲնʱһ͸ 
Ǹļһһĵ뵽 
ˣԷĵشˣаɣ΢Ц˵Цè׽ζ 
һҺ͵棬ҲһС͵Ľ籣Ȼ˼ߣһ׳һ׿ɫǰһŽѣϣͣСǷȴԽԽ󣬴ΧĿѸ򱦽ۣһ׳׿ʱܵĿƺ·ҪһһһնʽɽĿߡ 
һ˫ݵӥצ»۳һɫĶƣƲϵͣγһ׶ߵĶǽնһײ棬С˰ףڶֹϮǽСһסնҲ࣬Խ߻ʧΡ 
һûзնʽѾˡ춼Ǻɫӥצצطһæѱɷ֣Χγһ֣סȫӥצͣײûײһΣһе첲һ顣û뵽ϼһӥצô澹Ȼе缫ǿĵܹʹԡӥצ޾ķȥַֻֻһĸ첲ԽԽҲϵ½ʼü١ 
ҲԴУҪȥҺ컹ҾȣСǻһؼңҲܵ¡һڵֵסһ͵ؽ֮ȫǣȼһź˫ɫ棬һзɫĻӵһӥצһЩλ߳ȥ«ưٴʹɫƣǶֻסǰ漸򣬺ĻȻ͸Ƽ߷ȥ·˼˲ȻŭֽһϰգгһɫĹӣһ³һͷһյĽҲ΢΢ɳʯذǰѹʹһѪӿ㴭Ǹǻǻ㲻Ӻƴˡһ۳һ򣬵ֵס½ٶȣȻһѱһеȥڹΧ׷ױըӵһһıֹˣӺͱҵײһ𣬷춯صĵҵ𶯣ҲΪܲס޴ĳơײγһ϶µذѴһĺû˼ԶȺͷݡ 
һоͷֱ죬͵һѪߵķݰҲǷ˼ͷƼվס塣 
һӵǿ壬һߵҵϢһŭߣƴƵӢš 
Ĭһ߻˵߰ɣ´βҪǣ 
һֲһǵѪתҺſȥ 
ӥצΪʲôСӣβ˴˻ɱ󻼣Һַ߷߲ƽʡ 
Ҳûаɱû뵽ĸ֣Ҫ֪ͨ磬СĴˡǣ˵꣬ʧȥӰ



ʮ Ϣ

       һͬѰҹҺһֱţһεĴεץס𣬵һôϣ紵絶ѩ£˪͵һקͻȻͶˣˣѪһأʢһ޾÷һꡢһꡭ㡭 ĺڣԼûм֣ȥðգȥһпѡû뵽еż񡢴ɽص¡̮ڻû 
ʵ˯ۣʼ˶ն硣ǴµϣҲ˴ʹࡣ 
ʼһҺߣҺһߡһ·ײײһ·ѩƮƮѪ䡣 
ŵʱһˣҺůĻ̫ˣϢϢ˯оạ̃۽¶΢Ц 
Һˣغ滨꣬ڻѩһķ羰ʱͣеֻǴĺţأʹŷ괫ԶԶ 
ѩѩɣΪ˭ģѩѩɣΪ˭ᡭ 
һѾҹˣٲܾԶҲˡһޱȣһ쳣һŴһСһ״ˣ׷ԲԣһͬӤ޽ۡ 
СҺԼǿӺͺغѾɣѰ졣һոµӭǵĲ֪ 
쿴ģˣСغ 
״ˣʹ˵ 
Ҳûˣˣˣϴ󰡣ôҶȥأǿӿ޺˵ 
ĳ죡㿴м䲿λúõ𣿡ǿѹűʹ侲˵ 
ҲϣСҲֹͣҭϸ 
Ǹô찡Сͺӵ书ΪߣҶĿ 
һʧˣΩмĲֻ𡣺֪ǵﲿλһΪ磬ӦڵڱΪʲôطֻأ˼飿 
ѽӵŮѾ 
һĿɲλ¡ԽԽߣӾȻˡͨѪģؿѪȼգԾмĻɽҪ緢 
ȣӼеĺ 
ôȰҺ˵ 
ӰŮѺǿȥС˵Ӧ֪ô죬ˣ 
ʱСȻеԭɣһ෴ԵǱˣϴ˫ʱͷ顣ʱûȣɽΪһˡӥצ಩˼صˣѪģʧ⣬һʼʱʱȣ඼ĽվǿսʤҲǹʧƨϵ֧Ϊڵڵṩ˳ػסھʧȥԼĿǰǿ󣬶ҵһڵܲ˵ģҪɽ緢һرŷƵ緢ᵼһҲֻлǣû塣һ߲ĸʬΪ񹦵Ʒ̲ĵĵ͡ 
СԥѹԼ·¸ҵغߵȥԼס緢ľۡƼ̹ǹһСֲסˣϣˣҺϡ˾ôܶʼļ֡֡ټ֣ɽƽϢŭ𣬳ȵҽҲ𽥵˻ȥ 
һָֻƽƽֻ˯ĺ 
֪ȥ˶ã漣ˣһ忪ʼ¶м߻ֱһһٴչǵǰ 
һվϧذرڴϣϱӡȻ󴩺·߳ҵķšڸղŷһУһѵļǵáֻӵʶ߱жˣ·Уʶʲôһ 
ӥצһҪѪծѪһݵ 
ϴǿץסһַԼ˵ңҲΰɣ 
ϣۣģģǿӴСи˵˵ 
վɳߣˮӿһ仰˵۾ֱֱһ 
һҲǰٸнϲӡſ˫ְԼĺֵܽ¥ڻ߻У԰ԣͬͬͬԸͬͬͬ 
ֵܾӦͬܣ 
ʱСҺ졣ηϴ񣬲һ书ͻ˵߲㣬˵ڰ˲ľ硣СҲջøСΪΪ͸ߣѾʦĸ֡ӵһֵҺʽҲﵽ˶ˮƽ 
һλһһڻǲǰˮƯӵԼڵرĿġԼķݣ꣬ùԺܹõغս̫ģչˡ 
һǿӺͺӲҪ˼ϣעˣԺǣԱܳʱСһָ½һʱմѾǧƽ׵һС磬ɽˮл㣬ľףǸϢĺõطһϷˣ֣ǡңӡ



ʮ Σ

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ʲô𣿡һ侲طʡ 
˾пͻȫԼٺˡִٵ˵ 
Ϊʲôһһյ˵ӦѽΥԼҪ˫⳥ġ 
Ҳ֪ɥػش. 
̸ΥԼ𣿡 
ΥԼûаǿͷЭ飬ʲôǾͰǵҪɺѿǵʻϡʽǩͬġ 
ǸʲôģΪʲôǩͬأһʡ 
ЩǿӡͺġǿŮѵӵػش 
ֻǿӲŻִ£Ҳ֪ලˡⲻҪҵһɥ쳤̾ 
С 
ʲô 
ЩѾǩ˺ͬģǶҪ깤һֲûתʽ𡣡 
ֲЩ˼Ӱӵɲʽ취 
˾ԱѾչְˡһӲҵϢһࡣ 
һз̫ͻȻѵżȻɺ𣿲ܣ϶Ԥı˭ҹȥҵ鷳أ 
ͬԩңҲûͬС˭¶أҺİְ֣пɵġ 
һŭұ˺̩ŵеطҲҺֵӰӣ˵³ͳˡ 
ѿǣ湻ã 
ĿǰҪǽԱʽȱ⡣һһ߰Ź㷢ȫְԱһ߰ԼĶȫǻһٶһұϲǣ˾һǮҲûСԽԽʣ׬ծˡרŸծ絽æǽͷö 
üչһ죬һȻ뵽ְֵĹ˾ҿԵǮѽ̴˾ĵַȥǮ 
Ź˾ܲڱеģ鲼ȫȫ֪Ĵҵܲ¥һʮ㣬AߵĽҲǱ־ԵĽ칫¥ǰ̨׾ʮʾΰǡ 
¥ԱһͨרŹ˾ĸ߼쵼˳ȥһĳ⳵ֻ¥ǰ̨ǰͣ£һȥ 
˭δţͱֵڵıסˡ 
ҡǵľһҲ֪˭ 
ľܶ࣬λòʡ 
һһ£ǵǰְᵽǸ߷壬ǹ˾¡׵ĹϵСҸ߷綮¡ 
ԤԼ𣿡Ծ΢Цʡ 
Ҹķ£ֱءһٺͱ£˴¥ 
ףô˲ˣײˣ۾ɻ 
ſʶһѸҵ˹˾߲ڵİ칫ҡһ˲°칫ңһĸִж£еģһŮġٴɨһ飬һֱӽ칫ҡ 
һ۾ϰϣŵ绰ں˭ͨŭݣŻͲƢ 
˭ôģͻȻһӢߴкվǰӳԾסͲʡ 
һ 
һĸһ 
һ岻ʶ 
 
Ұ㻹ҼҳԹأ 
һѽҼǵûôߣƤҲûôѽȻš 
⼸Ҳǳҳ裬ϸ 
еôʱ䣬㶼ѽҵú࣡ߵϰǰ棬תһȦϸһᣬһѱסһ˵ 
塪һҲƲסԼʵغ 
һ߶§һҲݺᣬ޵þһӡ 
һ߶²Űһһɳ˵ʣЩôã 
ҡһǿסˮľŵһ顣 
ӣܿ߶һ۵˵ҺְǴСС*ҳģǹͬҵྭӪʮ˽ĳɾ͡ǡ㸸ױ˰㣬˾С˰ռڰ 
壬ѹҾ˾æġһмضԸ߶˵ף֪ΪԺףҽΪ٣һʧģ 
ʲôֻ˵ƴҲɡ߶Ҳĳ˷ܲѡѵĺӻţһлϣģܲ 
˾Ǯһе㵣ĵʡ̸Ǯɫ䣬ƽʱֵܣһǮʱ򣬷ˡ 
Ǯ߶ֵʡ 
𣿡һŵʡ 
Уӣ˾ϰֵģǮģôأٶǮģ߶˵ 
ˣ 
߶³˼һ˵Ϊʧ˺ܳʱ䣬»Ҫѡٶ³ҺѦ̬ȼ³λѱС˾Ϊˡ 
˭ôְֵλӰһŭʡ 
Ф³ڹ˾ռеڶĹɷݡѲⰡ൱һϵģû뵽һˡ߶¸̾˵ 
ʵҲǺģ̳սͳŶթӲšǽʹӡɹƭá 
ǺϷļ̳ˣȥʦԲФĵóѡ߶ֹ۵˵Ȼᣬȥȥ 
߶ߺһڰ칫תתȥĵطϵļͻȻ¥ϴϸ΢ȵſʶʱ̸Ѿӽβֻһ˵㲻ӦҾͰͱȥ 
ңһŵ 
ţƣһ˵꣬˾ʹ¥ 
е죬˭أ԰೤ûʲôأһ뵽˴̸׷β߳¥ 
ҵܹҵСѩҪʱǷ֪Ժ顣 
ʹɱԼжָô죿ɷɱСѩɹѸ 
׿˵磬ʱ˵ɣ



ʮ ټСѩ

       ʩչ˴ϣһʿһæҲסһʿ˾˵ǰ ǣӰɣץﷸ˳ѡ˾Ϊǵ˵ 
 
ϲˣץסﷸ˵ԱֳĬ˵ÿһ仰Ϊ֤̫ţˣ˾ȤȻѧ˵ 
̨ʣһǰĳӣ˵ 
ڵصľҲ㲻֪һŮɣץﷸûƯ˭ҪȢǰ˱ĸ֡˾ 
ǿţҵĸֻ治ǳأһԸˣһ 
֨ 
أ˾ͣɻ˵ 
ûһ𱸵ʡ 
ҡһע⣬Ͳˣ˾Ƶ˵ 
Ǯһ߿űʵ 
ҪǮ񾯲񰮣Ϊ㵱˾ֻǺܲ˾ֿʼˣƤӡ 
л˵꣬һһڣʶѰ˵ȥҲأԭأһ·ӣûɺ¡ 
ֹսһСͬԺһ¾ɵС¥˶¥һ䷿ſڣͳԿ׿ţͷֿ˿ûˣŷĵؽȥ 
պûУժīʡ 
ż㰡һϤŮʡ 
Ҷˣɳ˵ 
ǮҪ𣿡 
ǮҾģжĥɱ¿̫ǶˡңܵõôĲƲǻңָȥܻطݵ 
֤𣿲ҪԼͽηСѩڿ 
һΪ𣿡˵˵ 
Ϊң˵ĺǶôĵϹǸСϻˣأ˼ҰϴԶ߸߷ˡСѩߺ޵Թ 
ʱǹϣ㸺𣿡ĵسϴ 
ںڻǮûˣ컹ĵƵģ֪Ҳ޸Сѩڵ䡣 
ںڳһСѾֻ˵ 
Ҳ㺦ģСѩʹ޵˵ 
ҺģΪԼǺ˰ûĵ绰ʲôΪܵ˵ 
ҡܱǿ㵱ռңһ޸ҪǮûǮҪȨûȨķ𣿡СѩЪ˹طй 
Ը⣡֪СӼṆ̀ϲЦЦ˵ 
 
ô޻˵ˣûУҴ 
ƵģСѩһ߽ 
ôûţⰡԹ 
ŪǮҪඣСѩ볯͵һţûػش 
ģ컹ȥҪٲÿݵ 
˵ôӴ˺ 
˵᲻ 
ԵѾʱ 
㲻Ҫڡ 
ͣˣˣ 
һҪߣ 
һվڼ 
ڸܡ 
ᣬ 
ʹ 
ں˵Ժ 
ҲѲܹ 
ᣬ 
ֹס 
ٶĽ 
Ҷ޷ȥǣ֡ 
һʧǵڴϣ罥ֵԵͩҶ衣 
֪ʱϾȻС꣬ϣġƻƣ˴Ҵңֵҹʱࡣ 
һ˾͵ɲŲײһغ 
һĵ߹ȥ˾Ļš 
СѩеŮˡȻһпŮӡôֻ꣬һΡ޺ۣܹ޺𣿰һðˣ֪һ˺̰ϻ񣬶ԼǷŲ£ײ氮Сѩ֪ĳ嶯꣬ûиչһ֣˵һ仰νİ飬ֻԼĵ˼ѡԼѾҺ졢СĴŮһѷɫй֮޲ѵԼڸв֪㣿 
ѾΪ£ϧǰˣʶʵġ׵Ĵδĸ׻ܳᣬе̶ 
ԽԽ󣬵ʪһȻسڴϣһְ֣Ϊ쳤ؾãҵȥӵУ氮ߡ 
ʺ磬һǸ죡



ʮ ɱ

       ڶ˵㣬һٴµİ칫ҡһţ¾ͷѵȥҰʦˣȴӰȵϻûҪԼ£أ Բ𣡸壬е㼱£˺˵һ´ҲˡһеԼȷʵ飬Ǹ 
ĶҪˣھʹ绰ʦ绰ͨ˵绰˵ʦ㵽Ұ칫һˡ 
µ绰ϰϣñô˵ʦ̸飬ò˺ܴı仯֤ϵƬͬФ³ԴΪڣӡ 
ôأһԴ˺޾飬Ҳ޲ߡ 
ʦ˵ɣʦӦа취Ҳ¶ɫ˵ 
ãʦƵ߶µİ칫ҡʦԶģͷҲԶٵģǻ۶ռ˸ߵأͷ֮ززر˫۾䣬̫ˣ 
û˷ְɣ߶ʡ 
ûУʦشעһܾúܾãǿģأι۶Ƶġֲ񣡡 
ʲôģӣ˵ô죬ваɣ²ͷʡ 
֤ʲôʱģʦȻĿתһʡ 
߶ʱġһ˼һ»ش 
ĳ˲ҪǰûмʶҲýֻͣҪ̬Уʦ˵ 
ʲô˼»ǲʦ«ʲôҩ 
ϸߣж೧ʱûˣʦתͷʸ¡ 
м˰ɣԴϴѧûش 
һ궼鷢οǼأ˵ı仯͸ˡǺѵġһҪDNA⣬³һģǾ͸޻˵ˡʦĵ˵ 
ҾҪٿ»ᣬּ̳˵⡣ʱ򣬿ǻЦó¸˵˵ 
ʱҪܣֹǷʱֽšʦѵ 
ǵȻ¾ȥ죬Сһ㡣ǶǣҲ߳»ᣬٺ٣·Ը 
һʦֱ뿪µİ칫ңһǰһΪ˲˵ע⣬ʦ칫תת¥Ժֱ굽һ⳵ѳ칫¥Զ·ͣ 
һҲװ̸ӣһ߼İյػγ¥ߵϵõĳ⳵ǰڡ 
ӾֱһҽԺʦĴ£һDNAʦõԺ󣬶׵Ͽ˿صͷȻָӡһݣʦ˵Լ¶棬һ£á 
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˾˷ܵ˵ 
Ҫѳ¥ǰ̨״ͣ£һ˵ոշͨƵʻ 
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ҺС˻ʱմһ绰ǿӵŮйػ˵Ѿҵ˼Ȼֻǲ㣬ҲܿˡһĴ󵨵ظɣ˵ĹʼӱǮⲻõġ 
æһУһоӶˡڳһȦ涼ûУһƿȪˮ˰ƿҺСû飬ϣôšŮ˾ϲ˵ĳɹΪԼҫҲϣԼһǴҪ˵ĵط 
绰°ʱ仹ؼңϹ𣿴˼飬ֻֻཱུʲôôҪȻҲϹĵ绰С㣡 
ѾܾûвٵˣŮ˾͸裬ӼгĿ͵͡ 
һ׷һݺŹǣһݽѼһһʮǮһӡٽʡҲܿԼθǸıǮôС㣬һƿơƣ 
ԱΪơƣΪһƣͰ˵ã 
ͦģ͹͹ðİֱСƨɱҺĴ·ƨɵţпĽ£һһģջ󡣵˹̨ʱ͸һһﲨĲˡ 
۰һһߺơƣһƯŮԱ˻ûһӣһƿơƾͼˡС㣬һƿ 
λƯŮԱִӾƹȡһƿơƣȶ˵߹ 
С㣬ҲҪһƿơƣͷԶһļһﲻС˵ 
ơƣԱ΢Ц˵ھʹ𣿡 
ллһѾƱ˵ǰ˵޵ǹصΪáƾڵӢӵеĲƸŮ׾Ū֡˲̫ģܸƵģǸ鶯żƷλΣ 
ģ˻ˡλļһӣָŷԱ 
Բ𣬾ˡԱ˵ 
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ȥԱ 
ϼϰ벻뿪ˣŵ¡ 
ϰ岻ڣ˵㣡Աɰ˵ 
ŮƯƯʹʱҲһ顣иԣϲ 
㡪˻ɵʣҵӣˣھʰ㣡˵ţצسһ˫ħץŮԱظץȥ 
ѽ˭ңӣʹؽеܿ˿û˿ԥһᣬҪԱ 
ϣ˭ңٴĴѰң 
ϣϣϲסرϮɾǿ˭ֵġ˱ŵûɢӳ˿͵ꡣ 
ллңԱмضһ˵ 
лңһָű˵Ϊʲô 
ҿ㶯ֵģԱŵ˵ 
һֱûһ˫һ̯ѵ 
м¼㲻ҲҪ֮Ҫл㣡Աֱһϵ˵ 
ҿԳԷ𣿡һȤʡ 
ãٷѡԱȳ˵ 
һʡ 
ҵҸ׵ģûԱЦŽ͡ 
ҾͲһƿơơһ޳ܵ˵ 
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׾ƣ 
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˾ܳԣƲܶȡ 
ͦҵδ̫˵ɣ 
ɽ˾ܲ¥ˤ˵飬˵𣿡һζʶһʱꡣ 
Ҹ°࣬ô£ǸΪɽʵ 
ǸеģˤǸҰĿȫǣѪɺӣ˴ 
ô𣿹ȥ𣿡ɽʡ 
ʲôãļɱ˰ļǹ̴ְֳˣйΪҪǻ类ں̨ˡ 
ͺ𣿲Ҫ;˵ǲй˰ɽǴ 
̿ˣĽ˵ 
ǵĶԻһں¥ǰҲྯڲ鰸ԭ˴Ӻĸ¥ϵġִ˳Ʊģزģһҹ֮ҵҲ֮Ϊծ̨ɱ˶ˣѾʲô¡ 
һθرãϵĲ˷ưһɨ⡣ 
㷹ƤվܾûԶٱˣ 
ףأһŮԱվһĲǰСֹ 
ϰŮȴ棬Ц



ʮһ Сѩɱ

       磬һ͸¼򵥵ͨһ绰ˡ˵æŴӴ¥ˤ˵飬Ͼ˼ϵ ֵѧУתһȦټѧھͱҵҹˣҶæŸ·ĴѧУȥ¥գ䡣 
ڻУ԰ߴķͩ׵ɣֻľУ԰װγһ԰ 
ҺСӺǿӶǬԼҪԵɺϺ˹ؿÿ춼֡ǶæԼ飬ҵ¿ǵ˾￴ɡ 
˾ĹѾҺˣ࣬ǶеĻ١ͻԵҵ࣬ûҵʱ򣬶СҪ֣һϵҵرǴڵҵ񣬾ҪӰӵظɣʵæ꣬¼ҸɣгԻؿ۸ʡ¡Ȼռˡ 
Ŀǰһ˱Ⱦָҵ񡣸ɲÿѧϰʵ֪ᣬеʱ䡣ڹ˾ѴԱһ˱֤Ƿ°װǰǮһ֣һҪн֤·ţӵծҲǷ˹ʡ 
֮ʿǰǣէһΪʮֽõϰ壬Լúñ֣Ȼܵáһ˾ڸմҵʱͲģչ׳ˣԼǹԪϡ 
һԹ˵ıֺ⣬ͳһǧԪǮ䣬ϼӹԺ󣬴ǵԶٺõģǸǽӷϴء͹˸Ⱥ鼤ܣΪϰǮͼ 
ڻ͹һϵʱһӵĵ绰ȶԱʾԼ鲻ܷ֮߳˾Ĵţֻͨʣʲôָʾˣ 
æŲ鰸ֻ𣿡ʡ 
£һЦ˵ 
ûΣʲô飬˵һæأߴٵ 
ɶôడҪǰҵıĸۻˣҿҪǾֳ⣿һɷнµ˵ 
˾¥һеģΪʲô¥ڵ飬עⱣܡһȥæ˵꣬Ҷϵ绰 
ѵ԰೤˵ҪȥʲôҪǮƴҲ¥᲻Ǳɱأһﲻͣ˼˭ɱΪʲôҪɱңĻı˭أڻΪʱ磬Ҳ֪࣬ˣôҪɱҵ˾Ͳˡ˭֪أСѩȻ飬ţӦ֪˭ôġ 
һСѩʱվſ˼һᣬݡĳʮּªһļҾҲûУΨһֵǮһһ̨21ӢĲɫèӻѱ̭Ƶӣ˿ֻ֮Աǡû뵽ȴΪСѩΨһļҲ 
Ҳһʷˣǽವ½룬طԵƾɲӦϵļҵûз󣬷¡һ̵Ķٶ򣬲µʱ䣬ͱӻһգ䵽ǵأҲǱӦɣ 
ﾲĵģѵСѩڼңɫѾӽƻʱҲûؼһһȵҲιۡƽ˶ˣ˵ķװΣ˿ҡ뵽ɵСѩһоֵֹģǸζ 
ϲĺҸô㻹ҵలοΪҵ˱ԼǿܸҸĺ⣬ͻǳĺڣΪʲôԼ¸һЩȢΪԼԴģҪҸĶࡣ 
㰮㣬ֲı 
ҵŶǳģһߵмʱһҵĵذһص·һϯ˼ϣһˣһŮˡͷɢȦͨ죬߻ֻۡ۾һעݶһ 
Сѩ֪ɷ¥ϵˤ֮󣬻صʹһ鲻꣬ɷ⣬Ȼһ֮е飬޶ʱȷʵôġΡϴμ޶ɣΪʲôҵôࣿΪҵҾԽӦ÷ǳҸ˭֪ʱ䣬ĸױͻļȥĸ״Ӵ˾˷Ժǰĸһҵĳˮƽܸߡסף߲ҵ䣬ʼˡֺйˣǮִšʱһҵҪæһʼҲͬ⣬ԭ顣ǾסǮջմӦˡ˳ҲͰˡһзʣûдӦ롣Լε˵Ȱ֮󣬹Ҳˡ 
أˮһաǮ˲˵ˡһûʲô尡 
Сѩ㻹ʶ𣿡һĵʡ 
˭ɱҵ𣿡Сѩŵʡ 
£ֻ㣡һο 
ҪɱͶְɣҲˣαؼʵأСѩƽڴϣ۾ 
һᣬ޶ۿһ˫۾۾Умɻ 
㵽˭Сѩٴʵ 
һ㲻ʶ𣿡һʹػش 
һ㲻ǹСѩ˹Ƶģֻŵʡ 
ˣҲǹԺ̸ҽʣ˭Ǻң˭ɱһСѩ԰׵ʡ 
㡪ҡҲ֪Сѩʧػش 
û˵˭𣿡һ΢һ㣬Сѩ֪˵ҲǱɱεģ޹ġ 
ҺٹʣҲҽСѩһϸع۲죬ǰһǰԲְָͬסͺر˫ôϤӸʱ͸¹̵ӡ 
һҲûи͸¶𣿡Сѩһ㶼֪ͼˡˣû֪ıݡٺú룬˭пɱ 
˭Ĳ֪һ˵ǮǴӺ˾ʻֱӻģǸ̸ʲô³ĹӡСѩ˵š 
³ǸФԺһҪԴ˵ 
㲻Ҫˣܸ㻹ᣬнкܳ·Ҫߣأһת뿪֮ء 
ȵȣСѩͻȻһ𣿡 
 
Ϊʲôɱң 
û㣡 
ҶԲ㣬Ҹ 
ҲܺߣѾҪˡԺʲôҪҡһ뿪Сѩļңͣһ룬һ־޴ʹĥ 
ǰҵģҶʾһ£дһֽͻʵҲϲġʱΪʲôô֣أȻҲħռ˱ˡһоҵˡоӨѸٵػߣһˮػѪʼӿʱȾ˴ 
ļңײһ꾯һǿ׳Ͼ 
űײԺ󣬼ǹСسݡ 
ӳϷһŮʬãɱһ㱨



ʮ ̳Ȩ

       ž컹ûлܰ ΪФ³ǮƣФ³һŭ֮°¥ɱļ󡣼ɱڣʡһǮ󻼣ᱩ¶Լ 
Ҫ˲֪ǼĪΪɱǡǡ¶ࡣù£ʹһµķ֡漰Сѩ׷ѾչֵزͲܲŲʡФ³Ϊᶮ³λãݺˣͳˡ 
Թ壬ԡһСѩĿеõҪϢ˳ϣ˼·ǳϴ绰£йФ³һݣ͹Լĵ֮һ򿪵ʮӣµʼͷ͵ˡ 
ФңУ44꣬רƾ1988꣬߳˴˺˾ڹ˾ĴУѪǹ˾Ĵ󹦳һһŮŮФ29꣬δ飬ձѧӽФ26꣬Ǻ˾Ĳ񲿲 
ݼߡҪְȨգվֿȡƹ˾ģҲΪǲѧԼƾճ֣˾֮ 
е鶼һĿȻˣȻΪԼľ֣Ҿͺ㵽ףú档 
ߴ磬׽ץࡣҪ뽫֮ԷҪҵ֤ݡˣ޶֤ˡǻСѩûкּ棬޷ָءп֪ģ˭أҲ֪ǲ֪ںδͬҲңɣ 
ϹһԺ󣬱ˤ߸Ь߶һ˵˰ɣ͸ 
ص䣬ɾݣһһϷҳ桶ΡϷ 
ϹûжЬߵ§һĲӣҡ 
ûأϹеôУϲ 
̫С˰ɣʹҡ˵İ̫ˣеĸŮɱˡһأ 
еĲŮģ 
˵Ů˭ѽһɵʡ 
ѩϧ˵ɱһصѪǸҵҾˣ̫ϧˡ 
֪Ϊ߿ϧΪӵֶ˿ϧ 
ѩСѩ𣿿ôôѽʱôû뵽ɱأٻСѩ̸Σһӵĺڡע⵽ĲѰ뵽ʹࡢҲɱ 
Ҳɱְһͷ֮С 
ô㱡޾ɵģڰɣȻΪԼǵһˡ 
໣ûɶһæΣֻеƣ۵ġˣæˡ 
ˣ 
Ҹʱͬѧеġ 
ⲻ̾ӵ£˭ϹءΪֻ֣ʣ˽ʲô֣סʲôط 
סĵط֪ 
С²ģܿһҵǵľסַһȻΪСѩѹΪ˲Ųˣǲͣؿţܸɣյķ̫óˣ޲һˡǵŽЦѣ֦ɫޱߡ 
ڶ죬һ׼ʱ˺ŵĶ¾ֻҡʦſڹЦӯӯغ֣ʾߵıС 
һΪӪФ³Ϊǿ󣬸ӹڡվڸߵֻˣΪǹ˾Ԫϼ࣬˵ķȴء 
ظ˲డ 
һɨȫ֮󣬰Ŀ⼯ϯλԱߵһϡƬϵԵеϣ̫ļƵˣͷǵ硣ŭݣһ˫۾͸¶׹⣬ŭŸ¡ӣ³λˡһ˶³Ͻ̸ǹ 
ܸ¾þ̳ǸеܿĿʱһʦֱ߽ͦվ΢Ц˵Ҹҽһ£λ³Ĺӣһ 
³Ĺӣ 
һҳԾؿһ׷ۡ 
ҲҪĹ³ĶˡФңƲæվסš 
ô֪أѵɱ²˼׷ʡ 
ҡ㲻ҪݣФңͻȻɹôֲſڽࡣ 
Դ֮ļһֱӰ춼ûв鵽ǵȻΪˡһƤ׾Ľ׳վƵ˵ 
;֪ФңĶФһѣյͿжϳ˵ݡ 
ǰ£˵Ҫ֤ݣФңӹӵĻԸ·𷴹˵³Ĺӣʲô֤ݡѵӴҸˣͿ˵Ƕ³ĺ𣿡 
㡪Ŵͣ˵ 
ž 
˭ңФңŰԾעʡ 
ҿ֤³Ĺӡʦ뽩֣΢ߵǰ˵Ҹ³꣬Ҳ֪뿴 
ʦһݴӡõݵ¾ֵĳԱУһعĿ 
³ױǩ 
ǵģǶ³ּ 
͡ 
ҲҪŪˡФңسֹ֤ģ١ʲôأĶѾˣֻһŷֽǼĶ𣿡 
ûУ 
ҲûУ 
 
ҼФңָһ˵ 
ʱһƬĬӪʼǸԵǰ;رЩʹģ¸ˡһ롣СЬ㡢żѹ 
Ƕ³ĹӣDNA棬³ȫͬʦٴδƽ֣ӹİȡϣҡ 
ФңȮӷߺ޵صʦ޲ɱǧ㣬Ҳû뵽ǾȻһ֣û뵽Ķӻš 
Фңʧؿ˿ФдɱѽۿԺӦϣ 
벻ɣҾȻѲҪѪծѪһڿ˵ 
㲻ҪѪˣ˵ɱˣʲô֤ݣڻúõվô˵ɱ㣿Фر 
һһ΢Цʡ 
Ҳϣ㲻ԭһǼٵģФľʹʧܣѰɡ 
ˣ 
û˵Ŀʼ 
Ҷ֪òԸı䡣õҲ޷ıһ˵ĻѪԶı䲻˵ġ棬ҿԾֱѡµĶ³ˡ¼룬ʧʱվ˵³Ըѡһ֣ͬ 
ȣָ֧µԪϾ֡˻һᣬҲεؾ 
Ȩ˵꣬Фң˦߳ҡФҲɥ֮Ȯں棬˵ء



ʮ Ӧ

       ФңӶ˸ƿҵĴţ˻ĴӳžΧ£ ǸʲôǿûзФңŵʡ 
˵˲㣬ǵһˡӳ˵ 
ƾʲôץңФŭʡ 
ܸʶɣ˰˵ 
Ƕ˴ͷɥӣФ֪й¶ʱʧȥ棬־ܡ 
һĲݵɽϣһ·һʯдšѩ֮Ĺĸ֡дȻôеŤŤһһվʯ֣ٴ죬Բܹɽ̵ܵġ 
һߴӰڷУѾܾúܾá 
ѻƻ裬һĨڷĹϣǿήҶڵϴѸٵؾԶˣĺϣ̹ǵĺ䡣ǸӰȻ·ʯһ㣬 
ûм 
һжԵô侲 
 
ƽ 
Բȱ 
һҵ˼ 
Զ޷Ӧ 
ֻԸķ 
ഺľҶ 
˰ 
Ļ 
Ҳʻ֦ͷ 
ʧȥĽӡ 
Ҳ޷¼ 
ֻҪѩ 
Ͳį 
ѩǶ 
ķ羰 
Сѩصռҷҵ飬û뵽صôô 
СѩΪеʫҹרΪдģ˵ڣ¡ʱ䲻ˣ׽ŪˡԵ޷ݣ׿ͥĹǣ¸һ㣬ףд˶ҹ˶͸㣬Ҳһжı䡣ͲҶ¡ 
СѩȻ֪ҵģΪʲôҪ޸ǸҰˣģ塣ôôͿأ 
СѩһˡԶסӣסĺá֪ǧҪԼһУǱõģı⣬Ҿ㡣ӱԹԼҵųƿһ·ң㰡 
СѩİɡɱǸ޵ѾץסˣȴĽоҲҪΪҵģѾҵŮѣǶǺŮʵ⡣һúܺãҸͰϢɡ 
̳˹˾ĲҵФ³ӣ˾Ļ̻̣ΣһǰʲôһôһҵΪеȫгǬħѾ˺ܴĽÿԭеĻϣһ㡣ԼܽһķʮЧ 
ȣ°ѹ˾еȫ͵³칫ң֪֪ˣܰսʤŶѻɽļϣһͷˡ 
ԼҪĲһ飬֪˾ЩţЩ쵼жٷֹ˾ǵľӪЩݣȥѼֵӵĵط㱨һ¡ 
ڰ칫оҹͷŹ˾̶ʲǧڡһжʮӹ˾ֲȫС˾߲һ³³ʮܾĲžǶţëһһס 
죬ٿ˾ְĵһζ»ᡣΪ˾ĸ³ʦγ£µְԭФңһ³ְɺΡǿӵα䵣β 
ڸ߸³ʦЭ֮£˾ڲµеķǳ˳һ¼Լûбߣʮҡһǰ֣Ϊ 
ʹСˣȹһʱ㡣 
һδѪ֮󣬸ŵ쵼Σ˾ְ˾ȶ 
һԭĹ湫˾ܹ˾£ЩĹ˴ꡣǲǴӿᣬһ죬Ϊһй˾ʽԱнˮߣϱգ̫ 
ѧУź٣ֻʮʱ䡣ƾǷ츳˵ļܿѹ˾һ̨ס 
߸³¼ĴָһؿޣӢۣú̳˸ȽĻǸϣ 
˾ת֮һǵĲǹ˾ӪȨ·ţԼȥôᣬɲļǶûοԼĸ׻ûҵҪҲ쵽ˡҪһʮֿɿˣҴ⡣ 
Ȼ飬Ǹյ˾Ųҵ졣ǿӸǲСҪԼҲʺ̳ϴƴõѡǸ壬Ǹ³ǹ˾ԪϣҲڹ˾ʱһܹá 
ڸ壬һһٶʮġ 
ںļһҸ߶³̸ļҪļ߶³ûܳҲûմմϲĸоñְһӵ⡣ڽ̸УһԼ뷨ޱظ˸߶³ֻԼиˡ 
߶³ʼֲܣһ˵֮£ǿӦչ˺ù˾ 
ˣ˾żһڣÿԱ쵽˳Ĵ˶Ķ³зΪ 
һҲͼŮţһ𡣼ʵǿͷײǽݡƨƵĶһ󣺡ϴ󣬸ҸŮѰɣʵڼֲס 
ϣΪʲôңǿͷί˵ 
ԼԼȥӰɣһӸǿһп 
ϴҺðǿӸ˵пһ£˵ȥ§



ʮ ħ

       ôݣԶôζûиоѽβ ˣҵӣˣҵѣˣŵǡһҵı 
ˣ컹ԶǴأ 
һӵδ˵̸֪ͨѣ뿪絽ǰ·صAʡܲȻֱܰɻתʻٶ๫̣ŵĿĵء 
һĵʺĵطһһȺСѵĹжʮˣǴǴӲﾫѡľӢڸ涼ַǳɫҲһٲϷ˲ţһĸ֣ɽӣ˫ 
ʮӶʮǰԩˡ 
еһɫë£һɫӴ£ڿӣƤЬԵøߴ˧ܿᣡŮһ죬ɫë£ɫĴ£ϵοЬǺɫģ·һȼյĻ档ֻǰ׵ģ÷ŭţЦʦֵģڱˣ˪ 
ȻδƽǶ˽ԷݡΪһͬĿģΪɵ˵һߵˡ 
еʱһվŮӵԱߣԼִ˵ֻеһۣŮƤû̧û 
һζҪըˣѵҲҲһȻ޵Ůʺ㣬ӵо֮壬ĵŮšɲϲ㣬椱 
ƾò˰ٷ磬ΡܸǸпõСУſҵִݻɣ 
̹ǸʮҵӣǸξٲӲСһĽ׼ޣǼΪ࣬ضѵεģҲжͣ޺ֻ̨Ҫһ죬ҪҵĹķӣ𣿡 
ˣ 
㣡 
ˡ֦ϵĲѩ׷׹䣬ֻ롣 
ǵĽ̹٣ţǽŽ̹پˡԲ˿࣬Բϸ񣬾ͻᱻֲ̭סĿԶһεֻѡʮˣζŽҪ˱̭Ǽס𣿡Ž̹ٸʵ 
סˣ 
ش𣡡 
סˣһͻȻʨӺ𹦣ϵС׹Աߵλֵܻ赹ڵءмͷתҡҡ׹Ž̹ҲһŭһУʲô֣ 
һ 
ʲô 
һ 
㣬ʲôŽ̹˵ 
һǰְָȡģҰȥϧˡһػش 
ۿ˶̲סЦҲ¶΢ЦһһĿѾﵽض۾ 
ΧƳһȦŽˣϿسͷһҪ֪һȦףһȦףɱҲûôԶ 
һˣɵΧƳ׶˵С˼ʼһܿӰתݣٵطתֻܿһߣһɫԲȦ 
泤٣ܲϣָʾʮӣһվŽ̹ǰž׼ľ˵ 
һԾĵɴ۾ٶȴ磬ȫ¼Ϊ̫̾Ϊֹ˳ˡ˫ֻ΢΢صͷʾ 
"Ժôʰ㣡Ž̹ٸ鰵зġ 
һѵȻǶǳ͵ѡ֣ǰμӹָǶûרҵϸ档Ҫ߹ǰأסʹùֻпԼܣ𣿡˵꣬Ž̹ʶضһ˼˵Сӣûôꣿ 
֮ǰҾ˳ֵ˼׼һƬ𣿵ɽǶкѡ 
ӵָ½ʼ֮áһ˫ĺ棬ŷºɫ£¶氼͹µģԲƨڽĳ£ԵøӵıõĽŲƨɵһһҪǳ֮ 
һĿˮҪˣֱʧϴݡ 
·ƨɺ泤۾һ˫ɫǵ۾ʩعͷԲصһеıҲʶ˸ҫ۵ĺ⡣ 
صɱλδСſɹ׵ģҪúõ̲УһŮӼҼңɱɱȥʲôӡӦѧźϹ¡ 
ĴʦַԣתȰ˵ʦãҪһʶǸϿҪ 
ʦ˴ȣɫ΢ʣĻشǣʦ֣ġʱͷһݺݵصһۡ 
һ֪ܵسЦЦ˸å˭ζ˳Բ˵ģһǣԽǵòĶԽǿҵռΪŮ˲нͷŸζ 
ǰѾߵص룬Ҳ߳ʮԶˡһšǰ򡷣ؽء 
Ϊѵ׼ģտʼȽף޷һЩ࣬ǰʮаԽԽߣԽԽ˵гˮݣˮУҲӾճԣ·ˮĸƵģ˫Ųϵ³ǰߵѾûӣֻʣƤһԴڼѵǰƶµԴϻһڲšе־棬߸ߣЩܹרŵѵֻϲƣ˺㣬Ѻõͷúɫ 
μѵ˲ǾӢʼûһǰģûһܵġ 
ߣ˭һص㣬Ҿأ֪⻹⣬Ž̹ʱڲԶѡ 
ģⲻһаʮ˴̡·ҪߣȻøҵڿ顣ڵһɲʹ˷ɣһӱûȥҪôͲ˾ҪشŴ컨ŽȥʮѽµĿ꣬δСҲøṩĻᡣ 
ͨЩһûĥ䣬ʼֱ׷ 
ʹֻܿԼŽֽ̹ضһ˵ 
þͲáٴεĴҲڳˣЩй֮޲ȣ߲ˮߵʹǰ׷ϡ 
̹ٵҪ󣬺ܿ쳬Խ˼սѣǵʵȷ⻹ĸҲʼжٶԼӿ졣 
书˴ЩǿͷԸǰ棬԰ԼھͲͬˣ絽Ŀнٵ򱻴˭ȣԸء 
һΪڷĿߴ֤ԼʵҲ쭿塣Լǿ壬õΣѰ;һֻɿǰȥ׷ϡԽԽ׷ϡ 
׷˫ʱм䴩ȥѶŪúܴһСͻ䵽ʦֵϡһװϴԲˣϰٸ 
Сӣվסһ۽ǵ㷢ŭغ 
һڸղͷŪͣı飬һ飬ĵЦﳤȥЩŮˣҪѧɽ˵ȡ÷ģҲЩŮЦŭŵűǣӡ 
ڷ߶˵ŮӣӲĲСҪųߵ㣬Ҳá 
֪ǿԶǿŽԶԭǰˣһһ׷˦˺Ҳϣ嵽ǰ档κʱûʵǲеġ־Ǹ֣Ҳ˺ܶ࣬ǶǴӲѡγġڲѧϰֻèĹ书ȣ̫Զ 
һرĽһһ˫еڶ˷ֱǰһһľˣͷɥıŽ̹ѵһǿܴ



ʮ ħֹ֮

       ԷһˣʮŮģһǷһü紺ɽˮ飬Ʈ㡣ˮΣ·һҡڣޣջˣһĹǣǺתһΪϡΪ࿴˼ۡ ˭֪ڷ£û취Ըʦ֣λĵŮƵﲨۡһסͷĿȥаĹʧء 
ŮһһߣӲֵʣҽԽһ𣿡 
һһͷҲص˵ãˣ 
мѽҿǶŮһֱһչң㲻ԸŹ¶į𣿡ʣ£˷θ 
ԱߵļˣʵĿһֻԼͶ̥һûֻ࣬к޵бڸв֪ɵСӡ 
ʦ֣Բѽȵؼһŵʦֵ˵ 
ҲԵ㣬ʦãʦֹĵ˵ 
˼ڼʣ˵ 
õģһݣҪʣҪЩֵŮȫɱ 
һ磬˵ѽǧĵ˵ 
Ҫԣ֪ҵĴͬͬ⡣һһתʵ 
أ 
һһֱʦ˵񣡾ɣ 
һʦ֣С˵𣿳ò񣬵Ҳ˧ġʦúϲѽ 
ǴСһ𳤴е鶼ʦֵģ㲻ΪѰɣһû뵽õİ취ûлͷ˵ 
վȵߵʦǰ͵ʣʣҿ𣿡 
ʦֿ˵㣡 
Ůһ˫ƨɺ·һˣм䣬ؿ˵գ 
Х졣 
ЦŶһһָʣ𣿡 
ХһЦŶͷÿɷʣʲô𣿡 
˵˵磬ͬ𣿡 
νֻҪԸ⣡Хƨ£˭˭һȥ 
лл磡غ 
һʱ죬ǰ˵ã 
ããХȻбˣĸоӦ 
һʲôתԷ˵úã 
ڳԷһһƺΪãˣ¿˵˭ã 
һдǵ˵Хʦְɣ 
ǰʲôϵﲻмʡ 
һһ˵йϵ㿴ʦ֣ҲĴ硣ĸ磬ҲĵܵܣôҲҲĸ𣿡 
ʲô߰ĸõģֻһʦ֣һȥ˵ 
㲻ϲˣѾӦˣǰɣ磿һХԥûʵɾܾæϼӸֵؽղŲͬӺɷҪأ˵ȥĻóȥˮղġҲ֪ʶĻǫǫӣһԣ׷ɲСˣϣ 
ǰɣХе·һ±һֻεسϣʦ˵ʦãȥҿҲе㱾£ûǵ 
ҪУҲУʦ۸վҲ˳ȥ 
磬ҼԺŽٰ̹Ǵһٳϡٳϼ˶ʮڴϸɲܵȼգʢˮˮѵ˶ɶУ֪̹ٺ«ʲôҩ 
Ž̹ٽߵм䣬˵ֹнۼֿ죬ҪԼķӦͷѵҪǰ쵽һ̳סĲ㣡 
̬ѽⲻǱɲз𣿲ɣСйԼĲ 
Ž̹ٿϲ˵ÿһѵǾؿǣϼ׼ģÿһĳɼۼ͵̭Ѵң̭ûк³ģΪǼǵĵλҲܻй¶ǵܡѵܷģѾ˹õġֻشֶõˣҲ㸴Աǹʹ߱Сȵȵĵһ˴һӭ 
ڻУһλͷ˹壬棬һҲ˵̬ӣǺ׷ͯյǡǱȵĺˣֻǲ֪ǷдǰֶΡ 
˺ŵߵǰԱߵ͹һֻӣȻӵһϡѪصݸˣӣַƵӵȲصƣһأӵȾȻ³һ˵ĺۼԭĻ 
δҸžžʹƣдڣкξ塣ߵǰʼ㡣 
һصȴ㣬ɫͷε׶ӣԲĹĵģкıĤβɡԲͣתɻٵζм㣬ڳҪ㻹졣ˮ̫ȣҪܳʱץһֻȵˮˣѾ̵ͨ죬ҿҶһġˮڲϵߣѾһٶˣйһȥ־ͱˣһ뿪ˮ棬ϵ͵ڹ⡣ʣǰɭɭĹצֲٿӽˮ沿λֱۣǰǰ׹ǣһ޷ĺ棬Ƥ⣬е񱻿쵶пĻȳмһͷˡ 
Ŷ˵µأԵȫ˳ 
һϾлԣζʤˮ˵Ǹѥˮϴһһڹһһ׽㣬һеͷĸ߳ݼ 
Ҳǻԣ֮ǺεȵˮǲɲŮɷزժҶӯĶ·ɵֱֻۣ裬һһر䵽ˮͰȥ 
ʦҲѷɫˮԵֱ۷·һˮˮǳϷˮˮϷϷǹˮ¶ʼձһ¶ȣϲӾϴ¶ȡ 
ˣһžϴˮ裬ˬڶֲԣһȻǵһ 
ҵЦҵЦһʱŷس



ʮ ħѵ֮ٲ

       ʦ֣ôҪ˺棬㲻ѽﱧƽضʦ˵ ʦãмǿݣĸꡣʦĵذοʦá 
Ҿǿӣ￴һֺضڣԹߵ˵ 
С˵־αظƽأʦ־ʦ֣ؽȷʵˡһ֮и֮Աǡ 
ǿ֤ͨߵڸ̸Уڼͷһֱ޲ɼ 
ѵӪפ滷ɽһ»أרŸѵ˲ŵĵط󲿷Ǹҵİȫ鱨ÿ궼ҪѵΣҲζÿһ׿֮· 
ɽķ䲻࣬ª˯һСͨһŵһסͷ˯סλΪۣ˯ 
һ˯ţԼĪľⳡϵ¼Ун˾ֵܵȴͶأֻԼİһƽƽֵɾն£׷󣬵ǿȻɽܰݵûġ 
ҵʱ͵ʱȥ͸͸ϣһգһķңɽɽ󣬴ë»е⡣ҵһʯ棬۾˫ֵϣʼϢ񹦡 
ڵСǰ˺ܶ࣬״̫緢ȵĻ棬ܻ״ľԳϵͬԶԶİΧ̫ͬʱҲһǿֱ䡣 
ڵڻͨγһľʣÿһţǿҲøӷӯ 
һַſʶϢĹ뷿ǵķһסһֻǸɾЩõƯһЩɢŨܰ㡣ӻʹӵ㡣ﾲǰü죬纮ǣ˼ 
˯ڴϣӺŷĺ󱳣еʣãô磬֪𣿡 
ﳤ̾һʦСһִ÷С޲¡ǰʦֶҷǳãҲܸоҵĸ飬ʦ˵ҪŵλôͶе䵭ˡ 
Ϊʲôأʡ 
ǲģ϶Ĺءﰧ˵˵ 
˶ʦôҪ𣿡 
ҡ֪һоͿľˣüͷ˵ 
ȥȡѽҸݼţҪץԼĲУҪ׷ĵȰ˵ 
飬⣬ֻ仨⣬ˮ顣 
˭Ⱦ˫Ѫᡣһ۽ǣ䵽ϣڶ߾þͻ졣ѩ㻹ǵ 
ɽֻ󺮷ڻصص 
һڳ΢Ĵʯͷ棬ؿһ֣ѩ 
̫ȽȽʷַµһҳһҹϢμѵ˸ݹӣ԰Ķ־ӭµս 
Ž̹ٶԴıҲǳ⣬ûһ˷ǺģӣĿôҸе˵ĺҫѴҴһɽϣɽ·չÿ˵Ľ·һԲԲʯͷ˵ѵҵǹÿ˱վԲʯϣǰƶİʮʮ׼ɼϸ񡣷򣬲Է˯֪ϸΪֹ 
ǰһ׳ŸԵĻУϰͼ󣬶˵ʮֱ˵źಿλƹĺ㡣ԭǾ˵ѵ¶ϲõ飬ΪڿüظˡĦȭƣȲشӽԱùǹʼ 
һҲһԱһ֧ǹоܺ棬ǰڴѧѵʱҲǹǶǲǹǹǵһΣӰǹǵٵģ֪ǹȲǹݣܹʵǿ 
Ž̹ٿһǹȥز鿴ͣ߹˵ҹԼƵ92ʽ9ǹװפŲӵľҹƵQSZ92ʽ9ǹϵͳQSZ92ԶǹDAP92ʽ9ͨǹǹϻհǹܡǹסɡɵ˺㲿ɣᡢṹ򵥣ص㣺ȫֶա뱣պͲλգеʾϻ൯ʾͿղֹһܣǹ̺ܶʽԶԭƥǹܻתʽȣ˫˫ϻʽ˵ϻڶӻµĹɿԣðԶ䷽ʽеܣöƼɣ򻯽ṹȫǹڲҪκιߵ¾Ϳɿٽвȫֽ⡢ϣԺã͹ϵǹװѣͲճʡָкãʱмãź׼϶װӫ㣬ҹ׼ͬʱм߽ӿڣڰװߣ˫ֶհѺͿɻװĵϻۣܷƲʹãҪʱǹɷ䡰³ķǹǹĵҩҹпƵģƺֳ󡢾Ⱥõص㣬50״͸ͷְ󣬻ܴ͸50׺ľ壬ɱЧڡ³ķǹھ:9;ȫ:190;ǹ:35;ǹ:135;ȫ:0.76ǧ;ǹܳ:111;׼߳:152;:350/;:50;ǹ:DAP92ʽǹ;9*19;ϻ:15;ȫǹ:3000 
ţùߵһеһǹؽܣҲҹ92ʽ58ǹеǹҹǹеġûǹҾָԱйԱֲװľսǹҪɱ50mڵĿꣻǹ50mڷ232ͷְ󣬻ܻ50mmľ塣ɱЧڹ9mm³ķǹͷγɵĿǻЧӦǰ³ķǹ2.5˵ӵͷɱ֮󣬿һ 
ҿɼ񵽴ԪˣҪú档ǹžžžһͨ䡣 
ѧûѧǹһ֪𣿲Ҫ˷ӵǹһǮģǸҴģŽ̹ٲʧʱѵ 
һ̤ʯͷʯͷ͹˫ϴ滬 
վʯͷȥϸҪŽ̹˵ 
ߺߣأһԼǿʯͷȱ˵ĶҪԲΪ׼£ңûţһһٴվʯͷϣʹǧ׹ȵվס塣ԽԽ󣬾ɽϵɳҶʱԽ˵۾Ѷȡ 
еʯͷϸվȵǵµءеǹȴĿ˵Ҫ׼ˡ 
һѵֱ̫ɽǰҲȫͨԣصӪءһɽʦֺλժǰ



ʮ ħѵ֮з

       ʱ˵ضХ˵ʦ֣˲𣬵һδǹôеˣʢͣëΪǷˡ ʦãҪô˵̣˻Ҫǫһ㡣Хζ˵һͷԷɫѿתӺ԰οһ磬Ҫѹģǰ㲻ǵһ㣡 
һʵΪ˱ʧΪĻ졣Ȼ˵ܾĵλѰҵľ֮壬òˣͲӵһɾɾ񹦡ôıͻʦµʦͷɲ⣬˳˵пܻ֮ءԼֲӲϹõˣòģк˼οʦΪҲߣƷҲһ׵顣 
лл㣬һڿǰôˣҪཻ˽ԺʶһǺǻ˲ֻ档ͨĽӴֻ꾫ԹˡĹкܴϵʵĵûк֮⡣ 
һ򵥵һллһֻС񣬲ͣΪһвˣ˵磬Ե㣡 
ѵĵ죬ĿǿзˡǶʮֱɻɵ׸߿գȻ󸩳ôӦһ¸߿շӦɻﵽ׵ĸ߶ʱʼɡǸ߿յɡŽ̹ȷָ˭䵽ָĵص㣬Ȼʤ 
ÿɡԱҪһʽĽɡۣһ򲻿ʱһȼ׵ĸ߶ʷǰģһϾĿ飬Ҫɹ½Ҫ䵽ָĵص㣬˳ɣԽ缪˹¼ 
ȻһЩ˵һнпܡʷ˴ģ漣ġ 
ǴӸ߿׹ǿƺҪɣݣһʱᱻѹѹ֮С 
һã־ˣǿҵĴؽıǿף·ҪϢֺҪƣͫ׷Ŵͷ͡ 
Ž̹٣Ҳյģӽôĥ㣡һҧгݵİʵϣŽ̹٣ȫΪûɵġ˼鵽ʱΪǰ涼û£Ҳһͺˡ 
һڵǼվһѹֲϳɼα˲ܱҾͲβƽʱľȻ֮ԣ˽ģӦֻ֡εӴ󣬲նѡʼһȡŷʽĽ취·Ǵºˮһĺˮͺйһͨйף³´лҲʵ̥ǣڲһ˿֮ 
һйֱǱΪ񲻸á嵼Լڽݡѹڸ߿պֵǿҵҵײӱըıһʹޱȣ񾭶Ҫˡ̨һ˿߾ȫԼʶԼڱߵƴذԼڵѹڵΧԭľѸǴڵҲϵѹ״СˣܶȴԭʮСԳϵٵУٶţڽȥΪеһ֡ 
һһֽţо̩ͨڵ˲֫ٺÿһë׶һ֪ԼΪͻһ㣬ǰǿ˲ֹ 
ʱ䣬ʱֽƮɻĽԱǶǴ۵Сۣ˵ 
һɡ˶ţԼˤʵֻҪ㼰ʱ򿪽ɡ;û¡ɡˣ׸߿Ʈ߰ƣɽ¥¶ˣһõܡ 
һͣæʵֶ¸졣䵽ֻһʮʱɡûд򿪣Աߵ˶ؾͷﶼ۾ĿѪɵĲ״ 
ֻʮʱһͻȻſ۾һͷϽ£ҶһƮƮԼĿϡ 
ۣȫĺȲ 
ڶɡǴٵĿǿ˵ķӦͨɡ͸߶400800סɡ򿪵䣬ĸ߶ùáٵ͵ĸ߶ȣҪɡԱʱպȵȼǷ߳ˡȻͻɡûȫ򿪣Ѿ׹ˤı硣 
һղŵһĻ˲ĳǿҲĿ࿴ˡʮ׽䣬ô˾̾Ծ䣡



ʮ ħѵ֮Ұ

       ļ΢Ҫһ㡣ȥμӷɻ̹ˡִߵļʻʹáѧϰаȫ̽飬Ӽǵȷ֪ʶѵ һХĹϵҲƺ׽࣬һХʶһɫ˲ţһһҲͷӴһ㰮롣 
һڵʱת۾͹ȥˣǶ׼װؼˣŽ̹ǵش˵ӵϼһһѵĿҰȻǽз飬һ飬ÿѡһ鳤İȫڣϡ 
δ䣬һʹյһ𡣷һ죬ŤӲߵĸǰֺõ˵ãŮӣҺһ𣿡 
һЦһ˵ĻˡХĴȳϵ˵ӭ룡 
ܿ죬С鶼ֺˡ鳤Ҳ˸ԺʵѡһѡХ鳤ֻһ𣬱Ķν 
Ž̹˵εҰжǴκγԵĺȵģȫԼıǽҪȥĵطʷϴδ߹ġ֮ȡϣһֲסľ͸Ͽ˻·ĿշźŵȻڵȼһ𣬻ı־ѰĶԱܹҵ𣿡 
׳ɽӵڴɽþûص 
鱻Ŵֱ֮ȡͦ֯ߵͼԣǵĳΪҷ֮֡ȡܣɹ˽Դϲʧ˶ԹҲûʲôʧֻ˵ǵܣõĴ׷ΪʿŴˡ 
һߵϷɽܣӲݴʼϻУ˴һֻӰˡɽԽԽߣվԵҲѡ˶޵ˣΪߣĳɽ֮УҪ˳ͨҲ׵¡һԭԼĹ򣬷йȥ𣿿ǵʩչԺ󣬼ԾҲֻܵɽȸѷɣοˡ֮죬죬һŵĸɽˡ 
ֻвУƽ̹ĵطŷйȥĻ᲻࣬˵ٵĿɽģԽġط޷Խģʮɣϰɵɽңʯڹ⻬ûһͻĵطɹԵǶǿǽӲȥġһХһͷһβм䣬ͬӼݵǧеĿзˣһȥñɽһ壬̶סΡһٷǰߵļһԾȻý̶ǵĸܶʼѭշԾ˸ɽɽԽߣĻѩԽ࣬ʯҲԽɽѶȡ 
ԽһɽҪǴرͷ书ΪҲ;ҪϢȵǵϢָ֮һСʱȥˡɽû޵ټһֻӣӬɶҲǸߵѽǳɽʯûκοԳԵĶѵҪǷ񣬿ƤԲݸ 
һ죬Բȣһν졢죬ҲԲ㲣ХҲеʮƣûġһήҵһɽ۾ȥһ仰˵ 
һ˱һᣬٿ಻ܿຢӡǸ˾ͲŮ˸ǿվ˵ҸҳԵȥ 
ɽ֣ĶҳԵİХ˵ 
ܣǣȥȥһһɽȥӷʧããɽ֮С 
һСʱԺһˡһһϴаˮÿ˺ȼˮִ·ڴħһ㣬óöҰ޵ģɢ˵һĵݸ˵㣡 
ˣ˵˵ƫģ 
ٲģгԵĻ²ס죡һһĸ˵ 
ʦ֣ﲻ֪⣬ǹĴʦ֣ȻһѡĹ͸Х졣 
һͻȻζᣬûԶˣôдζأ 
Х΢Цƻط͹ĹӣǸ˵ʦãȳ԰ɣ 
ʦ֣԰ɣִŵƻع˵ 
˵ǫã˵Ũ⣬һǿջЦóеĹӵݵǰ˵ǲҪˣﻹУȥ԰ɣ 
Х쿴һӵı飬ЦùһС͵ҧһ˵ллһֵܣʦҲ԰ɡǺ· 
Ѿ̽·ˣɽǰһСӣˮĵطһгԵġһԼµķָǵ 
磬Ҳ԰ĵ˵ 
һЦЦ˵ҳԹˣǸϿ԰ɣǰһҪɽ 
˼ͳԱˣ㰡ʵġＥ˵ 
һһһ䣬Īվɽȥ 
ХضԷ˵˵䲻һֵĵ㲻ã 
ҾͿ˳ۣػش 
һܺѽǸȥ򱧲ƽҪһãҾ֪ˡ 
һͼˣ˵ʲôѽֻдʦһˣֲǲ֪ 
ʦãرףХ켤ס֣˵ 
ʦ֣ʱˣɬصͷ 
̸˵ɣҿȥ׷һˡ˵꣬ȻоԾҲߺˡʲôʱҲúˣһԭġôƻ󹦷ʧ氮ǺɵĴɰ



ʮ ħѵ֮֮

       һĺӱߣغ峺ĺˮ̫ʹˣֻоɿʣ߹ɳĮ˲ʱ顣ɳĮзֵޣϣ ɽϢʱпźɫźŵգζһСѡ˷ 
ˮ峺ĿԿƣˮµĶʯԡˮûˮݣûһ㣬һºӡһǸɽɽȪˮڻѩˮ˳ȾףǿʿȪˮĺԴ 
ˮĵطܻ˼ң˳ˮߡ·ǰһƬ֣ڣïܵҶ֦һ俪׵ġġۺģɫޣѤĿˡǷ·ԴʤأɾһŨ˱ǣûк裬Ҳûöһжôף 
ţεһ¡ҲҡΣһָĦŶͷһסɣƣضХ˵ʦ֣ͷΡû˵꣬Ҳεڵϡ 
Хɱȥִڷϣһһ˵жˡ 
һҲо⣬ԼҲһֵϮǹȫƳ⣬ȻסԼĺСԶתٴα롣ߵߣַĺϣƹعѪƳڵĶһټĻһĹϵҲֶһʢ龰 
ĻͨϷҪһ£¶ܷƣܿסաãѹ£һأ඼ˮʵǰСˣˮҲ峺˷ֺɫģʮֹ졣 
һʩչնѸ־նϣȻϯȥȫ͵ԶԶĵطٴܵϮ 
ҵ·ʪˣһ˲ô࣬ߵߣХȻֳưĺϣһΪһһͷðְ̣Ҳڷĺϣ˹ 
ɫв԰ױҺ죬ֱ˰ɫŻָ˳̬һεκɫҺشָͷϵûһòݣʪĵ汻ȾһƬ޵ġãֱ˺ɫ 
һһ۵ͷ󺹣ҡҡλε߹۵˵һ磬ˣ˵Ŵӻóһ÷ݸһ 
һƴǣģӹڶͷϲ˲˵лл 
ʱ򣬷Ҳˣһصӣһ𣬸оеֵֹġХ쿴ˣȻߵĵϡ 
ʦ֣ﱧХޡ 
Ҫҵöѽһûڵ롣 
ˣһжˣûµģĵӣæ԰ο 
ܾȾ𣿡һƽµԱߣ֪Լæ 
ҡһֹԼϢһٸХƵģϾһ׵顣񹦻壬ӵаٶֵľ񹦵Ļ˵ԼҲεˡ 
ѵûԣѪÿͬʱһϴš 
һûжûжҲۣҴۣǰԽҪýŶ˱Ů˴򣬲һҸͷܻβأһ˼룬޵滨꣬ʹŭ֮ҪýˣæվߵХı«ˡ 
ˣԼԭҲж˹˴ûеõʱϢûֲ㣬Ϊ˺ܴĲܿ죬ͷѾڣͷ죬ĸ꣬Ϣˡ 
עһĶᵽɤˡۿﲻסĴת޵ĵһ۷ 
ʱҲʶԣһΣա˹Уһ˽Ҫͷһ񣬻ãܻᵼ˵߻ħΣաεҲֲܻ˻һ𽥼٣㲣֧ȵֺڣںԼһʱͿΣ˵ 
һͷˮҲߣ޴룬֪òøżĹעžƵı仯 
ֹһһֹͣ˹ĴͷԼϢ 
ﱧХƴغʦ֣ʦ֣Ѱ 
Х컺۾˿ʦãֿ˿ڻָԪһ˵ûˣһֵܰҪţ 
˹죬һоˬ档վ˼½٣泩ǡ 
һ磬ûϲܹһ˫˵ 
Ҹûµģһŵ˵ 
ХҲ߹ֿ˵лл㣬һֵܣ 
һ˼ͷش𣺡ûʲôԼ˲˵һ 
ãǽһˡԺʲôѾᣬһæġХ쿶ˬһļ˵ 
Ϊһڵ߹ǸԲ𣬸ղҴˣ 
һûüش𣬽ǹһ졣 
ﶫһᣬʣʲô 
ңЦ˵һĶڿأ 
һʣûԶ 
ǺǣҡҲû뵽ô˼ǼЦˣһ󷽵ؿԼЦ 
óһʣҰӵݸһǸ˵ 
ˣһſھܾ 
㡪еˡ 
æȰ˵һ磬ͳһɣȻͲÿˣ 
ƶ죡ѹӳһһ׷ȥˡ 
Хʼ΢ЦſǰһУһ仰û˵֪ôġ 
һ֣һƬͺͺɽʯССߵͲƽʮҲһЩطľϧٻˡеֻʣеȻɣһƬڣһʯͷ⻬¶Ⱥܸߣе̫ͬͷ£ˡ߳أϺȻܲգһ꽻ӣ 
ǰ˵ЦĽ̸ţһһæǰȥһ§סһ˹ȥ 
ո뿪һ룬վĵطһ绬ʯͷɼ飬һ˴Ŀġͷŵͷмؿһ 
СӣģһХ찵 
ǶҪСģһ뵽ǰΪʲôݲҲ̶õԭѴҡ



ʮ ɽ֮ߴս

       һȡݵߵļϣʮɵĹʹնʽɽ͵شȥߵļϻһɫӡۣðһ𻨡ûд̽ߵ֡ ȻΪмӲޱȵ۱ûˣǿʹŭתͷע͵Ϯĵˡһ˾Ȼվļϣֱֳ׼ٽйʱŭˡͷһһڶȻһҡβһ˦һˤȥ 
ǵһǰࡣβ󲻵ô˦壬βͺɨҲһëһβʱʩչ֮˲㿪ߵĹ 
ߴ򲻵һ쳣ͣ˦壬ܵʯײ÷飬ɢɽһıֻԼûģҲκβߡߴߴ硣ǵطӦߵߡѰߵߴ粿λ̫޴ĵطÿǰףһʹ̳һÿζܴɣáֻ߸ӱŭطйˡ 
ͷѾ˵ԶĵطˣХҲָ˼ɹ˵ȫĵطעžƵı仯 
ʦ֣򲻹߰ɣں浣ĵ˵ 
ХҲǣ߿ǧУ³ĶޱȣϵƤҲõף޷ֺ䱻ڴ˴ľ뿪Ѱ֮ơһ˵ֵܣǳɽ뿪˵˵ 
һ޼ƿʩХǶɿ򶴿ڳˣҲһתˡ 
ף޴йʱһԼĺˣŭһ׷˳ǼṦͲҪһ·񱼣ﵽһ׵ٶȡȻӴ󣬾Ȼʾظ޷ѡ 
磬Ǽڶҵˣһȡһνһһ߷ɱһ߶ǰ治ԶХ˵ 
˵䣬Ѿ˶ڣվֱֳƴһڣѱŴһ⣬һŶڡХˣһ˼ҲһѱŶ䡣߸շɳڣĵǿҵĹ߻һ䵽۾ʱǰһʧȥĿꡣ 
˵ʱ٣ʱ죬һۻʱ𱦽߾ȫߵ۴ȥˡһش̽ߵ۾Ѫɽ±Ѫ꣬һһѪ 
໣˲ˡŭɽ֣³Ķסգ˦ͷ­ײɽʯľ֮һ棬Ϊ촷ۡɽȣ֮ȣľή顣 
һУһ亹һգҹ磬ͻȻ죬ͷ÷״ֻǣﳤֻצצϵƬɫĹȻˣѵ˵߱ģΪʲôûأ 
磬ڼǰͱӡˡǺ󻰣ڶ£Ҳᡣ 
һǧžŰʮһѣ߼е˶Ҫ֪ɹʼ㰡ɱеԼԼ廹һӦĹ̡עǰĵˣûֻ³ףֹһıܿ 
³ĲǺɫĶǰɫˮˮˮ磬ž޴ķͬŽһĵ 
ûлָһˮ𽥱ɫҲӸй󣬽ŵش󺰡 
Хͷ̷ǰһʹһˣйˮһҲʹնĵ塢ʽþˮһټ 
ˮҲХûǿ׳ֹٱֱХͷ³ףȻѸ͵ڵϵȥ 
ۿҪצ֮£һХ졢˲һеس˹ȥ˭֪ˮȻʮֽƻȻתͷſ޿һ 
һΪУһʱ޷ˮһӣʧȥֿˮҲսתɽȥˡ 
һؿ޺ 
һֵܣХҲẰ 
һֹ 
ż˵ȥ 
Хһץס֣ʹ˵ǲȥװһֵܵѪͰ𣿡 
ǣʹ˵ 
Ҳˣ֮ȵܾԶ֪ˡХǿסˣοҵˣڹؼʱͷܱѣҲΪ̫侲Ҳɥʧ˺ܶõĻᡣǴʱɽҲһᱻȳܸ



ʮһ ֮֮

       ˮصУʯϢ뾡ָԪʵȫںϡ һˮֱ븹УǰһƬڡںˮ̶ܶȵҺ壻ͬĸˮ̥ΪȱͿϢ 
ˮпռܴ18һվֱӡں߶ڵתԼ̥СΪǰˮĳݺύһ𣬺ҵ·岻ϵ³ӿķҺʴǿһ·ѱ񹦱Ȼ 
ĬĬˮĸܺҲܽʵùնʿˮĶӣȥû뵽޷ʩչճҺƶѡ 
һ͵ˮϲȥֻܲȥ빫֡ҿû뵽һƤǿᵽֵزѵҪ˴ 
ˮΪܵһϮʹڵϹȥһʱܲˣԼӲʯײɽ嶼òˣʯַɣĽŪһͬɽ£˶ŷȥײͷǣ߻صġ 
Σʱ̣Ůʾˮݣ˺βûԣ 
ҽտ˵ףѡһζʮӣһСƬⱻ졢áһ˺һŽ׽㣬û뵽ôóԣζҪϧûϣϵϾ˼һʳˡ 
һС飬δ񫡣һΪ˼ӿٶȣȫȼճʢĻ档 
ˮһڷŻգּʹڵϷʹַ̡ײɽ嶼þҲʯ׷׹䣬˶ڡ 
һţӶȫĵǱԹ֮СһεĻھȼաͷţԭɫ𽥱ɫһһڣޣڵĴ¶Ҳߵǧȣˮⱻ졢ãֱսڣˡ¶Ҳպ۶ʼɫˡ 
ˮȻûģҲᵽ絶ʵʹζӿ񱩷ŭˣǿеײɽϣܹһײ𵴶ְ˲ۣһڵĵطӿϲĴˮӿһȻˣ񣬰ѻȼյңӿĴˮ޷˵ϵˮջķ϶ð˳ȥˮϷȥϵײһɽ壬ɽѣײʯɢ䣬׹ɽ¡ɽȱƽ˼׸ߡ 
֪ȥ˶ãˮԽԽСڵϴŴغ٣ˡ 
һȻȼգһ졢졢һڹȥˣڱջ¶һһ׼Ŀ 
ؼţһˮĶӯغ



ʮ Һ

       Һ졢СѾˮδˡ˭ҲԲ£ԴӸĶõһجĺȫˡһӵһμ浽ͬӵӣԭŵȻôɰô˻ǣƣҹǣҡߣȴһǵߵʱǲŻںޣŶޱκζ޷ġ ѰѰ٣壬ҲݣŴúڣٴθܵûһǶôѰʧȥһǶôʹࡣ 
Ӹɤӣÿ춼Ȱ˵λɩǳԵ㶫˶ڱʹԨ޲׷һȥֿˣѳ鶼ҲطǿȻǿ׳һ˵Ϣ󣬴һȥ񻹴ڻ״̬ҽԺӳΪˣŲ£ϵعοɩǣ˵һӲô׾ġٴ 
Сǲ̫ţҲûΪϾ· 
ϣӺŮֶ˷ˣλɩӶٳԵ㣬塣˼Ĭҡͷֹ 
ôһͷɥӣ᲻ҰһͻȻʵ 
㡪ǹѽ˴ʧɫͬʡ 
ǵϹô벻СһȤ 
㡪һû˵꣬һһˡ 
ԣΣǿסΣʣϴûѽ 
һˣ˵ô 
Ӹ˵һ̱ڵأϲõˮʣ˵ϴҿɰλˣ㶼֪Щôġ˵˵ţ 
ڵ֪ԺһпǧΪӺʵѶο֪٣һ˺鸣ô˼ֿѣ֪ˡںӵĺģʾл⡣ȻߵλŸǰһһ塣εҪǼûгԶｹǣͳɼͻȻһϲ쳣һһϲһʱ֮ܲסѣϢһûˡ 
һֺͺӵҽԺǿӣɺӵŮѻչˡǿڻвʱؽϴһܸжõֵܣʱƽϽǮֻˣټǿӵѪң衣֪ⶼƽʱڷܣҲ˵Ǽ¡ͻȻһȥجģ㲣ģ߻ħ 
һкӵҽԺԺؼҽΡҽԺʼԲ˻ûκΪɲԺӺ˵ҪתԺҽԺΣŷСǰǿӻͻؼңŵһŴϣһǿӵֱ˫·ɣǿҪѨһסľֹѪתţ˫ְĺ˹Ϊˡ 
Сغֹ⡣ 
ʱ䲻֪ȥһһҹС徯½ſھһӸһڸǿˣǷĺֽŮѶٳһ㡣ΪûгԶθ½Զܲˡ˸мӣ⼸컹ҿŮšȻҶˣ롣 
ӼʵҲûʲôΪչ˺ôңòӲţȦˣҲࡣеˣΪԼֵûϴ󣬾ûһСΪϴչ⣬ţԼɩӣٿҲĸʡ 
ֹȥһ죬һڴ˳Ȼе˺оϲЦտضԴ˵Щӣˡ 
׳࣡ɵĸЦ 
һŶøӵԼûһ˵Ц˵զһҾˣ˵ţתȥ 
צһһץסִֿ򣬾طйеʹϲá 
صûȵƿɢҵָƽŮ뿪˷䡣һɵĿռ䣬໥ߡ 
ΪӺһֻǺһ˵һԼľȻ˵赭дǹڵġ 
һǿҲˣһʹ飬ƵģһһᡣһòȰ˵סǣúӺŮҲϹһְȥϸ˵һ飬ֻǰΣյĵط˵һ㡣 
֮󣬴ҵ꿪ĵسһٷʢĴ͡˳㱨һ¹˾ľӪһ˾ڸ߶³Ĺ֮£ҵ󣬸мֵǵļ˵лл壡Ҳˣ˾ҵģҲǵģֵܹͬŬԽԽãǻҪѾתϡ 
ǣϴҲҵŮӵŮѶһ˵ 
ܺãһ֪ýʲôأϴ󵱵öʧܣһûڵ 
ӵŮѴ󷽵˵ҽüչˣ 
кӾ͹˰ɣһźȡЦҪֵܹ°Ͱӷˣ 
˵ʲôһһ붯֣ŤĶ˵ 
ϴ񻹲ÿһݡһȡµǣָˡ 
ʲôֵʡ 
ǣҷ˾ţ֮Ūģˡúñ棬ֵһĽܡ 
ҲҪǿӺúӶʳس 
УǺֵܣ˰۵ĺֵܣ



ʮ 

       һģ˷һĿˮȰ˵ͬĶٴνЦʮ飬ƴģܰ;ϣá жҪǱĳõҪ쵼ˣΪһɷ͹ڵķǷ֯๴ᣬƻҵĺгȶرҪ̸Ǿ·ĺ⣬ڹҵķչŷǳҪáж뼫ӣҹҲΪһ´Ǽƻĳ쵼˵ҹԺʵʩжͿ԰ежҹͷϣӶҺ͹ˡ 
ĳʻҹ⽻ͬĳפʹϰΡ1045֣ɻ׼ʱ䡣Ŵ򿪣ǿսվűߣڣٹһĳ쵼˲Żݡ 
ӻںţ߷׷װţǰӿȥ˭һɷߡţͷͷֲ١ 
һΪһڣйǹ92ʽǹҪǱĳ쵼ˡ˫Ǳҹ쵼ˡ 
ıԱ쵼Χгǹܼÿ˵һһμӱĲǸ֣ǹ֣һǹ 
ĳ쵼ʱƵƵ⣬ݹ 
һڹۿͬʱһҲûҷɾ衣ȫʱΣգһеɱˡѸٷſʶѰܿڼȺһм鲻ԣһ߰׼⽻һߴ۶ͻȻȺһǷɱȥ 
Ҫʲôǵʱһ㶣ԾؿǰһĻ 
ãըըһ뵽еİɱֶ֮һըǹһ۽𾦣ɱּߵĺ󱳾Żˡ 
ɱû뵽Լϵ·ͻȻŻƵȵӦǹʱԼѾĿǰ棬ըñըһжǾܵļġ㲻㣬û뵽ܣͣӣں˴¡ɾ̶̵ӣѾܶˡһеıѾγǹ׼ˡһ⽻ɱֽߣһǹѱըͬʱըһը쵼˾Σˡ 
ʯ֮䣬һԾ˲俿ɱ֣նͬʱԼɵ쵼˵ĸǰְ𣬷ϰա 
ֻһһĹնڰɱնϵʱըҲըˡܶˣ˼ 
һ§⽻ӣͷڱԱһͻȻǹǹڶĳĴʹãҪҪⰲһɱǵעȻ룬ɵʹ 
Զˮⲻ˽һʹ̫Զû˼ʱ⽻äĿð 
ǧһΣʱ̣һһŮӱԱһһҷһӵǰ棬ӵУʧһŮڵڴʹǰ棬ųһֻˣԴ 
ɱֲưոݣǹһɨ䣬޹Ⱥ׷е¡ıԱʱηѣæǹԷɱҲǳ˵ãȻȡһ澵ӣԭطתӵ׷ױսȥˣ䵽Ҳ˽ȥͷҲû⣬ǲ˼顣 
Хͷһʱסˣ 
һ汦ԼϴαȥҲһһҧʮ¾Ҳ֪ԼǷܶԸ汦⽻͵ԱȷȫԺ˵ڶɱǰ 
˼ۺ죬ɱ¶׹˵Сӣϴѣοûôˡ𱦾һһұܡǱƶٶֿ죬ֵͲĿ굽һ䣬޴ɶ㡣һһǱյˡ 
ҿ㻹ĶܣɱֵЦݻûзſ;ȳOͣ㡪ôûȥűŵضһݺݵһһ£һ̩ɽ 
һֿ˻û뵽һαҧҵЦҵЦ 
ɱЦСӣû˰ɣøƾӾΪµһˣүң԰ɣնʽ˹ȥ 
ɱּæ𱦾ȡһ֧ɰéǹִٵӦսǹײɱֵĳǹɳȥҲ³һѪ 
Хͷ￴һΧٴηɱֹȥɱּƲתܡ߾ߣûôסһɱַų򣬷·һǰֱ󱳣һźסɱҲȷʵ˵ãһͷĻһֶ˵ڶ򡣿Ծ׼ʱǻͻȻԣɿϣһӴҼϡ·ʱȼϴܣͷˣɱžʹƴ˴ϵĻ棬·ߣչֻʵطӶȥ 
һĿһ¾룬Ҫ׷Ҫڰ֮⡣ϴ׷ɱԼҺʦ֣һɱ֯˴ж򵥣Ҳе˵ĵɽ֮ơתХͷˣ쵼˸߼ڶౣǰӵȫ뿪 
Үҵʮ鵽ˣ˵ֹЩأҿǾ쵼˰׹һǹȥ˻ϣ̾ͣǸμ˴󽫾



ʮ Ե

       һνض飬쵽ʮԪĽ𣬻һȹ٣һȹ£һһƹ¿ӳγܲ쵼˵Ӣ¼ȫý౨ǵأһȾһ㡣ֱйĳˡ һʱ֮䣬һˣȺеߣȫϵߡĶǱ𾴣Aеίǡг԰ݷãΪ蹦̵£AгһӢģȫҪѧϰ֮Ϊ䷢˽ºͽʮһֳ˼졣 
СڻҺҲЦ紺ãΪԼôϹޱԺģһֵýΪĺ˾棬һѡ˾Ӵ˸ӲԴ˹Ʒơ 
һ˵ĹȦҫţǷһʱ񫡣ʱһоۣߵﶼҪע󣬾ϲм߸٣ʺǷͱ˲һرԼŵ飬ڸأزصģҹؼңƵġϾйǷᣬһţһ͵ġ⣬һŶʱը 
͵͵Ļᣬҳŵʱĸһȥһˣ˵Ҫ 
һϵAʡܾ»أĸڼӼһﻹһ䲻װİӣ͵Ŀһ 
ĸ˾ΪһܵλǹֵԿƳ 
Ǹվ˵ҽԱܸʶ㣡 
һҲòȥһ˵ãԿƳҽһ 
һȻ鴫ҷϼָʾ󣡡ԿƳȳ˵ 
£֪ԿƳкָ̣ϴһеȣҰȫֿҪţ֯ܣʲô£ԲС顣 
ԿƳһɵӣϵֱ˵ǰȫҪشİȫϴ˴󹦿˵ҲǵĹͣƼġδأҪ㰡˵ͣһ£˾˾û˵ֻǶЦЦԿƳн˵ɵķǳɫǵͷ⣬ǵ֯ݿɿ鱨һаܵش̽飬һıǶǱڵĵж˺ܾãһֱû֡׼߳һ򾡡ǵ֯൱ܣǵ̽Žȥζûгɹæڲҵط˵ĺͷ֤ݣ֮Է 
ڲԵףһԾʡ 
ǵĽԵףʱ㹤ġԿƳظ˵˵ 
Եף˵ĺǮ֪ôģҲɣźȿͷôĵҲԼȥһӣֻſĹӡ 
һ˵ݲؽ绨šǷ˹ģҪΡǴˣԸηӵɣԿƳˣӲʩ 
ģҪЮңûţһŭעԿƳһͷŭʨ޲ɱ 
ԿƳҲ˵ʾػؾһĿ⣬š 
ôе͵ۣţƵġһ԰ип 
˾սţһҪƴӣЦǺǵسԲҶԼˣαش󶯸ɸ˺һԿƳǧΪá˵ˣֻҪܹ񣬳˸ʮ򽱽⣬ӹٽ㵱鳤ͬŵĺϷôΪ㣬ΪŮҸδɷѿİ 
Ϻ꣬˻ҸǮŮƵˣŮػѣһﰵˡ 
ͷ鲻Խһ£һս硱ҽίҪƣ 
ְ֣ðˣĵʡ 
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ԿƳһɫ΢Ҳ¹ټӣǰӭ˵ǰһʱ֮ûаѻһֵˡҸǸ 
һĳӣ˴롣 
һֵܣյ˼һҪӼ㣬ʾοأԿƳһǸӲӷ¼ӣһҩĨ۵ 
ҪӼң𣿡һֱţ߳ƵһﾹȻԽӼС䣬ƽգ췽ҹ̷ɣ 
һ㲻٣ù쵼˿Цһأʱ֪ˣԿƳӻֵ 
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ʮ һŽӼ

       һܵݽϺй쵼˽ӼҪ˵ĵطӹйı־һ·ͨ裬ֱӿ̨ݡ һܵĻһԿƳĵĵȴʮӣһеĵˣʮ꣬Цһ˵ãһͬ־Ͼ͵ 
ԿƳæΪһؽܣǰȫָ߾ֳ 
һ𾴵˵߾ֳãܹȫȶȫĹͰҴллǣ 
ϣû뵽һͬ־䲻󣬻ܻ˵ǰ;úøɣ߾ֳŸñؿ佱һ 
˵˭ģһе⴫˽Ĺ쵼˳һǰǰڵϾͰЦݣĿãжʱеѪȣ֡һż˵ˡ 
ǣ˵һأˣ˵ʵƫ̻ߺŰ߾ֳæ 
һǸ˲ţ˲žҪصʲô˼ɵģҪΪ˾Ůͼɻ䣬ٲܳھٲףǹ𣿡ϵָʾ߾֡ 
ָʾĶԣԺһμǣ߾ֳʵػش 
֣΢ЦŶһ˵һûмǴɣ 
ǣҾһһжػشû뵽ǻС֣̫жˡ 
һս鷳ҪúõظлǣǳϿҵ˵ 
ܡǣˣӦõģһͰ͵ػش 
ӹ԰ãȷʵǸӣСߣһԺͽˣúọ̃Ϊס̸һи飬ˡһͬ־лᵽҼңǶģټ˵ţֺһ֣ŴҴ뿪 
һȥʱߴıӰůۿﲻסشתڶΰ˵֮С 
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ǹߵƬסˣصҲҪա⣬йҲˣȻȥȫΣаءԿƳһ 
ˣܼ򵥣ɺѡԼϵԿƳ̸߾ּ˵ 
⣬ѾΪ˹õݻװʦģʱһڡԿƳ˵ 
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ˣһǸˣչ˺Լġȥ飬̸̸ˡ߾ֲͷشߴٵ 
ԿƳϹػش𣺡ǣֳ 
ԿƳһڵһһ̧ͷͿһĸŮؽһ 
ǡﾪʡǰ˲Ҫϵ𣿿ĴûлװӦѽ 
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㵽ûУ½СԼ˵˰죬һһ仰Ҳû˵ֻǲסضԼͣŭ 
أģǣһǺ˵ 
˵ˣ㻹Ϥһºй֪ʶɣ½Сһһ̨ǰĺϣһԼ 
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ʮ Ӵ

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ʮӣһ⣬ŻڣǰŻƽ§һλұС˽ڵ˹ҡͷԵŮƷеҲݣҵɢǷƵģŤһߺڿ裬һЦ˴ԼСʱͣߵ̨ǰҪƣ 
ߵߵǰժ۾Ц˵ߣʶ𣿡 
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߻ֲ̿˵ңҿûǮ 
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ǹıմ򿪣ɫ˵ǾͲҪĺˣ 
磬ҰɣȷʵûǮǴҲûðһʱ䣬һ㣬ô߿ 
ٴΰǹһ֣˵ƭ꺢أٲǮ 
ͨһ¹򵽵ϣ˵磬͸ֿ̨Ҽɣаʮĸźӣǿȫָأ磬ֻҪŹңʲôҶӦ㡣 
ư˷׷׾ǣ˴ɱɱС޶ã̫ƽˡãָԹλȥˡֻı￿עžƵı仯׼ʱ֡ 
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磬үʵûǮôͲأŰˣڵϲסġ 
㿴ʲô취ܾŪǮ㲻ǻϰǶǷ취ʾ 
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ңңͷİɣͷϵĺ飬һ˵سŵ 
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ҹˡ˶ԪһµСԺԵøļžкܳһ·ѡҪǰȫס˿ر࣬Ҳͺɡ 
ŮţԺҪʱͻȻеһ˿иǱ롣Сʻһ쿪ţ 
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Ҳѽϣؾһ䣬ýѵؿ˵Ժ㲻Ҫһ𣿻ǹֵأɶ 
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Ѿ͹ϵˣܿͻнͷİɣɵڴϣŹǷûҪ˯ˣ㻹ίһ 
ȥĴͷΣҴʦҲϹˣһԺСĵ㣡½С￴˿סתҪߡ 
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ڶ磬߾лˡ֪ͨϾŵ㵽ϵط 
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ŵʮ֣˻ûŵ룬Ȼû¶档ͷˣһϵƭĸо޲һ˹ߡվ׼뿪߳Զͬһλֵ˴Ӿư˳ 
ǸֵЦ˵˼λֵܾ͵ˡ 
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߼æ˵磬λҵϰ壬ܡ 
Ծشϰһᣬ𾴵˵ϰ壬ʧʧСܽвĵطϰ 
˵˵ţһơ 
ϰ룡ǫõ 
˵һõķ䣬һŴԲϰ˾Ʋˡں棬໥һֱϰƱ˵˵ҪǮ 
ֻҪǮʲôɣݵ˵ 
õϰĴָ޵ϼ˰ 
 
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㵱侯ɣϰͻȻʡ 
ҵǸξǰ͹鱨أŲæػش 
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ˣԾͲãϰװɵ㶵ʲôֵǳǮģ 
Ȼܹ·棬ҵ·ӣֻҪŵùʲô鶼ܰ쵽İٱ˵ 
ϰ嶢һ˵Ϊǽĺɱ 
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ʮ 뻢Ѩ

       ܣ㿴һŸ߿ӵתȥֻܿһͺͷ ³ҿɿѾϸˣΪ鱨ǣȫͨ꣬Ǯˣֻ붫ɽҲ·ҪǮҪֻҪǮʲôҸɡϰ϶˵ 
ǾͽиˣȥִBƻˣٴң򡪡ǸصЦһ 
ϰеػش𣺡ǣ³˳ң˲ͷϵ亹 
𴲣Ժ˼ȭšǾ˳ܹľѵǲģóúɢⶼṩݡװè乷ľӾһ˿һ 
ֻˣ˵һصϹȥϵǼҹ˾ſڣ3ӭϰİ칫ҡϷţϰֱ˵˵ֵܣΪȡһƵĻᣬ͹һȥɡ񡪡ǳ𣡡 
ƳһϵʮԪǮȻ˵ʲôǮ 
Ԥʮ򡣾ɹ߸㣬ףɹϰͿ͡ 
͹ϣҪǶ֪ϰģ̽ĳ⣬ⰲһߡװһԹƴӡ 
ߵǶĴ۲һ飬ûʲô֮Ӹж񡣰ɱĴĳĸ߼ʦƽڣ˳ȡ˵йϡƽμӹйӵʵͷ乤ǹص㱣ĸ߿Ƽ˲š 
ڵͳɻ˳ɶڱ齡ùݷţȥ㶫 
߳źһſʶи٣һ鱦꣬ϰͷߵһ䷿ϰ̸˼䣬Ȼһóǹĸף⻹һŵͼ̸ľΪ¸ǽж˵ǳͣû塣ù߻ļ϶һſһ绰 
߽ſϴ裬Ц˵㲻䰡ϴԡԧ衣 
лˣϰϴˮ裬ˣˡϴ߳˵ 
ǺúϢһҹжص˵ 
㶼סʲôطж˱ĵѯʡ 
ϸֽϣ㿴ϸˡߴӻͳһͰ͵İֽԲرǵͼκ֣ؽйغԼıԱϡ 
ͷβɿɨһ飬Ȼֽиߡ߽ӹֽͳȼֽͰ 
ڶ磬Ǹϵɽϣϸоһжƻ鿴ΧһЩκһô 
29ûֻ޾ĺڰ΢šɽԵúģӰ涣ɭɭ˼ֲֿ 
ʮ㣬èͷӥһ˫ۣǱɽᳵ·һһڣ͵͵˾һʽС¥ 
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߻ģıӿԣûˣŤŤͷ뿪˷䡣 
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ǻµأϿ׼ر˵ 
˵𣿡 
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͹˳񣬷˱ϰõʮĳŹڻʳǱͨͨһءЩĵطǷӵıǺΪĵط 
һ죬ϰǶϰִǳ˱ǣ廷һɽɽܣ·᫿ǴСγֲ˼·һɽ 
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ǣϰͷҲ̧غͬɲĹƳš 
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˵ʵ֪ǰļԵôġ˵ţϰһɫťӴ漷ѹͼ 
һף˭˭ѽ̧ŵסĸְ壬һֻС񡣿ĸְȻѹϡʮӡʮӡĺˣ۳һСӡ 
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ģˣԳȥˣܻᰲôġ³ɵ˵ 
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       һϣûж±˼ӡʼպ͹һ𣬳Է죬ƬϰҲˣЩط䣬Щطǽȥ ɽһ¾»أ򻮷ֺа칫ֵĲOK⻹ܻأǸ߲ۣղغ;װĲֿ⡣ABǹģɻװи豸š 
ڶ磬ŹĴתƣùߴϤһ 
Ǳ֪ͨһһԲεĺɫӣܰڷʮӡǽϵһͷɭɭĹͷڿͷ档 
ϰ磬ֻһк˾ѩſǸˡ䲻òӢĿ͸һаԵòһ 
׹Ӻãϰ͹ǰк 
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ϰ͹ֻ߲Աߴվ鹧˵عۿţӭ׹ӲõĿ⡣ȴػؾţӶԷĿ˷ŭɱû뵽СеǴǿиɵӵܡ 
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³û˵ֱߵϯλϣ 
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ϺĳӾ¹ҪԺһɫɣʻ˴ţһ¥ǰͣ߳٣ǰǾʺǻ¾񣬽Ųͣȥһµ̨ףʮһݣµ6֣ݴǽ˵± 
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ֱ߽һ칫ңעŷǡ 
߹ʦὨأһλʮĲʿ˵ 
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Ӧǣһըһ𵴡ӥצ·ʧȥ˿ƣ׷׹䡣 
˭ҪװŪģֵĿҹСӽŵĴѰĶĶ֪˵˲֮ 
ԶߣǰλʮĲʿ˲ָ˱ 
һÿζСӻǺ£ҷǰʬΣͷ֮ޡС׼ؾǹһŴ 
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С߳ŭ˫ץǹѣʹԼקߣǹ˿һȻһֻ߬ǹͷλ治ɫسЦ 
£̶ûСӵĹȻ졣ѵʲô鵤ҩòϧ˻ضʮĹɱˣڿɱסӥצʱƺ˰ǰյ˵Сƾһ赲ʦͽˣδ̫˰ɣ 
أ˵䣬Ʈˡ 
ǲǱɱ𣿡ӥצͰﾪȵ˵ 
װİ磬ǲ𣿡˷̵˵ 
ǾǺˣӥצɫʡ 
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ɽҲˣãͰһˣʡýְŵġӥצԴ˵ 
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ȷʵӵģΪɿس˷ţǹһشＸʮֵĵͷڷĳƷȥ 
ͬھᣡӥצؿЦš 
ֻˡһײûбը 
ô£Īһжڼƻ֮еģΪʲôôı 
һʧǵӣЦЩõȦףȫǼٵġڣǸ˰ɣ 
Һƴ˵ţӥצһ˹һХӭȥǾҪ̱ӵʱӥצͻȻһԭ360ȴתȦһѸ͵ȥ 
ֹƻӥצûзһͷӥצץס˺һѪ⡣һХ켱æǰһһ壬еʣôزأ 
϶ӥצŰ˳ȥ



ʮ ս߷(1)

       ĳɽӥצͰǱشվͺͷǰҲҴСʱȥˣ澲ÿ¡஡ͺͷһĹֽĳҪ죬Ҿһɣ һ˹Ϊ½СκԺͣ׷ϵ⡣˴жһν˴󹦣֪ͨ½СȵȫϹԺ󣬲㡣ץԶ³Ϊ׵һﷸӣһ˳ϰ͹ߣȻȦ׵ӥצͶ֪ʶÿ絽ÿ죬ܻء 
Ѿ˴侯ؾߣоϴκһѵԱο˵ǲϧһдۣҪƽɺڰ 
һ˫վڶ⣬ȴԮȵһаžԺʵʩץŹһ©֮㡣 
ͻȻӶðһɹɺ̣ͬԭӵըľ޴ĢƣԽԽߣڸգؼʱһƬһ۽𾦣ϸ۲Χ̽СγһΧȦһСȻ˫ɫħצץ 
һӴһ֪˱ӥצʮħצ࣬󣬶ұ仯ˣܹÿһħצʵ壬ֶġ޷жϣ޴ӵһѱķ겻͸ȴֵסħצϮ޿ײ룬޴ڡһϾͱħצץ˼Ѫֱߵ˫˸أ½СѾҪʧȥֿˡ 
ȥ˷ɥ˴ɡУҪȥͻƿĶأһһֵһѰ·һ˲䣬½Сãȥħצ·ԣ׺ݵͷ­ץȥ½СѷĿһգȴݰ١һܲسȥӳ赲ħצǰͷħצһܿķâ½Сͷץ 
½СΪñһƴԼȻȻ۾ÿһΪ˾˹һĻ 
ħצݺݵػһĺϣһл񹦣ҲÿѪʯͷһ׹ 
һ½Сһ˹ȥ 
Хʱ˹ųħצãͱħצץñˣСࡣֻм֮޻֮ 
зவĹֽУħצҲӷؽХѾľҡҡ׹һվﴵ磬忪ʼȼգɺڱߺ죬˳һһ̿ 
磬СߣӦλһᶨ 
ХѸٵذε½Сﱧ۶ȥźҲȥ׷ȻͣǶ·һж֮УȲʤȯ 
˽˺̣ħצڻϲʹĸоѽѽСû뵽ħצҲеʹֹʹô򵥣ħצʼڻ𽥼١Ҳڿնʣһȼա 
ǹĴˣһСˡ㱾ǰǲһʦһ֮ضκҲãοСҵɴ󷨡ȻѪ꣬ǵءѪǳ棬ճ꣬մʲôεѸɣΪһ̲Ѫˮ 
Ѫ꽵䵽֮ϣ氵ҲʼСҵ㿪ѪʴɵﶼɺѪꡣϨˣ¶һ塣ҲѪڻΪһ̲Ѫˮ 
஡஡ؼ쳹ɽ֣Զľһ䣬ֹͣǰ 
һȥˣû˸ɽһ 
ȥˣɽϻһļž 
ϣһֺɽϣ䵽һ̲ѪʪءǵõĶͣůһһúɫӿʼѿ̽ͷ̽Ե棬ش硣֦Ҷգۼһò֦Ҷ涣Ӳ񷡣 
ԶХ½СͬʱһľǱ˹Χϣһĵط 
½СŴʱͻȻ֦Χ£ذΧȥХСĽ͸ϹʧȥСӰ 
ʦãХƳգʡ 
Сﲢûѹʱ򣬷ԼվһŮһ²ŮŮЦҽܣҽޣһˡǸŮǰһңΪһֻ̣ʣԭȻо񹦻壬סҪָξͷǳѡ֪ܷһ١˵ţ̲ס޳ 
ѵûʲô취ܾȻ𣿡СеʣȦҲˡ 
취ûСֻԥһᣬСﲻ˵ 
ʲô취˵ѽֻҪܾȻԸ⣡Сѿڶ 
𣿡Ȼʡ 
ϣؽ㣬Ϳ˵һΪ˾Ҳ䵽ĵزΪһʲôС˵˵ţֹסµ 
ʵܼ򵥣ֻҪǸҲ˵ڡ 
Ǹɶѽ˵ѽСû˼żʡ 
ǸҲ˺Ůˡްʾ 
ѽˣôô⣿СȻͬ첼 
ò֪һǹ񹦣ͬʱӵо񹦣ͲȶͻΣաںһսУľ˹ȫãʧ䡣ֻͨĹͨſƽϢµõҲϲظСｻǰ 
ǡҡôܺСߴʡ 
ֻҪſģռˡЦ˵סҪ뷨ӰںϣΣա 
ߣҲҪĸжҪһԲεС˼ٵ˵ 
ҲҡԸ⣡С֮ϵػش 
Ҫһ˺ġȻҺϲ㣬ҲǿȱˡϲĴʦ֣ͺԶ߸߷ɰɣǧҪΪҶԼҸǸСϵȰ˵ 
СǸӰǰһᶨ˵ǰֻдʦ֣ԴӺԺҾ͡ϲˡѵһҲû𣿡 
Сûкˣſڽ˵ҡǸ 
㰮ң 
 
Ҳ㣡ĸԸΪ㡪˵ţСҸر۾ 
С˻ʱȻһɴƵСǰ˲塣һΣʹԨҸ˼⡣ȫһ쾡µľ֮С



ʮ ս߷壨2

       һ£귱ïĴϣ͸µУɫҶϿʼ뵳طŮӵ㷢ӭڶȶˣʱ裬ʱ衣Ҳ꽻ӣΪ֮ɫΪ֮ɽ񾪷ɣϺڣǻҴܡһµİĶΪ֮һ еҲˣ³鿴ȫ𻯳̣ƮɢУԼһ§һͬŮꡣǱһϼڵסˣֻǿֵĺеǺϼ֮У֮ڲϢм㼯γһС̫̫ý죬øɢϼ⣬ǿޱȵȵ֮ȻĻ񹦣ѡ״ض˵ǿϣûȫһʱ򣬸ɵ 
ĶܺͽȻűȥǸյϼΧͱȼǿһٱĹ˺ϰٿǧѪֹڵһϢ 
ÿµһθо˺£ǿеĿ־塣ҳɣʹȫħצϼȥħצֻԶϼصطǻ΢ľͻᱻҽϼڻľʹ˰ݣʹǱϼ¾Ȼըˣ׷ɵľƬͬϸһϱ˶ദѪҺֻǿһ˿˿ĺ̴۴Ŀ϶ðٴʹɱּɴ󷨣ɹɺУһŴſ³Ѫ꣬εѪڿ£ӵĿ񱩣ӵ͡ѪƬƬմ䵽ʱ·ǿŨ˵ϣ̵ðŨҵḷ́дǺǵĸζ潹һƬЩľǲв̶ãΪ 
Ѫںϼϣð̣źʤһм䣬÷ڷٵΧתһ˸ŽɫâıУ͡Լ߳һ߿ϻһ͸ıɢ 
ǰޱȹľ˵æ򿪿ռתӡշ뵽ʱ֮ŵſڣͼ÷ͻȻɵ棬ǰѽɫıһӣһɫϯʤ֮ƣƾǱ³һںѪһ£סؿӶݶȥռ֮Ҳ˲仯Ϊҽ 
ź⽥ɢȥֳһɫ׵ӣͫС̫۰׷·ǲͣתĴ㡣ӼͦǹŨüչ罣Ƿ˫գ͸¶һɺȻһǱԭһӢӸ㣬˵ƣ˲һֶĤݣҪ֮ 
߹һĹճˡ 
ɫ׵Ůһ󡣸΢ߵޣضׯţȾһпɰĸоСε͸һӢüʧɫ޹⡣ͬǶԭӵĿˣҲӵǿʢڡ 
ĹɽĵǺٺٵЦˡڤȴ𵴲˿ֻšرʱŵĴƣǿʼԼδе˵ģһµԤıֽչǺ󻰣Ҳᡣ 
һǿУӵұŨŨǵף˵ллǣûǵĸûҽĳɹһᰮһһһǧ꣬һ꣬ı䣡 
Ҳһ꣡Ѿ֦ͨͬرһ飬һжʱǵֻһǵȫ 
һעǣһжڻŨŨİޱ޼ʣûʱ䡣 
Хž첿Ѷеʱ򣬴սѽǳɽ˸翹֮Уɻ˴;鱨³ֻйѰҵһܣʵʩ߸ҵƻΪʲôҪôһ֪³ȥηɱĶڵֿбХһģȪ 
жȫʤǹ֣һ׮£һ޴ܵ˵ļν߾ֳڵǰ컨ȫӽüһء 
һûв룬ԼŻصAУĸ׵ĹǻҰڸ׵ߡڴɨսѶʱһ֪ĸױץþҧԾĸ׵ɱһʹ־壬ûиҶ 
վڸĸķǰһŮǣ˼˺ܾáǶһͬԸһҪúõػȥĭԶ 
ХҲĽᣬһ˻صɽţȥˡ 
һ깤ʱִ٣£ԼһӣոսȻÿǺϲ 
һˣõҵϲ




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ڶ 
ʮһ ٻ

       һ̲ĲƺϣŶź׷֣õϣůڵģˡ ͻȻ˭˺һӣƹشðͬӿĴ󺣣˲ûաҲһͷŭʦŭ˹ƴײͷݣ춼ǾҶֽƬ 
죬תۼһƬ·ĩյ١һϺɫ磬һôֳĴȼճº̵Ļ棬ȼһһ԰Ļľ׷ױݻ٣ȼյľҲԽԽࡣһÿûȥѸٵӣžž 
ݿʼҵĲعѡݣǷرܡءе˾ȻϣӰ 
ձѪ죬ɺѪ꽵䵽ʲô棬ữΪһ̲ѪˮѪˮڵ𽥻۳һƵ״ѸٵΧչ֮ûһ 
һһҶѲúõĽؿֲһĻҪըĩյˣŵöĻ΢΢زûп۾д־塣 
һһĪչʱͻȻֳһӣϻһһϮأٷ磬Ȼ⣬΢ЦһסӺȻ΢΢ȶֹͣŰѪֹͣ˽䡣ȫۣγһ÷÷֦ͷס 
ѣ･ָһ۾ǰľˣ졣Ȼ١Ŀ࣬ΪԼԺдĪİ 
ʧҲΪΡȴƮһŻƲᣬ䵽һС򿪾ᣬдŽĴ֣ͽһٻع磬ͳһڤ硣´ҽίΣɨ 
ʦͨΪʲôԼ㶨Ҫȥأھ񹦸սһ㣬ܶԸЩħͳһ£̸ףôȥأӵº 
ص˼ԼҪ뿪ԭ˵һ¡Ȼ᲻ãħּΣ˼䡣ղ½Ϳ̿ٲ䲻̫ƽҲͥҸʹԼܹһ˵ƽǺ̿˶ 
֮Ƕǣֶ֮֡ûз͵ĸо񣬵һŰ²ģҲҵΡƤڣëɴ棿 
һҹݰգһʹ޶ͺѣ̤һȫ֮·˺׶ʦԣ񹦼ɣʱݺᡣĳʯΪѳɣԵټ



ʮ 

       һʱմͽңɼĴӣƵźȻ򿪣һɫУһɵȥļĺˮϯǱ޴գ߷ণ˾ʹģٵķС֪ȥ˶ೣʱ䣬ǰԽԽ˺ѹ壬·Ҫһ㡣ҿûдûа취ǡ һ˹ֿڵľɽӿҲǺʤҫ۵ĹâӯһСʱ˥ߵһͷðˣˮûͱɣճڶͷ棬ǳܡûйȥֻܽ߾ȫ˹ʱ޴ޱȵҪֲסʱͻȻʧȥģ׹һڹ¡˵ɽ 
ɽɭֲ׹ɭɭܹӰ㿣ǺԹһĶĺ񾭡̶ƺǧԹޣţͻʹ޵ĸоŭ죬޲ɱһСһıһΧȫ̮¶һƻԻ͵ĴվĿĹһսսһ˵μ¹ 
һǹعڵϣ˫ָ߾ٹͷߵģʮֺЦҳ¹ˣ̳˹²ҲưһˡǺǣʹ죡ˬ 
ҡڵߵ߸ϵĹϣ˫ְϥϣ˵ô֪ң 
ǹɵָٷʱʾ񹦣ԸˣĲǲһʱӢ䲻Ĺǰһ˫Ҿ档 
ʲô֣ʲôְ񣿡һ͵ĿͣһᣬЦʡ 
ҽȫܣǹµһսͳȫͳʵĻش 
ãԺеıȻȫȨ춼ԭⲻ˾ְһĵ 
л¶ϲãͬػش 
ҲҪ񣬿ؽһ£ǻʶʶһô£ĵ˵ 
ҽǸͳ죡һĸߴ̼Ĺ˵ 
ҽŻȷ󽫣ָӵһ·һĹ˵ 
ǵڶ·ͳǮʿܡ 
 
 
Աϣһǳ⣬ʦˢӣѹľʴͳȫܣһжٱ 
ǹһʮԤʮ򡣡ȫܽ˵ 
ǺڤȣǵʵΣһѯؿʡ 
⡪ڤйһǧڤһ򡣱ǿ󡣡ͳ쵨ӵһ˵ΪĹɵıӻֻ֧֡һЩ»ҰռĶɢ£Ȳ沿ӡ 
⣬ߣҲھڶࡣı¡ǲԷƱһĵضڽ˵ 
ӢҵЧң巢һͳ¡Ҿعڵ˵ 
ãҶֵܣиͬͬһѪڵ˵ 
²ҸʣµԸΪͿأ޶ġǼ˵ 
д˵Ҹ嵨£γ²ɣһϲضԴ˵¶ңħѾԤ»֮ǿĿǰӦô죿 
ڵ۷׷ףּʱҺģʧȥׯϵաһţӶҪǵĺֻһƥ֮»Ǿҷһ£ֱ޻̸֮ 
һӣͳȫ˵ǹڤ籾һң˺үֵܣСʴѧšòӢոǿǵܵܣ̳ȨϴõҳߣĹ»ҰŻڵĻҵĵܵܺܿݣû׷ûɱǡǺүٷֻ߽ħˣһƣͳһ£ָտɴ 
һʮ⡣ȫȷʵ˧ţɿá˵˵ڤȥ˵Ǵڿʼѵȴʱ죬һͳɽ 
ӹǲڽ



ʮ 

       ޵ĵؽǧ๫·һͳ콻ĵͼǰһ·ϲʿɼĴµ龰ҵصĹ٣Ը֪ͨͳеĹһͶһоҪùȫԱΪ׼ĺ ҹޣһڤĵ̡ڵһؿرĹ䱸ɭϣĹϼ̲飬ŮҲҪһģߵʿǰó׼õͨ飬Թ˵ǹʹߣҪ 
Сӳӹ飬һᣬž˵Եȣͨ˵ţܽﱨسǽˡ 
һᣬһλʮϽݵ߳ϸشһһ飬ͬӰһ˵²Ƿ֪֮кιɣ 
һػش𣺡˹ʹڣҪ̸Ͻͨ 
ʲô鲻ܸϽ߰˵ 
¹ش󣬻뽫£һɲɿڰ䡣 
ʹߵϢһ߿ɷ񣿡Ͻ˵ 
һϽҾϤ㣡 
룡ϽеĶ 
룡һǫõ 
Ͻȥ 
ϣϽϯһϯ䣬¶Ů裬ΪˡŮǷ绪˫ΧһɧŪˣƣسǵĹǴˮһֻ΢ЦƳԲˡ 
ϽһңʹߣŮΣ 
þѣһά 
ģأ 
һƷ 
ʹߣΣϽһʡ 
Ͻ̧ˡмң󣡡һƴǵ 
ɷ檺ƽʹߴ˲ҪƴǣҿôˡϽ˵ 
򲻿ɣ¾ǳĺ֮ͽҽܡ뽫ջسȻֻ־һ˵ 
ģûп㣬ȻӢҲϽ˵˵Ϸ޵ 
½мһҲһӢϧӢ۵ĸо 
ڶ죬ϽȻصȺһ齵⡣һеϽлҡĵķɣ塣æӭǰ밲ϽЦǺǵһ֣Ҳ˵ƶ 
һ·޻գ˻ʳǡ֮أȻͬ죬ֳɣַǷӰ㿣Ħࡣ岼𣬷֮û뵽Щ죬ǹΪ֮ 
޵ֻǴԶԶĿӰϿĴͬȻʵݻɣҲׯ£ߵͷһźİ棬ĳ佫ߡй٣ڰ޳߰ݣڰʲôĹС 
һüĿֽëȻһ˵شߣЩС׷׳߶㡣鰸£һ˵һݼ 
һǹͽܣһ𣿡ʡ 
ǣһʵػش 
۾ɵøţһŵ·㲻ߣͶѽȥ͹ 
ǣڰ޳ǰ׼һѺȥ 
һЦ 
ͷ㻹Цʲôŭǵ 
һ˫ֱΣ˵벻ôһ㼿һǰ͹Ҿ̹ˡ㲻ǵҹǰһͼΰҵҾȻ㣬̫ʧˣհհգת͹ȥ 
ţлҶܵͽܣιᵡأղǸᣬ벻еʶ治ǹĴˡѽվԸԱλһһΡ 
̸̸¡һżɽ˵ 
ʡ 
֪Եǰкθ߼һϵ̡ 
ûʲô㡣Բ˵֪кθ߼ͽ̣ 
һ¹ʵϻͷҲԢϣͲ˵ħϣǱʮǿǲԿ¼ɣɱǸ̵ 
˿ԣʱ˭ָͬأЦеһʡ 
β¶ˣһаһ䣬ЦݵعάȻͳһָǴӱǵ֮ġ 
ʹ죡ǱһӣҪ϶Ƣǵͳһˡϲ˵ 
ǹ͸չ˳ǣһŸйǰһֺضһ˵ 
һй٣䵭˵ǱΪǣһһǸ𣿼ȻǺͲӦ˽ģҪȡ֮ 
ǵʵҪϴչǣɱոˡйٹƵ˵ 
ƾ㣿ʮҵĶ֣ǿӣǿࡣһЦָָͷ 
㡪й˵žһһ 
ǽŵӣûгֹ뿴Ϸ˽һһʵ 
һԴ֪ҲᣬǵɫƣǲԼõΪ 
йʹõһ֧йٱʣʳһףʸī죬ʼʨëд֣д֣Ҳһϵȵı 
һ˫ֽ汧ǰȻֿؿй١ 
йٱŭˣּӣдһʫʫɫ֣ͬһžһͷ 
һһƾϡ 
Ѱ·޵ʫұѪǴҲӳȥйٿ˵ 
𣿡һЦһһվ⣬ȼܵζ𣬱ζҲй֮޲һӣͱˡҿйձʼʱͱճɻˡ 
йԼİйٱʣѾͺͷˣӶˡŭһҲˡ 
һغûƣµһɽͱһˣҲһ飬ȷСӱȹѷɫҸҲûаաɫһضй˵㲻ǣлɱ֮ 
йɫʮѿͬһ㡣ͷڵŲһĸǰӵ˵лɱ֮ 
йٿˣʵҸղӮҲǽңʧ֮һҲй٣ƽ˵ 
йٷζҪըˣûд򲻹ֻôʡ 
Ҳǲˬֲг񣬵ǹƥĵ̣ôðա鰸һ֣Ц˵Ҫ֣ƽ¹̲ܽϣǲŸ˷һϼӹ̣ܽ𻰡˵ţһ֣粢سߣЦñȿ޻ѿ 
ٴηֱһĵʣ֪жԸħô 
һǷһϸ˵ħ忴ƾŽᣬʵò룬ֻΪ˶ԸǶʱһֻҪʹƣǻ¼ɣ˲ơ 
˵˵Ը꣡ 
ȵħ£ħ˵ǹ籾ΪУֻǶ걻ƣŷչ׳顣ֻϣõƽԲᳫȨ壬ҲǡħǸıļһƢֻ꣬ҪúãͻᰴǵߡʱͻȻϮ壬л¿ɳɡ 
ãֵ㣬֮šĵ 
Ҳ֪һЦʵ 
ֵ̫С˰ɣôҲ˼ģĸҲָơ 
ģҵж೤һȤ 
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ʮ ħ

       һ뿪ħСеٶȱȷɻһ㣬ԶԶûɵøߣеʱ䳤һʱҪĵϢһᡣ ħĵ̣߽һǶǹءǳ޽ĸɽ֮䣬ǽʮɣҪɹȥסħأǽоħں͸߾ܸĹ۲쾵൱ǵ״״ҪȽܶ౶һֻҲӹġ۾ 
ڳڤı߾ԺһͻͨĴ磬һõĶ顣Ȼ崦ڵж״̬˵ĵطˣħҲ⡣Ƕ˷չ仯ģֻǱͨҪࡣ֮ûȽĽͨߣΪڵȻִ棬Զ˼䡣书ģƾ跨УֻǷеĸ߶Ⱥʱ䶼ޡ󲿷ȻǲУ߽Ƚͨߡ 
һսһ̹ʣλ壬ǵǹ𣿡 
ǰǹʢҩģħ徧ʯḻû취ѽ̹˵Сӣȥѽ 
ȥͶһԶݣħ⡣һ˵ 
ʲô֣ӦöϤѽʡ 
𡣡һԥһ£ջǰϵ˵˳ 
ǹһ˰̣ɵйݣ˲ƣҪչѽĽ˵ 
ֻȥҸõĹǮؼȢţûġһ͵ 
һ߰ɣˬ˵ 
˳ſڣħϸؽ̲顣ǳ֤֤ѲеĻֶǾ̵Ļ󣬲ýǡ¥ħĸڰпӣһغԼϵϢȫͨ˵һؿڡ 
Ժ󣬸оħȹҪȽ¥ߣ۴αȣ˿ڲ࣬Żֵʯͷ̾͡һڴţǰͻȻһƥһŮһƴһߴµ 
ɫĿ˷ֱײس̶ӵ̶ܹӻ͵ıڱͻı仯ŵ÷׷׺ˣ̹岻һеس嵽ǰ棬˫סܾĿߵſٶȲر̹ǰ̧ȳȥ̹ĿʱͻȻڰֹͣˣ·һ𺺰ĵ̤ࡣϵĺŮڹʧȥƽ⣬ϳǰɳȥŮһʱûʧɫһӰŮһȵ§ס˵ϡžžžҵ 
žһһססˣ۾ɫͨŮ 
ʲôҰŮŭδضһѵ 
һ뷢ǰ汼۹ƥװӣĲߣСֱţӶ䡣۾ͦͻţмһ΢ߵ㣬۾һְ粽ߵŮǰϻ̳Ͽֵ˵ţû°ɣ 
ҵٹܣŮѸһ˵ 
Ҳǹô꣬㻹ҵ𣿡ڨЦ˵ 
㲻ҪˣȥɣҲٿ㣡˵ 
һ۾͸һɱָֻ˳ֺ̬õ˵ţҶģϣңһᡣǵĸĸʹӦˣֺα˹ִأ 
Ҳͬ⣬㻹İɣż˵ 
ĵ䲻ˣǳó𣿳óֲҵĴ嶼һǹڵһأʱ䣬һ֤㿴㰮ҵġί˵ 
Űɣˡһǣȥӱ޶ȥ 
ҲһŶһΪŸղſһۣһڴһ£ԶˣŲмصһһۣ·׷׷˹ȥ 
հ̹һͷϵ亹ҵ˵ 
壬ҪĶһ뿪ǾħǺħ档 
ҪĽгѾˣҶˣҿȵǰԵ㶫߰ɣСӣ㲻򵥣ллҵ㲻壬һ 
ҲȾƣһȵʡ 
ҲˣҲһҪԶġȻô氡ǺһԺȣҲȢӡ㲻Ҳǹ𣬸̹еЦطʡ 
٣ҲȾƣʡһҽڵ 
еĲȾƵģߣȸʹ졣ˬ˵ 
߽һҾƵ꣬һΧһι״һеȤ忶ؽһֵĺþƺòˣұ߳Աߺȣʹ졣 
Сӣ֪ղŵ˶˭𣿡һļͷ˵ 
֪һʵش 
ͣһᣬ˵ŮħǧŹСеĶԪͨ󣬷ޱߣĳ谮Ϊ˵õħ֧֣ħŮףҲǳǹСҰˣܣǲӦӵ顣 
磬˵ЩҴ¸ƨûУǽоƽȾƣһ󺺶Ʊ˵ 
ɣһ 
ǧѷĺûᡣƻǵĻ£÷ĿɳҵĴ¿ɳӣ뵽˴һװʤ΢˼͸ˡ



ʮ 

       ҹޣգħǡħǷǣǾסĴͨգԲֱʮرءڳǱǸӸߴ̣ȫþ޴ħʯͣνʹûڹҲҪСʱըһһ׼Сǽϵʿ࣬Ǳǵʿ书ΪҪ߳࣬൱ˮƽÿһǽڴһ˵ǽ䱸ɭϡҪӲһǳټ̵ıݶǴڲ߽ģҪոħ壬Ҫӳ顣 ڳסĲ壬Ǹˡ󣬷֡һͼһ·ѯ˳һҽСǾ¥ǰһħСŤ֦Цӯӯ߹˵λԶİɣϿ룡ħõľƵ꣬⣡ 
һݵ߽ȥ̨ǰһǰʣǹϰ𣿡 
λ̧ͷ˿һ˵ʶϰ壿 
ʶĽеһŲæӦ 
ϰ岻ڣ˵ɣͷػش 
һ˵䵭ΪҾܾĻǴϻΡͷһء¿ڴͳһ䣬žһţɫ˵Ӧʶɣ 
ù䣬ǰһ٣ǿ£ӨӨ⣬мʾһ֡֡һ촽һ£ϡæݸһ룡 
һ˵ĺ棬߽լִһػصĳȣһߴΰ¥ǰһűߣ˵ڴԵȣȥ˳ӣλ߳˵룡 
һװιӵţǽϹֻƲģ֣ŵģϡŷԡҵֻУһŨص֮Щֻõ˼ȥ򣬲ͷѡһֵǮأһһ߿ӣһ˼ 
Сӣǿôõģһòϵĳ֣صʡ 
ǡһ̽ʵ 
ҾҪҵĹǹʲô飿һ׷ʡ 
ҽһһɴػش 
һ˼룬ͻȻ˵¹ 
һȻһЦû 
ٴζһһеϢǺϺ󣬼æվ˵ݹ¹ߵ 
һҲæڵأΡΡ˵ūߵ 
𣡡һ˫ֲϵ˵ 
л 
л 
ٴηֱ֮һڶλϣ˹վڹԱߡΪһһȲ裬ȻһܣλҵĶܣԼˡ֪٣δԶӭ 
ͲҪˣΪ˹ҹգľӪʮأӦøлǡһ˵ 
ĵܵٴιڵأϻ̳Ͽֵ˵лǵ£˵ǰӺһһ¶⣬ǺοڤܾŽᣬʵͳһǰ֮ 
ǿǰҪʵǵͳһҵ츣ġħҲϤһлҪǵĴ֧֡һٴֲ˵ 
Ϊ˹ңǶ߾ȫǣֵҳϵ˵ 
ϣϵ˵ħʵ˿ֻʮ򣬾Ӷʮ򣬹300ƽ󲿷ɽ룬лɽ緢ʷǳƶΪʢֲ˲㣬Ϊľ޶ۣΪһԣĹҡ٣ǶħΪرߣȴǱǿ׳ǴҲһռˡħ书ߣԶɣƢ꣬ɱ˳ԡµĳǶǳŭԡȴʮ簮ԼŮȴҪΪϸĶȢħŮʵͨ飬׳ĿġħѾӦˣŮȴͬ⣬һֱӻ⡣˵ջһ׵İ취ħ˵ûһ̫ӵĶ֡޼ƿʩʱӵϢ֪书ܻлᡣ֪ǷԸ⣿ 
ɽˣҵ˭ӵұܡһˬ˵ҴеĿľҪƻħϣֻҪ飬жΣգҶȥǷģĶӺħŮѾǼˡһеȵϼ¡ 
й仰ǾһˡһѹˣĶӾԲСӣ˵óһرǻҪóֵ׼Ϊסʾһ 
ǾͰķŵʤĺϢɣһŵ˵



ʮ ᣨ2

       쿪ʼһ졣Ԥ֡ȫһ̭ƣʤ߾ħĳ һ˵ɣﻹǺصġʧܲпԼʧִëϯ˼ҽ̵ǣսҪӵˣսҪӵˡֽϻҲҪϻ򡣳Թһ˹ĵңһȫø߼ħյ䳡 
ڳԷʱһһЩ仯飬ԼϡӰϿ֪ʶһЩӦ仯İ취72ֱ仯73ֱ仯һ㡣Ǳ仯ֻڲ̽ԼȴֻǷǽݹĻӦڽ͵ķѷҪȫ֮ߡֻǿԼǰǵ㹦һ׶ûС񹦵ڶ񹦡ϸѰҪݡ 
񹦡ɵھع񹦺ųͷеġֻҪ۾ԺԶֳݡ񹦷Ϊ书еƪһĶ书ƪһܸ٣ҵķ񹦽֮޵ģҲ޵ģֻеĺͨʱ򣬲ܸӦϢ֮һԼȫС֮СڵʼתܵĿռ𽥱󣬲һСǣ·ӰӣһСҡͬΧŵ򣬼ٵתҲ˱仯һŰɫΧмһ̫âҲһʥͼͬĹâޱߵķϵλǰͼѱϳ󡣺Ȼ뵽֮СҲʱ÷ӯߴâʤǰһָɻ·ɣҲŷٵתת죬ΪһŰɫĹ 
˹һһֹͣת۾Ŀ磬磬ÿһϸ΢ëĵطĿ塣һһźɫĻڶǽϣħͣҲ˲ۻһСֱһӣһɺɫХ·Ƿʮ𣬰ѷײҡеԼڹΪߣӦý񹦵ĵڶ㣬⻤塣 
ţһҵƪ˽˻ݱķ仯֮ҪᱳһЩ仯ĿھȻܰӽб仯仯ĺûɹ񣬳뱳еĿھҪ֮⣬Ҫ˵Ϊ仯֮Ĺͨ⡣ͬеóèеóͬһˣͬʱ򻭵ĻҲһģ򷨹ڣһġһϰˣˡŮˣ߰󣬸ı仯һоԼҪǺϣ⡣ϰ仯ɻȣһʮб仯еı仯ҲеΣǳѧէҵڣԺеǻᡣ±仯֮мصǽһ׿׵ǽӵðǽγһΧǽһֻӶһС嵽ǽϣǴһСǽ˿Ӱ졣ʱǴͨģһͨͨһϰһǽõԽԽϰķʱҲ°빦 
һҪȡһ¾Ȼеǹ棬ŷšһ߳ʣʲô𣿡 
С˵Ԥѡ綯ǰ 
ʱ죬µһֿʼˡһϴԷ֮Ź˱䳡ȻǸˣ൱ڵ⽻˵ڻԼħеλܵħ˵𾴡ħĹԱвٶõĺôҲǷǳչˣŻݡյ˵һӦûʸμӱģκᶼǮ˵㣬Ǯð¡һ仰㶨 
ʱ䵽ˣ˱̺͹򡣳ʵܼ򵥣ֻҪͨħ˵ĴͿԽһ֡Щħʿ֣һ˵ʵ̫򵥲ˡڱ˻ûͨһʱɵػصԭءñҲûûֻ˵Ѩù֮׷׵¡һû뿪е쬵ģתһ˫۾ӣҲеһһǿľ֡Ӳ֪һ˭ݡǴһղŵıԼʤ˴ֻгɹʧܡ˭Ȣ˭ĵˡҪ뷽跨ȥ 
һҲػؾ˶һۣﳤȥ



ʮ ᣨ3

       磬ǳʮٰѴҷֳ飬ÿˡһֵ˵С飬ŵ˵ǽȥԶϣΪȣֻܹһվųȥǾζҪ£ųȥԴҶǺܽţ˷ܡαȻΣأһʤˣƽƣһ죬̫ƽٻˣ֪ҪпԼֱŽһΪǵ˽ ûлͷʱҶעţСĽ⵽ͻȻϮ˭Լĵˣ˭ܹԼ˭ҲֵĺпܾǴҵĹͬĵˣѰ·˾˼վţţûһġ 
ʱһһعȥˣ˴˶Էһ߼䣬ġСʱȥˣһеͷˡɲԸպȥŶһ׳Ĵ󺺼۾ԱŬŬ졣󺺺Ȼе󱳷ߵһСӽˣΪ󺺶ˣæӵ󺺵ֿȥûзջȡѾˣֻԱһնСӵĵ棬ͱͱһ󺺷ŭתӣһСӳò˶Цţĵٴʹһ£ȻѴǰһơ󺺲ĵصɴ۾˵ϣĿ 
ֵһһңɾ˴󺺡ű亹ŵעǡǶֵߵһɰͷǰ˵϶ôˣڼұӣˮѽ 
ͷɫ΢죬ε˵ǵͯӡ 
ϣѽô껹񰡣ֵܳ˵ 
ȣͷˡһͷʱֵܶˣһһңһһ£Ѽͬʱ˹׹һͷ̸оΣաæγ˫عֵǵֽΪʱǳսʮغϡȻƣڶĿޣ൱һʱỹѸ㶨ֵе㼱ˣ滹һҪĶֻûԼ̫࣬ǳȻӿ˽춼ǵ⵶Ӱ 
ǿУҲʹƴˡ˫عˣͬ糵Լķ겻͸˫ȫѵ֣Ⱥǣûãͷͷϼˡʽɢң׽⡣ֵȴһһ˴ֲϱѪʱӿ˼ԼǣһѪ۾ͨ죬ͳһǱܣ˫ع赽˼ޡֵܵĵȻˣһ㶣û뵽˾Ȼ˴Ǳ˰ҵѹӻųһݺݵشȥ 
ֵܾԲǷ֮Ӿͷֻ10ʱͻȻʧȥӰ˺϶Ϊһվ˵˫˫ƣֻޱȵצ˲䴩˵ࡣ˲֪ʲôҪؿԼǵһȴղŵһǵʵ졣 
ˣֵܵתΣŪһŵɫɷף˵˳ǷŹҰɣ 
ֵܻһ£Цҵ˵Ȼԣ뿪Ϊʱɣ 
͹͹ͷ˵ſڡתȥѼ⵶ͬʱͱ塣ǡŵصȥ 
һԱο 
׼ݣһ˵ 
ͷ˵Цҿ´ĵһˣֵͬʱ˵ 
𣿡һЦʡ 
ǾΪģ 
֪һг˵ 
֪ 
Ĳңǡһָ˵ 
ֵܿشЦЦûֹͣϾһϸǦ˿ѪۣţһѪ߷ɽһʲôʱɱġСɵ鷢Ա֮ʩɱǵԼıǻˮģԼĵϣһ̡ 
һӯǾʬ壬Ц˵밵ңǻ˵㣡



ʮ ᣨ4

       ֱǶӲµһ˶࣬ħסԼαٴγǩֳ飬һ康˶ࡣ ˶࣬Բļ¡ͬһСɽɫڣ壬ٺ࣬Ǳߺɫĺ룬չšһҲһװ˵ߣվڿ˶ǰС红ͯ 
СүүãϿȻڳĸεġ˶ŰӺߵһǰؽ 
˴㶡֫ļһôʰ㡣һսսſ˶࣬ص˵һ͸㣬벻Ҫ 
ʶ࣬콻˶ȰĴ֡ 
һѰлۺõһСһš 
໡˶ƹֽеѱճһСһɽζڿС 
Բ𣡶Բôˣģһװ޹ӣæǸ 
ȥı˶߳ŭػƴ 
ͣһһͣ˵ 
ʲô˶ʡ 
ܲܰ㣬ƽһ΢Ц˵ 
˭㳤ߵģҪȾͱȣȾԶ䣬¡ɶ಻ͷ˵ 
һĲдʣԿʼ𣿡 
ԣеͷ˵ 
˶תͷϾͱһݺݵصһȭ 
Сˣ˶Ŷӱ׵ŭһ˵ 
˵Կʼˣûз档һԩƵı⡣ 
˶һ˫һʣһ·鿪䵽ϣؿںͼϵļһһسɽԭǴһ·ضŲͣزֱȭͷֻ硣ȭͷγһɫڵһХΧĵ汻һӡ˶ÿһȫһҪȭȭһһ½Ƕûմ˶ཹضһƵƵֻһɫӰڻȥʲôҲš 
ζжʮӣһ˶½ˡʼȭͷڿ˶ϡȭȭ·˶۵໽Уֻаķݡ 
̨µĹڲסĺȲʣƽкá 
ɶڷŭˣһضɽҡ巢˱죬գ֮һֻܾһߡһţ³һ硣һûзһ顣һӵʱ䣬ܾ˵һǰצһĿץһæһţಿλһȴצӡѪʱ˳ 
һٺʮף˹ֹס˿ںзγһֱ߶ſ˶ؿڷȥ 
ܾһЦſ³磬ҲһֱӭŻɹȥһУըѿܾûЦδ䣬ڶͻȻı˷򣬴ֱšܾʶ뵲סּæջˣǱյһëһߺˣһٴ³һֵ򡣻ھһ׵ĵطըˣǿײҡҡŻšվκ󣬻ûдˣؿڣըһһ׼ǺܾҲȷʵ˵ã֮ǰȻԼԪǳıըޱǿһϯһˣǸ¡ǻǱನһ¡ĿһȣһѪӿɤֱۣǿѹȥ˼ӣɢһɵֵ̨ 
ףһֵܣ쿪ʤȳϵصϲ 
߰ɣһӯؽŲ߳ء 
磬һӺ׽гǩһˣֿաΪʱܾѡֹۿֱֹ˵似سʧʡһصסأԹԺ󣬶Խң򿪾ķڣһ񹦵ڶƿյĿ̿ŬҲͻơȻ˺ܾ˶࣬Ҳ˲ٵһˡϥĳƺſʶԼ塣ɫԪ񰵵ήң۾աлǵӰţѪɵġһݵصϢ֮ϲӿ壬ϵضи졣ͨеľҾǰӯһﴦľǴ׳һչ߱ӿȴܿƵľ壬֧߲ϵС˻˵ɷȥͣײںϲµʼĴߡһȫľһߣδܡѣߣʱбƵĿܡһͷһ۵Ҫҡҧأסһ˿вʵԺѰҽİ취񹦵ĸֹɿͷȻһľֳֹˮˮգ޼᲻ݡͻȻӯ࣬ЩȻйɵųɶӣ·Ϫ󺣡𵤺ؽźȻ֮ϵ۾Ҳˣɷͳӿͬú¶ 
ͻˣ˾񹦵㣬һԿĹӣҵеķħ 
֪֮ףµһֵ



ʮ ս

       ܵĽúãεľһͶ֮ħ͹ٹĦɽ˺ַǷ ħԶıϣʮضߺšߵĴ󳼺ͻһҴһսսصùħŮֵزħߣЦذŤһߡԴĸȥħƢӱ꣬Ӳѱ˵ĻϡŮ˹죬 
ħҲ⣬ֻǹû˼ǿңʻʵڴϡСشţûл㣬ֻһаƻ⾳ 
ӶԼʤ־ڱصãһ̨ͷųǿƣһһһһߣֹһ䣺ҲŴģӸŷѪ̫ࡣ 
ŵעűϣΪӱܶӵıƻ飬ų²ߡʼȡʤһòª˻ͷ˵Ǹˣοࡣߵϯ̨ѰңܹͶһߵ͵ĵǺηʥԼɾǷ⡣һʱɫһ죬Ѫӿ޲³һһ١ɫǣӮҲ޸㡣 
Ůӵ˼Ƿ޳ǾˣƫҪǨŭһ㣬Թ¡ 
ӼһĿڹ϶ĿҲǱһַζζҪըˡ 
Ѫ񵶣ŭŶһһһƽʵ򰵺ǧɱһȫʮҪѨȫÿһʵʵ仯ˡҲǿǰǿܾ˶಻ͬն 
һҵģȡһһסˮ©սʮغϣӼû˵һëɵŭڣѪӿ¡ıҲȻʧɫмĿռ侹ȻʼŤΣγһѷ졣Ѫʤ·һѪĶħذܵĿɣӵı֮УȻŻӳĵֱһϮ 
δǵȴͬʮ̨羢Ӵ·Ҫ𣬽Ҳڱ΢΢ΧۿǲȷĻűɫÿֲʵҲΪһĵΪԼǲ 
вҲȴΣСУغһ˽һһĵ棬ӶţоűͷĻ治ŲæػԲȦҰԣһŽԲС󣬳űӭȥ 
һԲˡһҲˡ 
ڸѧҶؿһɵ𣿡 
һԲҲΪУһͷ­ֱ 
һʧɫΪֻһ֮ԵĪʹ 
̣ؿŹʧӡ˱ҳˣ˭Һ塣 
áӻûлһǿޱȵɽطĵƣͬһһɵиۡ³һѪѪڿзɢγһѪѪ죬ȳ˱ǣһüͷʲô֣ôѪô˵ĺҪϰٱǧ 
Ѫ𽥸ֳһĿĳĿŭһ¶ֻɭɭݺݵ˵Сӣ׹ٲĵʹ 
αǣдʣ֮Ѫħþǰĵˡ 
գ֮䣬رãһһûпûˮҲûһ⡣谵ؼֻŭţҰһƻõĶħһˣ˷ܵؾ£צһԸʬ޴档 
һһ·նɱǶħΡձնΪΣַֻħӿҵģôҹ쾹ȻЩħûа취кųɹĴˣµĹУҪ취ǡһ߻ӽɱ˼ߡ 
Щħľʬж壬һΪĿơΣǺôǺʲôĶأˣͨ»𣬶ħҲǼĶҵĹǵĿ𣿿ҽ첻ǣ뵽˴һζܵ𷢳ֹâ֮ɢħ׷ӱܡ 
ãջָ 
һ˻þؿŶӣЦ˵ǭ¿˰ɣ 
ӿЦһóһɫջӵĶǶһȺıʯ߾ٺɫħȣɫıʯͻȻҫ۵Ĺâ͸ֵа졣Ӷһ˵⣡ 
˲䣬һһʮ׵ıŰΧⲻͨıǧãôҪʱһУͬ֬еֺ꣬ٴͷųȥаͷһϲſʼðɫĹ𣬻ⲻϵɺٱҲѸٵڻɢһƵỊ̇ƮɢڿС 
޵зСг˲ɼ絶һ֧֧ 
ǽػһһܶȻһ׶ĺɫǽΧڵС䵽ǽϾȻֺܽ׷׹ѻĸСɽһ 
ӼԼѹ׵ľжûסһķˡﲻͣһʱ֮䣬Ʊɫ޹⡣Ϸô˸ָĶ߾ޣӥСûһҿһġһվڹЦزʣΪۻ㳢ʧܵζħƾճһѽıϷɽ̵۾еħֶӡ΢һľͱҶʣתܣһ⴩ضҽһ˵ϡ 
һҪǰĹһӰѶӾˡ˲ƣ˭ôϻиʦ൱Ǹ֮塣̵ͷʤ˱ϾǺ£αѰգߣδȥ



ʮ ħı

       һսʤ˶ӣụ̂νҡУħٹ¶֪ħδŮǵ˺ ٽ֮һվڴУݵؿŵĳ衣ħȻûй˿ڶ࣬ԣΪԴḻرʢ۸쳵ľʯħǸĽ١ݻħõʣװεĽ̻Ի͡財 
ħǰһʯ鰸ڷˮƿҲƷʯɡħĸߴŨüۡһΡȻûи¹ָߺˣΪβ򣿡 
Ϲ죬¹أмĸڻҵˣҲƽΪʲôҪ㡣ôģϻֳܱһǰһʩһǺǾ¥ϰƼģһõһûܵķͣ˲óȻ񡣡 
ϣƤӻģԹͦʹ֪Ҫ͡ħֹȴ˵ȻǴӺǾ¥ģӦǹİɣ 
ǣȻѱˣҲûбҪԼ 
ΪʲôҪμħıأħ̽Ե׷ʡ 
ʲô𣿡һʵ 
еү㲻ħˣ鲻ͬѹͨ 
ΪʲôԲμأ 
ħµƿԡ 
˵Եûдͬ׼Ը߱ޡֺαض˿أһϵ˵ 
ħȻŭˣ˵Ϊļһȥˣ 
ǣµƻسһĸ첲ߡ 
һЦЦسһۣݲȵȥ 
ǹæܳקħ˵ŮɹѸ𣿡 
ŮôأֻŻŻʸҵŮħ˭£ŮİΪѲˣͶôһԹŮûиһаŮʱ˲ãۣħ߳ʮأȻ³ܲץħѾãһֱգҰŮ޸ǣԱڽһҡǿ󣬻񣬺װ·ɱһҧ鷳һ书ǿҵŮ̳ҵ²ͼҵҲǹģе㼬֡ 
췢ѽ˶ҪɱˣһѾƳţػζħİӴߴ١ 
˴ħӳ˼ѹ 
һ´ħ洺˵ 
лһҾ֮һѵ̾ϡ 
Сħ˼ʡ 
һһٴʩش 
£һħ´·Ĺ˿Ѱ·ʲôӶѹͼ۸񣬴ﵽԼȡĿġ 
ˣ·мˣҪңֻŮȤϸ˵ĽɽȤûȺáһתͷȥħŮһԼһ죬صһۣȥ 
ħһı仯ε˵Ϊʲô뵱ҵŮ 
ⲻǷϻ𣿲ΪƾΪɫҪѽֱ˵һװҳϵ˵ұĲµģ˵Ը֮¡رӵţաҸӷ׷ײƽҶһĵλݣΪʲôҪ֮أҲҴ˶Ӹ˲õӰ죬ֹĿࡣԸһеǣ˵һڳħȺ鼤ܣѪڡһ˵ǵǴҶħϣұ¶䡣 
ħžһ˵̸ܣħ˭ҪΪħյĺƽȶͺ巭ˡ 
һ͵֣Ϊ˰գΪ˹ң˵ĻأΪ˱סԼΣȽɽ˯ײۡҪÿ 
ô㲻ţħһĪʵ 
˿ؽΪ²ϧ踺أнʵ˾壬ҶľϽˮһ˵˵ԼҪжˡ 
⻰ôе죬е٣ϲħϲ˵ҵŮţ 
Ҳ٣컨׹ɥʧ˸ĺҵĴ㣬͸һŵۣ̫ö˰ɣһɧظ̵ 
ħһƣЦǺǵ˵ΪŮҵĹŮ㻹⣬Ҫ鿼ġ 
һתŹ˵װǹ֮ǰʲôĲԵĵطԭ¡ϴֻΪ˾ȹû˼Ҫᡣβμӱԣһ治ù˵УһҲĽƷòϣң 
˵ûһô֪ҵƷûʵ 
ԵǧᣬԵ治ꡣ˽һ˲ǷҪϦദ֪ġŹӦ֪Ϭɣ˵յ۾ģ˵ò˫ȫǫãԲм١һԲѵ˵ 
ģô˵ҵ𣿡ŵһ 
ƭǡСһЦػش 
ûװ˵ 
³֮еʱ䡣ҵҪûдӦأħ˵ 
ʲô飿 
ΪŮܹҵһɾĸǰһԸΪҵһ䣬ǿǧǰħֻ֮ҵܱӹһƽħʵ˵ 
ԼõôһŵɣƭС𣿲ҲɽҲһŹ˵Ϊ˵õ氮ϵɽ»𺣣ǣ 
һϵӣж˵ʵҲΪҺãĸΪҶѲˣȻС͵һֲֹÿʮҹԲ֮ʱҶᷢҽ˵ܻʮ꣬ۿҪˡ˵ҹɽһأϼһ䣬һ㶹ޢΰٲҲǿ䣬ҲͲĵؿ 
ħҲݵϡ 
龰һ鲻Խ˵ħģһԲ񣬲ΪģֻΪҲʧģǾ͵ʤĺϢɣ 
ǾͰˣħ˵ʱ۾ֳһ˿ϲ



ʮһ 

       ¶ҹĵȥȴһĶԴ㡣ӥԶһһŮͬľżеطʳӡһ빬ƻһ㲻١ĻǱɡ ԼźðҰ㣬ɰײɣʾһӵ͸ĭྴָǵأŨ裬ǿȣһ裬½Ž˼ƬҶҲˣζ 
Ұ㣬󰮴ס 
ǣ˲ʶ磬Ϊһ֮ؿշһߣҿ 
¼ʱУѾ죬֪ϹڣǺꡣת󣬵лߣӦкޣ³ʱԲ 
վħźõһ޹һпǧСǰ棬Ըסľ¥һּҵĸо 
٣һɫӰ 
һһãץס͵Ϯߵ 
ϣ֣һһŮʹؽš 
ô㣿ҹ˯𣿡ſ֣һ𱸵ҿ緢ϮԼ书̫΢еҲɲзϡ 
ô˭ô񰡣𣿡ੲ䡣 
㲻֪ˣ𣿡һ˵ 
ôС˵ֲˡɴֲ˵ 
Ųأһ˼˵ 
ң̧־һ 
һһ߬ססС֣һбҧʮ¾Ҳܴ㣬Ҳϻҵˡ 
۸ңҲ߸·ϵ߳ŭط쭡 
Ҫˣ㲻ػ𣿡һʾ˵ 
ȵĸ󡲻ңȵ˶ǡǹʲôûС۸ңĺѿв˵ţʼѰ 
ҵɱ˵꣬һֱߵߣɵͷ˯˵һ㲻٣ΩСŮҲã򲻵á 
㡪ƿһĸ첲˵ 
ǻûаóףҪģñ˵лһڴϾǲ 
˭ҽͷҰл˵ʹקһ 
ʲô˵ˣϢˡһͷ˵ 
㲻ϲңˣ˦һֱԹΪʲôҪȢңһҲû˼ˣˣ˵ţһͷͷײȥ 
һһס֣е˵Ҫ 
һĴߣʣ㰮𣿡 
һµرһ֡ 
꣬㻹ˣЦˣǶġ˭ϡ㣬һŰɣվЦһ·ﳤȥ 
ѾѾޣӣƣһҧݵ 
ϣһ͵͵غǾ¥ԼѰ𽻴һ¡ǷģҪʱϡ 
ݰգħһһȽĲ߽ħĳһعħҫڽǵϣһСҵҲ൱ιʲôûɪɶߵȺǰ棬˵һݼ 
ħһıֲ̫⡣Ͼսʤ˶ӣȡ˵һпܾԼĳö쭡ħͷ죬ϵ˵Ϊҹ״ԪǱиССɲʽӭȢɿǺˣ 
²ţԸǰһ֣µػش 
ãھǰɽѰ㶹ޢħ桪ħ˵ 
ڣһݵ佫ǰһʩ 
ˤһСͬǰ󡣡ħ 
ħ湧ػش 
һһʩ˵²Ҫͬǰȥԡ 
˶󣬶ǶԱĻϤ·ж㡣ϣͲҪƴˡħĺƵ˵ 
ҵǹʹ̫ģ˼ҡħǴеͷԵļһĹյġ 
뿪˴ħָһһǰ𾴵˵үϳ 
Ƴܵţ£һв͵𣬺α¡˼ĵħ˵ҪСҹĿǾѵģ뷲ƥͬǵٶ൱˵ģͨ߷ٶҲǵҹҲݵͨĪġϳɣ 
ʢȴһ粽˻аڵŵ㡪 
ꡪһֻһָͷ˵˵ 
ڳϸʲôһֵʡ 
ΪƵĻش𣺡һȥ 
УһһڻؾôзȥǸ鷳ɶǱ㣬ǶԸˡ 
Ҿȥȥĵ˵ 
Уȥ޷֤İȫһ˵ 
һᱣԼģҪܡ㲻ңҾ͸㣬ߵҸקһİӣôĥ 
ܲˣһԹȴ޷йһôŮ˽ƽϡε˵ʱҾȲ㣬Ҫң 
Ү˵һһڡ 
þµһĪС̧ܵͷһ͵ץ֣촽ȥ 
ž˦ϴһƣŭ˵ɫǣһȥ 
㡪 
ʲôңǶʹͣ㲻ðңܶзǷ֮롣дǵ˵ 
ʲô߼ôô 
Գ𣿡ħڳʾ 
߾ߣҸ𣿡һ 
ãûأھˣ磬ôˡħﲻʹ죬ȴұֳƻǰ



ʮ ħɭ

       һҹޣӱ޵ظɽħ治Ǹǵģǧﲻڻ¡ڿϣǳ𳵵̣ƼˣҲ һ·ϣħ潫ͨ൱˳νͨ衣һ죬ħǡڤ塢ħĽӴȻħĵؽ磬Ҳ˵ܵĵ 
ԶȺɽɽϳ˸ߴľɽ֣һƬɽ֣罥ı䣬ɽʯҶ浽޵ķ㣬߰ߵ㣬ǽǰܡԽߣԽһԭʼɭֵζȻɫͬɭﻹһֲ͵ĸоܾЩ죬Ծ 
ħǰ濪Сضһ˵ǰħɭ֣ڻڱԵشأСӦͨħɭֲܵɽĸأҵղصĵط 
ʱһֻ޴Ϸɳס˰աɫ壬ɫĳ򣬼ĳ๣ޱȡǵͷһֽŷվڳǰһж˰ģצץܻػŹ󺰴СһеóѵĹѷڸ߿գǵһһѰ´ιĿͻᡣ 
СģǿëʮּӲͨı޷˺Ƿֺħߵǰ棬γСĵ 
Ȼٴθʱһ⵽Ϯ趯ûпһëԼΪһʱԴⱻץˣѪ졣ħ²ˣ˵Ҷ۵һ𣬹ͬԸ 
ʮ£ΧŵţĿſһҲҵġ 
ֻ޻ɳˣȻֽųϮˡһӽףָᵯһ򣬻򲻴ֱףȼźڡ졢ɫƺû£צѻ򵲹ȥϣצӸսӴͻΪҽ۵һûͣȾͱ壬ֻߵķԵ 
ħĵΪʱһͽ˿񣬲ɵĴָ̾Ϊ״ԪһƵУ 
ħҲ̾þĿע 
һȻһЦͰ׵˵Ҳصģһң߰ɣ 
ӼǰһڿϣĿ 
ң벻㻹ӣЦŶһ˵ 
һ۾˵ֹӣĵط㻹֪أ 
ʲôطȲ׷ʡ 
㣡һصصθڡ 
˵Ȼҽиɱ㣡 
ŮӲҪǰɱֹϣҿ˲㣬˭Ȣ㣿һװģؽѵ 
Ҫܣ˭Ը޸㣿Ҳܣ㵽׻ʲôġϴ㲻ǰ¿군𣿡ӵ˵ 
ô֪ģ书ôأ 
ҵġм˵ 
 
ǰ㲻ѽϱ书ߵ˶ˣҪҹԴӮһξΪԼ˲𣡡һ˵ 
ˣĵ֪ҪѾͷƬҡ 
ҵ㻹ûлشأżʡ 
£ĸطԺ֪ˡһЦǺǵػش 
Ҫѽ 
ϣıɱ׷ඣһؽ



ʮ 

       ôħҵĻζ߹ĵʡ ûʲôæģһ߳ӵһæ͵ 
žһϱʲôһ¡һԭ͡Ҳ٣˭ӣô껹û˭͵ϮӵģץǰƤɡ 
ĴѰһᣬһ̵ģһصƣ 
Цʡ 
һһۣûд 
СأһᣬرԹ 
һ׼ȤȻϴžŭеƿһźںĶŴ͵ϮΣһһǸűʮ׿⡣ǰһһеЦԷǣһͣеˣԵ÷ǳЦıҲģصֵ˷š 
ô£˭ڲһУһţһʶѰһ˼Ӧ֮ߡܿ죬еǰʮ״ļһ嵽λãһ߲ʮֵˣһŴӸǶȷĿꡣ˵ˣ֪ʶΪ״еͷͷºʹһ𡣷ԺϳһеŶţ뺣һ׷׻⡣˼Ʋͷһصܡ 
Ȼˣֺαأһһεرס˲ı鶼һסˣʲôСʱ̾ͺˣ̫˼ˡ 
Ѷħ¿ǰ龰ʮֺ档ħɭ֣ǰֻ˵Źۣһֱ̫š㿪۽磬ȷʵ̫ˣУرࡣô 
ûʲôǿʲôһָʡ 
⣬Ǵ˵еĳࡣħ濴˿˵ 
ࣿ 
ǵģ˵óཬûжɱʼҾе㻳֣ΪȽټҾûϡ뾹Ȼǿ԰Σָϲ״ħĵؽܡ 
ôոأһ뵽仯ˣջرͻܡջأֱԶضס 
Ȼ̲Уħǻ۵ġүֻҪ˵뷨Ը⣬ͻ㡣ħ˵ 
һߵǰ΢Ц˵ҷ㣬Ը𣿡 
һؿһ 
ܶһͷıٴ˵Ըһ𣿡 
ͷ 
һȫһ±ľ֫壬ٿ굽£ˡ 
ѽˣһ˵ 
طգȻԸ㣬Ҳûа취ֶǾԵģһֻһˣǿ󲻵áħ氲ο 
Ҫ뿪ͻȻһСһ֥͵һǰ 
Ϊˣһǧ֥и֮ˡħ湧ά 
ǧ֥꣡һЦ˵



ʮ ħ

       ꣿ̫˰ɣǸǸգɫ˫հħ˵ţˮˡ һԺӣһģǵظĦơȻͷſС죬૵˵ʲôһĿɿڴעˣ֪˵Щʲô˼һ˵˼żץҲý꣬վȥ 
ħѰ˼һᣬ㽻ǶǹͨͱﵽͨôܹϬأˣħඥʱéٿһ취˷ܵ˵ʦ˵Ҫͳ޺ദнҪǩԼó˼ܵĿƣ仰˵ֱģؽ˼빵ͨԺʲô飬ֱȥ 
ǩԼܼ򵥣һ֮΢ЦŶ˵ԸǩԼ𣿡 
һ˵ʲôһͷ¶ϲɫ 
һǩԼҪҵģԶˣһϲض˵ȻҪһ𣬾Ҫһֻޣһ 
˲ͷصһؽţͷͬס 
һҧָһѪ˵ϣ˵ʱŹâͨͮͮģþӨ͸һޡһ˵꣬˵ΧһɰɫӣȫգŻָƽ 
ҶԴ̾ΪֹҲ³ߵһǰһ˵ÿɰԺˡ 
һ뷢˴һ´ܽĻͷǰܰر۾ܰ㣬ɫȻࡣɫѵļһҲʰ㣡һץȥֻûдˣٿ˳Ź¿·档һҲû룬˳ץȥȻһضԼʤʱһĶ𡣡޳ܣ 
Ϊʲô˵ңҺÿһգ޹ؿŹǣΡưͳԻпԡ 
·վظϣ˵Ҷ⣬ŮҲҲڽ£ 
㡪һͻȻ˵Ļһʱ֮ǵֻڹظ衣ظһܴһǳһֳ֮С 
һɫߵضŽ 
С֮һ˼ħ泩غСš 
һ·ϣǲʱؿָĶħѵĵΣһܿʶ˼俴Ķ2ߣֻ20ó湥һμ穣ᲢֻۣӵķݣȮǻҪ󣬻ҪײУߣعʮóܡ͵ϮݼϲȺӡʱϰֻΧѸ쳣ħ¾СʱսŰǴˡȻһҲ۵ 
һûг֣ԸСɫħ¾͹ˡκʱκ鶼ȫһȥ̫ۣۻһ䵽ô·õʱһҪұֵĻᡣ 
΢Ϣһ󣬴ҼǰٶףǰĴﴫ˱ײҰ޵һħҷ࣬Уǰ·ϲʱԿҰ޵ʬ壬֫ϱۣȫʬӹǼжϣЩҰʵǿ޴һȳ嵽ǰ棬뿴 
һƬĵطǸɽŮһȺ޴ĹްΧм䣬ȵĽڽڰˡһ־޴ļޣ12ߣԼ230ӵħмǿķǵϣһ׹⣬һ׺ۡʮͷܹ֮࣬ɻ˺мһλˡ׷ͯգ壬̫Ѩͻ۾͸ǵĺ⡣ƺҲ֪ģͷ޶ʵʩﲻϵ緢ǿţͷϵǺֱײԸӺλŮֻǼͷޣ󲿷ֵĶΧԹۣһţݡ 
Ȼ书ߣеҲǰÿһͷֻܰѹ޵ıƤˣȴһͷʱ䳤ˣԽԽǲرԱߵĸˣһͷͨ˵ķһŮȻȥŮ˲ıʾסˣȵ޿Ҫ嵽ǰʱŻæ𱦽еֵǼ޶ıӶƲǰ塣ֻǰ׶İɫǣź⣬Ůšۿһ缴ݣܵ˶Գżȴֱļ޲ס޷ 
ŮҲûʧɫɫҰףػӶǰϣ漣һ١ 
ϲԻƫŮر۾ʹһ׹ֻ巢Ʈ˲վ˰ΧȦ⣬һӢ굥§СĿȴǼڴ򶷳 
һ˵ζģûζ˶˵ˣˣΪʲôζǳģǸоͦأŮɵĽһΣ 
ϣ֪ϧ˰ǲ֪ɶʱվǵ˵ 
ŮæһĻִٲ˵лл 
¡һĲɵػش۾ʼעųоƵı仯˷߱ƣʣµ˳֮ƶ࿹ǰһϵĶ࣬ȱһˣֳ©˱Χмֻм֮еΪ˱һŮʱ޵ǴˣѪֹȴϾáŮҲæңвλϵ߹⡣ 
Ƽ񻯣ʱΣաԶҲǱΣĿ쾡ϵ͸֧άĿǰ 
ӣȾǰɣߵŮĿһ˵



ʮ 

       ʱͼѾ˺˵ķϵһֻͼڴһӺѸٵһŮļҲ˳ĺŽǣŵʤʵζ͵ ۿ˵ΣڵϦȵŮһҧǰˣͬʦͬھһɵһקסĸ첲ԭһȥ 
мһַ򡣻ھͼ޵Ϸ׷ױըֻ赲סǽĽŲ΢ζһ¡ʲôȻԻһķ 
ͼҪʤһʱͻȻһ硢ʱ귢Ļ赲һ£һŭԲ۾ˣһеһһسϬļǣľˡʵ൱ֲ 
һΣңȡþ񹦴߶ʱ󣬺ʤһͷͼ޸ճ嵽ǰһʹն֮ɨǧһӳ񾪣ͬһѷĵƬи壬ϰ벿ǰ壬䵽ϡ°ͣԭأľǰļȫնء 
ۣðȵŮ˷ܵ㵸к 
Զսľͼޱŭˣſһ˹̳磬ŮŰˡʮһȥײҲȳࡣ 
˸ղŵľ飬һУٴλӳնʮɹƱȿʼҪǿʢһֹȻһڼǵϳ֣·ǾֹģֻһɨĺۼǵҰƵǡôһֻ޵֮󣬽ҲʧΣһУһɣһҪ󵽷ִ磬һ㣬һߡ 
һƵУֲ̫ˣžͼ޷ֳ׷׵µ龰˶סˣ޲һĸ۷ 
ɽ˹ޣһȥ 
Ůٺϲվһ໥ţмؿһ߼ʶ㣬ǰضһ˵ɹлӵľ֮ 
ûʲô֮ͣҳݣһת 
лл㣬磡ǰȵŮܹһҡ˵۾һرĹʣһСŮҲһɱ 
һסԼص緢װƽɿŮ˵һ£ʹ˱ڣ 
һҪ粽ϳٴθм˵ǰģʲôҪ飬ܷԸ 
ҽݣıǣպˡŮ˵ŰһԲεĶһ 
һӵһǿǧһֵͼҲû⣬һǵߺ󣬾ȥ 
ҲȥɣҪúУ˼ᣬȴ˵ãҶ̾簡߸̾˵



ʮ ħ

       ɽ·Ȼ᫣нٶȴ졣ɽ֣뵣ľ죬ɽȪݺᣬȪˮر׵ľ޴ٲͬӴӾ콵䣬죬ˮɽΡΪ׳ۣһ˼ɾ Ȼɽ׳ΰΪʲôû˾סԼıΪʤأűȥҪħǲʶһɵø̾һ䡣 
أѶɽҪΪħ˵ħػס棬˲£ʽġÿ길Ҫڳ˾׹Ʒˡ򵥡οҲԴ˶ģͼѰƻʢǶɻܣ޹СΪҪˣ˴¡ƺһ˼ѵ 
УҪΪԼĵСҽڣɽɡңˣЦһ༥ 
ùʱҪ˵û㣡ǹתͷŴľɫڴ 
СɶһһǹأʱŪҵ㵱ҵһúǲ㡣һֻ 
ʲôٿҰڳͷҲصطݵ 
㲻ô֪ҿأ 
Ҿ֪㿴ˣ⣡ 
ֻһͷԵᡣ 
㡪ҧгݵŭһ 
ıǿô󣬺Ⱥȵ۾ĺɶһسŴ۸Ĺĸ 
ɱ㡪ǲһеط˹ʱȫŮ󣬹ݣٲȻһøӶʨӱߣ˫ֺץӣﲻͣ䣬ҲĿĵš 
һʵʲôŮ˵ĲǣʧԼʿȣ̫צֻѡܡҲడ 
ܡͷɢŭݣŭɶ׷һ 
Ѷħŵʵʲôˣ 
ŶֹסŲû£øȥ 
ħεشԭأעһֿ˿ҡҡͷ˻صм䡣 
ڳ˺ܾã͸һ͸ʵĿˡһչμٵǰȥ 
ǰħˣСĵ㡪ŵķе 
ͺ˲ƣĻδ䣬һѾ˰֮һİɽȡһƣһɫ֣һͷ״м䲻ϵ³ɫơΧһӡ·һεľ档ոȽͱһεǿޱȵ˻ 
ҾͲаҷҪȥɣһ˫ʹӡȥʼǿĵֿ޷ǰֺǵӣԴԴϵͽȥǲӡһλδĺѣȻܵںһǱСͬʱһҲһ־ú¶֪иУ̩ȥ 
棬һߴȫӿе죬·Ķֻ·ڵǲͬ˭أǴ˵еӰɣû˵书ѽĻҲܳɣڴ˹װŪŪհɣ 
˼֮ǰľͻȻ˱仯·ɫһڵǽĺ棬һֻɫͻȻһǰ 
ף峤Լףѷޱȵ⡣ȫ÷ϵͬ˺ܾãһ֣˷ܵؽţӶצ磬ʱ׼˹ 
ǻԣЧһûס壬СĵעһһԾƶԸδ֪˵ķ 
һӵʱ䣬ʧȥԣһ˹һӲƴϮ־ٱնȥܱ˴˽ߣ벻Ǹ߼ޣգۼ侹ȻʧӰٴצ֮ץĺġһ·Ǳһֻۣצļһʱһذδзɵ˴ĶˡצķˣŭһƾշſڣһųȵĻ棬¶ǧȣȹҪ߳ٶȣҿԼ֪֮ûкƴ 
һ䵽Ľ£ӽĽſȥϮһӷ׿⣬ŭŻ棬ͬʱַкһƴļơ 
һոձܿѾ˵ǰ̩ɽѹ֮Ʒ·Ǹǻǻ㲻̵һѡ𱦽ʹʮɵĹĸ˹ȥʱҲǹעһͷųеѹ 
ǿײһ𣬷˾ĺ𶯵΢΢һûıֻʣһֵסĽ뱻ײķԱߵĵֻȵŽѾݽаߵһ



ʮ ʦ

       һҪٴηһ͵֮УһҲСһޱ泩ĸо·һȻ׺͸֫ٺһɹɵӴԴԴϵע壬ͣϲ ĪȲ֮ʱԺͻȻһͰˣ׷ͯգ׵üº͵˵СֵܣףΪɵĵӣҵϿɡ 
ĵӣ˭ѽһʵ 
㶼ʶ𣿿ҲǸģôôʶҲûУѵʧˣװ˵ 
㲻ǵѧɵĴʼôܵħˣһʡ 
˵ǰһ縳ף˼ػԴӹ֮󣬾͵õ̫Ͼĵ㻯ΪͽʹҲλɰࡣֻΪҵǳɽûʲôλħǰνܵ۳ʹȺףһʱҡϾűҵħְʱƹһҲǸ꣬ʮϤЩһϤǰЩʱϾڴغһ꣬˵Եˣɽ棬ҿ˵㹦 
ҿ׬ˣ׼ôĹٽʡһ껹ֹ̫һ뵽˴㵸 
СҪ̫磬·ļҪȥ˷黹Ҫȥ 
𣿡һǳţӵڵĹټľ񹦣ħп˵޵Уʲôµأ 
Сҿ㣬ڵɽڲң˶½磬һչԼرһЩаǵǿϾҳ֣㻹ҪСΪ 
ǲԹۣƾ´Ұɣһŵʡ 
ҲѴЩԺ˵㻹ͳһҵɣĵؽ 
ôһ˵һɲ˿ɲܶԸ˵ģѡһǱסԼСҪһʼˣͷ 
ǵʱǻó棬ҪѵʱȻ˰ģġӼһԣùģæ԰ο 
˵ĺЩɽĻˣʹһҵСˣܵȵңһɲɣ˻ٵĻᣬ̫ԲԼġ 
Ҿ֪Сӻˣš 
һ׹һгһİɫȦ 
̫ϾȦ򲻵ѵʱ򣬲ҪãΪ֮ 
һûüѻ˵꣬ʧˣҵõȦҲֵ뵱ʥܱˣҪҳ˵˲֮ʱҲôһ£ҡ



ʮ ʧ

       һԽصԭ·ǹϡ˽Ȼһ˵Ӱѵҷ̫죬ǻû׷ҲѽʹҲõˡһǰѰҡãŵһ̼ζһ˿Ѫ֮ŸоߣһƬ֡ľ󲿷Ѿջ٣дɺںģеĻðŵ̡һĵоǿ˲⡣æ䵽ϸѰϣѰҳһ˿˺ʧưܲںڵĳǻ˵ζûһʬ壬Ҳûд򶷵ĺۼֻбսľƺ˵ʲô ˹ˣô־͸־ȻڰʱʧӰ٣Ǻηʥд˹ͨ˵ħʳ̫ԶϾǵĵ̣˭ıӵڴ˽ɱ 
һ˼⡣ν޾֮·ǰʮ״һúȻĴԼ֣һŤŤġŮԣϽֻһƲĲûüдʲô˼ʾʲôħӦûôĵӣֻ˽⣬Ҳпܡϵϵֻдһּʮа˾˸ɵġ 
ǽ߹ͶӳףħͷħԸңǻ治ð졣ұҪ˺һӣˮݡ벶ȸںϲߡ˵Σڹ˽һҪȳ 
˽ٳ˹ֻᳯŶߣǵĹ뵽˴һ׹һѾеǧ֮⡣ħһսĹ˲١սҲġ 
ǣ 
һĴѰ˼ǧףûзǵӰѵǲϳ𣿾˫ᣬҵķҲֽģ׷϶һţҲ747ڷ֮ʱͷкȻݳһ΢źţࣿôأҺոǩԼһ𣬶ҺžϵѽųƽϢѰ΢ϢʶڶϷ򣬲ǴӶϷá 
֮䣬˶Ϻߣãã޼ʵĴ󺣣ٴãȻٷǴӺߵûдֻ׷ϣο󺣻գڣˮְɫɢŨŨȳ͸ޱȵĹ죬ȴȸѹ 
źȴǿңڴ֮Сڲô࣬ǹһҪȣҵĴҵѳɣҲջȥϡһΧһЩ֦׼֮ʱ֮á׼׵֮ʩչ󺣷С֮䣬һѾ˼ʮԶ޷ˣڰ᲻һ뺣͸оͬϺƷ¶죬ȳ֮ںŰ֮£ӵĲ˱ǡ֪ɽлƫɽУһкڵһ߷½֮ʱ׳һ֦ˮ֮ϣȻҽżһ㣬֦ſ˳ں˻ͧʽĳݡնˣʱʱõݵϢ֮һХһչڿն𣬷ɿǰȥ 
֦ȥ룬ǰһƬãã·ںηʱãȻʱͷüû֮ǣɥ󺣡ǿûлͷҾעʹ󺣲һءǰǰǰǵ̫һԺв֪ôȻðһĵĸԼҲееЦ



ʮ ɵ

       ֦Ѿˣǰ·ɣȴС˺ܶ࣬ˮҲûǰ͡ǸǻѾѡһһѭųഫϢķٴγ̡ ͬ죬вףǰͻȻһһԲ׶εĵںˮ롣·̨庣һ㣬ܷƽ˾£ߵĺ̲ʮ滨ݵ׺䣬װһĻߡľ죬һɴŲû뵽յĴ֮лԴ 
һ࣬컵ķ⡣ͷгഫźͻȻǿΣգһһƬľβɽȥ 
顱һѽһűӴнС˭ʹڱңײʲôطãƫƫҪѡҵıӣʹᣬˣ⻹Ҫҵıײƽ˹ܳ࣬ҵŮŻһŴҡֹ¡ʮĵƨɡҺûˤ룬ù˽кĿСǰ졣 
ȻⶼһڹŪ顣񹦻壬ײֻ˲۽飬ܺıӣڡһС£һǰһתѰ͵Ϯĵˡ 
쵽ղϮĵطʱͻȻеһǿֹƣ˵أСѵү𣿿ҵĹնơһԲε͸ǰ֮½ذݣձƻΪޡ 
ſҡһʯҵĴͷ˫־ֵغǳ⡣ 
ſ㣿ҵСˣܾҪΪʵָʵĴƣҿ¸ˡرƽǹ˺¡ 
Ҫ 
˺Ҳ˾ģ͹ԹԵźñӣҸˣ˵㵱СšֻƬƵҲڲסѩװ˵˫飬мһҺӣң̰ضǹ¶Ĵ⣬ˮֱʡ 
ΡҲҵ壡ǹ߷ߵ˵꣬׼ҧԾ 
㡪 
СˣһûзôأӿűסѨǹһԼ·һߵ˵ 
ǹʹر۾оӨˮ¡ 
ѵĳģ˵Ϸ˺е·׼ǹֱ롣ͻȻһϮûü˭ͻ˹ȥ 
һһŰѶߵ£һ㣬⿪ϵѨȻ˲һҲеǹĵʮ㣬ֵĸоѸٴȫСܾܵȻͻȻ壬죬Ȼ 
޳ܡ 
ϡңһ˫ŭ˵ģĵ¿ηΣҶļʱСܻܵ𣿴ڽӴСŮŲܸɣҪ 
㡪ңǿһԵעԼ壬Ȼһڵء 
Ҫҡ㣡֣һû˵˵ 
㡪תȥǴʱҲʶԼԩһһԼҪǸˡ 
һװתڴùһ£ѾټһӣǼƷؤһƲ硣еûһ壬̧ͷһĺ󱳣ԥ죬˵ܡһ·𣿡 
ɵĿԣһһԼԴ뵽ɨһȦûŮ˵·Լһӣʱպһᣬҳȥ· 
ҪһҪߣǽغҺ£㲻Ҫң 
һֻվԭز 
һϡϡ֮һƹѾ·ͷǰߣᡣ 
ˡһϣΪ屻סʱټϸղŵǿով׼һļ򡣽ֻûдϣһƲߡ 
һæת뿴׷ʲô¡ѽѽһӲȥСܵٴνҸͶ𣬴 
һϣͺһרΪ˸ڵһ鲼ͷбţͷסӹSΣѩ׵ļ⻬Ө·һޡ޳΢΢߷ֿ¶мɽˮ޷⣬ԡһŮĶ壬ҲܲջơСܵӲķǣⲻܳԣXXˣ 
侲侲侲ҲĻƷλˣŵͼ顣



ڰʮ β

       㿴ûУǽߵбһ˵ û 
û 
˼ҡһڽ࣬˵塣ŮˣرŮˣ˵塣 
ңңһѰȥֻͷشӴɵЦ 
ȥˣȥ㴩·һҲϢйðѻϡ 
Һÿ఺ͷ˫֣ɥί˵ 
ȥģݵһ㶼񣡡һһŴڳƨϣЦ 
˳ƵǵĻͳ˻Ͽһ͡ 
Сɫǹش˳һơ 
ҺÿҲǹģٶɿ顣 
鹻ûУδ䣬һͻȻǰ 
ùʲôʱ򵽵ģҾȻûвʵʩ͵Ϯ뵽˴һһɿ˿ԼϮصĶӡ 
ǻæһ£ܻд²¶棬ʧݡٱȹǿ±ŮӿҲǲġ 
˱һκŮ˶Ưհ񣬳ݰ״죬ͿɫȻĺޡüۣëϸ΢΢۲תĶ欣תɫȹŻԲβǷǡ 
ӣƯ𣿡Ůעһ۾˵ 
Ư 
𣿡 
 
ϲ𣿡 
ϲ 
һ¡ 
áһŮȥȴ֪Ѿ߸߾ 
ҪȥǼеغ 
һȴţʬһһһ 
ŮȻһ⣬һϸƺȻʮ׳ָףݵץһʺ 
Ǳŵü˫Ŀ̿ѪɽһĻ 
ˡˡ֮󣬲û촦ǷվĴ۾һŮѽѷ֣ȴصڵϣѪڹؼʱ̣෢ͣһһϣһˡһŴŮצȴΪʵ󣬱Էˡ 
Ůʧݺݵص˵ĳ࣬ɱСӣ¹˫֣צһؿץŮ˵ָ޳ģġرͿָ͵ģ˵򡣶ǰķۺɫָףĻһţǿĳָףȸҪӲѷɫһѷı 
ûǿѾһǰһ˫ǰٵػһԲϰ̫ȭƵģܵĿ۵һγһĶơס˵˵ĽѹƷԲ֮УȻ˳ǰһƣǿޱȵİػŮ 
ŮԷʵ󣬲ҵһ嶸ȻΡԭһֻѩ׵ĺ꣬βͳÿ׳ʮƽʯȻխ¶Ҳߵõ˺ܶ࣬лŴ̱ǵɧ˵βڸ߼ޣβôͿܳɡֻ깦Ȼʵβʵһξ롣ҲǸողŽģĿƻҲãʡҺܶ鷳ȻʵöԸ 
һǺͳڻ󣬵Ϣٴλ׼һ 
ܵһĻۣ糤ƺ֮ˮޱ޼ʵĴ󺣣Ϊֻؼҵĸо˷ܵ㵸ΧĿռһΣŤƵġ 
βҲҲܸ㹻ʱХһӶβͺɨʱণضɽҡëȻ 
ʱִ٣β;һ001ʱȫ˹նڶʽ¡ 
£񳯰ݣΨҶǵϯ֮ӿǳ羴һ£βҲһ١һͣ͵˲䣬ײһ 
䡪һɽ֮ʯһΪһƬ档һ׹ֻȥѪһڿţϧʱȴ͡



ڰʮһ 

       ƿ ƿʲô 
Ǹֵˣ 
ȿȡһεվֱ壬˵ϵĻҳС̫ܵˣըˣȻͦûˬӣܰ 
쵽˲ӸͷһĪίĺӣִٲվһĸǰ 
Xв˻ˣֻ׵üΪһʽ·Ŧ۶ϣĲûпӶȫţͷĿ϶Լ͸¶ѩ׵šĲ֮£˵ɽ΢΢ֻͬ¹Ҵײصսһࡣ۵Ķĸеԡ 
ûжֻǸоһԽԽǿҡǺ̧ͷѽˣɫҽ㿴һƵķȭôһؿϡ 
̩ȭʽĦŮķȭøЩɣ 
һ۾һޱܵɫħشһȭͨһ£º֣һһûзصصڵϡûȵĶѹǰһԲС׵ϣõ壬㡣㣬졪㣡 
ҵĳǰˣء 
ɲңŵģһһ촽Ц˵ 
˵ǿ޵ĸˡ 
ˣᣬŮɱ 
ǻ취Ͽ뿪طɣһָ飬֣صض˵Լһˣ»صԭػУϳҲ̫ԼԼڲʲôǾͲͬˣǸѱܹƽص½ءοҲһԸԼš 
ֹͣһһĪչ飬֪ڵʲô˵ڱץʱ򣬿һִεĹ߶ɹ󺣣ٶȷɿ졣ֻǲ֪Ķ 
ңȥңһڿշźѰûжԶͿһСɽּ䣬𴦵ɽ岻ͬ 
˽ǰȻȽΡϸ۲컹治ױ֡ڼͻأĴʯͷмһȥĲ֣ܳïʢҰݣϥһطĲб˶ݣһȻлء 
žεʯͷأʹһš֨֨֨֨һĦ󣬼޴ʯͷȻĴƿ¶һʯһɵĴ˸ս 
˳̨һһʯߣڵĿռ𽥱쬣ʯϲʱˮİ˽ףʯȻʣһϰ˵ڶڿ£ˮ߲ǿ·Ǽҹ˯ʱŵ̨ƣ͵Ĺÿһ䡣 
һһ·򡣱һʯţҲһͬʯţһСϪǵºӡʯǺĵطӦûԼҪĶºӡٿ˲Ƶºԣʯڲ׹ȻһƵСһɵ֮ϣ߶ʻȥ 
۷ɿǰʻĸоҲӡһ񹦣СҳݡԼһСʱķʻ¶ȿʼߣҲˮҲԽԽ 
ֹʮӣǰһŹˮҲļӿٴۣȻڰ֮ã˲ӿĴ󺣡 
оһ鲻Խش



ڰʮ 

       һǺͳٴºӱߣǹĺˮߣ紵£ɫףɵôһս˫ֱ΢΢ ϵ·ѣŰӵûɶˣҪǿδåˡԼĿҲʺǴѰˣһһʯҡʮּ򵥣ֻһʯһҲûСҲģ꣬ǷǸδ֪ûвʵ硢䣬ûѣ̸ܹ֣Ҫǻżڴ˿ޣһͷײĺáŮšǶôİ㣬һꡪ 
һᣬңΣҲźȿͷɵӰ 
Ҳ֪׹󣬲ҲסôڼҵӰǡ׳˽ɹǰѹҪСڴ˴ҵŮŻعѽ 
뿪յӣһֵһʯѰңϣջ񡣻첻ˣʯӡӡӦоСشһҵһŮӵ·ܺͲ·С 
Σ·ˣԼɣһ·һһǣ㡢Ĺӡڿ㡢֡ 
ҡһ޲һڰˣ͵ض·ߵ˵ 
һ߳һʯߣһ߾档 
Уʲôûģ 
˵ʲôǻͷŭʡ 
û˵ѽһί˵ 
ֹʲôǰѻ˵һ룬˻ȥ 
ŮǴ̵õ壬һСľͱ̵Ѫ졣 
Լϴ𣿡һСʡ 
ûôȥǶ򣬿еԹûɢ 
ǡұȥɣĿһ¾Լĳһģ˵һСģԽ׳һ 
ңֻһļϣһ 
Ҳ㡪һ׼һơ 
ಡƲشܵǵļϡ 
𱸵ʡ 
ҵЦҵЦǵļͷ󵨵ذͷǵķ۾ϡ 
ˣԶ㣡˦˦ͷЦŶԳ˵ 
ҺÿԴü˵ȱ컹Ҫ죬дԱˮƽ 
׾գ֮䣬Գۣ§ǵϸ֫Ŵ㣬һˬ䵽֮ϡ 
ͷİ룬֪ʱЩʲô 
һᳵ·ؼ۷۵糸شԽɽһСʱ֮۳ڣʻһ޼ʵĴ󺣡 
ɣƾԽؼһжپɣ˷ʱֱƷò׺֮䣬 
۷·е˵ϲ飬߰ͷ­ڲ˼ݺ۳ң硣һʱƿۺ漤ɿʱ˫ֽӶ˫һˮ˦βںϻһķ羰ߡ˻ɽʧ֮󣬽ѷɳ֮⡣ 
ʱɢһƬֻкˮȻɫɢŨĸϢ



ڰʮ (2)

       Сʱ󣬺ˮ峺ԽǰУԽտǸ˵֣ںţָ⻮ɫңһԲɽˮˣ֮ġ ʻ˼Сʱ½Լںľͷվ˫ּǻඣײ´½ʱҲˡ 
һͷǽһʧȥƽȥǾûʧɫһ۾ɵҲղڻˮ֮ʱһִֻӺһµһůĻ 
û°ɣһЦعĵ 
ˣһûС§ֱ忴飬һô˰ǶһĻߵһ仰Ҳ˵̧ͷôرһš 
磬ǻ߲߰һƨ۵ĵײռаϣ 
ϣҲϲԴѽһݵطſǣЦ̡ 
磬ҿŮģķɴףЦ䵭˵ 
ŮģˣһŶӿŵЦ˵㻹Ǹɣ 
ʲô಻ʡ 
ȥġһ˵ǸƵģüЦǰ˵ûһö 
𣿡 
ر㣡 
˲Ů˲Խ˵˻Խ˵İ㰮һ޳ܵ˵ 
㣡ǰһۣͷ§ࡣ 
㣬Ĳ𣿡ʡ 
 
ǸˣˣҼ޸ֿ˵ 
ꡪ̲סЦ 
һһΣε 
ЦʲôĶҿŮϡС˵ 
ҿΡ



ڰʮ Ů

       Сʱ󣬺ˮ峺ԽǰУԽտǸ˵֣ںţָ⻮ɫңһԲɽˮˣ֮ġ ʻ˼Сʱ½Լںľͷվ˫ּǻඣײ´½ʱҲˡ 
һͷǽһʧȥƽȥǾûʧɫһ۾ɵҲղڻˮ֮ʱһִֻӺһµһůĻ 
û°ɣһЦعĵ 
ˣһûС§ֱ忴飬һô˰ǶһĻߵһ仰Ҳ˵̧ͷôرһš 
磬ǻ߲߰һƨ۵ĵײռаϣ 
ϣҲϲԴѽһݵطſǣЦ̡ 
磬ҿŮģķɴףЦ䵭˵ 
ŮģˣһŶӿŵЦ˵㻹Ǹɣ 
ʲô಻ʡ 
ȥġһ˵ǸƵģüЦǰ˵ûһö 
𣿡 
ر㣡 
˲Ů˲Խ˵˻Խ˵İ㰮һ޳ܵ˵ 
㣡ǰһۣͷ§ࡣ 
㣬Ĳ𣿡ʡ 
 
ǸˣˣҼ޸ֿ˵ 
ꡪ̲סЦ 
һһΣε 
ЦʲôĶҿŮϡС˵ 
ҿΡ

ڰʮ 

       ģںдϴƺܿ͵ʵңңڡߴ·𣿼ǵʱҲûлôʱѽ λɶˣߵ·ԭĵطֱٺڴ˵رӳ˽ǧȻҪķʱˡҲҿҵ˺ɵ˶ۣһṦ󺣣Ϊʳ 
ڿԿ½ˡǰһջţһ߲ϼµĹΣƺڵȴԶɷ 
ǰһλﲻˡһǼ߲ϼµͷɣϴҲôѽ·Ϊѡģ 
ã·á·ҪֵͷʱһͻȻһֲԤС֮Уһǣӭ˹ȥ 
ޣԾؿһչΣ˼ԼСЩˣŴ򡪡 
ָǰһ֣Ǽ߲ϼһǺͳͷһȦּٵسһ 
ŮӼҼҵģüˣˣȥT̨ģ֪ҹͨһûʹնһʽɹŲ»ȥ 
ɨһƬǹһߣҹնҲһߡΪӣһԾ񹦵졣߳ɴ磬ʯɽ𡣡ꡪһ··һѼмֿһΪû뵽ôһ͸·Ȼ˽ʵ 
㡪һٻҵ·ҧݵ˵ 
ִֻӻóһһһϸĲɫ˿ɿһƹǿİɣʲô߸Ļ籣ɫѽʲôȶ㿪Ϊ 
һڿһšصϣһϢ˵˭֪˿һ鶯ˮߣһβ 
һǣǹٴԾɵգʣι㡪Ϊʲôһû˵ڣͱɶ˿ˡ˫˺˿ʲôģȻôʵҾͲšףһͲšһϵؼӴ񹦵Ȼ޷˿ƶֺ˵˺ 
ҡѽô˺﷢ЦݣĽСȲƮƮһֱæڴ򶷣Ҳûϸ꣬ȻǸʮ崿ɰСˡ



ڰʮ 죲

       ʹõһ˿أɳɶ̣ߡޱȣβơλŮ֮֮ʮ췽ƶɡħɸɽ粻ɶõһʮа߸Ļʮ֪޴ķΪСѾͷ һԴθһϲֻͨǾ̫ԼĹնΪ 
С߬أÿһΣͽһȦһ޷ƴɷһ˫ץסصһˣʹǰбﲻ٣ûҵ󣬰κͲ˰ɣ 
ɡֻûСЦЦһضȻǧƵһȦȦһ˸ʵʵõ㾢ܰˡ 
ιСѾͷûꣿҿû棬㵽ʲôһӳûܹ˴裬ĪشһܣĪرҾԩЩ˾ɨǡ 
˭㺦ѧɿˡɻɣСߵ˵ԼǽŮӢۣħŮ 
ôôùŮ˰һ쳤̾ 
㻹Ҷ죿ҲֳΣ㣡СﶸȻŭ߳ 
šǼһΣգͦ 
ףôԭΰСؿʹŤεһ 
Ҳ衪ӽƴˣһߣ϶ˡеĹ˲һڵХŷС 
Сһ澪һûԤϵӱһֻʲô֣һӵħϢΪʲô˵ȫûϵһ֮дβҪһûŪô£ͱһײ߻أߵķһ󺣡 
뺰ͺһˮȡֻûֺһˮ 
һײɹ֮ҲͬСһ׹󺣣³ȴĽʱϵͻȻʧˡչչеľֽţ˼Ӿγ档 
ĵһۣͿСںˮƴʱʱ㡪һݵۡ 
ȥѽϼеضһ 
ȣһȥ 
ôôѪѽܼأȥȻ 
ȻҪЮңûţ 
ͨǷܲˮûͿʼ³ 
ⲻŮ˰û취һɿεߣק 
ҲҪȣǷһ˫֡ 
ãȥ𣿡ʧܰŮתתӣСȥ 
С֫ѾԵֽҲˡ忪ʼýӲ³ 
ղŰôңװˡһһ§סСɢĳ㷢һź覴õޱ棬Ŀ΢գǼͦӣС죬ĺɫ٣ʳ䶯һ촽￪ʼͷ 
ˮһС˹ǰһƵذСڣأͷŹҺСڵϢȻͨǱԼڡһʼûǺԽԽʤһزϴλо˫ۣҵѽһ˫ɱһٴε۾ؿԼ 
ˮѽһһţӴ񱻷һٿһ· 
磬ˮзζɣһЦһһ˵ 
ǵȻҲЦؼ˵ 
һ˫ɱ˵۾΢ЦעЦصʵֻһѡСֻǶӴĵһ˸еˡ 
ʲô˼һ㶼Ҳ̸ʲôĸоֻԼ챻ԷѹһᣬҸᣬһᣬͳƽ 
һСʵĻҪιȥһٴΡ



ڰʮ ҰŮ

       ֣ҵ·þ񹦵ڻûȫɣôСѾͷϵ·δʪ·ûˮƵġ ǿСﵥӣ̲סʣǴĶģΪʲôҪɱǣʲô֣ 
㣬ȻشһС¶֪ʡ 
˵Ҷ֪Ȥ˵ 
ҽŮ 
ꡪϡңһϲӵضС˵ 
˭Цģɽ˵û˸ҳģҲҷƢŮ췢ݵ˵ 
ŮҲ֪ɵ˶֪Ƕţʴ۵ŮĸˡòҲѽУرࡣͲȺħˡ 
ǺǣˡٶѽҵԽһˣŮҮ½˵ŮǿֲġǸ˵üЦͲ㵸߸һˡŮ֣׵˵Ůã㳤Ư 
Ůؿ˿˵ҲƯѽ 
ƯǱɫ۸ǿͰ͵˵һŮǰ 
㣬ɫʲôǣɫ𣿡Ůʣֱʲô 
Σ 
ɫǰζһ˵Ǹ󻵵רռŮӵıˡ 
ΪʲôҪվŮӵıˣôռŮӵıˣŮǵĸ첲ҡ׷ʡ 
ô˵أɵĻǶ䣬Ҳ޲ߣ֪λش 
֪ˡŮƵģ˵˵ 
֪ʲôʡ 
ռ˾죡ŮС죬Ϊǵ˵ 
ꡪϡִңŮĵָʵ̫ˣһ˫ֱͷٴʹ˵ 
ɼʵԲֻ񹦵ڶܳܵ˵ġ 
ΪʲôЦŮдǵ˵ 
˻ôק𣿡ꡱһһԱը۾ҵҡΣŮ˵䡰ͱƷˡ 
ôôù붼Ҫ 
ꡱһڲԶƺ档ҪҪ˻û˵꣬һæסͣһХʧԶԱ 
ǰһУǸȷŮķͬѰֺ£ϵ 
ãڽϣҪٴˡȻͷó©ˡǵ§Ů˵ 
ģδϡŮһݺЦʣ㣬ʲô©ѽ 
©ǡ 
ǺŮڴһͷ²ؽ̸š 
һĴֻĬĬؼʻС򰶱ʻȥô 
ۿˣǻʣΪʲôҪɱǣ 
Ϊ֡ 
ɣΪʲôˮأ 
ҴСˮˮ̫࣬Ƥ 
ֻ˵롢Ѫͷһ˵ˮġ֪ҲãԺ򲻹ҾˮܡУһ𣿡ˮǸǡǺǣ



ڰʮ Ů

       ˰һǵûиˣǸơˮ϶ûռˣŴ⵽϶ֻܵˣ һ̣ڰߵȼȥ˼ֻҰζ֧ļտĶȻûеϵĴȻɫʳƷôˬڣóԣĵơΪԼθ֮ǰһ̫̫ӭʮʳ˼̻ŮҲθڴ󿪣һֻҰ֪֪Ұڵϵ⺬ʲô顣 
Ůˣһĵ˵֪Ůкιɣ 
㣡ŮֳһֻҰȣ߳Ա˵ 
ٺ٣û˼ŮʲôҪ°æģһϵɽ 
ҪûһģŮ³һͷɴ˵ 
µŮĴ£ǡһڲĵ˵ҪҪ飬ǾͲʱˡ 
Ҿͺͽһ𣡡ŮԱˣָһ˫˲øɸɾˣϴˮϴྻˡ 
ҡһСĵ˵ 
Һôóͷָʹ˵ͻȥ˵ŮáȻһ 
ȥˣ· 
ȥĶ 
ҹܲţҲСŮõĵָ񹦣 
 
ң 
㣬ôô㻰ѽ 
´򣡡 
¡ҲҪһιȥյóԵģȻŮҡҡָ 
ָ´Ŀٱǧ 
٣㣡ǵͣҺ㣡Ǻӣ㡪˼ȭͷӲֻţķݡ벻ùȻǵ˵زǿ 
ң֪Ů˵˰ɣչЦ˵ 
Ůһ̨Ϸһ׵ģҵù͸ˣһͷɥ˵ 
뿪ҪһΪҪô룬ܺŮһ㣡 
ųҲСһ緹ҪŻ³Ϊ棬û뵽һԴ 
С࿴ʼŻı飬׽˼ǩԼ֮Žܵľϵ 
ûУûУһ˵ 
ߣһϲҵģŵ˵ 
Թ緹ǺŮһΪƵֻưƵģ϶ҲüƬİŽҶڸţľͷҲľͷģȻ̫ûִľ£ɹ񹦸һ˵Ǿ֮͡ 
ֻֻһˣŮƤĳϣЦԿʱضһߺţ㣡ٿ㣡ôͷڹƵġ 
ڹڹɣͷġҰŪ֣һ֪* 
ϡִңһ˵ 
ʲôأƽЩɽˡŮѵ 
ǺͳһЦ 
һù񹦷ɿųӣҪٶȣҪ֤ƽȡڴ˴ӾƼһ㡣ǰι֪ͽĳɾֵ֪ı顣 
֮ħĵؽ硣ħԵĵɽ࣬ƽ5000ϣɽѩϡ絶 
⼸ɽ͵ˣǸʵһйרűõġ쳣ڱ·ӳĵֻ̣ؼҵĸоʵ 
޷ʻˣڹʯᾡɭͻأɽϣһСٷˤ£͵òʧˡ 
ǳѩԭȴǶ졣һŮ񹦻壬ǹ룬кĸоǺ¶Ҳ¶Ӳֻǹһںɶβ굥·󺮷󣬻¡ 
Ůǵţڲֵʣ㣬ô 
ûʲôǡе㡪䣡ɫ԰ף촽࣬ݴػش 
ô˵ѽҵ߲ϼ£֤ļ紺ŮһУһϼƱĲڹϡ 
ô·ǸװΣů췽ҹ̷ɣһԶԶضһ߸̣ٱץȥ幤 
һҲˣһִů̫ΧԼ壬ϲشţСƵĸ˲ѡ 
㡪һУŮָһ˵ҵʵ𣿡˵꣬ҡҡǱָ 
һŲǹǰĵ˵ܲǰ˵ûǧҪٰϹСʹˡ 
˭Ϲ˭ţǽߵ˺һŭ˵ 
ҵĺùǶˡ׻˵˶׾ƣҲߡҼҵˣҼҵĹͷ˲ϹҰɣһ֪ܵҡβȫûеϴӡ˵ˣ˹°壬ҲǶ¡ŮôҪģ 
ǱһôŪ࣬ײ¹֪Ǻá 
һͬԧ죬ϧҪɹһǵը죬һһͣǸĿմ 
ô£ûʹĹԻ󷨣˻ǣβɲ֪Ҫٱһ֮󾪾롣 
ң棡ŮСֶŲԶһλŮ˵ 
һʮŮֳһɽŭǡ 
һɽˣ



ڰʮ Ϻ

       ۸ŮСɣɽ˿һضһ˵ Ů˭һ֪أô۸ˣһоˬôǱŮ۸һģףϿʺӡСүҽ㿪һڶ 
ͽѵѵ֪ߵغСɽɫһӵ信˲ͷųϢǿѹһԱߵ˻ûжѹһ˵Ӵޱȣ񹦵ǿ֧ס 
Се㱾£ɽٴ 
ȡȡһ߳ɹҲִĸоʶǰ֮˵Ů˭Ҳף 
Ҿ͸㡣ɽ˰һգè׽ؿ˵ħɵȥ𣿻һŮӴһܣ 
Ҳ٣ԭֻϺ꣡һﰵЦȴװ޹ӣһᣬȥˣû򡣡 
˵õɣҰݴܵ𣿡 
û 
죿ɽڷ˹ 
ģӺƴˣһҲǳıӵܶԷʵжȴ˵ 
һ־͸оˡԼʮɹĹնϺǰͬϷɵؾͱˡϺĽȻسĽȵһڡ 
˾һһ˲òĺ飬ҧͷһһѪڱϣʱǴ߶ȫ֮£ְϺĽ˻ȥ 
ѽҪҵĵӣǰ;ϧϧϺϧضһ˵ 
ȥĺ꾫ͽܣΰɣһ˵ϺĽּǿˡ 
ãû°ɣǼһͷ󺹣ĵŮá 
ɣŮػش 
ǡȾѽеżˣһһˣô죿Ȼ 
ΪʲôҪ㲻𣿡Ůòʡ 
ҡ 
˵ʱһѾ˷ӴĽһѪӿ˴Ƭա 
һǿ޺һɿܵĸǰޡ 
Ůǿ޵£ʹʮơô޵ҪˣΪأ 
ϣǸŮӣϺЦſűűѪȾ˵ 
ҸƴǳֿȭرϺ꣬ 
Ϻ궯Ҳؿǡ쵽ǰʱϺпЦţֻӳһ 
ȻûֻʹһɵԸţֻƤë书ǹ˵Ǹڴӣ֪ôġ 
ס֣һһɤӣ赹ڵء 
ϺıֻвʮʱһӰζһ£ѾһԱߣҲǱϺˣ˹ȥ 
ڳˣϺƵ˵ 
ұ붯ֵģҲܡҽ㡪ŮŭϺ˵ 
㣿Ϻŵָʡ 
õĽ㣡˺ͱ뿪Ůᶨ˵ 
𣿡Ϻ곰Ц˵ʵ֪ˣ 
 
Ϊʲô赲֣ҲҲᶯ֡ϺƳƳȥһ˵ 
ΪܴӮ𣿡ŮЦɽûвģȻô಻ʶ̧ٵġǵ֪ӵֶΡ 
ϺȻоŮڲͬȴҲ벻Ů˽·ǿﰡֻΪħһ֣ڡ˹Ѿħ𣬱ҪնݳԾ󻼡 
ǱһųȥУϺ𱦽ɽɱŮ



ھʮ β

       Ƽ򵥵һʽʵ̺žžŰʮһֱ仯ÿһжʵ䣬Ů΢Цעűʵǿգʵ䲻ڣֻҪҪĲơ ѾŮͷˣĽ֮£Ҳ޷ȫˡϺһϲ֪Ѿͷδ̫СҾβԵͷɡѱΪһ壬ʮɵĿ깥 
ŮȵϺĽϣ޷仯֮ʱͻȻ𹥻 
ϺΪһĿ꣬ѪȻһֲԤСԺ磬ǿϮǰŮȻˣ̫˼ˡ޷ٳֻһ㿪һŮĶ죬ͷǶܿˣߵȴӶˣȻ񹦻壬ҲϺŲģǰĲͣסκѪͬǺɫģζš 
Ϻ˲ǵѪ˵СѾͷû뵽ôݣҼһ֡ãҾʶʶʵ 
δ˵꣬Ϻ巢˱죬ԭ䳬ٸȻһֻףȫѩ׵ĺꡣһںɵβΨһͬоֻβͣ˶ޱȡ 
ððҿԸĸһƤˣŮһָһǵϸһ߲ϼ֮Ц˵ 
أβǧ꣬һСѾͷ裬ֱǶɽһЮŷ֮ƣѸ͵֮ɳʯ𣬾ԶѩɽζɽϵĻѩʼɶһǰѩݡ 
ŨҵĺζͨˣѪһĸҲϢǧǾǧͬСɡһ׷Χ֮ڣѬ죬ȫ֡ 
ĺצɨǧľβͣ˷ϯƺˣƲɵ 
ŮֳأھκĴߣͥŲ衣е϶ֻãƵĹ˶ġ̾ΪֹŮһɷΧ֮ڣƣϼѺɵĶ̻ 
βɴʱ֪ĸ֡磬е֣ǴҰѾͷȻ˵áԽԽǼ룬ԽԽǵԼĿұСѾͷǰֱһÿһκݶĽ赭дػ⣬̫˼ˡ 
ˡŮˣˣȥǼУͻȻУͷ˵ 
һֱֶɷȥ 
ɾ˵ûԹ⣬ٿܡβɱϾǧ꣬ɽķ֪һЩηɿԶݣٶȣ޼£Ȼ쳤񳤳һı۰գۼ׷Ϻɣһӡ 
ŮһУԶ䵽ǰףôֻһβͣ 
ԭβץסʱһβͣʹһѿǣסԼˣҲ˰βˣֲ֪Ҫ꣬нľ硣 
Ůջ߲ϼ£Цӯӯ˵㣬ɣ 
ǹȻ岻Ȼ˷ܼϲվҴԼ㵸·һֻӯĺ 
㣬߰ɣŮǵ˵ 
ûأվԭ˵ 
ǵģ𣿡Ůٴץסǵ˵ 
УǱǼ˵ 
㲻Ǻ𣿡Ůʡ 
ҡǵɫ΢죬ͷ߬סŮֿ󣬡ˣã;Ⱦɣ 
Ƿ淳ˣϲҪŮ˵ذһϣ˹ˡһ߲һƣ 
һӵƯڰСŨɢҷһֺմؿȽȽ𣬷â߲⣬ܹ߲̫ǿңΧʮڻܸܵůϢԽԽǿҡ 
ôҵ߲Ůֻ֮ȻԭˮʱȡڵĴΪ̫Ӵ󣬵͵øƤƵġȻʱųȥ࣬ȻһСֲڡ 
һ˹ʺˣŮǺһܣҶ˹ҲܵõڵԭΪҲΪֲԺΪ߽°빦Ҳпܡ 
ǿԵ 
һﻹһΣգľͥһβɴԺ˻ǿռ˴ĵ̡㳲ƴ⣬ͬˮ𣬺áܾˣһ߻ħԹȥŮʱȣСͱˡ˵ǣֻŮۺǿʵɲͬںһ𣬴ͨ¸塣Ůİ£˵Ĳ㡣 
һ˵˵ 
ѽˤңŮͻȻջһʧȥƣ䲻ӰյˤһĽų졣 
𣿡ŮĵȡЦ



ھʮһ ɵ֮

       ˤ𣿡Ǽæܹһеʡ ת԰̫˰ɣҾһղҲƽһеܳأһи̣ƵģƨϵĻҳЦǺǵػش𣺡ģˤ 
ǻȥɣǺ˵СϱƵġ 
ؼңؼңһЦ֪ռ˶ıˡ 
·Ҫ𣿡Ůģ¶ʡ 
͵һ̽ʣ㶹ޢǿôȥ 
ﱾû⣬ĶȥְҲǵģгҩǳ˵Σ伢ô 
ҩаŮػش 
ģǾϲֵʡ 
ɣһֻ˵ 
Ů쿪ĴĸӲӵԲɢ˱ǵζȻֻŵһЩɵѾеθ£Ŀ˾ƮƮ֮С 
һȲãϲ֮ձɵҩеļƷ˿Գϣĸ˲󣿴˵еɮҲˡ 
ǵָһһֻѸײڶ֮ʣµ˵Ҳ 
Ůһɵкܸˡȴû뵽һ͵Ϯ֣ƤµȡɵɲȻŭûݣ컹 
ֵĶܾʹ˰֣Ůûжֶ֮ǰһһѰҩȫ̽˶ӡûңһ쳤Ӵһãһ 
Ů̻ʣʳǱûŭЦһתеض˵㣬Ϊʲôѽ 
ǿŮһش𣺡ҡסĸȥ磬۰ˣ 
Т˳е˶Ƶġ㣬ĳ԰ɣﻹأ˵ţǳһɫı«ǰ˻Ρ 
ΰɵطŽ촽ؾ׽ãô 
Ůһ漴Ц˵ˣǷˣԲɵ 
ôأʧʡ 
ģɵҴ̫ϾĶҪģζʮ졣Ӳޱȣͨ޷򿪵ġŮҪɵһգ˵ſ㣡 
ѾɽɫĩɵһϸߣȻǵӣСڡ 
ǵɫ𽥺󣬺٣Ǽ͸ϸܵ顣ſ촽ȴ˵ 
һˣһⲻҪǴҩɣһˣһҪ˷ܵѾҡһԼɵڣֻһ㣬û¡аϲ߹ϧعеû°ɣ 
Ҳû¡Ůһְһߣַǵĺϣ߲뵡ڡһӣǵɫָƽ 
۾³һ֮˺һм˵ллõľ֮ 
ˣŮչ󣬺ػش 
߰ɣǵŮޱ˵ 
õģŮǸ˵سǰȥ 
ɽ·գɽ紵ѩɽϵѩɾΪõɵԴΪ·ǰࡣ⻹Ϊɵ󲿷ֵЧûбãַӳҲһһһĸ֡ 
һȤظں棬һ仰˵ҴŮɵȻûԼСΪϡ 
ԽɽɽˡС¶Ҳࡣ˼·ƾɽһʼʢһһ硣ɽľïʢéݣҰౣȪˮ·˼ɾԴ 
ôôȰɽߣһ˻һʼ΢Ļ磬Ψһ£¶ļɽĴ£ǿӦԽߣʢǲѵģҲ޼¡ȵ÷̣һ¯ɢĹâùסӣ㱼ˡ 
һһϺ䤱ͨ죬۾ҧ˰·һ赹ڵء 
ǾתͷɫĻΧһ壬ȼա 
һǼųһܹȥһе塣 
ҪǽҪ֮ʱŮһץסӹŹǰһε˻ 
ſңҪ˺źɤӶˡ 
ǾȡϧŮһסǣޱ˵ 
ãȾɣҲͲǱŮŰ 
ˣθɣŮֵʡ 
ҵδ򣡡ͷҲ˲ˣֻʵʵ˵ 
淳ˣŮεҡҡͷߵһߣ£˫Ϊ˹ˡ 
߲Ů˫ԴԴϵ͵һڡʱһ²ȫǿռݡɵʲôǧһҲֻܳο已̥һأ 
ɵҩĳ;֮ȫܻˡӴݿشݻһ񹦻أֱ˾һһڹؼʱ̲ûзһеľ࿹ܡζ͹ҲĲھ󾢲㣬Ϊʱһּ߲սŮ߲޴󣬵һӵеֲ࣬Լģò죬ܿҲʹ·硣̨ʧأΪһֲˣ߻Ϊҽʱһɸǿ߲Ͷս˲ɵ˻ȥ 
ɵӣɵҪֱʵˡٴμĪֵ߲𹥻ãƴƾС 
Ůȫɢ߲ϼ⣬ѾƯڿУׯϣɫ԰ףҲ͸ϸܵ飬ģػ䣬ɢζ 
վԱߣ֣ȴֻܸɴ֣תתȥ 
ʱڴʱ·ַֹ·رĵȴȴ



ھʮ ɢɴ

       о֪˶꣬ʵֻСʱҡŮֹͣ˶ڵϻָ һȻûǿںϣĺˮһ󺣡ΪڹխײѸͣ˻ɽŰײںϵĹУһľѸţǴһе˺Ťѹʹڻ״̬ܱʹĥľʧ 
Ϊ𽥴ȵƣΪ˱֮ˮɵ߲ɵ󺣣С档ڵڵõ˴Դ󣬲ϵͣܲһɫУɿתһֺҲҫ۵Ĺâ̫ģһɫСˣ̰˱ĸ׵֭ɫȫԡԱ֮󣬵ſ֫תԽתԽ죬ʼܿתĹ켣ֻǸоھֹ״̬ʧȥٶȵĸ 
С۾˯ˡ 
һɭֲĹֽǲһսѰȥ 
һͷ߰ϡ̫վڲԶյؿЦɫҰף촽϶Ϳʺ֬Żϡİ׷һ黨裬ϻһ컨 
Ů˹ĽҪͷһǱ۾ûԼѧĴǳ书ŮӷˮƽڶԸͨɫҲЧߣɲĸֱ֣ǲеĲ 
㡪ǡ˭ǽŵʡ 
ֹ̫Ц˵˭㲻ֻ֪ҪɵϿ콻һ·򡪡ٺ٣ 
ɵŮõģйϺҪҿɲܴӦ㡣вŮŮƤ񶼱ˣץץ 
ȥȻ졣̫¶вǡ 
һ˼˵ҡҲã 
Ϊʲô̫ƽһʡ 
õıûͬ⣬ҾԲø㣡ᶨػش 
ھͽ̫࿴ŮԲٵʱ䣬ݵĿצŮĻץȥ 
̫һɢɣβܡڽӵźźѸٸӪȣȻһоŮʵ̫ߣҲ޷̽ǳһֱֻԶԶβǵĺ棬Ż֡ 
Ůɵ֮󣬸Ǵߣ޲ǰ֡Ͼǧɢɣʶ㡣Сĳŵ괬ǽ顣һɵһһϲҲˡ 
һڵɵҩŮΪˣϧ˷Լ޿ֵس˻٣ȡɵ 
צսӴŮĻŮͻȻ۾Цһһ̽ɢɵצ 
Ůһɢ̸оΣգæʹһذδգ㿪Ůģʵɱһ 
һССɢɣҲڱǰҰǲ֪ߵغ񣬻ǻĲͷŮվضɢ˵ 
㡪ʲô˲ģǸŮһͷӣһСﲻɣɢԼ˵ 
УŮúǻ׳رɢɵŴȥ 
ɢɲҵҲʹԼŮɢǰҷ±Ůס޷оŮʵǿǵӴˣƴ˺ɱôݶթʽŮĸǰᱻ׵Ļ⡣СѾͷ治򵥣˾˰һСŮҲܶԸ˵ġôȥȵȫָҿֵûСϲϱ󻼣ɢɺȻȡһϾƿƿǣһ䣺Ů 
ŮȻػش 
δ䣬ƿͻȻһǿޱȵŮƿȥŮ֪ƿЩŹ֣Ƿ˹ֿȴΪȻ޷ƵƿƶһססŮɫ۱䣬ûгԹܹڸе˿־壬ٽǰһڶһͷһеޡ޷ܣֻԴСŮһҧȡɢȥ 
һҲʧˣȻƿ˽ȥ 
ɢɿЦţץסŮȻƷζǵõ౦а˭˵ϻƨģŮָáҽҪŮͷ϶ɱ䣡 
˵ɢɵĴƿЩǵջʦɮȡ;УʨӾ󾫵ǴսʱǴеϾƿǱһǲһСƬƬ䵽˽磬ɱɢɵõ֮ԭΣȻԭƿԶҲһ߳һΡҪܹմӦκɣҲ⡣ 
ŮûֻеȴĽ١ 
һ顱һ죬ƿӻΪƬ 
ŮһʱʧȥƣȻ׹䡣ڼܽӴʱһֻǿı۰סϸ֫ء֮ۼ 
Ůǧ֮ٴαһ§֮󣬶Ȼһ¶Ȼһִδйĸо٣ɫ΢졣



ھʮ Ů

       ΣͷԮȵһڰɹں֮ڵ۾ÿɢ÷Ůƿ鼱֮˳̫ϾĽȦʮɵĹƿԼû뵽ȦȻûգѱƿˡ мԭĽȦ̫ϾҲΨһıϵȷʵޱȡΪɢɵϾƿȻһǱϾֻһƬɣԭ֪֮ҪѷɫٱҪڶԸˣܹķΪһｵһ±ˮ㶹Ҵʱһڳɹں֮ľ˾񹦵ĵ㡣ʱָ̣ܶոĲ㲻ãԳɵŮſĲ㣬ľ硣˵̤ɵżԺг˾ĵڶؾķǰڵ˵ͭɨڿ˵ĽСˡ̫ܺߣȲȻҪʩչѾף൱ֲˡʹɢɵĶ֣Ҳеһƴܸǲ⡣ 
֣žŮ˳ưŮĽǧڻŮǿףȫë׶šϴˮ§ȻͬˮŮ㱻ˮϡͣҵʱֻԾȡȥᡢŮ֮ݡ 
ſңŮº͵˵ϵĺϼûˡ 
ʱŮ˲ģһӳͿ˫֣εվһԡ 
һң 
ɵгҽɢɵǹĲӣյضҪЮ 
ңŮȻŭؾҪ֡ 
һֹסŮǰɢɣŵ˵ʲôµģǾ棬𱲷ҳҪҪҸأ 
ɢԭûаһǵĵⱦһ״ԺˡԼû˷ŮָֻƵֻȡɫغվסȻ 
ɢһ֮£۵ú߽ɫǺ죬١ 
ǼɵŮǣֺη˭ԲǳأһŲæ˵š 
ϻ˵ɵɢ׼˵ 
Ů͸ɣһŮգ˵ 
Ů˼˵ꡣ 
ǾͲҪĺˣɢܻҪ֡ 
ȵȡһæɱΪܵҿһʽףˣҸɵǾˮˮô 
ɢ˼һ£˵ãǾһֽɵһַˡˣҾһһ 
ŮΪĽ㣬͸ɣ˵꣬һֶգգ۾ 
Ůһ˼Ҫóɵ˵ҽϣ㣡 
㡪ӹɢɲҿԷ͵Ϯֻó²ߡ 
šŮ˦ְɵɢɡŮֻ湻󷽵ģһξ͸ 
ɵǲһȥһĻȣλǰɡ 
㼿Ҳסɢ롣ڿĵһץɵ䵽СѽɢͻȻ۵ֱֽ֣һ 
һɲǣһѸ׶ȦֱɢɵŴ 
ҲడɢɴʱѾ˲ɵҩˣһҪĽȦϮתܣҪ 
ѱһ§󣬱ʵʵ 
ߣŮں׷ϣɢŵ羪֮ɥ֮Ȯܡ 
Ī׷ŮãһɢɻһǣԶסеŮ 
ŮصǵԱߣһʣˣ 
ʮһȻ˵Ů伸Σ 
ǧ꣡Ůƽػش 
Ŷһ쳤ͷ㱻ҧǧ꣬ɣ 
УһСأǡĶĸǼǧ꣡һǧֻ൱Ƿ˵ӤһǷ˵أŮһ֪ܺЦĵؽͣȻ˳ͷԼᱡ 
գһֻаͷķݡԹԣҪܻô󣬲Ϲûвģ˶볤ϣܶ꣬ҲϧһдۡŴٵó֮꣬ҹ͵ũꡣ 
עУʱĪǿһһҲɱʬޱӣǰ;ϣδ 
һʲôأǶ̬ҲǷһٰʮȵĴת䣬˹ļӣ˳ѯʡ 
ûɶ߰ɣһɫ̹Ȼػش죬ô 
úأ̫̫أŮһȡЦ 
̣ҵС̣˰ɣ̣һ˼תͷǹ 
˭̣˵ 
ŮĽ㣬Һ̣㵱ȻǴˣ˳𣿡һƤװɵ㶣һĪίƵġ 
˸УҪңĪҪҺˣǲõ˵ 
ãҴˡã㲻ҪˣȻɳ˹֣ҾͲȢඣһǹ֣ҡ˵ 
˭Ҫ޸üЦ˦һܵŮĸǰ˵˵ã߰ɣ 
һ·߰ 
ͳ 
Ѿ 
Ĳٺ 
 
ϼ 
 
ںʲôŮʡ 
ǳɣǲ² 
ôĸ裿ĶĹеĺأŮЦ˵ 
ĶҲй 
У칷 




ھʮ Զ߳

       ɽԺǰУħĵؽ硣ȻǱ߾̣ܣָ޹УǱϾԼĹңĴϣʵ һ·ϣҹޣ衣·;һЩ֪Ĺøһ񹦣ʱһյնɱޡħĹȻʮȴҲ൱һĸ֡ûоʵĻ֣޷ȷĵȼΪĹͬ书ûʲôֻ֣֮ڹ֮֮ûɣ򡣼ʹǹڤȣķҲǲͬģзľռͽܣڶŵĹ 
һԺڽħı߳ǡԶһĹնҲϰ¯࣬硣ڵΪҲͬõ˹̣ΪͻƵ춨˼ʵĻ߲㣬һƱȵ졣ʵÿһ书ף죬ԽڽչԽеһ޷ߵľ硣 
ԺͻԵһ൱Ҫġ 
Զǳز̫󣬷ԲʮΪ˴Ϯķϣǳưܣбڶԫĳǽȱ洦ɼسǵʿҲǾи¹ٲһ궼ѵÿһˣȥĶǱصħ޷ǳȥԿ˶Ǻټԭ·У߿ȱÿһʶ˲ƣ֮ 
߻ʵԶħӲ죬µĳǣҲԸʺĵطڴسǵͳ˧ҲΪһǮ񣬶޺̨ɽǷ±ء֮£Ƶĳǳظӵ˥ܡ 
ӣ㿴ǲһֶضصسʿ۾ߵһӡ 
£ôСֵģûɵĻشȻ§һ֧ĳǹ˯ 
ŮģӾϲ˵ 
Ů뷢˰ɣұҲ֪мŮˣأӿˮˣмƲƲ˵ 
ƯŮһ˵һѪø¹Ƶġ 
Ŀˮ۾Ժţһֻ۾бǰŮģô˵ 
˵ˣ𣿡ӷƽֻܾƨСӳ꣬ҵһηйĻᡣ 
Ͻվãϼϣп룬Ϣ׼սӲ֪ĸϴң˷ܵ޴룬ʿǺûͷԲ֪Ǻá 
˱ûŮƵģа 
һǡŮ˺ò׿һǳأΪԺúõһԼĶԣ˯һϢһ˽ǰȴһٻߵĿճǡвȻʧȵ˳ſʱ塢ʿװжӣΪǻӭǵĵ˳߹ȥкǺã 
ܳʱûпԼˣҲǼӡһ·Сܣ׼ǡ 
վסļϸӰѵһᣬסǵȥ·ֵ˵ 
ǿǼĳȻŭһȻһССʿڳ棬Ц 
ϣСˣôҪүҸ𣿡ӲʶôռˣĿǵɨɨȥ 
ĶһŰѺ߳һɶԶݵ 
ץץͳͳɱ⣡ſڵϣݺݵ 
һʿתȥţļֱֳΧ£סƽȴҶ֡ 
ħŮǹǻζ𣿡һ߹ʿغǳ⡢档ԸЩãͲֵö֡ 
سǵʿغһɵעǡ 
ҪĹһǼϸϣվʿУߴµ 
ľ͹һ򾲵˵ 
ſͻȻӿʿøֱ׷ԣš 
һһеȡɫڵһƥޣݵس˳šƥֲӻҪ󡣻ڣûаë۾ǺģŭĿ⣬·ǺܾûгԵƵġһԳȻûչҲԲ²ǿ 
˵ޣóУ棬ڻսУĹǾްԣͨԡ̫٣ֻи߼ĽУ޷װӡ 
ŭɨһˣ۾¶ĹâһŮеĸߴӢͶ֮͸¶һֲơŮĲþ޶ˣָ߹ʡرλŮǳʥɲ⣬һЦǣЦ 
֪λʲôˣкιɣ֪ϸˣǧܵǱ֮󣬵õΪľ顣Цʡ 
λǹҪħǡһٴĵ˵ 
ǹɵһᣬֿ˿һʡ 
ʲôְ񣿡ǹӸµѯʡ 
Ǹձص˵̫أԶʹ³ɡǶ˵׻ش 
Ͽ׼ϺõķһϵȵľƲˣչ˲ܡȥͷʢ˵طԸ 
ǡ㡪֪ˮˮǳһʱò⣬ԭûзӦ 
ǷϵôǱȡһԲƣϵ˵ 
⡪ﳼμС۲ʶ̩ɽʵͲʶеʼ䡣ûûһ˳Ļᣬ׷Źæޣڵʺá 
ˡϿҵķԸȥҵصͷ˵ 
ǣȥ׼룡ǰͷʩ񣬹ش·򽫾ĸۡС 
ߵ˳ڣϡ٣ֻоˡ̣һҲûСһı߳ǰɳսףս˻ءر֮ʿȷʵ̫ˡ 
˽ҲǺܺᣬóõķдǣҲǰڲһӣֲڵĵƣһˮĳɫ֪ʡ 
һԾƱͲرȺãֵ͵ȵʾƸûȤĳӳֵĲˣһҰζյĺóԡһ·ۣҲͲ̫ԵζΣֻҪ극Ժ󣬵ʱĺϢһҹ 
ڶ죬ǸħǳȻڽӪϣǴӦΪڸǰԼ䣬ȡյ˵ء



ھʮ ħЭ

       Сӳ˸߲ҵǰΣΧһǹĵź򡣺Ϊ鱻֣βӵƨɺ棬Ҳûյķ⡣ ʮǴԹ˵ҪߵʲôʱܻصҰ 
ǴӾӪսڳڳԲϣӪݹᾣ·ҲɫѾʱ֣ȴһǳػһٶմнٶȣҲˡ 
һӽеǰԸ˼䡣һͷɥؼʻȥˡ߳˺Զ⣬ᡣ 
ŮǰУһŮʹõеٶȺܿ죬ǴӰٶȣһҲ޷ϰ벽ʹˣǵķٶѾǾ춯ˡǸо߷쬣۾ƼƮƮ޻缫ٻһٶ·̣գۼ䵽ˡ 
ڶǳؽħǣرħ󽫣档ħĵλ߳࣬ҵħǼħҲʶǹʢ֮֮ݰգּ̤ϻؼҵ̡ 
塢ǳ֮ڵħǡһţаػʳǵͳǰӭӡѷܽħϢʵǵ֮ǰиسǵ¿ӱ޵ʳǱϲѶˡ 
δħħֺǺǵߵǰŮϿ¿ҿôҲ˵ӣһֱ§ıϣԡ 
μǧ꣬ǧ꣬ǧǧ꣡Ⱥһڴ£ͷʰ 
عʤشǧϣ鸣죡ǲƨ 
ƽħЦ۾гһˣһơ 
лǹվԡ 
칫ƽο԰Ϊӷϴϣ׼ʱϯħմõ˵ 
лٴιл⡣ 
ħܾûôϲʢˡħĽպ٣˴Ħķ֮ǴͳĽ֮⣬ֻħĻȡſչʢףǸ⣬ħһּ⣬С̣Ҽһŵƽʣ죬Ż͵ա 
ǰ;еľһħʵħ̾꣬İ档֪ͼı죬з֮ʱħ޵۹ֽУ¶׹⡣֪ŮһʱսɺɢɣĿɿڴֱզͷĿⲻʱŮһȥ 
ŮµƷħζȣ͢ʳңħʦͳʦ޵ĸ߼ѡγġɫζǿڸӪƼƷħе֮ԵĴħҲԳԷ磬书;·û 
һԵýζȻе󱳷һͷħ͵Ŀ⣬ͷһִʲô⣿ĸ￴Ů⡣ǵĸ磬ֻר簮ŮħϿû顣Сһ㣬¡ 
ͷµؼԺȡǹ͢ƣħƣڸһǳء߳Զɢѵһִę́ҺҪʤ֡ 
޻ƽ£Դϲ 
ڶ磬ħŷֵдŮʢϯһϲǲΰ룬֪ħ«ﵽʲôҩ 
ϣħ¼ߣһ̸ۣԵ÷ǳвŻһֻڣ֮ħһµʶ˭˵ħáѧв𣿲ǷʱţѧģǱǴޣΪвҲҿ˭ܺĹ˭ 
ȾơԲˡͷΨΨŵŵӵľƲ˼һ˰Բħòķ֮ʳ֮á 
ǺŮѳԱԺã԰ˣϷˡϯֻʣһħڱ߳Աġ 
ˣлʲôˣɶ㣿ħһһʡ 
ǹ¶ӹĳĺΪңˡһſں˵ 
㶹ޢõ𣿡ħͻȻʡ 
ûУһʵش 
͹¡ħϳ۲ķӦʡ 
㣡һɴĻش 
ѵ㲻뵱Ϊҵĳ𣿡ħŭЦʡ 
˵Ǽٻ졣Щ鲻һͨҵġһеػش 
䲻ɷҲħ˵˵Ըһһ֮Īʣ֪¹𣿡 
һͻȻһô뵽ѵʲôط¶ˣ֪ҵ˲࣬ܰȻʣ¹ҳˣԹ鲻˽ˡ˶𣿡 
˶ʲô˼ħһ㶣ֵʡ 
ҵħﲻ׼˼˵λ𣿡һԼĿ 
ħһ̾Ϣ˵¹ͺðˣ 
Σ 
Һ͹Ҳн飬ͷЭ黥ַǺĽ룬ǿһֱ̲Ϊ壬ưոݡ뾡һĻ飬϶ԵУȴûʹߣʳѰħص˵۾ʼղһҡ 
ң۴ĸǶ˵ҶҪ̽ĳ⡣Ļ»ֶΪһ֮ͨ󣬳ŵʣ͹彲𣿡 
Ϸԣħ֣ص˵ 
ҵи취 
˵ 
һݣǹµţ͹̸УҿΪʹ塣 
໣ǺðҾʹӦȢΪޡħ˵ŵ 
һΪ 
һΪ 
˻Ϊġ 
ٺ٣Ҳ֪ǹĵ¹𣿡ħص޹طЦʮֳ㡣 
µ˸ãʡҶϿࡣһڴϣҲ泩ħԶҲȥ׼ҵִˡ 
Ͼѧϰ,ֹͣ



ھʮ 

       ʱڣת䡣ԣƮƮ·ԿήéԶس¶ûů⣬ûȸĻ·壬ȶ ħ˺ũҵķչҵķ٣ķǳ٣гϼǹĹھֻ̡лʳڲ˿ܼԷҪǾפҲǰԼԵ͸̹ԻȡҪƷʳ￿ϱߵĵһֵ϶ǹסĵطΪ֡һùҪע֮󣬶Գ˻ʳǣ 
ϣǹŮ˵һ͹ƽͳһս֮Ҫص壬ϵסݡü紺ɽۺˮؿһܳʱһ仰û˵Ůߴ˵һȥĳ顣 
ǶԼöˣԺŮ˵ϲһŮԲᶮõġŮңǹҸȴ޸ܣһкܳ·ҪߡŮ鳤סҵֽţΪҸҪȥҵһƬɵء 
Ĵˣһ¹浽ȷѪ꣬ӱܣҲ޷ӱܣֻһ·նǿȥ 
οǹ뿪˻ʳǣﳤȥ 
ǣ߳ʮأŮӵסǰĵ·ǺŮЦǵȦڣ黹еƣһҹû˯þΪڰ·϶סǰһʱ 
λС㣬һ 
ҪһߣǼػش 
һ⵰ûǮǡһ̹Ȼ˵ 
ԼнȣҪչˣԸػش 
ŮôҲԸⷲȥﰡһŮߣȻ˹壬һٱﲻ˵δ档 
ֻ뱣㣬͵ˣҾҪȥˡŮţ·صԼļ硣 
⻹࣡ 
·ϣԵ÷ǳ˷ܣੲݵغŮܵؽ̸켱ڸ·书Դɵ֮Ů̸ĴǳɾҲ̫ÿ춼нӼġʼÿһǳأҪŮĴ·УԼҲܷһᡣȻٶȺϢʱԽԽ̣ӯ 
ɽĹЧȻһܲĹʱһ֡ı׼ҲӽԭӤˡ 
һеĹͶŮġָһɵԣҰƹѪ˲ٵ 
ĵؽ֮һоħħԵСؼе״ͬڣ޾еÿԴ 
˳ؽ˹ǣ֣ҲûйʶƣһȻ޹ݣҺÿĹʲô壿 
ţһȺŸͷڵӭ汼۶һϹһӸߵϣûз°̯ͱһӳϡϹһ򣬵ҡ˼£ûվȽŸƥѾϡ͵ذ߳·ʹصһ̵ǰŤţš 
ǰʿȥġ·ģŵèһ㣬ĴӴܣ׷׶ܡһһƥɫĹҫ߹ 
˭ѽôקһʡ 
ͳĹӣӣô죬ô𣿵ﲻ𣬻ǶΪðԱߵһĹг߷ȵ˵ 
ʱһѾ߲һλСģŮ߳һ۾һ˸ĹâȻסͷǰĿСϺظǰضӣ޲ܰ·ھѹ⣬ȫ顣Сɫ糺죬ͷԼĽż⡣ԱߵѾ߰ظһͦӵǰ߿˵ʲôǼүǾĸǰү 
үʲôһǵйļϸˣǶҴȥҪϼӿʣӰڳļƣҫ 
ǣߵĹæһǡ 
ſңǲǼϸѾһ߾һ顣 
ûǼɫ壬ģһңݺˡԭĹ̾ 
СĻӿڳǵﲻ𣡡Ϲٴξ 
һըڹһڵ 
СˣСүһȥ֤ܲٻ󡣡ֳֵһŮƵŮӵϲáһξ͵õŮȥ̫ 
žûǷǣˮǧߣϾͺݺݵذһ¡ 
ʹסʱˤͷѪϵѪ˵֪ļӽǰƤɣϣ 
㣬ʲôŮɻ󲻽ʺǹ 
СģֱֳצضŮɱһԲĹ־һǹŮĿڴشŮЦ⣬еѵ 
Ů̧һˣᡣɾ赭дһ֣ΧĹȴѳֲסеıֶҲ񱻷ĿҶֽмɢ裬׷ײ䵽̵ǽϡ 
֮ڶһڵϣʹ 
λĽʧǣľߵȥֻɥ֮Ȯ 
ŮǶסĥ裬йеĻǳסĸ첲С˵ﲻħ壬Ҫ£ 
Ůں˵㲻£һأ 
ãһ̸͵ģСʧ󡣡ٴιȰ 
һʼնɫصվһߣһԹߡȵĽ֮תߵλСĸǰοС㣬ûŵɣ 
ûûʲôС͵͵Ƴһɬصͷߵػش 
ǺŮߵǵĸǰעС㡣Ȼѷɫ࣬Ҳеҹķ緶 
Ҫǻؼ𣿡һĵʡ 
湻չ˵ģҪͣǿûǹ򡣡˵ 
ҪС㻹ûشѾߵǵǰ棬ܾ 
£СһѾߣ΢ЦضŮʩллλС֮ 
лңֻǿ߶ѣŮȻػشû죬û̧ȫСĴڡ㲻ϲģҲϲ 
ټСεֱһǣѾߵĲ£·ȥ 
˶Զˣٲ׷ûˣǺݺݵһԹߵ˵ 
һƬ̣ߡĪظں棬֪һǸ񾭴λġ



ھʮ ύ

       ʵԩһˣΪС񣬶뵽ľӣԼҵĹˣôҾͷǳΣգͳһĴҵֻԼһԸΪŪµǷģǷڵĸǷصĲɾҩȲȥҪ΢˽ãϸ˽һԼ塣 ȵ˳һҾƵꡪ˾¥Ԥ׷䣬һ¥ĴҸλ¥Сæ߹ʵʿ͹Ҫʲôǵʳףˣ 
һӹСеĲ˵򿪾ķ棬˿ͼ۸񡣼۸ͦûرģֻǲ֪ΡѲ˵ֽǹʵʲôˣܵ㣡 
Ǳӹ˵˵ʲôУ 
Ȼһ΢ЦŴӦ 
ơȸѡĵáߡһ˵ţһ߹һ 
һЦģȴƽСѯʵĿ⣬϶صͷ 
СѻЦúϲ£졣һʳĽˡ 
Ǽһ޶ԣ˼㣬Ŀ˵嵭ɿڵС˺뷹ĶҪˡ 
Сһɫʱѿ࣬˵ƵġСܿ͵Լ̬Цű˼һЩֵǮСˡǵͷͬȻ뿪 
Се㺭ûӸѿһԴ˺⣬ҲҾ¥ϰĹѡ 
Էʱ߽糾͵Ĺһ̴磬ŻƤ£ѥ󿳵ӱԺһͷĶŵСߺȣţ⣬һƿ׾ơ 
һСëӼǵϲһ飬ߺţţһƿ㣬ϣ 
ãһŮԱžƲͳСһ߰Űӣһ߿˵ã 
ͷŮԱſ뿪ʱ͵͵ƨһѡŮԱصۣ߽Ǵ󺺵شЦֵҲ˵صƱ̻ʵشԴȡ 
һƿգۼףƿţ꣬롣ȻƲ˵һǷǳʵݡ˸߲ҵغȾ죬̸е֪Թ߽ԻҲǴׯ졣θѴԵ͵ۣ˲ٵڤҡһǵ飬ҪطϢʱһԻ˵磬ǼӵĹ޹ʧ٣ҶһЩֲܣǸô죿 
ͷĴ̾Ϣ˵͢£ֻԼԼˡȥǿѲߣӷ 
й˵ɵģǿܲǵĶְһǵ˵ 
ɶҾͲԽǹҲǺ۸ģȥǾ֯ӣѴȫװݡǶԻʲôǻûͷĴСһն˵ 
ʧ٣ץȥʲôôԽ߾ģһ½Ų˼һᣬߵԻǰȭһƤ⡣֪λԻմ 
ҽСһԻſڻش 
û˵꣬ͱɫֹס 
һû뵽ò³ϴȻ˵Сģӵϲһ̬Ц˵ˡðֻ⣬ûȤˡ 
תߵ¥ݿʱ󺺺ֵл̸ 
һŲߵǸǰ˵õ⣬Ը⣬Ը߳г۵ļ۸񣬳ڶǵĲƷô 
ģһֵܾϲʡ 
ǧȷٰ 
㲻ǿˣһԻǵ˵ 
٣ˣ 
˵ʲôأǴѵûӵĵܵܡ 
ҸһȥãҾͺǩͬһ˵ 
ǩͬʲô˼ϴҲͿˡ 
໡һȻ뵽ǿд͵дԼ֤˼ 
УǴȥˬػش 
ڶϣһŮ߳䣬¥׼ʡʷ˵͹ٵѾйˣ´ 
йҽʣ˭أѵԻߵ¥⣬ԻվڲԶ 
ллλСܽʣһЦ߹ȥȭ˵ 
ͷĴ翴һһʵ˵ûʰ 
ûУǻ˭أһҲ벻˭ˡ 
أ߰ɣһԻں˵ 
׼һߡ 
С㣬ֲֵһ֪㣿Ѿ 
Сעʧڽֵľͷþ



ھʮ 

       ǶʮΡĸɽɽƶվֱɽľ죬Ǩһֱ£衣ɽƣɽˮʤء мһƽʯӴ붬ʱڣس¶͡·˼Ϊϡ٣ûڳﹺƥӱ׼ͨɽһǳϢ 
ɽ֮䲻ãǰͻȻһסȥ·ǧʿȫװݵذڿƣΪ֮ϣ־˵·㲻ߣͶﱾͽѪ岽ɥ 
Ի֪ʱ˹ٸȻɾץǣ֣̿ȴ治ɫͷĴǰһʩĪǵϴ󣬲ɶʱ˹ٲү󽫾ʾ 
ʲôʶĹһߣҽǹͷأóؿв 
Իͷһǣͦ˵Ƕҵֵܣʲôĵطе 
žһ׺ݵشϴϣ˲һѪ۱¶͹˿˿Ѫԣʵ°֪͡Ķھͽȫʬ 
һӱӣĹ̳ˮӿԻֵӢηóػһǵǰü׼ƴ 
˺Լ飬ԼһһߵǸǰɵ˵ 
ֵܲҪܣֶĪһߣŴ󿳵˵ 
ˣԸһ㹻ˡһĪק˫趯̫һɫĻļͣﵽֱԼʮʱȵĸ°ܵĿ·𶼵ȼˣ˷ڳĹǺеʮֵѡѻĹһף򻮳һĻߣڿзٵת֮ҽһ׷¡ǿҵ·ƤսպĹζżˡ 
һغϣһٶࡣԻͫ׷Ŵ󣬶ӵĲЩϵʪ˿ӡٻ֮ҵϵĹõ˽λãֽ̡źɱɱ 
˺ųһɱ 
һЦһһᣬ˫ְѻѸٵתڹĶмصش֮޲׷׹ˡգۼ䣬ɥʧս 
ڳ֮һֱ뻳µĹǵ١֪ǽǵϢڰ϶½ءΪƾǹڣ˸֣һܹѩޡϣûԷһëŮûг֣ͱһ仨ˮһͿءǺ˵̫ԵˣԼֱûһ취Ը޻֮ 
һǰһǶµڹʱһֳݵĸоսԼıܵٵ޲޵£ɲһֻǵ㵽ֹƵǡôûҪǵֻʧȥֿ 
޶һ˷ơĹһŵɫӵĳªվԭηǰһ֮ʱԼͬȥһԹӶֱȥžֵ۾岻ˣ־ؽкסס 
ǴʱֻԼһעǱƣİ࣬һԹаһ๼ 
ر۾ȻһɫӰбըһźɫ̡ 
嶾Īȵغ 
˹񹦵һѾǰٶ֣øĹ޹ԸսύԻֵܵ˺ʩչ񹦰ѶһĴȥɢԶաʵҲһ˲䣬ɢ¿ΧĻʱȴɣͬһʧģߵһ 
Ǹʼմߣûп®ɽĿû뵽һ֣ɢ֮ʱԼһаŵ书һںսУид 
ڹôĴأԭ򣬴»Ҫ˽⣬顣 
ɨϰ֮ǼĿĵء½·;֮УԻֵܶһͬɣݵͶءڱػмӡͣظǽܸصķ飬һԹ˽һ˽⡣ǰûйĹ飬ʹڹ²¹֮ҲûаѹϡʼΪԼһͣҪ뿪طصԼļ硣λ֮رǾαʣ˼뷢˸ı仯鲻ӣ¹شһϵİյҸԼֻǸ˵ˣ˥ܰѹɽһ·ȻԼ¹ΰѹķٸǿǹ̫ƽҸ 
ȻԼֻһѧһΪ˽ǿʢʵֹĺԸԼԴҪѼϵصȻ뷨ǲеģҪ̤ʵص£ҪһʵСʵЧĴʩСĿǰڹ֪Ļܷǳرǹڲ󳼣Ͳ˽⡣ֻźö֢ҩʵʩĸ



ھʮ ʵ(1)

       Ӷ崣ԭһƽƽԭɽٵƽθߴǧϵĸԭǼ·֮һԹĵòγʶ˵Ϸˮط֣ḻٴ󺣣ħڤĵ̣мɽ󣬵·Сĵؽ磬֮ɳĮͿϿȡħ֮ĵͰܲĺ򡣵ǧԭʼ֣ˣеСɽ緢Ϊη֮;⼫Ϊֲصĵط ħڤˣû˺֮ǡҪռȴ൱ѣѡһ·߶쳣 
Щ֮һжеҵףäЦ󷽡ͳһĴүҪɣһһϦ飬ҪгԶļƻһһʵʩͨؽ֮һıÿʡɡ˵˵ЦЦסס·ѧ˸صķԣ˲ٵķףԹ˼Ƕ΢նϲֻ̣̫ƽӡľǰѹȣ̰˭Ҹ˭ǵľǡ 
̫ߣƶ񤡣Ӧׯڣֻܷڸԭ䣬Ҳ޷֤ϸƶ״ԹʹȻѸġ 
Լƣ 
ǿҸǿǸ֪ĵǾʵȴأЧ 
ǲⷳĵ飬˽Ϊ档 
һ죬ڵ½λڱ߽һСɳĮһ汻һɽסľɽУΪĹǡ˵ǵ׹䵽߽ܿ࣬𡣺¹һͬʣǻػжǣ鸽ڹ£ΪһµĹҡ 
˴ڣȫŮȫӿׯӭǣӭĿеӢۡĪֵܽǰ氺ʱؽӹ׵ҾƣһЦֹ 
һǡŮҲβں棬˴ׯ 
ĪԺ󣬴ҪݣĶվȺϢķݻ϶ɽʯֻڷݵĶɫľͷ֧ܣźľ棬ɸŰŽҶֲﾥҶǵ˼ļľʼӲȴŶůЧ 
ҼҶһ󿻣ͷȼܵĲѩأů紺򵥣עĿǽϹƤǡѩɽ¹סеƤûмҷֱڿȶ˼Īѯһߺ˵˼ʹĳ˼֮С 
еĴ񶼳Ĭ硣 
粻ǳһֵܣ²鲻࣬ס𣿡϶Īذο 
ǰһֵܵĸͨǻɶµģĪȻش 
Īһһᣬ̽ʣֵܰǶȹѹأǵȫ㴦֤ˡ 
һЦӭϵ˵ҼȻˣͻȫǣʲôҪܷԸ 
仰ǾͷˡĪĵ˵ 
һĪѯʹʧٵ˵˺ܶ࣬Ǵǲ²⣬û˭ 
Լһǰ˵йʧٵ£ٽׯϢǻΪ⡣ңǴһδһζԵɽϴԣӴѶãͷһҳ׳йӰĸĸȫɱΪͷʬţͻ޹ʧ٣䡣ʼӴӵΧ֣Ѿ˴ˡΪ˷͵Ϯе꼯еУҹŹ֡źתһЩ쾹ȻһξأǶǹĻ̻̣ľĪʱǿܶӵأֱܻˡ 
Ǻܻ¶β͵ģǾã׽öԲ֮һʹһһٷʢͣϴ峤˯׼ݴͣоԸ 
һƣŮһо˵ĵֿԲȲ˯ʮ¶û¡ʱж̣ʾ뵡֮ɫڿϰϢԼŮԱߴ 
ʼĪֵܻ飬ǵ˰ʱ֣һס񫣬Ƥͷءֵּҹڿסڿ˯ˡ 
ﰲڷΧѲ֮⣬Ҷ硣ڽ֮еĴ񣬺ܾû˯һأ˷׵ 
ҹӣƣʱҲ˯ʱ渺ѲߵҲֵסϮǽߴ 
꣡΢ǻûӹһĶ䡣۾ŮЦ˵Ҳ 
¹䱸һһ裬װһһȥÿṦκͲϿƶϳЩһĸ֡˸Ĺ򣬾ȻϮΪʲôأ 
һŮԻһ·ȥЩ׷ڷ˶ʮ֮󣬾ȻһӪȥ 
ܿ죬ǾʧӪسŵ档صĹȻذѳŹرգƺԼ 
Ϊʲôأһӵɻ󲻽⡣



һ ʬ֮ս

       ￸Žɽ֮ĳǳأǳز̫Ǻȫɽƶ޽ġ񷿲࣬󲿷ʿפӪءֵ٣ֻмһ·ʮε·ڼΪϡ١ Լ·һɽſڽ䱸ɭϣмءǽȥ֮ɽʯѸٹˡڹرյ˲䣬ֻںӰһ£ΪԼۣ࣬ϸƣʲôû˵ӦûкѽôокڰĺɹǼŹˡ 
ʰֶжףɽ𽥿·ˣҲˣԹƵһһСС󶴣Ҳ 
ڽһʯ֮ǰѱϵĴӷվһ칫ǰšһλĿ࣬ǱĽһѻƤʯϣбֵ˵ôô 
Ǹои֣ȵҹŸҶ֣һͷͷش 
ûбְɣСĵѯʡ 
Ƕ˯ˣ 
ãȥɣ 
ͷ˳⡣ 
ЦſŵŵļְںʯϵһȥĲ֣ǽھȻм˿¶һԲεĶš˫һģӶһһݵ峯ٷĽʬ˽ĸǰֱվǣ۾ȼɫĻ棬Χɫʮֵ졣ڽע֮󣬽ʬԭն۾ҲȼճͬĻ棬˫صʹǴȥӷʦİš 
ʬ׾ذץļЯŽŶж죬ʵ̫ˡһִĹ䣬һʯű׽壬϶˸ָ롣ɫ࣬ŻͼĻֽ۾ѾΪ˿ſݼֽŽӲֱͦ 
ʯм䲿һĸ̨ȫǾʯɣܰհ˸λŸɫСӡʯ̨׸ߣмһųεӣмڷһŷ۵״ɫķһӣԸойİкƴ 
һͷ硢ɿݡʿϼһﲻͣצƵĿ֣ǰϡŹֵͼдʣһźɫӷƮʯϵĹʬʬ忪ʼסĲ۾ȼɫĻ棬һֱվĺ˶飬һһĳһͨȥ 
ʮʬ뿪Ժ̨ʩϵʿ÷ֹסµĹʬ̨ԣγıһѴ˿ڵϵĴصͷߴﹾ˵˼仰ʬ̧ʯϣʿȡڴѨϲԺ󣬲˲ͷİɫĺ飬ߵһʯȴ˹Ϣ 
ϵʿһаרŲݽʬ֮ʱ۾ͷĺ⣬رǿ 
ͨľͷǾ޴ܶȻγɵʯ鱻նϣайɵذڷųһеĽʬƣϵشܶмһѪ֮в 
ʮÿʮʬ㣬ٸмĽʬѾ˺ǿķȻתŶڳƵšʬŲͬѰĸΪĲݣûܵ£ûнӵͲ 
ѵôĽʬʲôĿģ͹ʲôϵ໥ʲôıֻץǲŪࡣ 
صʯѾйϣߵ׽Ƕſ³ǺɫشӴĵıӡͽڡһɹɴ֮ȡȥ忪ʼøɱۿҪΪһáһֱĲӡ 
磬з硣е͵Ϯһͷ棬һãֹһ̹ȴʲôҲûп 
Ƿ֮ѸٴӻͳһŻֽ˦ֵȼзɿŷ䣬лʢһηϿ 
֮ûпϮԼĵˣֻǸеһطһɫţͬXͶӰһ㡣Ÿоߣ𱦽Ӱȥ 
Ӱգʧһ̳ 
еͷԣһһԣֳΡ 
˭ôģʡ 
˭Ҫҵ㣬ΪʲôҪץɽʬһ˫ֱڱеʡ 
˽ʬ֪ˡˣͨ񱼶ȥ 
Уָʬץסңûţһ׷˽ȥ 
ڷ룬ﲻͣĽʬΧƳһԲȦϵתԽԽ졣﷢䵽ԵУǺмγһɫĻȦһתΧһҲѸٵɡ 
һеʩչһȺﵽжĹҽҪԼ֣һ½ǡ 
ʬΰ˫ֱ׾ķץסңЦһ˫ǰһʬһ˳ȥ 
һַ˻ٴΧһȦ 
ĽʬҾͲšȡʹն֮ɨǧʬֱɳȥܿ죬Χ£ֻһȴ첲ȣܵ˺ 
ʬûиоģ׼ȷ˵ûʶġֻҪûֹͣǾͻսֹ 
һΣ֪һŸĽʬͶսǲ޴һӲ壬ǴӲͬķλ﷢Ȼ͵ǰ壬˫ơ 
𣬼ֱ³ǰŪ󸫣ҿǹڣԣСڣһĹӶƾԼȼաֻרĶԸʬϮĹơ 
һޣʮͲСˡһһػʬһķȥҲ湻ˣʱˡ 
ʧˣ¶һ˿ҵɫһֽʬæҧָպѪڻֽˢˢ黭šһǿķڰȼաʧеĽʬǰ˲伯ᣬ岻ͣת任ǿҵĹ˫Ĵ򣬼һ 
ٽʬǾ˵ģҲǿֲġɽʯ׷ɣضɽҡӴĹһſڵһĹնϡնҲֵסԭĴСɫ󰵵 
óʵ㻹ǲèأһֳֽڵԴԴϵسۣеע֮ϣնٴѸǴ󣬷ǼĲҸ赸ʬȻ֪£Ҳǰǿȵȥ΢΢ 
ǵսľæҧͷڷϣһ 
ͬǿůӲӲײһ𣬷ɽҲܲסǿײˡ 
⣬˴񣬻ȥôѽһ˵ϵĻ̾Ϣ 
ңһɫӰǰڵϡ 
ллôôһϲʡ 
ϣңһͷίԹ 
Сңӿʴӱ˫ŮЦ˵ 
ߣһһתЦ˵ץסһ²Ҿ͸㣡 
ӲϡŮмػش 
ȱٵ㡪ǸһƵ 
ΣŮһָһĹɵĽǰ 
µĹһ˵쿪˫֣뱧Ůһڡ 
ϣɱඡһҽдɽ´Զҹ˯еһڵۿҪȪ 
һ˫ϸӯǰĺڰȵؽסС漴ַɵ֦ͷѱߣ˽ȥ˯ɣɰС׵̫̫ˡ 
ŮҪǶһ㰮ģҾҲֵˣ



һһ 

       һȫ͵˴ľĪȴһ顣ҰץĹʣĿ֪ǵ֧Ǳ߷һرӪһǧߵر٣ֽԯ졣һǰӵϼӷʦİţץ˴Ĺ񣬽нʬѵҪʲôҲϼػᣬĸԶ󽫾ʤĸ ڴϢһ֮һǡŮ˴ѺŹԯ߹شӪ 
װ׽Ĺһ˹֮󣬲ûɥʧõһһĵֿࡣһĪֵܵĺ棬һмͳ· 
ĪҪһܾˡһûиߴԼݣΪڲʱ򣬶˵Ҳû塣ұ˴ֵƣǢȻСĪ׷֮£ӦԺһ̸顣 
ط֮һԯǰ·ɱԶĴӪʣǿ䣬ΪɳĮмдŴĻɳУɫƣнеѡ 
ڸԭϲάʮ·ԯ½߸ӵļѡɳҲأԵóˡһŮȴƣɫ·ɳ̲ضصķ⡣ 
һԯչߣŮչ˺ǣ񹦿ٵǰСԯַָһٶѾɳĮıԵеĻɳӵ࣬ǰһɻƺɫѶŲٶҲ졣Ǽ֮ǹȻգͬһת޴ͷٵ 
ɳԯŵþеɫ԰ֽ 
һûɳĮߵľ飬֪ɳףҲöܵķ·жߵĻ棬ûաɳϯٶƶϣ޷ӱܵġʹӻȥ´λҪһأ 
ʱ䲻ˣһԯȡնǰɳϣ˫˹γһ͸ķǽкڱϣ֧ϵŮһ߲ϼ£ǵϿձһɫ񣬷ɳѸ͵ײϣ׷˱ܣɳӺܿѻһεĳǡһ죬ΡȻ 
ɳһһǵķϵɳӷ·һſӵڷǽϣžžһɹűסǽơԼʮӣɳŽ 
ԯ۾ؿѵĳǣҫ۵ĹâϣһȾڣǲǾɳĿֲһŮɰҪһЩϾǱȽϤ벻жôǰһҲ֪һ 
һ֮ԯľǾη飬ʵʵΪǴ· 
˰ҵɳĮ͸ԭڼһ޴ĳǳءɳĮ͸ԭһ³ǣҲͨʺҪͬҹŴŹأɳսף¥ղǹս˻أһֱ߳ǣ߲Ρжٽʿ޻أʹûд̣ĸԭӦӵء 
˸ߴ̵ĳǽ£һѸĳ˹Ĵ磬վԯĺ档 
ԯ캰¥ϵĹʾ֤֮سǵʿµţ򿪳ŷǽȥ 
һٵؽȥţһǰͷ·һʾӪ棬˻ȥ 
һɹŰƵĴϰ˾мһź̺ͨ߰˳żŵÿΣһ죬עŽԯˡ 
ԯ춼ûʸ£쾹Ȼ´ʣòͷˡ 
һŸߴĺĵľͷ߸űͼмһģڷŵ룬·ûжһλüĿݵĽϵ˧ϣĿע߽ˡ 
ԯ죬ôĵӣûд˧Ҵ½ʣ˧ϯλϣһߴĹվŭ 
ǵӰⲻǱԯĿλϣܶ 
Ǹػᣬԯɫе㲻ԾرλһλоΪҪһЩλǳǵòԼ壬ɫĶɴš 
󵨹Ԫ˧Ϊβ򣿡ػΪֺԪ˧ûô࣬ 
ֻԯͨһ˫ϥأͷ缦סλȻվĻϡ 
ԯ죬⵽ô£ػܻشܵԯĸǰѵ 
ԯ챻Ųӣ첱Ӵ֣ʱضػգ۾һ仰Ҳ˵ 
㣡һָԭò粽ǰݵ˵ 
ʤһ䣬æվһʹ˸ɫʾ¡ʤԭλɫ粻 
ʲôҲ˵ػἥ˵Ը࿴һۡ 
ʲôҪؼʲôΪʲôҪָԯץʬһֱػ۾ʡ 
㡪ػɫȻһ䣬ԯ죬Ȼ뵽Ϊʲô˵Ϊʲôλԭץסԯ죬ʦġ˴ͷӡƽ򾲵ʣ˵ʲôô 
ΪʲôҪָԯץ񣿡һظ 
ЦΪʲôҪָץƾʲôָץ㲻ҪſڴƻƣѪݺùػƱ 
ϵ㲻ϵģԯҪ£ʵʵ˵һһ⿪Ѩο 
ҡԯһֿ˿ػᣬػɫӺ࣬ſ˵ 
ļλԾؿǣ֪ô¡ʤе㼬֣˽֡ϳ˵ԯʲôֱ˵˧ΪԼץ˹񣬷ԼҲܵǣǰ֮ιŪԼԴң 
˧ҡؽһǰԵҵĴӪҪһʿָӣ˵ǾĻܣй¶䡣ֻ£ΪʲôҲסԯ켱Σϣܹᷢ䡣 
ؽд£ʤػᡣ 
˧һֱߣȥľӪʲô£˧죡ػƱ 
ؽԯʱ۾ðָػ˵1225ϣ׿ڶ˵ɲҲ˰ 
ԯԼԼеҪƵҵϡ˵ҽɵģ֤ػ򾲵ʵ 
ʱµġԯֹ 
֤ 
 
ƾƬ֮ﱾ٣ֱǳ롣˧ỹһػʤȭ 
ػϣ黹治ð죬ܲǿбƹɣô󽫵棬һòɧһʤգգۣתͷµĴʾһ¡ 
ԯѺȥϼӿأ£Ҫʣʤһָϵһöָȷݣ̻ 
ڽ˳ȥ֮ʤ첽ߵһǰȹ˵ʤμ 
ǺŮȵؿһǹɣҲ̫ˣ 
һַʤе˵𣡡 
¹ٶ¹̲ܽϣ´ʤɹڵϣ 
㣬黹ûˮʯ塣ˡ˵һʤֲжΣڳϵ̬ȡ 
лʤվ 
ؿ·˵أ뱩¶ݡǰԭλҪСڡһԱߵһº͵˵ 
ʤĸߣվȺ䡣



һ ٪ɱ

       һȰʤһûк֮ǡѯػ˭ߵñȽϽһȱᾭ飬鰸ġΪ˾ƫ̻ԼֹܵǣţػԭǾͳţŵʤߣලеġͳ쿪ʼ£ջʧԺͶżʤ̸Уһ˽⵽ʤͳţڹڲΪɣһȫΪףһͳΪףһм߶Դӹ֮ڲһֱΪȫܴͳȫıͳ첻Ҳûа취ڰɣֵ ˽Щ֮һʤȲҪţֻҪڰмػᣬȵʵʱһ򾡡̸֮һЦʣô֪¹ģ 
ʤ˼˵¹ڹ㱨šǵˡиղóָҸȷԼжϡ 
度˰ٵĲʶգʦǵѧƽһܻ˫еΡ 
ڶ죬ʤԼһ´Ѻԯɴͳ촦áʵǻһ˻ؾ 
ǻɵģΪ޷͸գ䡢ΪõĲ֮Ĵϲֲеֲﶼֳһֲ̬٣ĶǼǿĹײСƻ̰ 
ʣմϵ⣬ͬǱڵú͵ƣһĲӵסֻ͸¶һƵĹâһ԰ѹȾĹ½룬λðɫʡ 
һɫɿһɽϼۣǰ󣬸ʮ׵ǿĿͳһĳϵ׺ڵ÷˫ȼнǣһɷܹ뿪߹أصñľǣǶôĲ¡Ǻ޲˫ᣬ̷ɵУ׹žۡ 
װκԱߣһǿĽ죬ֳ޲ͣسߵһƥսϡƥսűԯ졣 
ԺһǺŮͱϡսװɣʮֵļӲڰƥ֮£ٶȿþˡʱ䣬ѾǶٶ 
ˣǰʮﴦһׯǷϢһ᣿ԵĽ쿿ʾ 
·֮ǰʤͷԸһֻƣöʣֻܱ֤ǰȫ־ 
һѾԽɳĮ͸ԭ򣬽˹ƽԭʿǲۣҲ۵ùꨡǰĴƥιЩϣҪ񣡡 
ǣˣУǰ氲ȥˡ 
Сʱңǵ˴ׯ·ڡס۲һ߻صԣʾҸое֣ǷҪ壿 
Ȼ˼ܣѹôƼ㣡һѸоǰղԣʶ󣬾ȻоϢһƬţﻹԼһɱֲɱܶصķǳʵȻѲ쳣 
л˿佱˵ˣ³֮͡õ˵Ŀ佱ϲûɫϱ¶ 
ϲ꣬ǸţΡ 
һСӽȥ鿴鿴һ֪Էʵ˵ĿǷйأ̽̽˵ 
ʽʱĴûд񡱵ȵȫԺҲûл 
һᣬż׼һȥһɳ֮ԭشеĽʿֻǰһоиӰһֻ֮г΢΢ڶѾˡ 
ÿڳĽʿ޲Ŀ࣬̾ѡ 
ҪװŪ׽Բһһ¸ǽǰ˵ 
žžȻмըѿһƬХһ 
һѹնһ֣һɫвϵһ᲻ɴݵĶƵסľȻһƣͻȻĳһڲݰС 
٪壿űɰһСһЦ 
Сӣɣͺͷϵʭӡš˲˲Ҷ̡ͷףڵشӵص´ܳţ쵶׺ݵɱ 
ͨߣһԲСͬСˮϣ˸вǣһȴһ֮УеǿǿƼ򵥵һУȴһһУ޷ȥȥܣֻӲӡ 
٪壬ѿҵı¶ʹˣҺδ棬ô 
һѹնӭȥһ㶣˵вġ 
ֻ顱һ죬ֻڷ飬̡̣ˣҪԶӪƷǿӿǵѪŵűСʮһ˽ĹȻСһϣ̫˼ˡ 
ôһͣڼұӰɣ£ˣ˭Ը޸㣬˭㳤ôأóҲĴѡ㻹ǲġң˭ģΪʲôһջعնŵ˵ 
ѽѽˣСҪʬΣһšѷɵֱֶһĿڷ 
һڽ֮еסվԭزŲæȵɵ쵽Ŀʱһְѷɵ˻ȥ 
⹤Ѿ˴ڡ 
ڴһҽУбཻײ 
ãɽһתڷȥ



һ ٻ

       ʱü֣һģһ٪Χ·ɣ·Ҷţ°ػм䣬粽á ʤ¹Ȼƽĸ֣Ȼ޾ɫػԯһ촦ʮѾѪ֮УҲϹҲʣѪס 
ֵ٪һӴٲֿûлˣѷɵͬʱؿںš𱦽׼ɷɵǵ۾Ȼм߷ֿ߳ȥ 
վűͷشеСģ 
ǷɵûӣȻתֱ٪ȥٶȱԭ˼д֮ƣĦ̶ 
٪循һ񣬵ȵǷӦʱ򱻵ӴʱѪֹ 
ѸڼߵѨϵ˼£Ȼȡһɫҩƿ浹һҩۣ˿ϡ 
һϵǰ˺Ը٪塣 
˿ֹסѪԺ٪廥һ£ߵһ˫ǰٵתǵҲʼͣתٶ죬ۻңֲ˭˭ʵǱֵܣվǰҲ޷ֱתĵطܿγһɫУвͣߡߡֱ 
ꡱߴһף֮һͷʮ׿׵Ĵǵǰ 
̧·¥ߴ׳ĸֽˮӵȣصزһһһˣܿľ޽š 
̩ɽĽƺȻأһҳգضΪ֮һһգְˮͰֵı͵һɨһ磬һĽʿβȣ׷״׹ֻǻһ֮󣬾ʯ˿ˡ 
һ𱦽Ŵıӿȥµص˦ıӡڿ֮󣬱ŷǻ𻨡һеֱ۷飬ɳȥѱһ˲˴о񹦻壬һؿڷƣ߹ʹ⻹Ǵôǹ룬ѵǸĲɡ 
еѣϢҲ˳һݶ룬תڵС档ֽɫ̫ٵתڵˮӿһԽԽǿңҲ࣬ɿɾ졣˱һŽɫĹâ֣γһصľۡ 
ͷȴû겻ϵ٪Ҳʶ˴Ӧ쳣ӽߴٴҪһ 
ǿѹ£ʹ˦űӺͷϣһ˦ޱȵϣ 
һѾһУڶƿ֮С̫Χƣ߲ǾԭĹʼתΪøӵĴ񡢴ʵӯ 
ֻ̫Ƿ⣬һ¶ȣ𽥱ȡ¶Ȼ̫ߣٶҲ㹻һֻˡ 
ʹסɿһȥһݵգ𱦽٪һС 
٪Ѿʧȥ˿ƣٴΰϱڣһڷӶȥҲ֮Ϊһƺ̣ʧټ 
ΣһȻûٴͻƣǵѾͻƵƿȫľޱǿͶеԣֲǰڵĿռ󣬶ǿȲı׶ˡҲڹ;ں֮󣬴ۺ 
ٺö飬ȥԯˣ޶֤ʹҲûжôֻ߳ץĻʹˡû뵽ɱڵľȻ٪壬书죬ǹĹǵǺ˭ָʹǸգһԿ϶һػйأһֻ֪ٺʹеܡ 
һ»ȥţʤػἰߵĵѺ¡Ȼǽ˴ׯĴѰ˺ܳʱ䣬ڴׯĺһԺڲϰٿڴʬ壬ǶǱһ˺Ծصɴ۾ĿڴҵһЩʳˮ򵥵һ緹Ժ÷ιƥǼʻ򾩳ǳ 
ϣǵ˵ڶ߳ǡǡ֮ǰȽǣǡŮ͵ 
˸ıһװһȺǵĹСȻǱ߹سУرأΪûս£ǰб߳رһеսϾͻ͵سǵĹҲϸֻҪǹľС 
Ժҵһҷ꣬˼ɫĲȣһɽһţţһĲ˳׸һ̰ͷ 
Ĺ˿ͳԵýζеĻȾƻȭַǷһʳȱθڣܼ˸ֵϣܾûʵζҲͬʲͬθҲһɡ 
ֻǶʳǿһЩŮֻƷһ㣬оθڲУͷһӡһҲǳֹĵڵľ¡ 
ǳһᣬǶͣˣҲ˼ԣ¿Ӳ˲ǵա 
ǻû뿪һõĺͻȻűߴܽץϵһͷ̻ʵس 
ҪģٲҴ㣡ĻɷؾСлӵ죬ȭͷǳ 
СҪİͷʹڱƾסͷںʲȥʱʵŴͣ۾ۿתɫ࣬ۿҪҭ 
һۼֿһĺϣһͷ˵شзɳԼðŻ 
еذеǰһ棬ӵݵУ˵СܵܣԣҪ 
͹٣Ҫ׼ٴΰСϳȥ 
߿ضԻ˵Էܵ𣿡 
ѿ˵һߣݺݵصСҪġ 
Ҫģһе㲻ʲôʱӻҪģ˵ϻƶĴڡûдﵽСûйҸƶҲ᲻ȶҪ֮һ 
СԱԺһĵѯҪԭ򡣺Ӹٶƶ񤣬ûԴ۷ǣұֵʮ׾ݣʵĸ׺ǣܲ˾޴Ĵһȥ 
źӵĿߣ޲Ķݡʳ˼̻ŮҲ֮ģݡ 
һ˿ͷлƴˮϴһˮ衣Ժ󣬾ȻһСУ



һ 뻢Ѩ

       С˧ֽɣСܿ࣬裬ûܹһĺӡͻȻõһǵչˣֻܳСطȥϣǵ§һֺõ˵磬ǸˣҵĶˣһţҲ޷Ķ飡 ˣˣһ˵ 
ɿһЦЦɫ飬תͷߵǵĸǰͽ㣬ˣԺ͸˵ţǵҡš 
Զ㣡Ǹĵ˵ 
ɾضѭһᣬȻһ 
أСĴáǵ·Ļֵ 
ʲôȻһεСˣһӵСŮȵʡ 
ǶأޡС˺Ȼʶôģ¿Ҳôġôش𶼲ռˡ 
УŮǰҵţ˵ 
ǺŮһԻЦû֦糺죬޶ˡ 
ڳﶺһ죬ǺŮСĴˣһ򵽽Ӳһ飬պг̡ȻڳĴСתһ졣 
죬һĴӵ£뿪򶫼ۡƮŶëѩ׷Ļϯءһҹǧ滨ѩǶķ羰ɺͳ໶Ű⣬һһ׾ӨѩĽ䣬ڡ 
ǺŮҲѩɽľܿͱѩǣ֮䣬һƬãã 
ѩѩ޺ۡٶȻ࣬ȴûһ㺮ƣɫ·ϵĻѩԵĹҲ𽥱ú͵·һƽǿŶоľ΢΢ͻΪǸ޷ǰ 
Сʱ֮ѩСˡ·һʱƥһЩϡԱˣ΢Ϣһᣬ򾩳ǽ 
ʱ֣˵ǳءǡʱڣǳȴ͸¶һִϢǶǴ׵Ļľʮﲻͬ磬ʮﲻͬסҲǵ칫컯Ϊ̫Զصнȷ涼кܴĲͬǴѩƮƮȴգʣ㻨㡣һеķʢֵж٣жҲ¥ж٣жߣֻҪһŴ磬ֻҪʳ̵Ƿ¡ⶼǸе֤ 
Ҳ磬ҲԴ˭֪أƵꡢԺ߸߹ң̼ƴϢ磬ڣһһɵľƵǰͣδ³лܹǣǣ··ذǽӴ档յǰ׼ˣ⼱Ҵ߽ʿͷһְĹүѸٻܺߵһǰ˵¹ŷǮ֮λһ𣡡 
Ŀ˿Ľʱɢգۼȫ߿աĻҲսսضԶҹ 
ҽ˭һڲԵȻʡϯλȻλŮռŮʿ 
Ĺټɻ˵䣬һʱÿڡ 
Ƽæ˴سǵĽǵڶ·ͳǮʿܣ 
еӡһͷ˼һᣬʣΪʲôǣҵûйô뵽ģǸյˣҲ̫˰ɣ 
˵ȻԻžӪһйͣ뾡һ֮꣬Ҳ˳ɣĹٵˮ©ػش 
ŷ𣿡һ뵽ǸɣȻ֪«ʲôҩһ⡣ 
ĹٵĴµǮĹٸۡԺ˴⣬ĹЦ˵λڴԺҽȥͨһ 
ѿӷƨ֮ǰ±ˣҪװ࣬ټӲС 
ã洫Ǯ룡 
ȻûǮĹְ󣬶һûб¶ݣֻøں߽š 
ǽӴңĵطܿҲϵΡңγ裬ǲ߾ʮעĿĴδմƷͼŹۡ 
Ƶͣɫڣһ԰׶ٵ۾̫Ѩ߸߹һ汸书֡Ǯʿϣֻɨһ飬Ȼһ۾ɻ࣬ϸشһȻмվߵһǰȹ˵Ǯʿܲμ 
ȻϳˣûڲصıҪһ˵Ǯض˵ 
лǮʿһһûãֱλǮʿֿ˷ֱ²裬˼ں˵һ·ʮͶ٣Աˣʹҵò͡ 
ֱŮһûòǰһŮӯȶ˵İһӵϵȾƲˡ 
ɴûмôôóԵģ಻ס֮飬־ץһֻϺ 
Ǯʿһ˿ãһ֮䣬ֲ÷ת˲ɫضһ˵ԶСûʲôϺõľƲˣ£ 
һӵľƲ㹻ƶһ룬ҫԼڻ¸ԼֺҲƶ࣬ٲĺù١ 
Ǯ̫ˣֻ·˵أûдŵ˼ϣضǣһЩһӰһֻϺеɵ˵ҲҪ㣡 
ƵĹԱЦͷǲӡϺͷ­ȡ۵Ϻ⣬Ž̵ؽš 
һȶӳԣڽſʼСĵؾò͡һһ߳ţһڽٱ⣬ȾƵŨҡһÿζֻǺһ㣬ٺõľҲ˫ƣ㴼ζ 
һģԴһɬζܶء 
극ãſӱ˯ˡ 
ţǷ׷׵£˯ѡһǰһеͷеΡԺǮ죬ͷһϡ 
ߺߣǮվŶˣЦ˵븱ͳ죡 
Ǯıַǳɫ³֮һʹ㣡ĸߴ̼ĸͳ߳ضǮʿܵͷ佱 
ԸΪͳЧȮ֮ͣǮʿܹػش 
ץ񹦺͹ָҾ¹˭СǡȫܣôϹʱ䳤һֱͷϣҳԺһҪҧݵ



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       ңЦ һŮЦеſڲߣ֪ô͹һġڵŮӶп룬Ǯˡɷɱ˹ҵˡСˣɶЦѽҿ㲻С檣ٻɣŮϾӣ촽¿ˮ˵ 
žžĶȻ 
ϣ˭ֻ۾һϾͱݺݵơֵɨһȦҶԾŭĿɨӵʱæ˵ңң 
ֻǸСɴ粻ģһЦУ͸һ˿⡣ 
ԵŮȻ׷֣޳ܵߵǰںĴŮ 
žһˣŮֲϴµģǺݺݵشϣһָɽڵϺհȽȽɽƵıǣ¶ĿTADӽȼɱ㳢ӵ¶ſ֣ǯŮĲӡ 
ǿŮˣرЩƯŮˣΪ޸֮˵˳ԿԿŮ˵ջˮһǧȷӵ˳ˡαûʶŮĲһ˶ǻɢ֮ص߻˯ŮȴʼЦ糣Ͳжӡ 
˫־Ů׵ľ룬һζӴޱȵϯҶƵķɳӣصˤԺеʯϡȻ⺷ǣڹҲһĸ֣Ůһ֮£Ҳܲסڵϰǿ 
ŮץʬΣǮʿִܾ֮ٵµ 
ӿֱֳָĹŮ 
һǿҵĿ磬Ǳһӣ׷׵ʯϣʹ 
ǮʿܴʱʶŮķǷ֮æӳ⣬°ӰΧһҲҪŹ 
ܿ죬ˮӿӰΧͰǰǳǹ֣Ա϶֣ǹ֣мǴ֣źףгǿķǮʿܺվм䣬ָŹƽ 
װĵԸɣŮһЦ˵ 
Ǻǣһվͷֱߵǡɵǰһ⿪ϵĶԸţҳȥǣ 
׼½ʿȥȻһɵش߳Ծע²ȥֺ͹Ѹٵάߣ˼ǽ 
һǣ̬еر߱˵ǹɱ 
ǹɱǮʿɻػתһЦ˵ѾذΧ־ܰɣԹԽؾƤܿࡣ 
һЦ֪ߵغļһͷ֪ڸġؾУǲ䣡׷˼ҶϣͶΪʱҿԼ̣ǲ 
Ǯʿе㺦£ùĵ飬ֱͦظﳤǹ˵ͶЦ㲻ؾϽҼĶ 
һȫʬǮʿ׳˵ 
У̫øɲ˰ɣҲһѵǵôһȺ֮ܣϧԸЩСһ˴´ࡣһԾֿȭٵǮʿȥ 
һҲǹıֻϼɱΣѹŶԸԼġɱ˹Լıܲ־֣һľౣһʵ 
˵գʯꡣúã̫࣬ٶ̫졣һһšڿУ˫趯̫ͼļʯ۵ؿڵ֮УŤΣγһһĽ򡣵ﵽһʱһȻķȥ򷢳޴ĺХ۶ȥ䡱һ죬ʯ̳ɵĵҳһֱʮףʮ׵ľ޿ӡ޿Χ鲼ŲƲѪģʬ塣 
ҲɱʣȴҶɱ˲ҵıԣɱֲҵԸΪҵļˣΪҵĹ֮·ٶɱ¾ҲϢ 
컯Ūˣ˲ܸı磬ȴڸıÿһˡ棬ǿʳȻ򡣺οԼ磬вͻɥȪҲ޷ص磬صԼ硣 
죬ֻѪ֮·ĵһս 
Ǯ𣿲ô˰ɣɢ֮󣬴ӵĺվĸʱǵòǹҲǹˡĸߴȫϵĿҲ˵һһ飬гж̣ǧٿף¶廹͸ѪҺǮʿܣصʱ̣С־ǡ 
ϴڴׯ͵Ϯǵֵܣڲִٳ־ԮҲըûͷǱ 
ԩ·խ·꣬˼档˵˫һ 
ڱը֮ΪһŮ߳ӣ浣ĵעһҵĴ򶷡 
ʮغϣ˿ռϷ磬ֿŮվԶʵ޷ֱɲ⣬ɢƣʹǸеѹ֡ٻ˻ûȬʹȬˣҲްְս¡ֵսšʹ˸ɫ͹һ֮ͬʱɿݡ 
λǰộΪԼؽĸֿԼһ֮ҵɳɵΣͻȻǾȻǶ֮ززʧش



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Ķ֣ʮ򾫱ҲǮʿܷɿˣͬʱµʿǰ壬ֲֹͣסһǰĲǮһǮʿܵĽʮѰΧͰ겻͸ 
һʩչ񹦣ԾԺǽ棬ע룬Դʮһػǰսȫףνǹ롣սʿǰһľǿĵϵӣҲֵǮļҵףγһּ᲻ɴݵơ 
һӣ·ǧųǹγɱһĹҲӸ½ 
ն񾪣һеıҷɣÿһӳһƥеǿδǽѰʮ׿ĹɱѪɣһӣǧм˺һͨһʮ׵ͨǶѻɽʬ壬һ˫˫ֵ۾ֲ̫ˣһǧѪСǧȻգ֮䣬֮һԷëδˣʮ׵ĵľ붼ǳңԶÿǰһܽӴ 
һ֮ɱ飬ȿв˻ҪɣæȫϧһдҲҪɱ 
ѹѹĴӴС˷ӿǰŹ뷢ļϣХųһһԴ˻Ȼ򿪻񹦷֣һ׼͸ķžӨĹâҺš䵽Ժ󣬲ûдȥ֣ȥ׷䵽ĹϣǰߵĹ൹أ 
֪ҲܺˣǾ˵ְ˾ΪսһҲ޿κΣŲһгɱĹֻɱ¾ɱ¾ѡ 
ֵǣҪǹǵ¹ǸϿͷǵģѪȾսۣԺӶĹ˵ 
ͻȻһѪͷѪĹվűߣ󺰴ɱǹԾؿųеһֹͣ˹ 
ɲǰֵ̿ؾͽҪĹɱǣһǧ 
ǮʹĥǼ˧Ⱥ鼤ܣĦȭƣ²֪ĳ 
һɵذӿĹˣΪԸս⣬ûȫָղƴɱΧʱѾֽŷ޷ûж೤ʱ䣬ֱ˼һ˲ƣһеĸǰһӳ߳ĹȻһ죬ɿؽ˸ڵĴԺǵ˵㱣Ҫһң 
һ𣿡ǹеʡ 
û⣡һػش𡣸ղֻţСԣؼǲɱ䣬ֻŰץͶû뵽Ȼ翹ףµĹֲࡣɱһѪ·ⳡ̾Ͳ 
Źնþ񹦣һֻӽһַŻ򣬼ӰԺй㶨һվ˸⡣ 
һڿһֳǺӦͷףֳֳǹһŵس档ս͹Ϊ׵ı嵽һնˡ״ŵȥһƥһƥǰͺ̣޷ˡ 
ľ⻹һֵ֮סǧ࣬ʧߣ͹ʵھǺҲûˡͶŹ𣿲һᣬغ˭ɱҾΪͳ죬ҹٻ󣡡 
֮±·Ѿɱۺ̰ռĵĹġɵģеѱ˦֣ϣһܹһ´󹦡 
Сʱȥˣһʣ޼ͨĹǶѻɽıҪῪϹʬ壬ܹһɱֻɱ¾ֻɱܹսҪǰǰɱɱ 
Ǯʿŵң亹ֱðסشߵĻˡһ··ֳ²˰ظһһϣӰϵȫסġ 
׼ʱͻȻңһæͳ죬²ˣ 
ʲôôţȻŭڴΣ֮ʱȶҪģκβõϢ 
ͳѾ˳ǳأǱû˵꣬һǹ¡ 
ûϣɱһӹмһ˻ϹͷĴϣдһġ족֡ͷǴͳȫܣһǧ񲿶ɱΧֱһķ 
˿ɱȫµľԼ˴룬սĹ쳤̾褺ҪκΣγ佣ض 
Ǯʿܼ˧ɱˣʱҼ£ 
µĹǸǻһţ׷׹ڵϾͶ



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ȫܰź½ӹͶĹԺ˻ָԺڷֱൽĸӪСʿֻΨǴӵĻûǸ쵼ѵԺȻǹĽʿ 
֮Ƕһĳݵǰδеĸ߶ȣʧ˼Ϊһ£λĹ̡ڹ磬ʮѾĹ±Ϊ񻰣ǰǣ˹ģΪԺ£սʤ춨˼ʵĻ 
ȶ֮ȫµĸ߼ǰμһһͷǻݲ֮ʵǽӵһɹȥ֮ΪʱʱֻǴһǳص򾫱ҹ̣ͣ˳Ѹ͹ǣڴĹΧһˣǳرɳڣܿͱǹݣɱۡʱһ׼ܡ˳ƼһˣѴ֮ͽս 
һǽе˴ǺŮ˸һһ˽ܡȻʱٿ߼ľ»飬ҲΪһĹᡣʷλ鱻Ϊڶι飬ǼΪҪһλ顣һ죬ȫ߼ȫټͬ۹;ӵĽ衣ָһϵеθ;·ߡ 
ȣһϳ˸ǳֻнرĹıΪÿǳһλĹ٣ߵرĹʱɸԱѡһĽΣԺʼÿƶȣѡ֮ʿΪ١辯֣ǳصİȫάڵưԭľһڳǳظҸȽεĵطӪկγɺӦӺ͵طȫɾίԱ͹쵼߸˹ְලͳһһ֮¡ʱԾȫܸ𣬵ιҸŻΣΪǶǾӳóҵκ;ãְλʱȱԼְԺ֮ʿίɡʵһѾһѡˣǺܳʱûм棬֪ΣǷԸ⡣ 
ĸ￴Ƽ򵥣ʵʲǳѣµķ䡢ǴӪկڶʱɡŵְ𡢷ɹ淶ȵȵƶ͸ӵ˷ʱ䡣ǴҶԹĳݺη壬вԹˡ 
ȵһжüĿԺѾȥһˡһĳ佫˹ǣ䲼£Լʽλ 
ƽϢң̫ƽһְԼʵ֪һЩҡӵ֪ʶȫܺŻҪĴ󳼣ǶڽҵĹ˳ʶȫµĹ 
֮ǵһΪæŹҵ飬չǣһĻᶼ١˳ȥԺ󣬲˵ԲЩûгʱ俴ǣҲûкܺõչǣϣ㲻Ҫ⡣ 
ûʲôһǳ˵Ҳ㣬㡣ܹô̵ʱڣһҹľϡ㣬Ϊҡؼһɡ 
ؼңһһʱûзӦʵ 
ҳѾܳʱˣȥҲﲻæȻȥҵĸסǻش 
Դ뿪ħѾмˣŮ˼籾ƽ顣Ǹûؼҿˡؼҿҡһ뵽ԼмѻأвȻ 
㲻һȥҿ㣿ǼһԥȻ˵ӣе˵ 
£ûʲô㾡ܷĻȥû£ϰ˻ȥһȻ˵ 
ãŮͻȥˡ˵ҲҪȥһˣγôˣ¸ĸǼæֹһ뵽ԼﻹǺܸˡôʱĿһĲͬ죬ƺ࣬һϣѧ˲ٵĶڣһŨŨİ⣬еԱΪԼ䲻ԭİѩ˻ҹԱռ˴Ͼ顣 
ȻһԴһ֪ȻദѾãĲ죬лн޵ȴŮ鳤Ѿ롣ֻ뵽ԼҪһǣϾ˼ 
ϣһдǺŮеȫ㣬ڷֱڼ鶼Щѹ֣ûгϲաʱ䲻Ҿͳ극طϢˡһҲôţԻص޹һҹ޻ 
ڶ죬һ٣ߵǺŮסǸǰɵȺʱˣܹ˵磬㶼ˣ 
Թ˱룬ҲգôҶġڵ鴦Ĳ࣬һɽȫչ˺󣬾ڤȥһˣѰĽֵܣԼɴҵ



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       һӵĺ˳ԺߵһƫƧĵطСھ񹦵Ĵ߶£ÿһԾڰ֮⡣УҪһһСʱϢһΣԺѾ˹Ľ硣 ǰһΣᳵ·רҹϡûرɽʹַУܹǳصľƵߣö¶ˡʵڶ㲻ıڤĹǣȻٳǡҹޣ;һεĵط֮Ŀĵءǡ 
Ľ䱸ȽɢƫԶԵʡλڤǵĶϣֱ߾ȵڤǻҪԶڴ˴ŹĵطĲ̫ϣһǧڤء 
Ժһ·ҵ̫׾¥ײףˡȻһλʶʱ䲻Ƕһط¹ͬһʱһεиСһᣬȦתȦûۿᣬĳһһ߽ȥ 
͹٣Եɶ뾡ܷԸСһû䣬Ȼܹڵʡ 
ҡǵϰ壡һ˵ 
ϰͷ˳ȥˣʲô£ҿת档С˵ 
ҵأһȻ뵽׳ʵ 
ƹġ 
˭ѽ˵ܲٲܲٵСĻδ䣬׳˳ؿżЦ˵ 
λ͹˵ҪСæܹȥ 
໣׳ϸһһᣬɵʣҺʶ㣬ɶ飿 
Ŷ绹ô׳ʵֱֱȥӣһѣ۾žӨ⡣һ仰û˵ 
ֵܣɶҪҰæģֻҪܰϵģһæ׳ǰĺ꣬Ŀתע۾˸żĹâеƣΪʲôΪѵҪ 
ܵ¥˵𣿡Ϊ˲ע⣬Ҳ뱩¶Լݣһסϵĳ嶯ʡ 
׳΢˼һᣬ¥̨סʮľ̨ףοյ񻨵ĺľˣ⻬ķҫĹ󡣻һңǽϻǷ졷ȻƷǻ硢Ծм䣬͸ǻıߺͲеĲϰײ;ߣ֪Ϊ֮ǴɺϣеöǰԭǽʱΣԭδһ˿ҡ 
һһᣬܾûôжˡԺйӰظֳֵ۵ΣʱȻݣֵȺȾƴ 
վ˺ܾáܾá 
׳һʱһʶĸоԼҲ֪ΪʲôһֻʹܽңֵܽҲ⿪ŵ԰һӵ飬һˣһʹǣҶǡ˼ҹĺֵܡȻеˣġ̬۾ʵ̫ˣ 
׳תǰ˼עʱһʱӳϵĻ촽˵硪 
ǡһҿϵĺ룬ԭĿʱ׳ϲ쳣˫ץסļ˵һҵĺֵһֵžˣ 
磡һҲ޷Լļ֮飬§Ŷ׳ļ򺰵 
ˮͬ峺СϪʣ˲ʪ˶ǰѡһļͷҲʪһƬ 
ܣɻһϤغ 
硪һתν۾˫֣һ˷ܹܵȥץס˫֣촽Ҳ˵ڶ仰ߵһиûע⵽иֻЦӯӯֵۣ 
˭˵жᣬֻδʱ 
ã˽ƽϢĵļΧߣ̷֣¡໥þõעţ˵Ŀ⣬ӵĴ࣬ӵûѪ飬ʤѪ飻ûɽ˺ģȴעֵͬ꣬⣡ 
ģŮƵģҲ֪кܳԵ㶫и֪ʱһӣ߽Цν 
νһ죬˼ظɿ 
׳վӹие̣˵ɩôԶ֣Ļأ 
ǰӲ㣬С½лƸɾˣνҲæĲ˵ĵ˵ 
û£ֵܾñطֵ꣬úúףףԵ˼СˣϣܲҪɩӵղиܵɷνһ΢Ц˵ 
ɩ̫ˣͷ³СҵһŶׯġŴӵи𾴵˵ 
ܣ㲻ʶɩ𣿡׳һеã񣬳ʣ룬ǵһμʱʹ̵ģ 
ѽ㿴ԣС۲ʶ̩ɽ˵ôأԭ׷Ŵܵġһδ˵꣬ɩӴϵ˭˵׷ģ׷ҵģν˵ǲ׷ҵģ 
ǣ׷ģţνӵ֣˵ 
ԭһҪΪױһɱν޹ʧܸաִ򲻹ûá֮£ҵһᲱ⿪ȹ׼Ծʱνν۾ɱȴ޷µ֡׳һϣͶϣΪ˷ޡ 
ʶ˱䰮ˡһҲ 
һĵףǷ޼֮󣬰Լʵݺ˵Ŀĺޱһ顣 
׳һ۾ĹâϲĦȭƺǸϿʰʰͳ̵ܣΧŷתҶҪɷˡοܴ֣һˣ 
һų˼Ĵ磬ŴӵңЦ˵ǲҪңֲǽĴС㣬ҲǾæǵĴҪعң



һ 鱨 

       󣬾飬һͬν׳ĵػص硣Ϊף裬Ϊ˱Ҫٶȡ鲢һʱһлҪӳ顣һȻָԭĴ磬ڰбǵİȫ ̸ʱһ˵ҪνΪ󳼣ȫȨΡԼ⽻νʼǳǫ飬˵Լûпι֮ţǸһܼСΪãҲڲĲ¼ɺͲһԼ̹ŵѷ־ʿΪЧνƴǣ׳ظ˵磬ͲҪˣ㲻˭ʸܵǵ飬岻ݴǵġ˵Դϴߺ㰵бΪ˽𣿡 
ǰ˭ҺᵶΨνҲȻдģֵԺҵشһҲһк׳ɽӵŴ˫㻳 
磬ɰɣȫ֧ǣ׳Ҳ಻סɺ飬緢شߴٵ 
ãֵܾЧء壬ȫܳɾʹҵһͳ£νſ˫ֵۣܿڽ§һ 
磬ҿ쵼ɣһϵ˵ 
νŭƿһɫ˵ܣ˵ʲôƨ磬Ǿʹ˸۶壬ֵ𣡡 
ҡһͻȻνŭ֮Ūò֪룬ε˵ 
ǰܡɶѵ֪𣿲Ҫ˵µĹǹĴˣʲôǣֵܶᶦԸ׳Ҳɫһ䣬˵ؽѵ 
Բλ磬ҲǸ˼һæ͵ 
֪㲻˼ֵܾûˣνɫ͵һ˵ 
磬ҴˣҲ⡣һѾԭԼͻðʧͷϴ 
ֵعںúνһټһЩֵܡǶѪжԺˬִԵ־֮Ϊбͳκ²пѹڤĴˡνĺӦ£ۼһͬ飬ԣ׼һɵءֻ˽ܵػ֯и˻ᣬһмٸԱÿ¸ֶͷĿһΣۻĵص̫׾¥λʱ䲻죬νһǼ档һ룬ûͬ⡣ٹʹľӣҲӲ˶áǰڤ磬ΪһΪ̽鱨Ҫʱ򣬷߷Ǳڵ޷ġ 
ν׳֮޲ֳޡرǾνһ˾⡣־ߣ־ջꡣԼλǲͬ죬иհԶµ۲ΰԡ˵ذԼ鱨Ѽ͵뷨ǽϸ˵˻Сʱʱ䣬Դ˼ƻܵķƶϸƵļƻ 
ʮ䲻Ĺ½̫׾¥ڶ¥Աߵľһ磬ƳԹԺ󣬲˸߲ҵ뿪 
ȻԤһνʹ˵͹һͬɽ֮Ⱥ鼤ߣѪڡҺ޲̴һһлѹĻνָõļƻҪϸܣԲй¶䣬©һҶǽʿѪΪˣԸΪ޴Ϳأǡ 
νѡεһλֽФڤ鱨߳١һе鶼ҪϱԼһΣĵصҪ̫׾¥ΪǲܹƵҪص㣬ֹ֡ڸصķֶƹְܵνҲһ˽޾ϸ㵽ǧһҪСľ裬Էһڽľ⣬˸Լһ⣬Ľɹ֧֡Ѫһʳǣǰ;ĸǸߴɣ޲ϲЦտ緹Եرġ 
һԱ߹۲죬ΪЩȷʵֵռթ֮ͽһȻԳ¡ϣֵ˰һпܷ˳ֵĿǺͷȻֶԱФ˾ĽФлĿĹһ®ɽĿܳڵϣߵ¹ǵĽƴӣԽõǰ̸ǳġ 
ڶ죬ǰѾ¥Фɩ̤µ̡ 
ܲѵкʱǰͺҹתû⣬ֻп¹ķȡҹİ죬İ˼ҹ 
ʮ壬һ¹գ¹ˮ͵ҫڴϡʮҲصʱ򣬹Ǹ㵸߳ţι䣬ЩΪĹܵĸɽϣȡ»֮ǡͨĹҲͬʵ˻ 
ϹַǷһɫڽֵϼۣǰļԯϣһ󺺣˦еĳޣʱߺƥѩĿűȥ 
ƺϵüݳ֮ˣ׷΢ЦԣĿɿؾȥſڵĹ·Ǹ𴲻ģ˯۳ŷɱеͣͣм飡 
TMDϵĴ󺺻ӾͷĹһӣǹʱŵһ£æӣŭǹ׼³ 
ۿһ˺ɱʹ˿ʼ



һһʮ ͳһ ΪҼ

       һһϵ˵ֵţţһǿɵӴߵͷĹСӳǰʩ̫׾¥ƹνλڤٴˡڤڴ󺺵׺֮νһڤĵڤٵ ڤҪץһΪʮǫְͣһʮڤһ¸ԼϲüЦǺǵ˵ƹģǳĸˡСҲֵǵľ¥ȹƣ˵ǰͳ죬ǵر˻Ǿɽ֪ôҪǣкιأ 
еϵ飬Ҫܲи㣿νίغڤӳ 
ǶڳĹǼĶɣǹ԰ıһ۱һۣ¡ϣСӳڼŮԺβؼұŷ˿޺޵سһ٣Ҫ顣ǿǳǳظرһĿɽҲŰħצ۵ļʩ 
ûбˡ࣬յûӣһ˳۵ģԭ뷢йһԹѰƽ⡣Ҳʡ͵ĵƣҿƹǸͨϰ壬治֪ճأ 
Цͷضν˵ϰʵ̫ˣ¾æȥҵĴԶΪ롪 
Сعؾͽνֻ΢΢һЦ˱ȭⱼȥ 
׳һСӳһ䡣ӷҿûеλ񣡸ֱɿȻһԭֱתתжʮȦ֮ͷۻصڵϣܳ˾ص۾£һTMDù 
ԼؿڣǵǮڣתΪϲ뵽ԺСǷɧӣسˡʮ 
磬ΪʲôһСôģ׳رԹ 
ܣСҴıΪһС󶯸ɸ꣬಻Ҫ鷳ֵãԺ黹Ҫ˼Ҫͣν׻׻ 
ǣ磡׳ͷӦ֮󣬲ʻһǳؽ 
Ϊ˾飬׳ÿһǳǰ٣ܼʱ³سǵڤɫƴӡϵúãټ϶ٸٵһ˼Ǻ˳ͨһһؿ 
ʮԺڽ˹ĵؽ硣 
һҲֳУ˵Цسڤĵһ߳Ǳʻ 
ϣϣͻȻʹ̵Ľк 
νæ̽ͷŵʣô 
·ϵҪˣǿ߬ס֧˵ 
ôأνǴϻΡͷһ£İʹԽԽ߬˫ȭȴ޼ƿʩ 
ݡ׳鼱֮£ͳ˿һޣʻرۡ 
ϰϡھҵĵ֮£۵øͷ͸ϸܵĺ飬ҲԵü 
ܣ㲻㰡νҲۣ׳ 
ꡪ׳սͣ 
һϳ鿴һɩӵν˵磬Сܷģڳﱣɩӵİȫס̥Ͷ羡ϳ˳ҵҽͺðˡ 
ǾͰˣνҲǲͶҽȫһصԯһߣ׳һٱۡ 
нٶȻܿ죬ȴھ˿ĵĶһ񹦵£Ҳʹһʮůĸо 
֮֮Χڣʹƽȵؽ˱ǡ 
ۡۡһӤޣƣһ˽ҩݵĴϣҸЦˡνЦˣ׳ЦˣһҲЦˡ 
ۡۡۡۡ 
磬ֶôôܿް׳۾šʮСкʵ 
 
ٺ٣˼ʵ̥̣Ҹ̥о֮ĺӣȻڲͬһվԱ߰Ը˵뵽 
ǳ˳ν޴ظĦźӣСɫ۾ִ׳˫Ŷ׶ 
νмһ˵лл㣬ܣ㲻ĸӵһϧķԼ͸ӣʡ治֪ôһҵл⣿ 
ˣĺӾҵֶӣͬҵĹһ㣬һʣ˷Ѳҵľһĳ˵ 
ԼֵܣͲҪ̫ˣǵĺӳ󣬾ͽָ̣书ҲܳΪҵĶȰؽ⿪Ŧۣ¶ѩǵ鷿Ѻɫӣҵ*ӵι˵ 
νûʲôһ׳˼תͷ 
Ů˺ͻƻŮһӵĸ׺ĹֲһǷŮӵֺɬӵĸԵĿݺʹȰںǰǺޱģΪ˺ӣϧһС 
磬֣׳Ȼ廰 
ǰ֣Ҳ̧ͷν˵ 
νȴһ˵ܣȵģʦְɣ 
磬ĺôأ˵Ҳһæƴǵ 
ܣһɣǹȡҫӹ磬 
ҶڴĿԼȴšһֻ˼һᣬ˵ҾԽҸֶȴ֣Σ 
ǣ֣ϣӳܹĿ֡ֳƿ 
УͽӣνҲЦͬ 
ڳǳ죬ģʷǳáڶͿµ΢߶ˣΪ˱ֶһ̡ 
ʱһСìܣ׳ֺϰ峳һܡΪϴڤңڹ岻ͨãҽݵϰ岻աһɢˣҲϰ߶Ǯڴסӣ˲ٵǮϰֻӡȡ²İ׽䵱֮Ű˽ᡣ 
ڳǵ·ϣһ뵽Ļͨ⣬νһһұҪԼУԼĻңͳһĻҵλӹСǾͳһֽҴӣɹƶͷУڸطͨӺĻҿ԰һı໥һҾͿԴռڹ⣬ֻֽҪһĻӡˡ



һһһ ũҵĸ

       ̤Լһʹҵ鶼ܷɣã·ɽˮο̸ͣЦͥŲڻٵϻʻ򻻳νһ׳һƥߡ·ϣܳʱ񣬴ġϰŽӻĹ͸Ѻͻ࣬·ϻǷǳ˳ Ȼƶ󣬹ϡ١ܹԴӣڴûеõ˽ڹϹ˹ԶûڤƹӲʵ˵㡣ԼΪƹ֮ǻҵţ 
˵ڶǳس࣬һֱţҪĹҲǰ磬ǼĴֹ̬ߣǱعؾѸٵصͨ 
һݵĹٽŲҴҵ߳ţǼǿشкע⵽һʱĿþõǻ 
һЦ˵γ 
ҽһյ˾βãǡ˼ʵ 
˵һ߽ȥ 
°֮ͣ󣬽ܼ׷һǴ쵽һֱߵеϣϵʣжٹжٹ 
һѹƣҷֲ˵ʵ 
һһ˵ 
ʱŻȻʱéٿеɻ󡣹ȻǸ̬ͨ򵹣ŵ亹ֱðս˵ﳼ飬˴ 
֪ɣһԳıֻ⣬һ·ϰնڳǵ³ǸΪʵµĺù١෬۲˽⣬ϺͰ˵ǺϡɼȺڵ۾ѩģǾ 
ߵл֮վһҶȻ֪¹ǺεȵǴǧ켺е͹УǷǳηġ 
һΪλĴɩͶ¡򵥵䣬׼ϵȵķ䣬ɩźȥϢַԸ½гϿ׼ͣǽӴ 
æԺһѯ˵ص顣ȻӰʱ䲻ְݹطûԼͳΪʱݿʿ䣬䣬ͬʹ࣬һֻӣѰշϵ硣 
ι԰ȱһɡ 
̸Уһ֪һԭǰţΪص̰ѹڣգԽϷø״á֪عٵĸɵйݺǿŮɱڵعĹȫݺͷϡ 
һǻԹ޴ߣֱ̰ĵйɱΣ涼ûмһŭ֮£ѹӵ˹塣ӻȫܴ·ȲΪԼµıʿøϹҪĹ١ѡɵ˴˵ء 
ǳǳز󣬵ϽķԲȴȫڶҲǹĵط֮һĹԸΪط֣ȫҪĲء 
ǶʲôũΪνʵ 
С󡢸˼ػش𣬡ׯڶϲֲ 
ûг⣬ܽйãׯľͲʢһĵʣʳĶٽ 
СĶİٽ١ 
ԣĵطд˲ͲˡڰʮҲʾͬǣǶʮ͵ִ֪꣬ʳĲ͹ʱ򵽵жĲࡣһذԼ˼չĵʽӲظһչӲʳĲֱӾֵܲϵҵľֻũҵչũӣˮƽˣܴ񾭼ֵܲĴҵʵҲܵõߡ 
ũҵķչҪһǸƷ֣ʳĲʳļǮũֵصĻԡһĲνĹ 
ȺǻʯѪǱݡһңһǿĹǷǳġҪˣʮĲиŬпʵ֡ 
ϱû·ߵ˶ˣ·ȻϲѡңҪնȥ 
ʳΪ죬ֻн±⣬ⶼӭж⡣ڳõķߣһѸٵطأҪصĹԱִСһԴӵǻΪһָЯʱԷ 
ʳƷֵĸֲǱ뾭ܳʱ䣬ܼЧģͼӰ顣ũȣ̲ҪùҵľÿҪ̣ܰèèĶǺèֻҪ⣬ܹƶᷢչҽģһɴ֧֡ 
Ϣһ֮һһǸţίΡԼθνùҽȸ 
һһм㣬ԶЧ߾ܸ 
·нٶȺܿ죬˸ǳأеصĹԱڳ⹧һÿһҪϸ˽⵱صȡǵĽ飬ʹ֮ 
ڳصʱѾȺ䲼ʮҪС֤Ĺ涨ũֵؽʩҹ涨۹涨˰ȡһϵе߷̨ԺڹȻ󲨣źҵĹʽʼ 
йϲйǣǾ󲿷ֵĹӵġһ˳Ӧģõ⣬֧رĸߡҲʹùڹڣ˳ִС



һһʮ װ

       ũҵҵĸ˳֮һѾ齻νһǵԼԼߵŻݣһжᰴԤƵչڿʼǾӵ⣬ԴϴƽϢ֮˾಻㡣ҪսУʿȱٸǿȵĶ书Ļ̫رͨĹͨĹ ǿܴʤ̣ 
ڽУȫǵһ죬ڹ񹦵ĹֲΪν׳ǣҰʺʽ񹦴ڸǡͨԣȻʱ䲻ԭĹӺ񣬻ʵҲͷǳ졣Ĺ̫࣬ԼһǸ壬ҲҪȵţ²ɡң¸Ĺ񹦶ѾӵĽٶȺܿ죬ͨĹЧȴҪۿۡս˺ɱһµУɱʵõġһϸذԼĹ񹦺ʵսϣܽһֱЧĽʽȴڸŻȸ߼Ĺ͹ָڹķҲ򵥵ģֻҪϰǴаġ 
Ǹ壬սעصϣսļɣ󷨵ĲãЭҪһ֧ս޲ʤ޵֮ʦҪзḻս飬սļܡһ۶ϣʮٸѸĿһ𣬾Ǽ᲻ɴݵġһѡ񹦡óͷβַһ飬Ѱҵƪнܵ󷨵ĲáǱоһ죬侫󣬽ߵʮǰҪվλָЭһµĽͷءʼӲ໥νӲ׾ͱĽ̵һ磬ʿϵһЩͽߡܻһ֮УһĽ죬ڶʱڰǴ򵹣Ҳѡ 
սͨڵǵıͷװ̫ڹҪһֲ֧ӣʹǳΪԼװȫܺνԶԶҪսװףоٶȡսʿװףĹն£ͬƬƵ͸з¾̫ˣ 
书취װȴ޲ߡͷʹˣҲûͷڴｹתתȥ 
νŹٽ 
죬룡СԺ޴硪ˣҪֱͨһ˵ţԼŲҴȥ 
Źæܵ棬˵롪 
νտڣһӭָ˵˵Ҫڣֵƽƽֱ˴ˡ 
ڲɷϡҲ޷ȣзΥؾִϡֻܹЧͨҲͨܲͨ콫ܲͨŽͨ˼νٴιʩ 
һ磬ûˣһ㡣һŴ֣һߣһν˵ 
ֱν˵ 
ǽܣȻҲһȴϵ 
ڤ̽ӻرԴ֪Ƕ֮Ҳʼ׼Ϊ׳νǲڴ֮Ͻܡ 
Ƕʲô쳣ľٶʲôͼıûУһĵʡ 
ûУǶǴڵͲͨ񣬴̽ϢǱģѾ취ڲ߲ĹԱԱڻøӻܵ鱨ν㱨 
ԣһΪϸµĹеˣҲΪԼĴοһʣǷĹҲ鱨أҼǵħԿΪһ鱨վ 
ǿԣħð죬岻סǺǵĲȽϴԺΪϰ߲ͬҪһЩǿ룬ԡνصط 
ҲǣǺ͹ͬʹħҲͬ;塢壬ǵкԲͬ˵壬ǲóұװ뵽˴һȻȴЦ 
ܣΪʲôЦνֵͻȻЦһʡ 
磬ô¡⼸һֱΪӷװգղͻȻ뵽徫ͨұʶĴЦһֹסЦ˵ 
Ҳ˵壬ǵĴ켼˫Ǻͨϣ˵ǻΪǴˡν侲˵ 
ڰ壬һǴһνҾǼ˵ҲھϣҶҪһˣ 
ԼҲ٣ûеõʦĹϾϣûָʲôԼҲеʧܣɻǲľʹ˷



113 

       ȫܴӸгǿһ֧ʮ־һװȽı׼ִСθͳ죬Լġƪ͡ѵָϡѵһҪ֮ǰѵĿ ҵĸʵʩҪν׳ڵõһ֮ȫڶ书֮УһŲʡһգڲָʲôҲд; 
һа׵һڿɷĵ̤;ѰҰ壬ϣܺǴЭ顣 
ڹĶмһӣһޱȵĴӡˮεİ˹ɽ˳£;ʮɽϪСӣˮдɽϵɳǡļӵκʹȫһ3456ˮĵطһٶ๫һߡ 
˹ǣͨ˴ӱߣϲĺˮϷŵ׸ߵľˣͬſ޿ڵĻɫޣʱ׼ŵһɡ 
Ҫ뵽壬Ҳͨǹĵڣˮоʮ๫˵м仹Сڶˮڴ󲿷ֵС¶ǴѴˮǳѸڡƽĴֻ޷ͨʹڿˮڣҲֻΪĴҿ߼ˡ 
ҵҿңһ˵⡣ʮͷҿüͷͷŴӳ˵֣ɲҪǮҪ 
ʮĺҲְֵ䣬ĵקţú޵һ 
Ϊʲô֪Σжߣ⣬Ȱ㻹ǵȵɣҿһ˵ 
ҡʵ㣬뵽壬ΪҹһֱԲ˵ 
˭ģҲ̫˽ĵˡ֪Ầ˵ģȥϼ㱨˵ڲܹӡҿѡ 
û˭ңԼҪġ 
㣿 
ǵٵľͲ𣿡 
ǹ 
ǹҿļ˳Ծעһһᣬ˵ٻٿһᣬȷʵĻе񡣡ҿߵҿͨһڵϣ˵ 
𣡡 
񲻸ңԸΪɺЧȮ֮ͣ 
źͺһ˵ǰ֮˾ȻǹŵùҿԱߣһ仰˵ 
ղ˵ЩԹĻǲ۾ܲ¹һ£ɱȫ 
ǲҪ£ǵĵǶԵġ֮ǰȷʵ֪ӵΣգֻͨ˽һЩӵҲи׼֪ôӡһһҾŵҡֹӣŪ÷Ǹضǽ͡ 
ԸΪ·ϧֻǵĴİΣҪӣò׼ҿƺɫд㣬¸ҵضһ˵ 
ǸӺ 
һҿˬʵ˵磬ҪţҲҪֻ֪ӵķԼпܻЩΣա·ϵĹ˵ӾΪϤϸظңæ 
򲻿ɣǧ֮壬ֵܣⲻǽһٴҲ겻ΪЧͣǲڵ飬岻ݴǣģͺҿͷأͷˣѪҲ˲Ĳ 
ǲҪη壬ǹҲǵĹͣΪǷģҶһģƽȵġ 
񲻸ң 
񲻸ң 
 
ҿһæͷл 
˵ЩҲûãһľѹͨһȫҿ֪ԭԭʵ 
ҿսսذԼ֪һиһһʮСʮŸžŰʮһЩµģֲںˮл㣬ײеһֿ㣬С嶼жʮ׳һţܹһС̽ӡһͻˣƷֻ֪ж㸹ҿĸһдʱɵġ 
һؾܾҿͶɺӵĳ⣬ԼʻСķʻʼӱߵˮƽСĴ߶£Ǹ£۵糸Ӿǰ˼ǧס 
˶ۣβɽ˻תʧһҿһҾȵſСʱû뵽Ҫ£ֱʲôˣͣȴľ޺£Ĵʮӣ֪ 
˺ģнٶȴΪһãǺˮļСĴľҡΡҺˮвʱвСмȥһҿ֪ķԼѧУѧϰѧ֪ʶӲŰСѣ˳ˮдתԲеһԲʱѴͷһ˦˳ذС˦һ档ҿĽܣЩطаʹҪײ棬ڴĺһģСͷȻ𣬽˵˲Ծȥ 
ƹһСһСƺ֮ˮء˷ʱֱƷò׺ϵǲα˵۾ߣУȫۡһ뵽˴ˡú衷 
ǰһСɽεľ˼ٵ׼ٴβһƣһзڣЧˮ˶Ա̤Żڲ˹ȼݺ۳ңࡣ 
ɽ˸ǰɫĺˮ䣬¶һȻһƺɫĿ㡣㣬ͷӴ㹻һʻСֻȵʱѾſѪڣͬС 
TMDθ湻ģСڿǿ֮£ٵسзȥ˵Ķжôֲһ׶೤ݣҲ㹻˺ʹ˺ķ顣һæʹ˸ǧ׹Сͣǿ̫󣬴ˮϣǧ׹Ӳ˶ãСȻٶȲؼн 
ִ֮䣬һæʹնѱǰһӣͼһѿ㿪ƶǡƺҲеֵǿ󣬲ݳɣ͵ٴŴ󣬷·һ޴ĺڶһ߳׸ߡڶ緢һ磬Ѹ͵ذһ洵һӳĽûʩչͱݻٵ߽⣬ʧټСͬһƬˮϵҶˡ 
ƺĵʳʹ׷һһС˻ 
һΣһ⣬вͽ㸹Сǰͬʱлϣһʤ



һһʮ 󴳾

       һסʮסʮףһʮɵ˲עڹնϣǿ£ʮͨɢӯӯĹâԼƮɢ߲ϼ⡣ˮڽѹ£涸Ȼ½һףγһİۣСһµ乭еҪһ֧ȥ ںˮͻȻ³ʱʧصľˡر·ԡǻۣʶԼٵΣգſڣһһȻżӲݣ׺ݵһҧ 
һռȻδȫе޷Ҳ޷ġʹΪǿһֹޣķǿҲһĹնǰ˴һնϣɸɾϮǰݱݻٳƬʽĶӡߵҲܲס˺ѳѪڣʺѪ籡ĺˮܿ챻Ⱦ˺ɫġ 
ڷŭˣβһ˦ͷ­һΣضɽҡſ޿ڰѪȾĺˮӣͼһСͳͳ̽ڣŽͷ֮ޡ 
⻹Ҳ̫̬ˣ磬ֵܹʮĸ֣Ҳ쾹Ȼһ޿κΣֻ˵Ƥë׿ĺˮӣƵģܵĺˮһۡĺˮȻγһٲ˾޴һСڹȵף޵׶ȴԽԽῳУ͸һģҾͲҵıҪʵӲ 
һٴιעγһֱߣʹʮɵĹ㡣ϣûıеĺˮһӶ³γһֱ׵ˮѸ͵ػһϡʱһҲǻȥˣ۾˷첿ȥ 
һ߲ʹâıһӰ϶Ϊһһߣһ֧˿塣 
ڰޱߵĺڰʶѣڶڶĻ 
һϾްڴζʱ쳤ХʱǱӵףʱǰĺˮһգʱһˮ 
¶ʧϣ֮䣬Ψãã 
ѪȾ˺ɫѪȵϢաһѪˮϣǰһڱһ޴˽ȥ 
εĺˮϵسˢźӴѪˮ͵˴󺣣ôɡ 
ã㣡һĽСŮһ׷ǰһͷŮһСĵѡ 
㣬׷ѽ˭ȵ˭ϴ裬ˣýŲͣһСȥ 
Ҹڣ㲻ҪżСĵˮ㽹˵ 
ҲŲأϴ˵ûкóԵģ¹͵͵͸硣 
Ųһ٣ɫһСʲô¶ 
ڿϴඣͨСӱ߷ɽһˮ 
ѽ 
ôæܵˮߣŵغ 
ʲô 
˳ָķȥһƺɫСɽںˮ롣СɽԼһʲôſ档 
۲һǹûжһʯͷ壬ϣȻûзӦʲô컹һƬ峺ĺˮô˺ɫˣСĽǰ£ȴ󵨵ιȥ 
㻹ûüֹõ±çΪѾεǹߣȥ㣬Үһ㣡þϲغ 
ףʲôôֻͷûӣϣᲦŪһѪ߰ߵͷ­ֵֹ 
ҲѾſϣվõԱ߹ۿšǹ 
ôģӶҲ̫ѿˣӶûСĿֲҮ 
棬ǴĴ⣬ҪԿġָŹＹϵһڣ𱸵˵ 
Үôڹ 
û취ӣСָڹıǿ״̽һᣬ˵㻹ܻţҡҲɱģҲ̫˰ɣ 
ʲô㣿ɶģ 
Ǳˮ¿֪ˡ 
תǱˮѹ巭תϣúˮسϴ 
ѽ̫ˣ¶һͷʪ㷢ȵ˵ 
ֻ˱ɽһǣڷŵ½ϣֻ±ǼҺıɽҪ󡣡 
ģþȵ춼Oˡ 
ҰŪӰϣһ߳˫קŹ˫磬һ߶˵ 
øȻСͦߵԱߣһһʹذѹ˿ʬ壬ڴˮεߣ˰ߵһƬݵϡ 
ףôȲ绹ҪƯڹ˼£ûѡǲѾ 
һ˿Ϣᶨ˵˫ڹĶ˼ΣĺˮӹĶð˳󣬾ȻһСƻҲðڵϻľȻû 
Ķӱˣǻûתļ󡣽˫ȹڵϣעǷӢǷӣԥһᣬҧ촽Ȼظ壬촽ڹϣ˹ 
㣬㲻𣿡óԾŽʡ 
ûֻǲͣضŹﴵ 
ţǣŮ˭촽ԸУѽеԣ۶ַ㣬̫ˣһ۾ͻȻһİŮſϣض 
۾㿪ĵЦˡһע촽ʱߺĬĬصͷ 
ģôôС۾һǶ䣬ġҲ̫СˣʵǰŮıЭƽָǳãƤϸֱۣСĳŮƷСŮ 
ǹ𣿽ʲô֣Ϊʲô𣿡һӰСССŮʵ 
ҽһǡ 
Ǿģҽа˾ҽ㣬аšȻش 
Ҫ壬ôᵽģӦڰβŶԣҺͿ򶷣ҲӦڵĴŶѽˣˣȫˣ 
ҵʱСӵѵͳһҵ͸ˡ



һһʮ ɭ

       һһ˼뵽Ͼɹ˴ӣ밫Ӧò̫ԶȻھĵϤǱӵ·ǽôһ£Ӧܺܿȥ Խ˵Լճ⣬ǰﶼǸڶ֧šǸһ̸ʱѡֻʣĸ׺ΪĸڸȥͿˣĻܿҪˣԸɽգҲԸĸûǮβȥǴżеһ̲Ѱ·Ϊıһơ˵Ķܹ󣬶ǳ󣬾;ðնɺӣ뵽ںˮǳ˵Ŀ㣬̵֮ƴЯļҴıļǡ˵㸺ʹںˮײɱûϵѪԼҲڻǺ֧ε಻ţһŪȥһһէ겻ѡ 
л֮׼ǸǣѰҵ· 
֪жΣ𣿡ıӰʡ 
֪һ˵ϹˡͷҲأ̾˵Ϊҵĸףֻһˡ 
磬Ұ㵽壿㱻ТĴ򶯣ȳ˵ 
㣿òԸŽ㣬ҡ˵ 
ллĺ⣬ϧ۹ֻǡҵĸ׵Ĳһ̾һǰߡ 
ȵȣ߳壬Ȼ·ġ㼱æ׷ 
㣬㲻ȥýغ 
ȥĸףҳһЩʱٻȥһͷ˵ 
һˣöŤӵһߡ 
ŴһɽдУ˴ԼСʱûԽһɽɽм׸ߣӵȴΪ־Сʱڷɽ΢ϢһᣬǼȥɽ·΢Ҫ࣬һ·󣬰¶ƣɫ磬ɽϣľܼ֦Ҷïܲ͸磬ʮֵȡһʼûв棬һҲû۵ĸо֪·߷ʩչ䣬¡ز죬ߴ·Ͱװ׵˷ʱ;и򵼣㣬ǲ 
ȻһǺԶƳҲѵҲǣͷֻͣ½Ųڵشʮֵ࣬һ־塣 
һƥʲôһȺҲҵĶ֡һߵŵĸǰο˰ɣҪ£ұ㡣 
ŸмһִϢ˻ᣬȵϢʱվֱ˵߰ɣǰɭ֣ٷһɽͿˡ 
һСʱǽһƬéݵء 
໡һǺ 
ŵһ 
£ˣа취Ըһظһͦ˵ 
һֻһȺŲ˵ 
һȺҲ£һη˵ 
㡪žضһָǰ˵ 
ʮֻǣдѸٵشܰΧֻǡʵȻͬһĸߴͨǵĶøƵĽ׳ëǲɫģ˫۾ͷֲ΢΢ſѪͷӳŰɭɭź⡣ȴ׳ȳƣצϸԺؾͽ˿ƶǡ 
໡һǺǺ 
һֻеǸ߳һͷɭǣվȺм䣬ֽţƺڷʩ 
ǵ죡 
һ֮ҲһԼԸЩӦû⣬ٴ򲻹ǲġǣô죿Σʱ̣ܲܶܣֻԼɣ 
Ⱥûнڻһ԰˵ 
ܣôܣ˭˭ 
һ汿ôܹأǲȺҺɭľ壬㾭黹û𣿵ԸҪ̰Сˣ 
໡໡Ⱥʼˡ 
ɭǴطɱǰɭݣɭĿ⣬ɺͷϢѸٿ 
Ŵʱƽ࣬һվһʱ׼֡ʵ֪һһͨˡһ֣޷Ƶĸ֡ 
ʮֻϮǰʱһʹնһɨǧ˹ȥȻؾͽȺһΪϰ벿ֺƽƽطֿѪˮʱӿݵϣŨҵѪܡתһӱ͵ϮҲ䵽ͬ³ 
໡ȺͬԺ󣬲ûеӣӵײС꣬ش˷ 
ǰ̣ 
ɵһٶʬߵضճХͷ˹ߵĻҲЩϵẹֳ̈ѩ׵ɫĵȼ֣ڽɼħޡѾ߼ռ״̬ 
ԳǷ׷ױáǵʶУƺʤҲʮ㣬ֲɱ 
һһʮֵ֮󣬼գѾ˵ǰһΣңͷſͰСȷһʧѱǱ󣬶СˡצҪץʱһĶƤȥ 
ڿգһֻצӣƫĽ档ֻצץһšȺֹͣʱѾתһһצŵþһ˲䷢˱죬ĺϾȻһɫĳ޿ɰ 
һϾ˼ץҪķʱеıȻǴٴѸٵĸ 
顪⧲͵رǿĽײ˳ȥһѪߴĶƤ· 
ûɱǿĶ֣ 
һ˺󣬵ʮԶĲݵϣһתͷܡ 
ǼˣҲں֮زز



һһʮ ˻ɽ

       ˣһźͻȻһԳİţɻʡ ͻȻ죬һʱ֮仹ûдͻı仯ѣԾעűֻۺɫĳһѯʺȻɫߵͨ죬Ľ޶ˡѱ󱻳Ƶ·мɬ˵𣿡 
ǣһæ˵졢ءˡ񡢹ݡޡ顢㡢飬ȻÿһֶڵļֵҲԲͬ۵㡣󣬲ġĴ£˼䣬һִǻۣ 
ǡ鰵˵Žֻ꣬൱ʮꡣͨһԳһǧԳǧԳ򣬴ﵽ˵Ķ塣ʵҲ൱Ķӽɼܹһǧķëǣǧǰˣ󲻼ߡܹǰͽģſνǿһˡ 
ǣŮ˲ΪɰΪɰǰڡһгʹڱѵʱ򣬲˸˵İΣǽѣʹšһŮӣһϲ̹棬ֱܣԡ 
ŮȻŮзȨ 
˵Ÿ˵˵ĸŮ˲ϣõر˵أ 
ǷǰɽͿԵﰫ𣿡һתƻ⣬̽ѯʵ 
Ӧǰɣδÿɷػش 
һȻʣȻôȥѽ 
˵ص㣬ң 
Լ߾ˣ㲻ظԩ·ˡ 
ǰĻɽ㲻ϤҸ͹ȥٻȥż˵ 
ĬĬǰУľĲݵضһһӱǰĵ·ͱƽ̹ 
ڲһȫµнٶߡҪıûһԳͻͽһµ̨סһԳ򣬾͵һ񹦵ĵ㡣ÿĳҲʱΪӶ仯ɫɿʼĺɫɫתΪɫ󣬶ϵ⽫٣ë᳤ձɰɫġʱſԳΪˡ 
ӵ˷ս 
һСʱȥˣŵĶͷðҲࡣǸոսԭûнסһϢһߡ 
ˣһشǰɽˣ 
һһһĺתͷ˿ͨ죬㺹죬ϵĳֳѪɫϸܵޱˮȫʪڳϡʱע⵽ߵʱ̫ûпǵŮԼǶôΪ 
ôôȣԶɽϿպȼŻһȫǺɫģ˷һһ˵ 
ߵŸǰе˵ôϢһɣ 
ãһܼ֡Ŵش 
¡¡¡¡һһĺ𵴶ġǾ̧ͷǰһһȺëɫ⻬ǼǰϬţƴس 
ЩϬţôˣٴУΣƵģڻҵУ̤˼ֻСϬţҲϾ˼ 
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ôˣ 
˿Ҫˣ 
ˣʲô£ 
ǳĬ˼ǧķ֮Ҫˣ 
ôһδʲôееϣ棬е˷ܣһʶʶĳ嶯 
еߣжмߵ˵һ´ңͣ¹ġ˵ǿֲģǻȻȥƵ߰ɣǵȰ˵ 
רңʲôµģ 
˵,ЩӻɽڸϬţӵ,һǰƽ̹,ֱǧϬţһ׿խĵ·ϼ໥ѹײ߲ǰļͷϬţر׳⺷ģϬţеٮٮߡζҪҲҪǿࡣûлûע⵽ɱʳǺƽģҲǷǳ顣 
ǿʳľֵ쾡¡Ϊ˱ԼòԼøǿ׳ײСƻ 
ͨϾȻ赲סĵ·ɵ˫ͨ죬ܵŭ΢ͷͷϸĳǣͳ 
һţʿöţĹͼɡҪԼͰŵϬţ̫࣬ۼһܳҲǾ˵ġαسƥ֮£ЩϬţƽأһ§ţһذδУԾС 
Ϭţû谭ܵøӵĻ죬Ҫﻹһ㵽СʱȥˣϬţûꡣӺ滹ǧֻ 
һеֲ֧סˡǰŷҷĴŮ㣬θڿͣٵʱ̫ĹŰڿзУҲʱҪһЩڰղЯһˣܰűͨҪᣬֻӵ㣬§סѶȡ 
Ϳġ 
ԣطϬţѹ̤Ĳа֮ܲ˱̤Ϭţʬ塣еĵطȻûйľһСľͻ̶޷԰Ρ 
ǰ壡Ȼܺˣ·ߣֻдһˡһ§ӭϬţĵ·ȥ 
˲ʮףͿݽˡһֻϬţļһ㣬ԾʮԶһֻϬţϡϬţеӣϮʹҡͷ­ŤԾ˦ȥûб˦ȴϬţײ˳ȥһ䵽һƬܿͱ̶ˡ 
ݵأҲ˰ɣЩϬţΪҲסϬţϵƬ̻ϢһڹϬţ󣬳嵽˲ݵصıԵɽĽ¡ 
˵лɽͲӦвݵأӦǴݲĻɽͺ룬ŷϳ档ǡ 
űһºɫ΢죬͵͵עһµĿɻ󣬽Ǵ˵ķ˻ɽ٣Ǽǧˣûб仯ֻڽſʼʱ˵Ǵ˵еķҪɵΪɽϵ緢鶼ʼǨ㣬һƬĻɽ 
ҲΪʮֵΣգòŲͬΪҴ·ģһʡ 
 
Ǹĵľ飡



һһʮ Ů

       ɽŵĴ΢΢زߣȵϢɽڴ˰ӿ涼𽥷̣ɽϵĻľ֮£ήҶӿݻƣƬƬȥ ɽϿ죬Լֳһֻɫ˵ͼ 
㣬ҪˣſһԻ۵ĳɽ 
˳ڴһں棬ɽȥ 
裡ûɽͶһλ̬ׯ޸߹Ů,еĺŮԳ򣬳ɫëĳ 
վɽϲŰţȻ΢΢һЦͷ֡ 
ŷɿɽ,ɽ嶶ĸǿ,ɽ緢һһ˵ӿ,ʹ,һȵϢ,δľ 
.żæڸղõ,סӹĿ֮ǿѹһ𡣵ֻһʱȴҲ޷Сһ 
Ůɫͨ죬ϢȵİܹվߣرĸˡĿЦˮʣСţû뵽֮죬һԳ򣬽ǰ;һ޿Ϊˣ 
ллĿ佱ҲøԵɺϰˣǫػش 
Сţ˵ΪһӸԸðջ壬ΪʲôŮ˼ʡ 
ҡѾҪǰһ˵ 
Ůָָһ˵书ΪܸߣҲСţˣǵϰߡ׹ܹͬȴһܶһһ⡣ѵͷ˶Բĸ𣿡 
ҲǡûСſڲԵ硣ʵҲ֪ԼôˡͲС޲£÷Ǿ幫ϵ䡣ԴһδƽĹӣҵ֪ТΪĸ֮Ȼ䶯·һȴûмĴţһոµأջǰǰһޱõڵȴšȴš 
Ů˰̾Űţ߱Ůѵļ̳ˣڸӡĸ׵ֲǿŮ˿ʱڵǴģҲǿģڸĸǿи£ǿҡ׳οҲ֪Ů£žǿԸ񡣺кദʱ䲻ֿԺҲͻǡº͵˵ȥλִϣ 
λִ䶼ǧ꣬ϳԳëɫġȻǵ䶼ȰŵĸסŮࡣھһĹÿǰŮڷ֮ǰԼеĹڸ̳ˣʹúܹں̵ܶʱѸﵽߵľ硣ȻƾŮͳһرǶĳϣ˳ 
ߵǸǰ𾴵˵СŰݼλϲ 
һλСֵĳ΢Цŵͷһݸߵĳ΢ЦЦһ˿̣һ˿Ƕϣĸ׺أǰر۰СţһֱδĶϱžȻΪһӴ·ܲ⡣˸ղľŮĶԻ󣬸ӵĲˡΪ˹ȫ֣÷ҲҷһΪţһͲҵˡοǻûжأڣźûǶ¡Ůֵģµ죬׵룬˵ͱ䣬䰡 
СŰףǰڿԺͲ˫ˣذʾ˵Ҳе࣬İʱҲǰһԳ 
أôûѽѿڶʵ 
뵽ҼСӣоȣ΢ɣɫ˵վɽµأ˿ˣ̫Σգ㻹ǿ쵽´ǻϰɣ 
ŵͷ˵ȻһվڲԶҰ͵ٻȥ 
Сͺˣ㲻ڴ˾ŭһĿг˳ޣ޲ɱ 
һȻеһɱתȥ뺣صĿײһһеĪû;˼棬ûкʲôڶԹôԹ죬ǹţǿŮƵġεЦЦߵŵߣѯʵĿ 
̶һ£æֽܵһǹˣġλĸףŮλִϣľͺز 
ԭǾŮŮֲҿĸΪܸߣλϼһҲǺǵġһ뵽Ŀǰˣ˵ƽ뵽⣬ҿаŹİæ˴ҶԾûж⣬ֻ·˵ءʲô֮£ 
ľЦͷĿһ˼ȷʵɫĮŰ֣Ų˵ 
Ůƺŵ˻ҩζԺصרе㲻ǿʵܸߣһֱ֮ܿԳٳûŮһйأһΪ׼ңӵĽᣬͳΡһѰµļ̳ˣŮп顢ѡ˭׸ʺĽӰˡ 
ŸͻƣҪָһʱ䣬ûʱȥɽǰĵؽ磬ԼͿҵˡŮ뾡һǷ֮ء 
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û£뿪ԺԵȻ棡һװɵİο 
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һһʮ 

       ľѰһţչɽ·ȥ ¡¡ɽ嶶Ӿңɽڲ緢ȵҽͬһ޴Ȫǧȸµҽɽ³ϸ߿գȻʮ׸ߵ֮ľ٣һжΪСµǲɽʵҽɫҺ𽥱˻ƺɫðڵɢ̱ǵҵϢ 
Ůһ˺ɽںԶɽ£ңŻɽ緢ǸӹעǻɽϿö˵ͼʱѾ˻ɫëɼ·ǿȸչ˵ĳ𣬺ôޣôҫۡ 
һδˣ⴫˵е񡣽дңܹĿ÷˵οƽȫעعǰ׳һĻԶĺسȴع۲ 
ɽڴʱȴ˼ӰΪɽ緢ҽ̫࣬նȾ˻Ƶɫ·һƵĻǵϿգڵסǵߡ 
ҽ緢˴ԼһСʱֹͣеķͼѾʼſ˫ᣬ̧˷ףֻ۾תһ£쳤ƺҪԴС 
˿ˣľɽ»վھŮ󣬼۷Ź⡣ŮҲ鼤ŵעŻɽڡ 
ֹһҽѾʼ̡ɽ緢ҽѾֹͣɽȴһ߿У֮ƳƻХ֮𺳣δƺˡ 
ŮȷɽڵİգŻɽȵӿҽ˶ҽðݣͬŵĺɫĻ䣬ߵرǿңϵػγֻһεͷ­Ҳ𽥴ҽͻأǷ˵¡¶һֻķˣһֻʶĿȹķˣᶶԣ䡣ǿȴ籩شӹȵ׼ܣɽڵײ£صա 
һľͺصĺ棬Ҳɽڣعͷ˵ͣѤ档 
˵ͷ߸߰ٴθ߿һеķͼҲӰһ쳹ԶշǾۼУͬŷ˳ʥ֮أĤݡ 
λϣΪһշʱ򣡡Ůɵɽڵ룬ɢӨӨĹâγһְΧм䡣һһֻ䵽˵ͷ漴﷢ӨĹâڷ˵ͷͳϡ 
չķˣѾӯڵѪﵽͣʵ塣ͻȻһס壬ʹĳ裬ͷһ·һͷ­߰Хһ˫ᣬڶȻŷ棬ХϣƺѾŮջ١ 
ǧȵĸǷǳֲģǾŮһУһԶղ١ɵ֮ˮԴԴϵ̹ⲻϵزбɵĿռ䣬бƽơ 
˼˾޴Ȼһͷҽ֮Уɽںƺǧźʮԩڱŭ𡭡ҽʼҵķڵĭһһһһ¶ȸߡɽڵĹâȻС࣬ɫҲࡣŮһһ壬ͳһ飬Ψ𡪡̹ʢ˫ƽλҲǷŮԱߣͬʱעƿϡٴռϷ磬ӨӨĹâڲסתҽѹȥ˵νҪҽҡͷ˦ŷβųҪӵǣǧ꾫εǿ󣬷ոճûȫںϣڵֻܷӳɡ 
һֻĴϺҽƴУǿǣһҪսȥʱͻȻŤͷ³һҽƴ˲䷢³ǿųҽһ°סһ󲿷͸Ůͳϡڱй֮󣬶ʱʧȥ˹âҽĳײϣֱ 
ŮλϿ˼Ϊ֮˿ͻȻͻȻϮǵƿءˣΪǵĵģܷ˵ͻȻϮ屻ɾˡ 
ʧȥ˿ƺ󣬼дҽɳһХ졣 
죡 
ãһŷɻİʱͻȻеɿǰǿˡΣաûüȥˣѾѷŰΧм䡣 
Щײι״УֻһʶģͿ֬Ĩۣ촽ޣϡİ׷һ黨裬ϻһ컨̫ɢɣԩ·խô˵أѵҲΪֻ𣿰˵һɢӦüо׼ɣôһֻأ 
еȺУһ۸ֶһע⡣ɢһηаǣ죬üëϸǰɫģ۾ƺԶţȴ͸쳣ޱȵĺ⡣צ޳ӥצָϸƺͿźɫָ͡ʵѪۣʳ֮Ѫа书¡񻯺ʮָǣΪɱҲǸĪ⣬ǰһƺ̫ģֻǰĿ΢ڷϡ 
Ƕɢɼĸ֣İס 
Ϲ֮ȰǰĵҳΪףաצ˵ķһץֱͻȻ˲ץ˵Ĳӡ 
ͻȻ߬ס˲ӣֽһȻûΪһŻ棬һֻ֮ЯͳµĻ棬ȻХϮ 
ɶ˻ʶһҵֶΣͻȻʧǰĬȻצ·ɣһƬƬ˵ëеֳԭΣвϵذš



һһʮ 

       ஡ѾӲģؽ̶ëȻ 湻޳ܵģûٵҲɵóʧݣŮϢ׷ײƽ˵ 
Цҵ֮Уߵ֮ᣬΪûץסٲ֣÷޼ҿɹ飬֦Բѵ˵ 
øߵ̸֮µĸУسһΣſ 
ɱţСɻ㣡̫ɢɼǰԹм䣬ͺسϴһ 
صıһʱͬһ޳ɢɣʱͬһش̳ʱͬһӲɨȥһ˼ǧ趯ĺ磬ƺˡɢȴͯϷˮ䣬һεǡôÿζҪʱһͶһء 
سϺԹ˴ھϵģǾŮҲɵ֡Ȼ֪ԷʵǿǱ˵ϷŪǧĵҵҲֹסдŭŭһ嶸ȻëҲֳŨɫһ̹ΧصתĹע֮ǧ꺮ɢɼζ޹ 
ʵе˼ɢ¶˷ܵɫսע·óʵıͺؼս 
Ů˼УҲ޷ȴγ˽Ի飬һµɽǾڷɽǰһľŮ̳񡣾Ůڴ˰ѱϿνɷѿģ˼꣬Ѿﵽ˽һͨľ硣ǻƽбҶȴ羫֡͸Ӳ 
һɫĽлĲʺ磬磬ӿһ಻ӿ 
۾Ȼ΢գдʣߴһһ䶼ΧĽɫצ׼ȷײھŮıϣ֮ɫڱʱȻ˿һ׺۶ûС 
ʧȥƺ󣬷ɵ߿գԶȥ 
һзףϰף۾ͻħƵģʮֲֿһԾɵУסݵ·ߣ־һѿɽ޸ɽ˵Դ 
һͷ·ɹзζµ˵ǰٴһʹʱͻȻ³һŻ棬ȶһɿ磬ŷƷҡֱףԽз򶫷ȥ 
ŮͻƣȻ󻯳һ׷Ϸˣһգֻɫƺ֣˵İٴ 
ΰħȰϵסǰķˣΪðɣдϵ 
¡Ů֮󣬵ķãôҪ´ңݺᣬͿ̿鼱֮²ϧܾˣʹľС鱦ȫ߶£һ֧޼᲻ݵƳգ̽Ũ֮С 
ۡŮݱˣ³һѪϵëɫҲ࣬˰ɫ 
ʱľͺعֵͬɢһˡзվڰգʱ̵İΣ 
Ҫո˵ϱŮͻȻϣԼȻһư齣𿪣ʹþŮҲˣԼҲΪⱻֱۣڵ𵴣ĴҴܣ߻ħļæϢȫѹʧص 
İķ˰ҵѪΪģһԶΪʵĻ顪һǼս˵ʱ͵͵˵ߣѸٵ߶ԼΪͳйǩԼľ飬еĺܿ죬ҧָѪ˵ϣɡ 
˱˵һӴһѪںΪһ塣Ťͷһһڡ 
ơѼӵķ˷ˣñף߻ħ֮ǣһĴʮơ 
һںͷ֮Ѫڵһ𣬻ûʵֺ϶ΪһһΪȫĵز֮Ĵޱȣƿ֮ڼ֮Ȼƻ˺󱳡ʵһֻߵֽ׹ȥ׹նˣȴǻɽڡ 
һһʱؿƣͷӿѪǿȥһͷԽ˳ޱȵҽ֮Сڽһɸߵҽ˻֮󣬾ʧټֻɽҽӿðݣͬǸѹеһˮһѱãͷʣˡ 
Ź̷ڵҽߺ޵һմѪҺ׺ݵ֪ĶˣûˣҲú;ƽϣɢҲֹͣ˴򶷣뿪˻ɽص塣 
Ůɽڣһ̾ϢһҲλɽ°ŵȾ鴦ȥ



һٶʮ ̥

       һȥˣȥˡ һںƽҽ¡һֻ˵ͷ­Ľԣҫ۵Ĺâţ˵Ĳӡһ͹ֳȵҽˮһϻ꣬׳ۡӱʱһɳ죬óôô߿ôĻԾ 
죡񳯷ϼ죡 
˾žŰʮһȦɢɫĹâͬھһ׼ȷ˵ϴ񡣷ͣڿУſľ³һ򡣻ͳγһΣ֮󣬾Ȼһʮֵơֻļ͸ģĿ֮ϸѪеѪҺʵʵֻԼϸ΢ظеһС뵽ĳλǰͻޱȵĸֳͼȲʳҪһ򱶡Ͷ֮䣬ӴϢϢӿ޾ 
֮䣬ΨҶ 
һںͷ˳ɹں֮ڽǿߵУͻ˾񹦵ĵھŲ㣬˰֮߾硣 
ÿһѳɵ鰡 
һˣûб䣻ڵˣûб䡣Σʱ̣˷ˣΣ֮ʱҲǷˣȴ΢Ц֣˻ΪһഺŮͤͤǰ崿һЦǡ 
˶û˵ͨ˴˶ס΢ЦŶһۺ󣬲Լͬȥ 
ڵһ񼴿ɿ巽Բ֮ڵһһľֻҪԸ⣬һڽŲӵϣԹ۲һ 
һɹ˾סĲʱɫסɽİ˿ʼһʿеŮŸɲ׼緹ʳΪ죬İҲֲʳɽǲҶɽǵعϡ 
ǵ峤һº͵ʡ 
˭ʲôʱģ峤ʲôѯʵİ˾ȵغ˼ʡһ̫ͻȻİ˸ûпǰɽǷĿɽ¼ǧ֮ڣԭһӰûпͻȻǰԼСˡ࣬ı⡣ 
ֵܲҪţûж⣬ǵ峤̸һ⣿һؽ͡ 
̸⣿ʲô˼˵۾ֵʡ 
ȡһãȻ飬ʱ뵽ܲĺ塣ϸĿ˵ǹϺ̫ƽҸӡ 
㣿 
ңֻܸıǳסɽȴٳԵӡ 
 
ʱѶİˣΧһָֻŵţûһ˸ġһǹè¶ڹ컯˲ι˵иİ˸Ů̾ӢĻе졣 
޻ǸŮŮåʮҲѹ֣˭̫˧أ 
峤峤Ⱥ˸ػ 
ԶȺУһˣһİˣıͨİҪ׳Ķ࣬ʱһһǿǿߡĽý̬ׯأȻһľ룬һԿĿ⣬һ˪ߡ 
໹ʮ׵ĵط峤ͣ˽Ųעһ 
һ費ػţĿгų羴Ц⡣ 
ӣӣʮӹȥˡϢ񣬴Ҵ֪ô¡ֻ峤Ŀתع۲һü·ڳ˼ʲô 
峤Ц 
һǰ޳֡峤ãû뵽һʣ·ҵүүһ㡣 
ҲرиУȻǲͬ壬ϵĿңһֵˡ峤ôĿһ˵ 
һ峤æΪսװ֪Σһ̹档 
һϴξǵǸˣ峤һŮӾϲʡ 
˵ôоеأԭǵĶˡҲ˵ 
һƯŮܵǰ棬˵ʣϻظأ 
һͳһ䣬ݸŮ 
Ůɫ΢죬Ħ䣬һһУ˵ΪʲôóѽͲ 
ȣһˣҲû뵽ʲôá֪峤ǧһݵΪÿ˻ʶزܾûзϡŮᵽ֪óء 
峤龰и쳣ˣЦǺǵ˵ҵ˵ 
ɽһ԰ǻۺ켼վ岻ѡԲ٣ԱءĹ쾫ɣԹƵġСͨͨˮ⻬ʯϻͼڣ󲿷ַӳ˰ȽĶ켼ͼסݸԵϲãÿһ䶼õ൱ɣȻʾ 
һر߱ͶڵأһĽõŮӽظߣʱ۾ɨһ̧ͷʱصͷһԴ˹۲һ֪ϴħɭеһŮӣԼһʱ֮ȴ벻֣ÿڴк 
һ·ϣʱа˶峤ʺʩ峤΢ЦŵͷİˣҪ꺮ůعļ䣬ԵʮֺͰס 
Ǹֵ𾴵ĳߣһҲ 
ػصʯԼ·ڵһĴƵɽʯϵһ޴ͼһʯһѱмһʯͷɵӣӰϷֱһͷ΢ŵﺬ飬ӳĵ硣ԹԣôҹҲ±͵˻湻ġ 
峤Ա߰һʱλضɽȪˮһһһɶ峤ζ˵㲻ˮ¶𣿡 
һˬʵ˵峤ƣô޳ܵСоҼˣǴųѣ໳ɲ¼ɣ˻Żʲô塣ǽĺҲ޻̸֮ 
ǣˬ졣ǿȹ˵ķϣҲԸύѡʲôҪǰæؾ˵ɣ峤صͷЦ˵ 
һԼеĿٴ峤˵һ顣峤˼ؾʹӦˡһѵҲǮ𣿡 
㣡 
ܰҪװ𣿡һǲȷʡ 
峤ɫʱһõ˵㲻ǻ𣿡 
һæͣ峤Ҫ֣ҪĿǰû 
ʲôĶû峤ڵشվҪѹ֣Ƶİǰ˵ǲ춫Ƕ 
һᣬæóԼ׼õͼֽ峤Ŀ峤ͼֽԺɫʮأһͼֽûм»һЩھʹûҲʲôһΣһָͼֽ˵ϸ˵ԼƵͼڴڽΪ塣 
峤ʱǷǳ˷ܵעͼֽɽ룬׳˼ԭվԱ߷޷޲ƽĳϣҲ˼УһԲ 
峤ټһߣСһᣬ֣ص˵ԸΪ죬Ƕ첻Ͼû 
УôͨĴ˼䲻֪жôˣǻҹԴ󡣰עɵ磬ǱȻġ 
ʵҲһΪһǣǲҪСԼˡǻ涯˼ôǶؼֱ練ƣ 
ʣͽȥհɣһ峤ŵһʯϢ




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 һٶʮһ

       һԺʽװʹھ˵һƷһ峤Լ飬ʵ飬ЧĻҪáһò徫տļǲһƵЧͼҶĳЩϸС覴ý˸Ľڵ̱ԭĹҪԶһס¼ֽʵԵһֵι 峤ýˣһ뿪˰壬׼صǰװ 
ڰָ£һ˳س˰ĵؽ硣һͷʱĬȻһӰΡһƺܸоĹˣƵĿ⡣ɵѾͷôϲأ 
ڰԼԼֲˣֻװɵ㶣ġ 
ã˾壬ٴξ˻ɽ֮أҲǷĵطһһ񾲾ãá 
ˣһڸо˲䣬Ѿ塣ʵԶʮ֮⣬֮ŷɵɽ 
һ飡Ů鰮ţ 
ôˣ 
ŷڻɽڣעŻɽңۺˮдʡ 
벻㻹Ƕӣһһĵ 
ȣȣ˭ҳô˧ôŮӵϲأҵĴɣһΣȻѵغͷ˴Ȥ 
񣡡 
ʵʤ۱磡ЩԸ㲻ǵ 
㣡ҿǷ˰֮֮Աǵһ 
֮֮ʰѽһϷʵ 
Ƥ 
ô֪ҵС 
˶ֵСôߣˣ 
ʱŴȡһЩʳƷһҽڵҽѾûԭĳȣժĹƷȻ˲ڻ 
磬һҪԱҵľ֮޷رϣܹյõˡ 
ôеŤﷸˣһҪȡЦţԶɿطһ顣 
˾Ĺ򵥣ԽЩһǸԣӡ 
ãŮҪȥҪˣǾ齹شߴٵ 
ͷҲ̧ɲشӻͳҽ 
ãȵ֮ҺһΣǸϿһȥ̴°ɣ 
лл㣬磡תм˲һۣĬĬɽ·ȥ 
¶һ˿ϲã뿪֮ǰһŤͷעҽ˲䣬һоһЦǷĵ׵Ц 
һαӣ 
źͲܿ˾ܲǽһʮףԼһǧƽ׵ĴϵĴ֪˼ǧ꣬ôԼ׵ĸڶҲ˹޽֦֮ɽ֯γȻ񷶥ʹôһϢȻϢ 
ȻγɵĻǺӣˮжʮףɲ⣬γһȻϡҲֻоܹɹˮɵϡ 
Ůڴ֮ϣԱλִϡվžĸ߼죬ȫԴ¡ 
ƽƤãҲǴվĸԣһԲ 
ŵͷڲ˴еĸĿâڱΪŮδļ̳ˣʱеϵѹࡣ 
ТŮŲμĸ󣡡εʺʩ 
˾ͺã²ΪлǳŶŮƫ̸̸ĿǰһԼļ⣬Ƿиõ˵ߡ 
Ĭڽң㣬˭Ҳ׷ԡһ°ĿͶŮŮЩŭɨ˴һ飬ְѯĿתƵλϡ 
ȣĸ׺س˺ŵ˵׻˵ˮڣǵеıһսƾŮǶϵʵһȫʤ 
ʤ˵ɣƾǵʮϴʵֲụ̂ľϷ༥ 
ô˵ǾͶˡŭ˵ 
ҪͶͶҲϥͶľȻػش 
ִ򲻹ͶǾ岻ܶԵȵ֮𣿡صľʡ 
ҡľԶԣɥ˵Ůģ 
ãƤ߻ 
ŮԴҲ޲ߣ̺ްգ˵ϣֲִУ׸ֲ֪ǵ֮ء˿ԼŮɵ˵ȴر߽̽˵Ϣһжʱұ档Ӧе׼ھսԺ飡ɢᣡ 
ɫڣ졣羲ĵشɴ׵ĴƮݣ趯Ĳơһյ̨ɢٻɫĹâڴĳ£ﵴһܰлŵ㡣ʱȴûյ⡢ģǳü˫ִվһͼǰﻹʱط̾Ϣ 
˭΢֮󣬶һͣʱʮ֮һ룬Ůתŭʵ˭˷Ȼƴ޹ء 
ʧʧðǰŮ£һӢѵ΢ЦվŮǰݲȵ̬ɢһȻУֲʧȵϢ 
˭кĿģһŮһ֮Σң侲עˣŭʵ 
Ůǽѵ治ʶˣЦ棬˵ 
Ůֻ뵽ǰ֮Ǹ֣ܹϢؽ޹κ˷֡ǵѲȴδע⵽ߵòҲһ˧ѣڻ˼ǧ˵һоҲûС˼һ棬ǵʱҲû⣬ΪˣҲ͸ûгǷ롣 
Ů˶£ҺڻɽΪİȫϧɽڣɥĲ£ûкñ˳̾ 
ǡǸŮŵضĿʵ 
ҾǸѲһҲǹ¹һػشΪԺĺ繫Լݣ˴˵ĽģԽĹһ 
һ¹Ůɻشһֻ˵¹Ǹˣû뵽ᣬһӢ治ⶼʵġ 
ŵӺ˼Ƭ֮󣬾Ůɫ΢һЩ䲻ʵ֪Ϊ£˵Ȼ˴˶һ֮ΪǧŮǶǰδɡé®¹Щӡ 
һԴֻǵȻһЦ˭Լأû죬ЩΪǵ쵼߲ģ˾ռߵ˵̫Сˡ˵ɱ壬ǰౡ֪֮Σ 
㣿ңŮԾһʡ 
Ҳ֪ݺĵɣǹ͹嶼µĵһʯȥǵ˲˺ֻϿǿУвϣ֪ŮΪΣ 
Ů۾˲¶ϲĹâʣʲô 
Уҵʲôˣһһ˿ãȴʮƽղѾ˵ˣΪǹ̵ͬʲôôҪǰּ֮ˣټ 
Ů 
һûأһֻмװһΣʵŸ˿δڵһУȻءΪԼҲΪ˾롣 
ĸ󣬸ղ˭ſŮ޹ĵƾòϢʡ 
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Ҹеζе㲻ͬĸԭŮĹġŮֻĸ󣬵ĸİȫ£Ź˳ػش 
СŹԣĸû£İɣŮУֻдŮܹԼеοܹɵ˵ﻰСŮʲôֻ֪ˣֻҪƷȡ֡ 
ĸϢ˯˵ 
ллҵıŮ



һٶʮ 

       ӣѾռ˾ı߹ǡһʿһ·ɱʣر档 ʲôûУתͷߵһ߼졣 
Ǹ߼ʩ棺̽ӻرæׯڣ˵Ӷ֧Ԯֵȥˡ 
ҲҹͣǰҪһֱ֮ǵǱʤ磬򸸻ʴ١ӽݵؿ亣ڡ 
ͨűվɿǰߴ 
ӣ˻᲻ʲôıȻôôһһ֮ǣµһ곤ǰѵ 
ıǾٽôܺᲢۡһ˵Ҵѹӣһս֮ϽˣӲһػش 
ֻǲδ˵һһ䣬²д˵ġϽΨΨŵŵ˵ 
ֻ֤ǵĵС˵ѾǶӣֻȥˡ 
ӵӢƾӢ޵УҾһңͳһָտɴһСὫ찢ķе 
󽫾ԼǣӵؿԼİ󣬽طʩڽоͣߣֱǡ 
ڶӵһһŮһòªͷ̫СӵɢɣһұǧβǶǰһţ̫ྡź«ƣҡŮֽȣ˫Ŀ΢գƺڲ붨 
ʮһ·Ʋɵڻʦ¡ 
Ǳһɽʯǣܸɽֱɽƶͣɽֻ֮һߴһٶףʮ׵ʯͷǽǧľɣˮ֣ǹ롣ǳ˳񣬾ܽ磬һأĪ 
ӣǰĵ·޷ǰָʾ̽ر 
ӿӱһխɽм䣬޷ǰںĲӲϵǰӿǰĶΣײΣӳһƬҡĽеţµʿֹͣǰеûеõҲ֪ǰָӶǰϣͷ˵ĻԵõһЩսƷֹͣǰԭشʱӶɽͷϿһƷѹѹһƬڱ˰աǳԾţƵǬƬ֮侹ȻҪƵġδ϶ϯĿǰУҷ𵴣ȵеۻȫŻ³󣬲صˤ䵽ϣˡ 
λæ㵽ƥĶӵ£˫ֽקסֵעźƴͷӹˣмһ쫷ϣˤеڿƥˤĿȫǣѪģĲ״սսСĶҪˡһֱǶǲսʤûμӹѪ׷ɵսûսǰսĺףǰսһһ˾ӡֻҪʰһսϷһսƷˡƽʱѵѪɺӵ龰 
ʧȥʼź󳷣ͺʿӵһ顣練ܰǴٶȽǺþյö飬ֿʼŮɢƮ̻̻ը֮󣬱˻ɫڷĴ£ӪƮɢ 
ʮʮﳤɽխһߣʱͷѾȫɣСҲɫ֣ʿڴ֮һ̱ڵϣж 
ѹɫɡӺʧܣѿյĺƶˣҲΪǻ֮Уֻ¿ٳˣһð취ҲûС 
ѾҪԵһʱɢɳˡֻǷԾУ˫һ磬ɢǰͷ˴ʮ˼ʵ̫ǿ󣬳˺þգͷͷ 
ƽϢ֮󣬶ӾϲضλɢʩллλʦԮִȣ 
ĵؿŶӣһǰĸ߰ӲҶ࿴æתͷ̫ɢɡ 
̫ɢɼЦӲضǣʦڣԸССˣ練ơ 
ͬ˶裬Ц˵Ǿλʦˣʦȣûˡʦ׼ҲǰºڡҲΪλɢɸŴӦս 
ʧҳݡѪսĿ飬ʿһ¡սֻþ˸е٣ţս¡ҲֻоܹսϴľˣųƵľˡڿλɢɰ˻֮ģٴڵɱš 
ͷϵľŮڼʶɢɵʵ֮üͷ΢΢һ壬йһ¡ԼԸһⲻλ϶ԸһҲӦܴպϡֻǲ֪ڵΪչΡܼеԼоԵġڸ֮̾Ůһˣ̫вˡֱ񣬲Ѵ֮˵򡣴ССȴ˵ΰԣ˿߶塣򣬱ؽһµǿУ 
磡˭߶ѽ糾ͣǵһһһᣬɴһ硣ʵҲǴʦϸѧһУ㲻ҵı¡ 
ĺϷںͷ!



һٶʮ ʧ

       ٴμڳ£ݿʼǡ߸ߵݱϰڳǽϣúͳǽ롣һ飬޴Ĺ׷ͷرڶڴ΢̽ͷȵݿҪǽʱͻȻ浹˴Ĺ̵ֱͣغУ׷״ˤȵһˣһ¼ѵؼܺʱһֵĹͽŵ¡ӣǽн֮ڶ 
Ӽʧأæ¸ıһ־ɡζƣһһԵϡۿڲһף¶ϲɫڳȻ˳㵹ӳһѣӵȼ˳ӴѸӣĴ£һ͵¡޷ӣϵЬӺͿӺܿͱˡŷ׷״׹ˤĲҲˡ 
ûΪӱջ׹ֹͣɢҵصڵ֮󣬰ԭ㵹Ҳ˲ȼȼճӾҵĻ档ǽʱ˻һƬ΢ĴѸĺӪϯֽ̻ţ±תͷӡ໥ӵѹһš 
ֱ˳ˮʪĵط𽥼һͷϨǽʯͷյͨ죬ȵӿ̵շ̣ȣѡ 
ٴشĶӳ˵Ŷʮĵط̾üչҲûиտʼ쿪ʤʱķİӵܣʱĿһУʧʱһ겻񡣴ʱĶӲԼսʧܣԼǰ̣λ̳˴θίΣ˵Ǹ˺ϣ˴֮󣬿ö֮ȡӡȻƽӹǺһ㡣ȻЩϳ¾ɣϣɴӼ̳Сؾûǿ󣬵ιܴɣ޹ԤϡʹǸ뱣ҲȺ 
պƹգӵ谵Ŀ¶һ˿ 
ѽ˵ӵ£ôһ۾ͱʧˣҲ̫û־˰ɣβ߽ǰ𱸵˵ 
ҽ̸ĹͰùų򣡡̫ɢؿŲͽܳ 
ʦҡӱʦһŭ֮˵ 
˼𣿶鰡ΪʦڶССˣж̫ͣɢ˵ͷȥ 
ڴεȺǵĺϢɣβҲڿշ׷̫ȥ 
λɢһκһ𵽷˻ɽʱŮλϣȻû涯֣˽˶ԷʵƱҪǲԶӧͬͽһ壬ǰӽĺ˳ǳܴ֡죬ҲǴֵʱˡ 
ǵУϳǽɵسǵʿ򿪳׾١ǸյŵϿգӳڷɳˡΪ׵ǾŮȻλϡ 
λɢɱŮ˵ 
ٺ٣̫ɢɼЦ˵Ǯ֣ϣŮ㸩׳ƳΪϲߡȻսӣͿ̿ȫ御֣ḷ́ 
˵ЦŮɫأҷݣ¾񣬻˵ҪҺƽҰ˽֪첻αټʵسˡ 
ǲײĲˣ֪Сɵ̫űŮ 
ɢɣʵ൱ֲġһ̳֮ƣһ߿Ůؿڡ 
ŮҲʾηȶ򣬷쫷羢ɢɵĹơνԻűսһһʱ֮˴ѽѷ֡ 
ʮغ֮󣬾βɼɢɲδռϷ磬ҪֳʤٻҪһ֮⡣ 
һУҲŮս 
ѾõλϲԼͬӭȡһ·ˮŷɡһЦһβһ˦̰ͷɨһߣʧȥ˷һβͽֻصš̫ʤذͷһββײص岻ɵһˡɵĵβɨҶϮںظо޷Ӳƴ׼¿Ҫʱһ֧Ѹײڶ֮䵽βϡβ˺ήҵش䡣ֻһʹѰķȥľĵڶ֧ͷ 
һǵĺɼæܣٴαС֧ڼǰʱͻȻı䷽һβȥû뵽ֻд˸ƣβֱһȻ˲أ񣬺Ǳ˹߳ŭ屩ǣָβľ 
ľֵ֪ǿӦƴֻһζضҲʱһȻ䵽ɣǺȻӻ˽ٶȡҲѵϢӱϮһһ죬ɱλϲס޷̫ɢɡ 
Ůֳҵؾһ 
ֶʮغϣ̫༱ˡû뵽ŮôѲʵʱŮΪշˣķ˼ľսʱĴûмŮʵ޾ݵضȥӻԼʧȥģɢɵšսپ¾ŮΪϲߡ˼ףӻͳϴα𻵵ıƿƿŮ 
Ůڶ֮ʱͻȻʧȥĿꡣûзӦͻȻ˺æ˭ 
ƿһһޱǿѾŮƿȥһϸȥһʱͻữΪŧˮ 
ŮδޱȵıƴҲ޼£һƬҶƾӿļԨ 
ǧһ֮ʣһֻ顱һƿըƣƬ׷ɡ 
ҵı̫ʹļ׵غɥ



һٶʮ Ī׷

       һĿǵڰգЦЦעűըͷֱһƬҺڵ̫ɢɣЦ³ķͰԺŷ̫ˣ СӣǺˣһٻɵıòͷ̫ϺҵһѣԵøӵѿһһЦ󣬴غǳ 
˭ҪҷȰ㻹ǳϴ֣ؼΪáҲܲףҪΪһӬͷСɥʧֵֵһ٩Ȱ˵ 
ƿСδɣϷŪǧүү֪ϽĶ˵֮䣬̫ѱϣĴ߶¹һ࣬һɫмתͣܵĿҲǿ£Ѹٵмۣдſܴ˼ֲֿϢ 
񹦣һ̫͵ȵظ̾ﲢżʶһ̫®ɽĿͬʱҲ֤Լھﵽľ硣 
칷¡̫˹ȫǿһ 
ӴĹϮʱһݵذչ̵ǰе̫ͼΣֱԲϱ֮ʱһƾճ֣ԣĹâ˲һܰҵĸоתơתɶתݵһɫƵķȥ֮γһ״пȫȥȻתܺ˦ȥ 
̫û뵽Լʹҵı죬ĽڶǰϷǷĸζҪըˣڸղźķ̫һʱỹȫԭֻǿţŭѪ۾һ 
µĶӹλʦһֵѴ֮İٱ֯þӣٴطͷˮźͳǽڴ֮󣬳źͳǽѾյͨ죬ھˮһ֮죬ðһɹ̡ĳשԵʣըѳһӡرǳΪľģͻտԺˮ£ľĵ˱仯ܶȺӲȶΪӿڵĵطȻѿһϸķ϶ 
һʿֱУԲľײģõͷġرһͷüӲĸͷԲľײϰʿһ뿸ţźͬʱͻײĳһѸٰݣʱбͨĿܡŲסҡΣʱԵ᧿Σ 
Ůһ֮ͼ˺ɵսţҲĵ˸ı䡣ɹڸǿҲֵסֳֵľƱӲޱȣ޼᲻ݣٶȼ죬ʤӦص;Ů񲯱֮ʱֱһβ͡βһУͱеĺϮԭԸˣƳܵУ޷ġ 
żʧأŮǳżȻıʽ͵ع˼ʮÿһ 
Ī⡢Ϊ졣ڽʽ֮γֻˣļ๺צ׺ݵشʮйȻǻûķˣ乥ȴݺӡֻˣʮĻϣƶ൱ֲ˵ġ 
βɴʱҲû˿Դ֮ģʣֻβƴʮСĵĶšΪֲÿһֻ˽·ߺͷͬԤϡɼŮȷʵʹƽѧɱľС졣ΪһǷ죬ֻдﵽɼʩչˣβɻǱֻ˵צץһ£һֻβܵشһ٣βʱľĺֲڶ䵽ֻβ͡ 
β˹룬־塣̫ɢҲ·磬ʤ㣬⡣ԭصתһɹɿɢȥлɢһɹɺζսڷ紵֮£Ĵڵס˵ߡɢ֮ʱʧȥɵӰ 
ܵ湻ģŮҲȥ׷ϣ䵽ϣչҵȶ·ʮ弶ĳ̨磬ѹǵεͬһƬƬ֦Ҷҵط󷽣ֱʮ·Ҳ׹ٴϡ֮ɽȡ 
ǰһУһƺгһжƿ֮СȻЦЦɢɡ 
̫ɢѷëûǿУһַͱơϴҲˡѵǰ֮һɡУΪε˼䡣ҾȻҵôùţ겻Сİ 
뵽˴Ҳʹһ֮ƣŵĨ֮󼪡 
һ֪ܣҲ׷ϡĪ׷ֻǰףˣ˭ö졣˷ѾʰϺзΪϡ 
ָײţѾײһ޴ĿӣҪ˼¾ͻᵹӳϮһ磬ǰɢˡʤܾʹưոݣһеشױǰ 
ɢҲͣˡŮƣվڳǽϣصشҲ棬ɫʮֵĲ԰ס 
ԸЩСޣҪʽֻҪעһӳͷ׷׹䡣֮󣬳ſھͺʬǧ 
Ӽǰһֳһңǧ޾ɫϸ۲֮󣬷·ʶѪ񵶣һʹɱּ 
еһѱջأƳơ 
ֻû˵ֻ꣬ؿһƣеı´޷ǰһ֡ÿֲеֵǿ֮󣬶Ҳջر³һѪ֮Ѫħþǰĵˡգ֮䣬رãһһûпûˮҲûһ⡣谵ؼֻŭţҰһƻõĶħһˣ˷ܵؾ£צһԸʬ޴档 
Уһ㴴ҲûСʵαٻĶħѾϴαʱࡣǶһ˿ʶĲ£ķֻΪһĽõݣһǧҲй֮޲λɰԸЩֱܻСơ 
һӣһ̺ĻΧɿתգ֮䣬еĶħյӶʣٴλָʲôжʹɣ 
ǡһϤȻǰоȻǼλ£ɥһյģӺƴƣѪĲݣ 
ѾռݵĶȻҧԼָһ߿ɿɵؽʳţһ߷ƵĿЦ 
Ű񣬻ɱʽϮŶ쳣ľٶһĪ 
ΪʣҲأɱСһѪɫħӶӵĿ˳ɱķۡţ忪ʼ죬еĲλʮסʮסʮסһ޴ħ˵ǰ̧һţͰʮ׵ĳǽ̤Ϊ촷ۣӳһȭɽͷͱΪƽء 
һڣЦ˶ĺʱʧϡŮλҲĿɿڴ˵Զɽ۾޴롣 
һֻһǿУ¶˷ܵɫʱսڼʱļжֵսҸġ 
ԺᵶЦܽ 




һٶʮ նħ

       е˶ŵɢӴܣҵ½ɵǱϿգۼС 䣡䣡Ķӣ׼ȷ˵Ӧħ֡ÿһʮס߹ƽأһ׼ľ޿ӡĪǶӱɢɺͺɻҪʵȻںɵһ裬бɾ֮õɢɺͺɵĹͬڣ˵رǴͨͨʵټҲõ洫ѧϵɴ󷨡Ȼѧϰʱ䲻ڷܺԣǳ졣Ϊ뼱ɣõ̳˵ĺϷݣרżиߵϰʹõһоһҳѸսаŹ򡪡ħʹ߱ǿ;ΪƲסħ߻ħɰ׳գԱ 
һٸ䲻֮ʱǧҪʹõԲʽǶӽ˼ۺ죬ΪԼĴܴ죬۽˵ʧܸաôʧȥ˼̳˵ʸǰ;ʹ˻ˣŲʩչħڽҲ޷Ԥϡ 
һħȭ֮ǰһӣӱܣǳˣѰҵ˵ÿ˶ȱ㣬ʹǽղ֮壬ҲšҲܺˣǾĻʳǣļ԰԰ľηڰգ׼Ѫ֮赲סħǰĽŲ 
ħֻ¶̵ЦſĴмź⣬޵׶Ƶʺ͸Ϣ 
ʱˣһλζһӵʱ֮ڣʮСħĻʺ˸顣ֻˣߣҲһѨĵطңǸݶӵķԣԼڴ˴Ů˲׷ĿģҲͺ»Ů˵ϡ 
ħһԼϵϰٽ޷ֺӵΣΪԼսʤЦǰĽŲӵ޼ɵˡ 
ħЦδ֮ͣʱһֶˡ˽һһֱ֧ħʺҪħҲ̫˫мһģϣһĳࡣһٶȺε֮죬ħٶ㣬˫ֻûк£֮ǰͷɵǰ޷˵ֱ 
ħ΢еңͽգƺҪԼݰһıҧϡ˲ŷȫӭһı׼ӲӲ 
һʹӵаҲҾʹӲƴÿһν𹥣ûȫڱħӲײʱһһӷ嶸ȻֱûеȵħӦѾͷ£˫߬űħǴȥһ־ڱصãֻܳɹʧܡþȫҰڵ߲ҲȫȥٶȺױȵġ 
ħҲеΣպͿ־塣æ˫ϣ߬ȭͷȥϣħ֮ƻһĽǣʧˣһӽɼʱڵܿܵġңʱڲħʱãԵġӳȭͷȻֹһһ½ٶȺʱ䣬ʵ˵Ϊ㡣 
һ̴ħȭͷֱͷ­ֻʣһ¶ħɵĺڷ棬·һ롣 
ʧȥ־ŭ𣬲ͣػȭͷߵɽͷǱһһһᣬħͷתһܺ𣬽ȵػصС 
໡춯صһŭ֮󣬡䡱һɽһ㣬𶯵ܵɽزסҡΣ·Ƿ8 
һѪĹħǴӿ·һľ͵Ѫڷ䵽ʮ׸ߴų״ɢħҲ֮ķѣֱȻϽĻҳγһɫĻգòɢ 
˶ӣŮνʧܣֻܴʣ²򡣴ʱȻֻ򣬵ѾĻ̻̣ͬһɢɳȴʿ־һǰһʮҲη塣 
ͷֳʤ׷ɱ׷׶·ӡüˣıֲɱһʱֺʬ塣 
ڻʤ֮һƬϲ컶ֵĺ֮УףĳνʢǰΪǵӡУԿǿޱȵ˵Ǻʤ㡣ҶǱűľԼļ԰û뵽ͬ飬Ȼܹȡ˾޴Ի͵ʤȷʵʼϲģŮšȻ֪Ĺ˭ûûнʤûû塣 
ھĻʹϣŮʢʢһŮԶžƱߵһǰơһƱһЦʣŮкδ㣿 
󣿡ŮһʱûзӦ֪λش 
ǻ˵𣿻ӾֱӰˣú֮ǡľߵǰҡžƱ˵ 
ɣɣŮвɲ֮Ҳ߹˹عȰȻȡʤǲû˵ԪܹϳưԣΪǵ˶ڣཫ㡣ʵϴҲˣԲ֮ҿٰ꣬СĽ䱸Ϊ 
ϵܣݵó־Լ硣ۣͨҿ岢ûʲôµģҲֽϻֻҪǺ͹ܹٽȡʤľɽһһ̣۾¶˷ϲõĹâûüˡʹ죡̫ʹˣ˽һսһİٱϣǧˣҲȥǰعˡ˹ļǿܣһĶ֧֣ԼڿԴչֽţʵԼı֮־ˡ




һٶʮ սתܶԱ

       ľϵܣ㲻Ҫ˵Ĺͷһʤͷԣһʱ֪ߵغԼıԡƾ˲ıκ嶷Ҫ͵ɷʧףʱԼҪ˶ĵطûУسϼƤ죬йض ҪͶڼźȿͷˣҹһǣ޹ҡԽԽϲˡľϲķ 
ҡǶãҪʹϹأҧ 
˵˭ǹ˭أľѾƱһˤŭس庣غ 
ҪԶҪңȡƽʱֺľ֮ϣǵ˹ؼʱľһƴԼҲռˡ׳еĺȻ书ڸǿҲɵ֡ 
ʲôңȡ㲻ģһ𣿲ҪСΪɣ塣ľô˾Ů˭ԴӼԺҷһٶʮģľƺȵе࣬˵Ҳ˼ֱֱȥŲȻеģ⣬ȡһΪ֮ϧ𽵹󣬲Զ壬ǴǿУǴĿõġûǳıߣʤ𣿲ɱħڴ˰칦硢칦𣿲ܣ˵Ȼûôǿ󣬵ǱҪǿĶࡣбҪС˵ƾһ֮ҿȫԴ壬ΪʲôΪʲô˵˴Ҳ֪ΪʲôˣŤͷһ 
ʵÿ˵ﶼУֻ˼ֱ˵ѯʰˡʹǾŮҲдɻλϵĳ֣һֱּĬֹ 
ǳʵʱˡ 
һеظԼһƣ֮վЦһܵȺ澫ˡǺЦĿ͸¶ϡź⡣öػشȻѾ֪ҵʵݣҲͲ׸ԡ˽սʤиԭһҹڶӣݺĵҲáһֻҰģν־ڱصáһ˾壬ôһĿ겻ԶӦҹ塣԰˾͵ڰԼսʤ壬ɱİĶӣȻΪ˱ñ׷Ŵ򣬵ԼռȻȷˣ˵ĵĸλҲӦסͨ˴սۣѾģȻǿ󣬵ֻҪһģ־ɳǣһȡʤֵǣ˵ǲǣ 
ǣ 
ܣ 
壬 
һһ´ʣ֮£Ⱥ鼤ܣѪڡǶǰˣµĹﵽһäĿݵĵزǼһնɱħˣǵ;˵ľͬλµĹһȾˡ 
Ůԥڿһ˷ͷټ赲ȻŮݣһδ˲ѹСǿʳһֱ忴𡣿˵˲յİ壬ǾûеλˡﶼҪһͷͷߡڱ߾裬е˱ץȥżܾ衣Ů˸ǱץȥŮūܺһҲе㵣ģѾߵ˽һԲưոݣ͹·ߡ˳⣬ԿҲһҵһ· 
Ů˼֮վң˵ǾȻǧ꣬һֱɽ֣ΪͿֻ̫ƽӡô꣬ǵ٣裬ĵӡһҪ塣ǽҲǺ͹һͬ¡ڣҾŮȫܶԱ壬Һƽ 
壬Һƽ 
壬Һƽ 
 
Ůڶľ˶ͬˣֻĬĬ˵һԣһԲľȷʵصʱɷغľĴŽ飬Ůһĵš󣬾ľϴǰ棬Ůо 
ȵɢԺһľ͵͵Ů޹һֺһ·ߺͷŮΪ˸ףܰŮһһͬǰľ˳Խ壬Ǳ塣 
²μν׳ͳȸ߼죬ڴӱ߹ӭһݹ١ 
ԼֵܣҪסνߵһλǰϵظмˣ 
ɱСˣΪ˹ңӦõģʲôҪܷԸȫҶڵȺʱΪЧͣҿ˵ 
ãֵǶγ²ɣһŹʮƽضɹ˴ӣ룬չƻֺ룬ΡΪ׳ۡſԺҲǼϲ㷲 
һȫͳפڴԱߣȴʿװ 
ԺѡһƵգװ 
Ůվڻʹ̨ϣׯϵ



һٶʮ Ϯ

       ˾ӵͷӣľ߹ؽһ·ϲоǹӴţɽ䣬ÿһٻĳǳأǶҪͣ޸ؽ֮ǲı߹ءޡ ոפǰ̽ķжڵǴľ׼ַ壡 
粻ɣҪ޻ءľ˷ܵ˵ҽѸݳǽӹľʯϼӷȵŮһǾͷ𹥻 
еĲνػش 
ǿǸúӣӺصķԣ־ʱŮ˼ĻᳶȣӰġû뵽壬ŮʱľĸΪЧ 
ŲҴҳȥӰľ¶ְο˶˵ͺسϲͷһֱʵľһֱźأΪǾŽᡣ˶ˣˣŮһĲ˾ŮλϣҲûиˡ⺢ǳ͵һˣ͹žͽ縺ǰ;Σϣսеõܹɳ 
о;УһЩ飬ľⲻò̬Ҳཻȥͨ۲յļ飬ԿȷʵûʧܺͰŽ飬ҲµϣЩϼһҲܹˣֻ̫ļƣʧ̫ˡ˲ġ 
ԺŮҲ޳ǡ⼸̽Ӳϵػر鱨ǵı߹Ѿʮװ˵ӵĽвػʣĶܣҲǵһΪʲôû 
ŮϸȡľϵĻ㱨ֵ֮ǽѲһ飬е⡣˱ǿеģٶȺܿ졣ûмоԭġؽǳأǿҪһ档ţֵǳʮﷶΧڵĵϸ鿴һΧĻָƣŷĵػص 
ĳǳػ϶ѡɽ֮䣬ռŵȻҪսǶԼҪáҪȴ򣬶Ǳٽѵľ˵ÿһ鶼Ҫܳˣֳʵͣ˿ڷչ̫ǿʢ壬һ㶼ܵģʧܲõġ 
ʱ߹Ҳǵƻͨ硣Ӹ·ı½ִפ£ڳǳصߴǴģ֧ģ˺˻æȻ졣 
һֱҹ 
һңߣ¹ʹҹ֮Щ塣Ȼûк̹ǣ߹صӵɽɭ֡彻ӵĵطѵһƬɳĮʮĿҰжɳӣ¹ҫ£ѩİ׹⡣ǴɳĮһɳ·ϵɳǺܶ࣬ģǲӰо̡ɳĮżмҰݣòߣҲʢǷɳȴ޷ǴǴ죬ῪǵİɫСĮķ羰 
ԭʽı߾ȴע˶ҲûյսȼĳǳأؽѪȾ졣 
ҹæµһ죬ڿ԰Ȼ˯ֻﻹŻƵĵơ 
ף糱˯ô 
޳ȴɳӰɫſɫĳ򣬷ɿķȥ 
һҲԶڷеľ˵Сʱ㹻ˡ 
ǷɵӪϿԺ󣬷׷״һ֧֧һ䵽ϣѸٵصȼʼȼգӡ 
ȵ󲿷ֵرڵֵʱ򣬱ͻȻҶһٵĴУȻ͵Ϯ 
ԴϢĻᣬÿΪһ鲢վڰգͣضŻȶųľʿͣȶ򣬲ķ籩Ǿ˵ġǻ˯еûü£ܳͱĴˡʮ﷽ԲӪһƬ֮УǹǺҵĽЩѳӪʵֻǴ£ûõͱһġ 
ĶڱĿȻе˺˻߳ʱµױǰȥ̽Ϊ¡ױû߳ԶͼһڻҲֻʵܽʧر棺²ãͻȻϮǵĴӪѾǰΧ 
д£յ˵صĶûϢսԲ𣬲ССľ徹Ƿ͵ϮǷɶ˻ȡнʿȫҳǣɱ޻أ 
ʮѸӣɱ׼ĵ˾ս 
ǵĴճǣһƬսʱĲѳˡ 
׷ųѾʣ޼Ϊ֮󣬲ҧ֨ۺơ 
ʮͬʣһĲбܽڶ£ڵشӺ׷н޳ʮأ۲쵽ǽϵƻԻͣرɭϡðʿֳ˵ 
ǣǸ·׼˯ľַɹͷǳڵķݡӪؽлʹǳĴŻʿƣڱǾȻ𡢾ĺ 
׻ðɣ׼ɱУһǳսѸٷϸ߿գȥ 
ÿһʱһϿգÿεĹʧܸգһëûһը󣬰ȫ롣 
׷׷ϣֲΣµʿڳǽر֣רһЩõ֣ȵʱһ 
ǿзԺ󣬾ֹͣ͵Ϯ 
죭ˣ



һٶʮ ռ߹

       죭ˣ ڳһо̿Ǽһ˾սĸ֣ǾŮҲһ˿⡣ǧһ˵Եʮޡû޴Žƾһ֮ͿĵزǸ˴ûиӣҲĹֶѪޣ˼Ϯýͷö۽˵ԼҲһҹðûϢá 
죬һҪ޳ǣѪϴǳطͷ֮ޡչԱ֮ʮƺƵֱ޳Ƕ 
ǳɳϽȾźɫҺͺɫѪǱչһƬǽ塣糿ǰɳϣۣԶҰݣѬ֮ĻҰʧȥյսҽսҽ޾ѡǣսʱҲȲѡսôпᣬĳ˾ܾġֻҪսȼﶼûƽ 
ͷȫżӲףѵصսнٶȺܿ졣ŸںǲɳĮＱоɽɳ·Ǿһɳո΢¶ֱûһƬģ 
ĮֱԲûһɫľί߶޳ǡ 
ԽɳĮΡĸɽ˴жǿڣΪɽɽͷһͷɽڣ·ֻͷХδȣͺɽԼǺе 
ɽһ߽ȥëȻȻ͵ҰޣǶİĵطȻ˼ɣе㷲ҷӱޣϣɽϿգƣߵɽվͣʯᾣ·һֻֻǣʱܻ 
ȻҲе㵣ģ뵽Ҫ¾壬ͱͨɽ뾫嵨ٴҲҺǿһսеıҲ򡣶Ӿϰֲʮħ޲Ӳ㣬͹ҵġһΣ֪Ǹ·Ȼ巢ѣɱ˶ӡ嶼ԸǴ紦ڱչĽҪͷѴѾΪƽˡ 
ͷӣһѸͨɽһɳܲ鿴һ̻رȵͷӴѾ˳ɽȣ޳ʤʱŷ˱񾭣ӣǰȡ˳޳ǡ 
󲿶ѾȫɽȣȻһ죬ŴɽһſŴδĺɫڵХĶм䱬ը 
䣡䣡䣡 
ÿһڻϰپʿʬ屻ը죬ʮ·ɽУȼͷ׵һһšǷ׷׹Ĳ񻨣ʿ׺֫塭 
ڱڻֵ֮رͷܣɽеĵ·ϲվƴߵɽܡǻûȥʮףɽϺȻɫףȫͷߵʿִ乭ꡣһнŹɽ£һغ 
оϣڻһ±ըȫʬʹΪܸߵĽҲڻлҷһڵԱըæսԹ۲Ƶı仯˼Բߡ 
ͷԺȷٵĴ£æתͷԮǣǸҪصɽȣûкͺĲӡϣ⵽޳ɳ׷ɱ½١ϵлųǹʹ󵶣ȴ޷˵ڰյֺȴܹɵضǹǼΪĺɫ죬ͷ϶о޶Ҳ޼£סļ֧ǲǱƤ֮ж 
Ƭ֮˹롣 
˲ľ棬żʹϾʹ书ٸǿҲ޷е¡æˣҪ󾡿쳷ɽȣ뿪ط 
ڵõ֮,ս,ֻʵܡһʱ֮䣬ҡڻɥģѹײɱģ 
ȴżһ·ɱΧɽȡƾʵ𣬶ȴǶףǱӱ½شӿѾҲԭĶˣֻǻҵӵĺ棬һʧɫͷήңƺ˾֮ɥ֮Ȯ 
ǻûаȫټã֮ʱɽһҵ졣ʱɱɽȣɱѽɱ̫ƽ 
ģǻûأͱɱһ̫ƽⲻָ¹Ϊ𣿿ŴɽϺɽвӿźɫ׵ĵбԼϿճǧڿԼûüĲʿﻹսæȫˣر߹ء 
ڼ׾ûںһ·ɱɱɥǺܶ顣 
ӵ߹س£ûȵǣͷͻȻĺɫ׾һҵ 
ģ˭Ϲ𣿡ΪԼ¾Źȣ־ءųͷϵʿһ 
ֹͣԺһǰһ߳ˡһ񡢷ꣻһǺ׷ͯյľ鳤ϡ 
Цӯӯ˵ 
˭ôռҵĳǳأԾעʵ 
ڵϣβܵʱ𣿡ٴĵѡ 
㡪ǳСӡҷɱ㲻ɣ˵ţ׼ǽϣɱ˳ˡ 
Уߵһ¼æקסڲǳܶݵʱǻҪɽڣûհģҪԼƴµǸס 
Ҳգ΢һ֮̾˿˵ 
ĺڼ׾򿪳ţһ׷ɱֱɱֻʣ²һˣβӵһǳء



һٶʮ 

       ɽɽݺ˰ƽθ߶Ϊ88888ףΪص壬λɽм䣬ֱնĸλСɽһǧףֱԽɽƴͣޱȣİѺɫħ֮䡣 ɽм䣬һɽȣһѪɫֲʳѪÿʮ֮ߣԾ֦ɿڿչÿ֦ɵǰˣһѪɫСôС΢ǵʱѸٵ쳤ֱۣסȻſɫС죬¶ϸݣʳͬһѪҺ 
ʳѪΪǿΪƬɭԹҰײʹǵԵüΣա 
һǰɽһصˣģ쳣ߴ࣬ɢŨҵѪϢʳѪȻ⣬һ֣ͰһǧΪŧѪȻſѪڣ̰˱һ꣬һꡭԭΪڿԺȵѪʳѪĿ˲̶ְԵҰǰ׷ 
չʾԼǿʵ֮˾ֹͣɱ¾ʳһץ޳צ·бʮʮץ֮£һùʳѪ˵͸ǵʳðɣ 
ǰһУȻ޶ãޱشԭأ·ʱȺ˵׸ 
ܣ˼ 
ʳѪڳһ֮ڰ಻סеջŻֱ֦۰̱ڵصȻ֫⡢ʳֱݽ߶ܳʱûкȹѪʳѪ˵غȵ˵ѪǾǴ󲹡ԭɫ󰵵֦Ҷܿ»޵ģӵչӡ 
ԺǺȵģЦ˵ 
мʳѪƵģ¶˷ܵ飬ص˵ͷȫ˸ղűʳͬࡣľ飬Ͼడﶮļթն 
ɽб߱ѰѰʲôɽȵĻƽָʱһСɽһССɽɽΧݲɽϵʯͷǺɫģ͸Ѫһεε»䣬͸һС档 
˵¶־ϲɫеΧɽѰšߵһ棬һʺӡʱ̧ͷЦЦʹð֮ǾŵĴӴܣǿޱȾµĹ 
ֵӡ·ҲӦʲô΢΢زѪҺ͸ĸܿͰаӡûˡ 
ЦдʣʼٶȺߵֱ治壬ΪǿڳԲմڳأ 
һӣ˵𽥷˱仯ϿʼëҲһֻơͷһֻϻһֻϬţȴǱӡֻĲĹë׵ƣѪȾӡһϵѪҺʧ治ϵطĹâɽʼƶơɽΧȫʼ³ԭСҲʧȥ 
ݵʮʱ򣬳һ˳һֱȥʮףһĴмһ޴ѪأѪ˷ϵðȳ֪ʲôԭѪﾹȻɭɭ׹ǣǽ׵ͷѪˮ·ȴûһѪΪֲͷ飬ȴȼһʺѪ򣬿֮Ϊȡǿңͷƺ໵Ľ 
˶Դ˲ΪȻָ֮һΪŵͷ򱬣ɸߵѪˡͷض㵽Ѫ棬Ҳҳ 
ҵõ֮һͷѪأڵ·ˮϷˣ 
ڳӵΧʱȺ˵ķԸ 
ϴˢϵ۹֮ѹѪм䣬Ѫ֮ϣʼ˹񹦡 
Ժÿ춼ʮ͵ʳѪ±ʳѪѪˮȴԽԽӯѪˮеаҲǿʢʤǰ 
ʮԺʮʳɽϿճһѪɫơ 
ʮԺһٸʳɽȵϿճһƬѪɫĢơ 
һԺ󣬶ٸʳɽһźɫƲ֡ 
ʮ죬һǧΪ˼Ʒǧ֮Ʊɫ޹⡣ 
Բ֮ҹȴûһ¹⡣֮ȴаĺ֣ղǺڰҲģɺģŵŨŨѪ֮ 
ѪڣǷǿҵĹâ̫Ĺâȴ͸ϢаϢĳˮϵðһ޴Ѫݡ 
Ѫꡭ 
еѪ궼һطѪءнѪڳˮϣˮͬʱ̵ﲻͣð޵ĺ̡ 
໡ 
ء 
 
ֹѪƿնһһһһֲ 
ѪѪˮϵʼһ׵Ѫססʮס¡¡ľ𶯴أɽȡʳѪȿήɽϵľ㣬еһ⡣ 
һ壬γһصĴѪأѪһĲħ˹һֻĺڲϣĳ̣׼Ƽ 
ѪעڲϵߣѪÿֱﵽʮסֱѪˮﶥִ֮Ӹ߸ߵƶ׹γɸѪꡣ 
ɽڱʯۻܵɽڻ¡ݣмѪȴڲϵ¡¡𡭡 
ѪѪֹ䵽Ժֻ䵽ӵСɫӵĺޣޣ 
һСʱ屻ѪˮۻΪƽء׼ȷ˵ݵأһѪӣ̨ӡѪȴΪһ̨һһ׵ļ̨ 
һΪļƷҲɾɵƷ 
̨ȫŨѪҺΧţѪҺвϵػźںɫĹΣʱʲôģ 
ʮסһססף 
䡪һҵ̨м俪һ˸ɫâľȻ



һʮ أ2

       һͷڱϷѪԴԴϵػ۵ϡԭʮ׳ʮ׿ıѪҺ£мήۡͷֻնۿȼһŻۣǰɫðźɫۿ濪ʼʳʺʺɫѪҺѪҺʵԺ󣬾Ȼ˺ɫģһ䶯 ڲϵСѪҺȴϵӣԭɫѪҺѾ˺ޣɫҲ֮˺ɫôޣôҫۣ 
С׳׿ʱҲСˡѪȻڲͣʣʡѪûʵϣǿʼӽ⴦֮ٴˮһߣٶȺÿһ׳ѪҺ֮һס 
ϵѪˣͷʳѪҺҲӿˡѪҺѪ·Ѫɫ£γٲ̶ﳱӦ֪͡˶೤ʱ䣬ǱѪɫõһıڱѪû 
ѪҺʼԭ·߻صͷڵõ˴Ѫ֮ǰɫͷ𽥱ú󣬹ͷ۵ļͷҲͬҰһ㣬賤 
һŰ۵һͷīķֻ۾ǣʱת֮ʱһ磬ɫĵ͸¶а֮ 
ѪҺڼۣеǧ֮ƷǧСϪ˿ѾõĴ󺣣һ·߸裬ڶǵһ󺣣ŷִԭôĹޱߣôĺɰٴǰ˽ȥҸıǵԭòɫڣѾΪʺѪɫѪɫգѪɫƲʣһжѪеѪҺһطۣһعͷһѪڣһ޵׶ӿѪҺʳֲʵ̫˿ֲˣ 
ͷʳѪ֮忪ʼӡ첲šѪҺһҺ𽥱壬۵ļƺָƣеһ棬𣬷ӵľӨ͸Ǹֱֻ֪ҪӲ򱶡 
һһ꣬һ۾¶Ѫɫâ꣬а꣬ɽĸصҲԤһɵĹ̥ĳ֡δ粻֪ΪĵǷᷢ 
ңԶʣһصĵطһ˵һʦܽҪˣȥɹɽ硣 
ӽʦһͷϳǵСɻһ磬ȥ 
֪ʦекηԸɹ̨¸ߵͷ󣬹ʵ 
½緢䣬ע⣬ҲӦš 
ⶼעؽܵһĥѣȥһЩͬȹ˽٣ 
ͽˣ 
磬ڴ󹦸޵Ӵ˳ư£ܵһǳصĳǽϣң죬ϲغ 
񹦸꣬ 
꣬ 
꣡ 
 
ı߳۹سͷϣһŮľϵ߷ӿںɫűĪ⣬꽻ӣһжԤʾһƽٵĵ 
Ȼ֮⣬һܸӦһǿа֡ڽӽɼʵҲеЩڵ궯Ҵܣƺһ˷ܣƺһӱܡ 
ǵʲô 
ǹϲòһսɱ⣬ֻʤܰܡԹаѹаʤ۵жôǿ󡢿£ǶҪ¸ҵԡǸǻǡһɽǰ·ǰӦɣ 
Դӹռ۹س֮󣬶ڵڶǳءչزͷڹꡣڳԹ͵Ϯ͹ڵĿ֮󣬱÷ǳƻǿ˷Ѳ߾䣬Ͽգһֻ㶼ͨǽŸӾ̵ĶƣǿӲ󣬶ʮͬʱһŹǧ֮⣬͸ʮֵĿֲǳ쳣ĸߴ̣ҹͣرɭϣνǿȻشʧڶ׼һǿҲԴһȱڣĵڵ̫󣬶ڽĹǶزܰ岻ҹȫսѾ죬ǷǳӴģܹʡһսĻָͷչΪ 
ص˵ıԵøӣصӡΪϵ䣬ҲΪνδľϺ׳ƢѾӲǣﻹҪüأ 
ŮһȴôģǶ֪ҪرǶ˶ϡٵľ˵ÿһǼΪġյı׼Ǿ˵ҲǹҶˡ 
ܰѵ˵ԽϲߡߣҲʤǰһʤһһһ䣬ѵɸ㶨ŷǵϾӵеľҪСܶ࣬ܶࡣ 
Ҫʵϸ쿼죬Ҳµķ֡ 
սʤ֮ǿ̸ֽģ֪֪ˣܰսʤ 
ɽ̫ɽˣһͬһöɫ㹳һλ˦ڶߣȻƵ𡣺ĵĴرһ㱡İɴһб 
ĵƹ۴αȵ𣬲ԵµġҹǧʵơһɫӰϢطɳǣãһֻȶ˵ӰҲȥ 
سǵʿֻǾ۾һʲôҲˡ



һʮһ Զ

       ƺˣײһھֱֳעųǽ档ʹʵҹҲʮһĹգÿңңٴеƵġ ҪһҹҲۿˣڶ컹ô̰鵨ӣǷ 
һĨڵס£һɫӰ˲ڳǽϿʧ 
һֻͬصӰڳǽʮԶİգ˼һᡣ 
žϱߵĶڴһ졣ע⣬е飡һڳԱߵҲ鿴 
žͬʱĶڴҲһ졣һѶ˹ȥ 
һɫĲӰӹǲͷһ£ʲôҲûз֡ǽҲʲôҲûУǽĵطĴѰ̽һȻûз֡ 
ۻˣǶˣ 
Ǳˣɵ˰ɣһϴνѵЦ 
վ˵ۣϴ㣬ܻӲӴ󣡡ʾػؾ 
˰̻Ӳ 
㡪 
ˣԼֵܣҪ˺ҿ⻰ҪǱСǵĹ˽ţƺҪ̵ӣһСӳֹ 
ӺʧȥãĴҲѾ鿴Ĳˡ׼ȥʱԼˮѰȥݼԾ͵˳ǳصǰһɽӦλɽĶ´ɽһСϪǳɽȷʵѹʵСϪˮķ˼һȻüͷչЦݣˣ 
ӻȡһɫСƿεƿϪΣϪˮﵽһεɫҺ塣֮󣬰ƿԶɽһףƿʧȥӰ漴һεʧȥټ 
һӰϪˮΣƮɵΣϸؿ˿ϪˮɫζعЦҲʧˡ 
գⲻģǶ˵νõˡ 
ҪϿ 
ԣõķأοڲҪأҪռ塣 
磬˵˵ǿɣظôȥˣ 
ν˿һԺսӣ޿κε˵ľϣܣҲ򣬿˵˵ģҵ˵ķֲûпǲν 
ľϺ׳ʱĻĺνͣ 
ĵЩ֪𣿡 
ô֪һζɣʧأʹʤˣԵĸ𣿡 
һǿݣʷʹȻǹ˲ôࣿ 
ǰǰľ͵ 
û취ܡ˵ɣνʧܣһբ˵壬οһĳأ 
ǲóˣǴġһӯĽŲ߽Ц˵ 
𣿡׳ǰһ־ʡ 
磬ʲôʱƭ㣿 
̫ˣ 
һˣľҲ˵ 
˵ûǽһʤ̣Ů߽Ц˵ 
ô֪ģŮľϲʡ 
ܣŮŪ˵ 
ǻʲôܵ𣿡׳˵ 
ȥܰɣŮÿɷػش 
ܣ׳Ӹеˣλռ治õŮʲôաһһᣬջ̲סʣܵܣô£ 
ʵһں׷ô֪ܲأֻԸƶѡʱҲ붶ص˵ʱ֪ˣ 
һΣǵһɱ 
ǳͷԶûյ磬һûɵģԱҲࡣԶչɱڣȻǾ֣ȴԵģ޶־ǳɳ̲ϵľ㣬ֻеƵġ 
ǾΪʲôǷأ 
ֻ֪Ļʵԭкܶ࡭ 
磬ľϣǾͷɣһгض˵ 
лľһ̣һǧꡣ 
׳ҲǾӵصǴָµĹԳͷ 
ʱ뷢ǧĹӳǽ淢شʽףµ˵ķɼӿз𹥻ŵ˵Ĺַ֪ʲôԭԶûǰ̣صܡλģĲɣս 
ϸ۲죬ᷢɫ԰֮УһƵĺ 
жˣ 
ûսֻ߹һⳡսݿƵģܿ칥˳ǳأȻѸʰ˳ÿһ䣬˿Ϣ߷˵Ļᡣ 
˳ǳԺһսֳǳûôࡣûиоôࡣһ׾ٵʤеͻȻ֮еȻԼǵϪˮ˶ǶΣǷﵽڵЧܿ϶ȱĶҲɱΰɣ 
ץ²ѯ֮ࡣԭ֮ǰѾӵž񲿶ӣҹǳϻ塣˵ҪʧҪҪؾϵ



һʮ ɭ

       һο˵ǲѪеռľϺ׳Ե쳣ΪǼֽĽȷġ Ǵģ̸̸ֽġֻҪȫԸһܹսʤˡҿҲˣûдԵô¡׳νĭӣνֻǿĵЦţͷǡ۾ƺһѯʵĿ⣬ʱעһһװûпƾڴꡣ 
սʵʵΪ˧һظУšբľϲȾһڹʿǳЧսҲʿսеʮҪġ൱깲ܹ֮СǿȡһһƲܵʤսʤձ۹壬ҽȫйģҶڵҵҳϡΪؼǼһʤ 
սݣڽʿǵʿǰĸǣҲڽսиӰ죬Ǵ˵һڱסһЩսǵӵģڼӻɢۡ 
ʤ׷Ǵҹͬ 
һ;Ůһͳĵһǳأνڶǳءػסı߹أʲŻᳩͨ衣⣬Թ˿أ࣬޺֮ǡȻһҲ˾ĲͰŷֱΪ֣Ҳפǳ֮ڡҪǸЭú󱸵Ĺÿﶼһǧ 
˵ؽĿڰŵصѲȴе㲻ԸӣصһЩһи˳ƣȻ԰кøУǲǰ顣ҲǶӣﶼĵһԼѾİˣ磬û˼ȥǸ⡣ͰžܽӴΣǻദʱ䳤̸ϰ顣δļ̳ˣֺͲ̸ȡΪԼĵƻԭ顣ңԶţٽͲĻ£ڶ෽涼кôˣǰжٴ̸ģίƴǵһء 
ҲΪˣŮŶһǳ⣬е鶼ΪӲԸ档سҲںԵĴ֧֣ûһ˿Ĳ⡣ 
ȵӹʳԺһŰͦ 
ĵǳҰ룬ǵĴһʱ򣬳˧ħڳڿƣҪ;嵥ľȥһͽѸٷɵɱУƳȥ׷ɱʧȥĹǵ˳ؾ͹ռ˳ǳء 
˹;λһֱפҰ󣬴ĸؽ 
ǰٶȣֻҪͨǰɭ֣ռʳǵŻܿͿԵĶǡѪǡ 
ǰĵ·ϣһ;ŮԵúܸ˵ӣʵǵһ㲻̫˳ʱ˷һֲʵĸоǰһжõģŵġΪʲôͻȻȥ﷢ʲôشûһϢʧǳأӦжŶԣΪʲôһֱûжҪʲôһж˻ɣһʲôرش飬Ȼսˡ 
оһٶֽɽɽïܵɭ֣ԭʼɭ֡ɽߣꡣľ̫࣬Ӳݴ˺ܳʱ䣬һֻҰҲûǿȺѻҵطˡɫ壬ӺܳªѻҪ 
ϵһҰЩطĢ޵ĢУʮֵƯһ֪ǶжģԽƯĶԽΣաǳʶʿǼʹˣҲûȥҲɡ 
ɭԽԽˡ 
һСʱΪӦÿɭˡǣľϴǰܻ˵ŮЩŷžʹӿеˣȥһôˣ 
һھŮĺ漱æǰ棬ͷͣĵطһȦΧţŮˣæÿһ· 
мƽڲݵϣɫ࣬ͫ׷Ŵ忪ʼӲһŮɿصǼѨֹסУػס 
ŮмһȻַһؿϣΪƶˡŮĸ֣ʹжҲܹȻӣ˵ĶԶˣ½˹ 
²ˣжˡľϻŻŵ㱨 
һٿܵʿһ̱ڵϣɫ࣬ͫ׷Ŵ󡣼жð죬жˣѰˡⶾǴأһչʶִͨоѰҲĸԴж 
شǾŮͬĿ⡣



һʮ ı

       ϲ޵ɣ󹦸ɣվѪǴ̨£ͷ˵ףص ϵ£ҡɴ󷨡ҶѰҺͿ֮ҵؼķš첻ҡϲ֮ԱµЦ 
񹦸ؽͳһ£ʢ壡µǲʧʱعά 
ãҷ֮һɽ磬ҲɵζԲѵĴ 
лĶ䣡һعڵϣмߵݡ 
صڹ֮ŴӺͶĿгŲ֮顣Լ˵̤ɽ磬ҲζŽҪ뿪Լˡɽ֪Ȼ˵ɾסĵطܹҸɵɵʲôӵģû֪ɵģɽ粻֪Ƿеλ룬е᲻ãΪң 
˾òʱ뷽跨ȥϧһֶΡһﵽĿģ־ʧС书ߵľ磬ȻˡܻһָߴʤĹ¶СԼǰҲͲΣʵʵ˵Ҳ֪Ժ󣬶ġʹҲ뿪ǣҲܡֻ֮ǰҵĴҵûɣرǣҲġҰһ뿪֮ǰξͳһ硣ǰһʵԺҲסɽ 
лʣ 
лл磡 
ȰѴӽнңԼ֮ͨȫľ¸һ΢һڣΪȻԼġɴ󷨡һЩҪĵطָһְ֮ѶܽнңΪʵȴҪֻ߳࣬ڵܵܵﴢһںϡҪǽ̸һЩѸķšҰѡɴ󷨡ĸҲڸȻԵܵܲһ˽ġϾֻԼĵܵܣʹֱ⣬ġԼ뿪ˣҪԴӲ֮ѡ 
Ķƫģ˻һ㲻٣ 
֮ɫѾµһˡմﵽɼһҹ˹ҲĿָ 
ܿ죬תһ죬ָֻӺͶܻһʱ䣬Ͷ˴ 
ڱϣﾹȻһĸоɽ磬һλ˼֮ʱͻȻеһɷǷڿȻ˱ҵʵҪǿ磬һɵĹӦ˭أ 
˼䣬һ̹֮һͷϳ˫ǡ˲˹ļһǰ 
˭ˣ侲ʡ 
𡪡ǰǶҺɣʦ֣ͽֺ׶࣬첲׳¶˫ǿСȶϵļ¡Сɽһĸ񣬼ֱȸ첲ϵļ⻹Ҫʵ 
ҲңԺȻеһεѹڶԷɴˣҲеλͻȻֵԳǴʦֵĺ˼η塣 
ɼԼѾռϷ磬ջͷŵӴʵʹͻƵɼѽɽĺɱо룬൱ľ롣 
ʾʹ䣬ǿŭźʣƾʲô˵ҵĴʦ֣ 
ңϽĴѵ㿪ЦûݣɽǿʸƵɣʵҲǱСɸһ㡣ûжٵλɽǿʦţ˵ķݡһԼ鲻ˬ߬ȭͷ׼һѵ֪ɣɵ 
ͻȻԼ屻һѹȵ޷ԼʮƣֻǸӵأǿȵصɴ۾źɣſڽࡣ˵˵ 
Ҳֲ̫˰ɣʲôʵ˼꣬ǰȻͬһֻûëСһµûС 
ߣ֪ҵ˰ɣƳ˽ֹ˵ҵʦȣ˼ڶǰһɵؾõһɹˡ˼Һܸˣصǰ㵽ɽ磬ҲиӦ 
ɴ󷨡ȡʦģǾӶҪˡ 
ߣõĲʦдһбķɽ磬ǷܹĿõģ˵ 
ɵķѾ˸ˣΪȵͽܣٵõȫķҵķһǿɽҲȷʵиӦһᣬЦ˵ʦĪ֣Сʦ֣Ҹˣ˵ž͵ͷʩϴ 
֪ԼֵܣΪֲƽˣϿһɽɣɿ¶˱ȹѿЦ 
ʦ֣ҡ̧ͷֹ 
ʲôңл˵ƨͷţҪŮƵģɲͷѵ 
ʦ֣С黹û˽⣬ԡ 
Ѿˣʲôǣҵģ 
ҵĶӱͽɱˣҪ𣡡̧ͷźɣ˵ 
ͽܣɱӣɱ۾ʡ 
а٣ 
ãѵһˣͰ˳ϹͽܣҲʦһڶϲ˵ 
лʦ֣û뵽ʦֲûǿԼ뿪˿ذԼ֣Ҳ 




һʮ ţ

       Ũ΢ʶͻᷢһ̵֡ ʿжӣһ̱˵ϡһһǱƶǽ̫ҿĿǰжʿʹ;ŮһŬҲæꡣ֮䣬һָһһˣȻƺнⶾҩƷⶼǹʦı 
ҳⶾҩƿˮ浹ҩۣȻ˸жʿ¡ÿֻҪһСھ͹ˡжʿһվһˮˣһо̫£԰ҩֱӵһȪ֮У˭жףԼȥһȪˮˡ 
͹ϵӿȪˮߺˮⶾһеҲõİ취ⶾɭѾ˼ˣһֱ߲ȥ·ˡⶾ֮󣬲̫ǲɢġ 
̫̫⣿һǰһʩչ񹦰ԼȼճһŻ棬ڿзٵתڻ֮гһֻˣһֻˡ 
죡ſĳһȼյĺƣһͼ֮ľȼգһƬա 
ˣˣǵˣо׷׹ڵϣţĤݡ 
ľҲ촽ţעеķˡ 
ŮҲĽŷˣĲǾһֱػֻǾ֮ԼֻǺȹ֮Ѫõ˷˵ĶˡһȻܹͷ˺϶ΪһɹںϣΪ˷˵ˣõϿɡɼ˻δ 
ɵԺ󣬸оһԼֲӿеѵ̫ˣųĸſԺԲǡԼ·ڷǰһɽһţĸɽǶǴţı緢ģĴӵĳˣ൱ڱ𴦵ʮࡣ 
һҲеεѹڵֵţɽšţǿԴԴϵðоͼɫĶ̡ 
Ұǿ׶㻹ôŶ񽣶ţˢˢǼʯַɣţɽ衱غУ·ɽһͷţһƻŭ 
һҶ֮۱ϣɽȴ˾춯ص죬ƺһͷӦͷţ 
̹̤̤׹ 
֮һȺȺӴ׳ţɺ۾ŭشɽﱼÿһͷţıǿﶼһɹɵĶ 
Ϊ֮ɽΪ֮Ҳȫɫ 
Ƶţת۳嵽һǰ¶޳ţǣǴУΪһúŹ֡ 
ţɽħ޴֣ԭҰޡ֪ЩţţǼмǿķܹϵشӱǿ³ʹҰжնأֻʣţһҰˡ 
ȻǺǶ˵ˡһ΢Цž𱦽עʮɵĴ߶£ɢ߲ʵĹâ֮ڵĶȫʧӰ˲䱻սȥɰ 
ɽ 
ɨǧ 
һһδεĻӳһɹɰɽХӿһ֮ڴݲţʬ޴档ǿĽɲǼֽ⣬ǧ֮⡣ 
ţкǿķһĽͬǳ򣬺޷֮ 
Щţܹ̣Ǿ޷˳ͨɽҲ֣ʹɭ걻֣ѹҰʧȥټ 
һӶеıţȺмɱȥţûմһı߾ͱ֧Ӵţܿ챻˺һ޴ѿڣѿڵķţɽɽ 
ţƺҲе˿־壬һһȴǵǿҪ˵ɽʱȫսŲ۾ŭĻ档 
ǿµĸˣ 
ҾһսвһЦЦؾ˱ɢ߲ʹâӵҫۡһսһʵֵõߣŮ߲һЩ˳ 
աһΣһ˼ޣʩչһԼʵж١ȫʩΪ֮£ʤȼ˵Ļ档 
ն񾪣ڵһѽȣ񹦽˵ھأѾﵽһƿͻƽɾɵ߲Ҳرաںϡʹá 
һԺ޹˼ţʹ൱˵ġ֮ľ٣ɽʯպˡʹţǿǿҲͬһűֽתۼ仯Ϊҽڽֻ֮ҷ 
еһ·ߣγһаס׵Ĵ󹵡ѵʯ¶ʺļ滹ð̡ 
ɢսָǬòʹ죡 
г˶ɭֵʿ޲ֳƿ죬ȸԾ 
ɽţܾӵĶȪȪۣһҲ˷ϲ¾ˬ 




һʮ ޵

       û뵽羫õĶţҲû赲סǽĲôǳҵֶΣվڳͷϣźƺƵĹݵ˵ ôأ黹Ҫͷ˵𣬵ѹ֮󣬷ִֶӻڴβþͻϡ߳ңѯʹ֮˺ɺʹ̸˷ܵشȥμ˺ɣҪμսһҪѪϴǰܡ 
Ȼʵ˺ܴߣǻЩġԼԳֶԸЩߣֻ˳ЦʧԼɵĳƺšԥ֮ʱ˵ɱţҸһܽЩ־ܡ 
һ˵б۷Ź⣬̰˵ʦ֣ʲôķܽ˴ܣ 
ȥٽڸʹõķɵȻһƾɵ 
𣿡ֱţƾɵһ㶼пƣץˣ 
㲻ضǣԺ֪ģֻҪҽ̸ķȥˣɲɵػش 
Ŷ΢ЦŵͷŽŽɵȡ˷ 
һѴפھǳǶʮĵط;Ůվڶǰ۲ŮɳٳǳصϿգĴ̽顣 
ɵǽһ׵ĵط⵽˳ڵڶʮңǿӲӲܻʧܴ 
һ;ŮԲߣʲôսܼʧȡǳʱǷͻȻ˶ӿʮĵطڿơ 
Ҳãڴ˾һսһ¡ 
пУһ;Ůɵǰ棬ľӽ 
ȵʮȫ֮󣬲ŷӹͷȻվһǰ 
°ܽսһ۶ƶӵ˵ 
ߣǰңɾûôõˡ߳ŭذγһ 
ߺ벻첻ˡһ꣬ҲҵĶ֡һ˫ֱЦ˵ 
һ˼֣һСƨε䣬ٺõƢҲܲˡŭڣƵľűһ 
ߵĶھľ֮࣬󣬹ȷʵࡣȫһͬ죬ڷԲʮ׵ķΧڣĵǡ 
һͷҲ̧̧֣赭дջ£ͬڸǩôݡд⡣ 
ȴûɵĸоԼյ·Ǳһ޻ϣͬƤײͭǽϣԼôСڱԷɺֳɱطС̫ˣŶ೤ʱ书Ȼ֮ߣڲԺһܵС 
ʽ֮󣬶࣬飬ϲ֪ʱһƣ䣬䡭֮һɫĻıۡڵõĻ֮󣬺ڹƣ治ʱطǺ̶֮ 
ƺзһ޻ƵĶס䣬¶ηɫǾήңͬħս·ǼµĶϵҲ׹䵽ϣǱ 
սֻʣ˿ȻһŮľϡ 
Ϊ˲Լʿ־֮ģڽսӰһæȡһȼճһܵĻ棬ڿлһȦһɫľܵ 
ž֮ȻеڱʱһĲнУ屬Ѷ 
һȻ׵ƻ飬ܻذһףҧһѪϣ׼ĺɱǰĵˣ 
Ȼһŵĺɷ֮۳һѰѷһһ 
һѱлһ֣ȻһԡǱҲûٵתţѷһѰײɳȥ 
ȥֱӳײȥ飡ɫɫĹڿͬǵȼͷף 
ɱ㡪ԼİҲһ飬ʱʧȥǣֿȭ˹׼һƴ 
һһͷңӱյһֺӴͷƵĳЦѵɰģɵÿɰ 
ʼȷʵͷԷ裬ǵ嵽·ʱͻȻԼϻзǣյһЦһ 
ʮסʮסʮסڵľ룬һһưǿʧȥǵӣЦ档 
޵ϣͻȻӳһΪ̫һҲû⣬䵽һϡ 
һ˿ϵƾɵЦΪǷˣȻץ 
ûȵ˹ϣѾƾɵһȻһ˸ʵ 
һ߶ȴ޷ѷֺ 
ȥɣһؿھһơ 
飡εǴһȴһҲûСͬײһǽϣԼƱʹ 
ʹ֣һץסһϵֵذסȶȡϵذףಡһľĺֱšæһͷת֧ȴתӱٴһ򣬾յض 
ͬʱľһѰһߣ˻ȥ 
˷շ磬ɴСġֻ֪޵պûнҲֶļû塣ҵʱƾɵҲûϣˣһѡһһԤϡ 
һ˻ȥİһץ 
ŮƲȫ߳ӿжҲϷأص͵ؽս˼Сʱ˫ܴ 
ŮͶһ𣬼սмʮغϣûзֳʤɫŮָžӳ˴ӪԼҲռˣҲձӪˡ 
ӭͶƱ,Ƽ!



һʮ ɱ

       һһӱ޵һʵʵһο˵ܵĵһܴˣһסľðȣԼҲûˡ صʱӪʱŮľϺһµļ档õȸֱͼٻ޵ȫ޼£ƾɵ˿һ㵶ۼûС 
Ůͼ˺ϣǼʹһҲϣټľ֮ȻûЧǹע֮󣬲ûбѡϣΣһһ»ᱻյۡ 
ۣ˵Ѿܾûгζˡ 
޵ɼı 
ʲô⣬ô˽ʵľһ¡ 
ϣְѹŪˡŮһüͷ壬æȰľϡ 
ûʲôһУһǿ¶һ˿Цݣοǵ 
һһҵƽ֮СŮ 
˵廹ϵˣֻҪץס˵ķˡľϱ˼СֹǶڳﲻֲ׽ȥôأ 
ȥս׽𣿡µһ֣Ľ˵ 
Һ˽ٻغϣҲûռϷ磬Ҫ׽ѣŮ侲˵ 
ǿǺãһüͷ壬޲ߡ 
ҿľͻȻ뵽һ취ԾŮС˵ 
һԣŮͷ 
һҹߣ 
糿ʱ򣬶߻¶ǰףһ⣬΢⡣ǵŮӪկǽµʱһƬƮסա磬˵ವġҲһӰеӢûг֡ 
ͷ󣬶ڳͷϹ۲һᣬֹû˵󿪳ţʮɱ 
˫ڿƣVSŮһŮͷҵĽȫӲӲ׺Ĵ򷨡콻ֵľ飬Գ书ѷɫ뾫ŮҲ˼غ;Ůҵսһ 
һսҲһսΪ˫ʵ൱޹⣬ذ֪ʱððϸ꣬ս˫Ȼ⣬ߵ;Ƶġ 
µøˣ 
ڶ볷ս׼´սʱ򡣾ŮһСŮɢ·ʵֻûֵ 
ͬʱŮı֧· 
ʼһĶʱ򣬻þŮпɳ֧֮ķ·ߣࡣߵļӦú׶ܣмһ֧ñŮסˡ仰˵֧ǶžŮĺġĪۻͷˣ 
Ů·Աļò죬Ȼûжܵ˼ʹһСաǰءܵһŮڽ봥ʱͻȻһţ弱ٵϷȥյͬʱȶܵķϮ 
꽻ӣʱԺס۾ȵæ֧ܿʱȴмһ֧ꡱ˶ؿڡ 
ʹһתͷǳܡһӰɿ׷Ϲ 
ҲæڻӣŮʿһɱʹ 
׷˺ԶľҲû׷˵ܲУһֻ׷ţһùھ˵Ķ͸ľһΡ 
ڴϣʹʵ絽ûУ 
Ҳİ㲻㣬죬Ϊʲôң磬һҪΪұ𰡣һĲнУѪģ 
ʧ㰡ľ쳤̾ 
Ȼʤˣҵ鲢ûʮֵĸˣΪǱţһûбץһһҲ޷ֺ 
ͷɣͷߣһ˧ӪһƬĳĬ 
󣬵εδڹʿϣʹҲѹ֣Ӫʣҡͷ̾Ϣ 
ʱһһšֺˣӭǵֽһ֮ҹ 
С۾ʹͷɥһĸߴ񳵫ǾվһǰǺͰЦݣе̬һֳƮƮ֮С 
ǡɥһ̧ͷĬȻֵİˣһԼ첻ʱģҪԼ׾١ 
СӣҶʶȻ任һòЦ˵ 
ʦһϲؽеҪվˤڵأʹءϡһ 
СеԣôԱˣһʦϷŪʡ 
ʦ˼ҾͲҪˣŪͽˣϿ취⿪ɣһ񿴵˾һʦ 
ʦ˼ҿû⣿ħһֽС޵֪˰ɣʦ߶˿ûҪһ⿪˼ 
ʦ㣬Ͽ⿪ɣҶˣһͰ͵ذ 
ٸװŽɽұأҿֻʦ֪˼ˣЦ 
ʦҪҴˣĲã㻹ֱֱȥҽ⿪ɣ 
ϲһȦ𣿡 
аôˣ 
ɵСӣ̫ϾȦΪ⣬ɴСԱεġ 
ô 
ôôͽأһѵӣÿԸ޵𣿡 
ʦͱˣʲôûùҵĹûãôܸأ 
ɵXʲô⣬೤ʱ䣬Ϊ˲ɽֱǷͭ磬һǮֵȦ㶮𣿡ʦ۾յؽѵ 
ɡҲðһɻ֮󣬿յʡ 
ŽɽҪԣҧ촽һѪڽȦϣͻᰴʦһͷһ 
ϣʦ㣡һͷȴˡ 
ʦһѰɣʦһĻͳȦȻ͵һ°һġ 
ѽۣ 
ʲôѪɶʦһ߰һ촽͸ѪڽȦϣһ߽ѵ 
ȦڵõһѪ󣬶ʱ⣬ǽڽȦʣǹ档 
һ뵽ӣǽȦͱһѽСС߶֮£Զɵ޵ϣӭж⣬׷׶䡣 
ҽ



һʮ 

       ܰΪֺ㰡֪㲻ǵĶ֣ǰΪֵĴŶʬ屯ʹ˵ ܸⶼˣʦܻǽڰ˳㣡һȰ˵ 
ʦ֣㲻˵޵Ƿ𣿡Թʡ 
˵޵Ӧʧܰѵ˸ˣɽҲ˵أұ뾡֪ͨʦһͷ 
ʲôУɱҶҵܣһʬΡ۾ޱߵĳޣŴ˵ 
бǳزʮұƽһܽŵر档 
úãҽ޻أȫҵܵᣡĿ˵ 
Ѫʮﴦչ˳ӿһԭֻ֮νĴӹĵڶʮسִǹͬŰ½깤װƺƴ׳ƺƵؿεѪǣ׼ռϳһټС 
ǰ棬ںӦʮǰк·ȻرƽѪǡ 
Ѫ죬ʮжӣǰӦСӵȷ棬ѹ󡣺ɶ治ԶһвӦ 
ȥȻڶ࣬Ǿ룬һ֪ϸѵѵصľǿʿǿ׳ڹġ̸Ǹ֣ʿμ穣һܴԷһ 
Ϊⳡս׼˶꣬˲ٵѪ 
һǰҲᵣģɵ˵ϣΪǡŵǰ棬ȴ˵еǿУһһ¹ 
ףǸ˺ļ̬ӦýӽɼǵбʵǿġŮûгĶ˨ǳħ޲ӵζɱɱǵȻǵ˧ɱһƬײ 
һѴпȹ۲ĶŪپķ 
һ֮һ·ɱ˹ 
һһӭУ˫ܿͻսɱײżա 
ãƷ˱仯һֵסĽڶǧʬ֮󣬿ʼˡ 
һ¶οЦݣνȻǸţʱܹʿӢս 
ȻҲһ±ࡶ񹦡ڹķ 
˻ӪͻȻ߷ֿóһĵ·ţ쳹һȺȺ׵ħ޴ӳгǰмֻҰţţȫŷļ⵶мϻӣѪͷ¶ɭǾ 
Щħ޵ͨҰҪߴüƽ߶ȫϣǿײС 
ȵħ޾ų֮ҰţѾ嵽Ƕǰ棬Լ߳ҰţǾ޴ţźɫĹһͬ˶ǵ塣֪мܣЩ¸ҵеĳţȣǽûеͱţһ߷ɣѪɡ 
ǾǽƻײУٶȼ죬һѰѸֵҰţУٴܵǾϮǷǰצ̵˺һ塣 
Ѿشӿ֧ԮɵüħޡǣѪѹѹطɳֻ׶ӥ赲סĿоԮӥû֪ʶƾǸӿݵٶȣ壬ܿĹǵצսӥͻǵķߣⲫսԿʼһߺˣһ 
ŮӥԶԶϵǰȥ֧Ԯ룬ӥĹ赲סǰͷӣ׷״ӿ׹ʹûбҲħ޲ 
һеϷ磬ǵսȴǳĲѸٳˣǰӱӣߴ߳ǿӲħޡɱ˵ޣҲ֤˾Ӱȫس롣 
ʮĹӪһ;ŮվӪŵկϣڵħ޾ųˮһӿȻһЦ˻֡ 
ֻ뷢¡¡ڵХŷħ޴Ⱥﱬը·ǹȼһѪõڴţʢĻյ׺ޱѤá棬һħޱը÷ˣʱʧ롣 
ħûеõձʱȻƴӪկ塣ǵڶεһѪɫõٴڴš 
к̹ʬҰɢ̵ֻ۾ʧǵĿ־壬̫ˡʮħ޴ڼȫû 
ŮͬעһһźıΪڵĹڵڿϻðƵ̣˷ܵĹڱæµذڵ׼ٴη 
ȻҲڣһ緢ɷվӪկ¥ϣмָ㽭ɽֵ׳־飺 
ϧػʺ䣬 
Ĳ 
棬 
ѷɧ 
ɼ˼ 
ֻʶ乭 
ӣ 
 
񳯣



һʮ ħɹ

       
һԼִڵ֪ʶͰұͬоģ˵Ͱ干ͬǻۺѪĽᾧ峯ʱڵƣҪһʮ峤ֱԼ׵ԲͰȫ죬βһȼװãٹ߹̶סһϡƽʱ֦߳éݸǣ˷֡ڵװпƵըҩԭըҩӾһڵըԺ󣬿ըһ뾶Լ׵ӡ 뷢ʮƽ̹սһǴصϱһ˿ڡ 
ﵽħ޵ʬкĿġ 
ѵ˶ʮħ޴Ʋӣһ 
֮ŭ֪ʲôԼܷǱը 
ʦܲҪ£ⲻ˺ͷܷĺ˺ɱΪָһҲǳζЦȡһ֧ɫĵӡ 
ӹӣع۲ţһԻ 
ҪģΪִڸ㴵ķܼ򵥣ֻҪгɱ¾ͻԸڵӵḧĦһ£ӶʱѪɫﲻͣز·Ҫֶ 
һֻɼħޣ˴£ᰴжģȥɣɲͷشߴٵ 
Ϊ׳ĴӪηηؽĿ˿־;ڵĿõģԼٵҲҺħȡһԷڣڻҡ 
ɲʱ׼ܵ飬ܻмһơ䣡ٸеĻᶼûУͱʬ޴档 
ŵöɸսսظĺ档ǻֻɱˡ 
ҪЧ֮ڣֹͣǰʩչһֻӥաʮأָ֮䡣 
һվկϣ;ŮעĶ򡣵ͻȻǰʱδЩ죬ѵһ˵սʤʮ𣿸ķٶȣӦñȹ仹Ҫ죬ѵԼҪǿôѾɾѵǰ󣬾ɵףȻɣҲ㡣 
ٹӪϿգȡһ֧к̵ĵӣһͷŽʹشšնȫһɵСѧ 
ᴵⶼҲôõĵӣֱǱﰡһ̿Ц˵ӲôõģҪŴ 
ƺҲо˲ԾŵӰŪţǺɽˣӸһҲûСһЦյصٴΰѵӺߣһ۵Ĵԡҵķ󣬵ͻȻһֵĵӵѿƮͬһˣŹӪ컶 
ʼҶ÷ǳЦΪ߻ħ񾭴ˡȫǸäҪװⲻǴװЬӲѧ 
һ֮һֹ̱һһ˵ϡߵĴҲʼ٣ƴ˹š 
һϢҲеʱʶĿġʲôӣôУҪȥٻôȥʿѾȫ˵ϣʹšŹ˶ãͻᱻɱ 
һշգȡеħѡһҪ˸ǰʱͻȻĸָڵѿ˳һĨһһǵеɱһؿڡδǵȴһ·һѷ졣ʲôȻҲ޷赲бˣصӪŵһ롣 
Ѫɫ࣬ʱΣաҲ͹һֻг۾ž塣ѵʮʿҪڴˣħ֮һŮľڵϣ͸ϸܵĺ飬Ҳγ׼ðһƴǸշɲʮ׸ߣͱĵУ׹ 
ҽһúЦ˵ 
һڵϣۿżʿر۾ 
ˡһĹȻͬڣϣ׹ʡ 
˹ײ֮˵ϣͬǸǴһǿ룬˷ܼĿսַ·ǴŴǻָ 
˳Լֲ˳ƺһɷɵԼϢҲʼҡĹǴĶģʾʹ˰ݣǿʮɵħѡ 
ӵͬڿĶںСһ紩ҩһڹǸֵǶŽǡ 
ˡҲӵĸ߿Խ绢ɽ֣ڳգȻƵС֮䣬ΨҶǿڣڹǿ 
žǼǿǿͻԻ͡һźһĺսʿǵϣҲһеϲãʤģưµ 
ֻ벻ûһɹҲһܳɹһ˵سһ֫ٺֳսʿҲ𽥻ָ˽ȻеҡΣȻǿվ 
⡪⣡һͻȻ𡶶ס˵ʺĸ̫ʱˣ̫ˣ 
³һѪ罦ħϡΪʲô⾿Ϊʲô




һʮ ϹӦ

       ˣһʱѪͷѪһԵ һֻȻĶгգۼɵĽ£ýסʹվڴϣȻɿطɻ˾Ӫ 
Ҳæձسǣս 
һҲ׷ϣþգԼʿҲҪϢŮľϺܿͻָҲصԼм鿴ҿļʱʿֻһˣֻҪϢһʱͻḴԭ 
һνȼλ߼ˣʹǾ쿵Աڹӡȵȫָ֮һҲЩƣԻصԼӪϢ 
νŹ΢ߵָʿӪկرԼ׳ѲߣȷӪصİȫ 
ɽһ̣ˮһ̣ܹУҹǧʵơһѩһβɣ԰޴ 
һصŹ֮ƣʹɫԼĵַսѪٹҴӾټͥ롣սҵı⣬ҲɱʣȴҶˣˣһսѵһĹϵ𣿼ʹ3гưԵҰģΪʲôΪʲôΪɹͳһΣһǿݣڳưԵĵ·ϣжҪʧȥжټͥҪɢҵЩŬֵֵãʦǰ˼Ұɣ 
ҹˣûģشţѪһϢһ̾ϢĵͷɥؼԼĸλϣе̾ϢеΣееķŭԭѾεʧܴ˵ĵȻ޴棬ӡˣҲˡΣǰ;˭Ҳֹ̫ۡѪֲǳʧܣʹ˳١ 
ǲսʤģ㣬ȾƣȾƣһľٵײײʿмţﻹһţεľƾߣʱغһڡ 
ʦվĴͷǰеʡ 
ʦ֣㲻˵ħзǷħ𣿡һתźѯʵ 
ʦܰҲû뵽ԷȻһɼĸڰѽݶʵҹǸϹҲӦþǸһʦҪսʤҪӳ飬ҽϾҪȥ̽һ£Էжǿʵǵʵ侲˵ 
СӣôлʦҰʦЦеվһıŰѩĺʡ 
л㣿㣬һмѹ飬ڴ˹أĵǵңҶҳʦΪҪǶԵģһƤգطгꡣ 
ڽɼ仰Ҳ֪콫˹Ҳȡ 
־ǡʦܲµģϵĽ̲ĻңҿǱİɣһ߷߲ƽ˵ 
Сӣô˵ûĻʦŭسһ𣬡ңûˣ˵һжעģܾģҲҵġѡ㣬ҲܻѡˣСӸӼסˣ֮սעֻʱѡв˵ģ¾ǷַֺϺϣһսϴ֮󣬱Ҫϴƣͷ˵ɣҲȻһսеĹҪ˥ܣеĹҪʷĹɡСӴѧǰ׶𣿡 
սߵ棬ǰտ𣿡 
ĹƨӵۣҸǿ̫ƽϰղܹӣ㶼ƱۣƱ˾Ҫ֮Ϊƽӹ徻ΪǶʧ˵ҰοȻ֪յĿ͸ӦΪ츣ԲΪƽҲΪıΪѰչ 
 
㲻ҪԹʤΪΪܣʷΪɹ˸蹦̵µġֻΪһлʵԼ롣һܹ̫ƽҸս£ɱ¾ַں˵δһ¡ΪʦǱ£ΪսĵߣΪͳһ磬̫ƽͼΰҵʦĵؿеһĥ˻뷨̫С 
СĥɣʦͻȻһ仰ʧˡ 
ħͷ겻ұأأ˳ͨ˹ĴӪӪկĴѰҪҵȻһϤһ£Ѹٻָƽɵ˵˵˭أԭӦںԣѰô꣬ǰĶԹڿһ˶ϡ 
𣿵ҵ°ܽҴҵĽѡ컹òͷӦ䳰ȷشɡ 
ɹȻŭԲ׵ҡе񸫺Ҳͷ㲻ǿ¹˭ֻһأ 
бʤİգӦϷŪźɣҡеһСıǵնɱɵתٶ֮Ӿ޴ 
ﲻ֪Ϊ˽첻ǵ˺ܾ𣿡ɾɽ񸫵ͷ¡ 
ɼͬϷͨһʵ̺ǧ򻯵ʽһоͷ˶Էе·ӲӲĿ⡣ 
Ĵ򷨣һ޵֣ΪµһЦôô 
Уʤиɻʵ©ٳţԶᶮýİӦѽɵĸͷ˳һĨͬ޻εճڸͷϣȻһѸͷǣϡ 
ճ־书̫˸շӵ߾硣 
ɵĸͷӦճָ֮£Ȼֶס 
ô£ٲãҲ˲ɣӦŷյĸͷɵԼ 
һӴɵضŷ㶵ӦʹĽ 
ÿ뵽һﻹϸվڵķڼϰֻſҲʱǽ٣Ǻ󾢲㣬Զﲻ߷塣ɰһһʵѣּͨ͵ϮԼӦɸеЦʵɵǼǿģӦҲĶ֡ɾΪ޷ַԼǱܣʩչÿһж񣬴覴á 
Ӧ뺵ɣȴࡢࡣһͷѲӰȳظͷͻȻԺ磬Ӧһ˹ 
ɷӦǳͷתٰѸͷһӭȻʵʵӲƴ 
Ӧһݣ˵ӪկĿյϣղŵĴѾ˯ĹӪΧ£һ;ŮҲɳӪʣǸ 
ԶСɣͻȻӳһĶ֮زز 
СģжӦæӶ䣬϶ 
ܵÿ죡һʧķ򷢺ݵ˵ 
СĿǰĶ֣´οϿܡӦѵ 
ʲô˲ģһΪȻ˵ 
ҶȷһƷСӾͲҪˣӦԶһᣬ˵ûóأҪСӦǡ



һʮ 

       ʦջ񣿡ɻص޹̹еʡ ˶ڣĸϹȻڰаǡȻûаսʤϹ㹻İտǵ˧ȺףսˡɴԲѵش 
𣿡ڵشվϲֵʡſ˫֣㱧סɡ 
ֻҪ㰴ҵҪ󣬰Ѷ׼þУŵ˵ 
кҪʦ־ܷԸشӦ 
ҹѽʱ쪣ƮƮУʧȥټֻżԿ΢ǹ⡣ѪĴ̨£㳡ϸոմһ̨̨ʮߣĳߣ˳ߡֶĸλ˰ģÿһ϶һõͼǸֻ壬ûͷ­̨ϷһŰϷһ¯һƵĺӣмŻŹͼĻƲֽ 
ɳͷɢֳһѱվǰ棬ñһŻƲֽһ𣬵ȼֽ󣬰ѱգдʣֽŵĻ粻ʱشһߡΣȵ꣬ùһƷȥһ֧ʣʧҹաȻ󣬺ɴӻȡ׼õһŻһųúһһģһĹһƵıϵĻһɫ޺ݺݵضͼĿڡüĺͷȴԺٴεȼƲֽȿҪʱ򣬷һŭԲҧֵָһѪѸٵؽʪŷֽšִóһСҡ壬һڿҡΣһؽеһң١ҡ 
ᡪᡪһʱ֮󣬶ͻȻһӰһҷǳϤӰޱһƮƮ̨ 
١ҡеǵһʹʦĹ壬Ｔּ 
һޱһһһֱߵɵĸǰ 
ɰοһӣֽһ𣬻ٽȥ 
һһ̣һȻΪһ̣˽ȥ 
ɼһҲʧ֮󣬼æѹϣεЦ 
ʦ㣬񹦸鴫СͶأĳ羴ϽˮһɹȻһĻǹˣãɿ˼̨ά 
з۾еǳá 
ʦ֣ͰҰﵽףһСӸҿꡪһɱĨӵĶ 
ɲõص˵˵˵ɱɱСģ 
Ҳ˼ֻ㱨ѪޣʦֲҪᡣɵɫ֮Ǹίȫ˵ 
ʦܣΪֲ𣬶ǴȻܹ˵Ļǣǲ̽ɱȵþ֮ҲܽĻǸʱ򣬲ܹɱһܰĻչ鼺ãΪ󲹵ɵҩΪԼҲˣʦܶҲҪӣǻָ˺Ƶı飬ĵİο 
Ļǹ㣬⣬󹦸֮һصлл㣡˵سŵ 
ʦܾͰķŽȺҵĺϢɰѹ崧ԼĻЦİȫҪ֤ã򱻵˵ȡȥǰˣ 
ʦ־ܷģȫСϣ֤õһֻӬɽҵѪǣظԥĵ 
ߣֵȸףף뵽صǧƣͷ촽һȦ 
УֻҪʦְ˵ˣ˵ɣȴһƵġǿƵǧƣԼƽ᲻úһڡԴλʦԺ󣬶ƿˡƽǧѾղӣ 
ɫѾһŻǽš̫ˣ˯̫٣ôڻûأ 
վ۷׷ףû˸ҵһӪ 
ôôվ¿أǵ¿׮ѽ׳˯߹ֵʡ 
ûʲôûʲô 
ȷʵûʲô 
ڹ׳æ֣˵˭֪͹ǰֵܣǰ۹벻ˣֲλҵģûȭţǱ׵ġݴˣֻʣ಻ԡ㻹أ˭ǣ 
ȻҲ˵ǴǶĿ⣬ɵУ׳³˰˾ŲʮƽʱֵģҲӣҲдϸʱ 
һӪһֱδһ֪οƽʱһ𴲵ģô˯أһʲô飿뵽첽ߵһӪʵſڣҪţžͿˡ 
׳һֲõԤУæ󲽿ĵغֵܣֵܣ 
ǣһĴǰʱһ˭øһôҲѣסˡ 
Ժνȫܺ;ŮľϵҲѶ̽ 
νһ̷Ը·Ϣ²Ĺٱ֪ŮضνͷҲľϷԸ˼䡣 
Ůν֪һһа񣬾Ǵ˵еĹϣԼĻ걻˹ˡǣ˭ôıܹ书ǻҪߵһأָܰĻлأ 
ǶԴֻţȴ֪ķһվڴǰֱֻתתȥż 
֣Ӯңһ֡湻յġĲԶһϵߺ޵˵ûһŮûиоһͷվ 
Ҿ㣬㵽жٹϷһԶȥֻӪε̾Ϣ



һʮһ  ħ

       ʮ·̣˵ֻһ̧ŵʱ䡣Ѫǵرͬ裬һ΢紵Ѿڳǡ ڳǱǸӵĸߴ̣ÿһγǽ϶һ滭ͷģ˵ĶһСĸߴڳǽϲͣȥĳǹ˸ź⡣ 
һ΢紵һӭϵţеĶƮֱֳָĴѰһֻҲŹ 
̨ϵӶĸһõӰʱеӶٵתмͣĲ 
תγһɫԲȦʱײһαһξҡ 
һڱðϵͷעƯն۾﷢޵ڤ 
㼿Ҳסңһм𣬿ȴκζ 
һƾնϣʼ𱻿紵ࡣǾҪϨʱͻȻʤʤǰ 
綸ȻֹͣС꣬һεڻϣ΢һЩƺˮеɻ䣬ֲıˮ𣬷ˮΧɡ 
ˮȴԽԽ󣬻 
ԽԽתٶҲûм̨ϵ춯ĸˡ 
һֻ޳ֱ̨ϵʱ¯ͻȻһϺĻ⣬ڻĶϺȻһɡɡٵתɫĹߣҲһǿֻ 
ħɡ䣬ֻ־ͱɡ䵽˲䱻˽ȥҿһȻڴ˴һԶ 
ɣץģһ֮־ص˼̨£ݵ˵ܵÿ죡 
ϼһȻʹѿǶҵħɡҽ˴ۣһָͷڼֳ̨У˵һ֣ȻˡϹҲгԿͷʱ򣡡 
ʦӢϻ̳Ͽֵعά 
ߺߣ㻹ǼǿְɣЩҷ£Ҳ̫Ҳˡ 
ʦֽѵǣȻвȴ˿¶ 
̨ϵָֻԭ¯ڵĻҲȥ¶ȴ¯ھҵضһ֮Ҳָƽ 
ҪˣǹӪˣһƬڰüͷһӰ 
׳ɥڴǰתתȥɥ 
ǷİɣһǵĹġһºһԶȥʧڰ֮⡣ 
һʱ˭˸ߵ书Ȼȴ˾졣͵ϮʮҲ͵ġǵˣǰаǵĸˣҲһоȡǺǻʱסţ˵ 
Ůνһ󣬴ľϻصĶУܵķأֹͻȻϮ 
һˣֵȴûвȡʲôжѪǷǼǿ˽䱸ֹ͵ϮƵġ 
ȥˣһ糣 
ȥˣʼ˲໥ͷӶ˽۷׷סеĽҪѪǣڴ˷ʱˡ 
ԭڹҪĻ֮ҲҪ׳ǳסҪѪǣνóϴţ׳ԭزΥնƽϢɧҡ 
λɲĸ˵ģΪʲô񻹲أѾȥˣµһֿʼˣǴҵȴޱȵĳءνҲûеӪѲӣغһĴǰ 
һɫ԰׵ڴϣûкûȴûбһˡǷɫһһ찵üĴһСڵ㣬Ҳһˡ 
ܣǧҪͦסҪ㣬Ҫ㣬ǶҪ㣡νĬĬص棬Ȼϵۣ֪ɵģϵķһǸˣӦкñ֪һġ 
ģ΢ǸϤٴ 
ǰڻνվѰź 
ǰֻҪܾ˶ܣҾǸ㵱ţҲԹԡ׳·ǿ˴ǣ˵˵ 
򲻸ߣ⣬һ׷ͯյ΢ЦվǰΧɢصĹⲨ 
ǡν˼ʡǰ˺еӡĶأһʱ벻 
һʦͽѣԹۣӲߺЦͷ˵Ц´棬лů泩ޱߴ꣬ɿʵ 
þûĵĸоˣ 
ǹ޵ɵĹνصߣͻȻһʦòͨڵϣߵݵνμϹ 
Ǹ˲ţһûѡˣϹӦĵЦ 
ܣ£һʦҲԭĹνקվŵ׳˵ 
׳¶عڵأ˽ʵʵؿͷͷĵһһ죬ӶĳѪˡ 
ɣҸһλˣɣѣ



һʮ 

       
˵òֵ𣿡һλɷǵĳֳַ֮վӦԱ˵ Լˣαؿף˵ѵһΣҲһ·ӦЦǺǵ˵Ҹǽһ£λҵѣ˼ʱҲӦ֪ԭӣ̫Ͼͽܡ 
ӣ̫Ϥˣνų羴ٴհӣŪе㲻˼ 
ҲǸǣǣֻһƽֵѧʦҪôݰɣ 
ӣ׳ͷֹӲ֪ûУ˭ӣ 
׳˵û˰㵱ưͣҪٸҶۣνߵ˶һѣ޲һŰȥ˵ôô׳ܵܰ 
磬˵˭ӣ𣿡׳Ȼûףĵ׷ʡ 
ǡνʧܵĵܵʵſڽ࣬ͨ죬εӣЦ 
ûϵ֪ҵ˶ˣܺã֪֮Ϊ֪֪֮Ϊ֪ʣ˧ֱֱڿ죬ϲӲŭϲƿ׵ض˵ 
ѣû뵽ڵʣʵ֪Ļ𣿡ӦȤ˵ 
˶Ҫչģ˭Ŵ£һֻʥ顣ɣҵص㣬ȻûԵ˼䣬Ƕ飬·飬һ֪һЩġ̹Ȼػش𣬲ûһ˿һ顣 
лʥ˰ǾȹνؾϹл 
ض񣡼ʹǲң֪һѣҲģҲԵˡЦݿ˵ 
ôҲڶλʦඣӦЦ˵ 
ֻ˳ָһ£Ĺʦǫ˵ 
ˣҲҪˡǸϿͽܰɣӦӣζ˵ͽѣΪʦҲ˰ɣ 
һеķһӣһעһڣŷһӣһܺ󣬾ۼͷػסһڵõ֮΢΢ɫĹâһָһſһֺ֮£һ 
Ͼĵӣɵҩͬҳ㷹ܸܲųӦװӣ۰Ͱ͵ӡ 
㵱ǶӰҲ̣ʳ֣ӦӲƵģ˵ 
Ĺ 
ҿɲǹԩ 
һ˲ɵ֮󣬷ɫúһ㡣ʼӲӣҲһЩ 
ܺˣҪ׳˵Ƶ㵸˵ 
أӦ׳˵Եӣֹ˼һᣬ˵ҪѣҪлĻǣǹλھͺȥڴ˺úػǧٻ 
δ䣬ѾʧȥӰ 
˵һ⣬ߵնһţһλ滭ʦùɫ壬һһͿĨϺɫɫɫԭĵɫĲʱʽȾҲտ⣬˼Ҫǿ򱶣ʵգ޷ֱĵطΪ䣬øȻ 
ѪǵϿһֻѻƵ񣬹ֽһҼˡһֻϲȵֽ˼Ҳɿ뿪صط 
ƺںǿһЦֵվԭλֵࡣ 
һ죬ַ׷ӿһѯʲôȵΪʲôûпһ龪ִ֮ŹǷӺվصλϡ 
̨ϣȻҲȻԤǿϮ 
¯ڵĻѾ˴¶ȸˣ¯ǲס춯·ˮҪ¯ǵǿÿ¯ҪܲסʱһұĻע¯һҵ𵴣ãָƽ 
ںѹȥǸϼһһ˵ 
ӷɿתγһϣͷֲֳʳɫѪҺǸʴƻԸ֪߳򱶡 
ϴμǿˣ첻 
ޱߡһųȵһһĻѸٰΧѪħǴ죬мٻƵζ𣬱һĹ𴿾౶ĸ´ﵽǧϣսɵƵӣ޷ֵ˲ͻΪ˻ҽͷҲյúںģѪʣ 
ͨһµڼ̨£ͷң˫۰޹⣬ɫ԰׵ˡ 
һֳ֮һħɡתţӦͷ 
Ӧжٻеţһ߼ٺˣһ߼е˵춯֣ 
ֳУеħɡһף˵ơһֱɡȥ 
ħͻȻֳУæɡȻһѾɡħɡ񱻴Ƶ򣬶ʱ׹䵽˵ϡ 
ҵıɡģɱʹش󺰵 
֣ǭ¿˰ɣӦֻس 
㡪ҷɱ㣡ֻû˵꣬ѾƵĳ˹еİ師糵һ趯ţ硣 
˵ʵ޼ں֮£ĶǰǣǵصӦѹȹǧ֮ڣرһӡһߵǰĿĵһĻкȻڵ˹ֿ




һʮ (

       ɨǧӦʩչĹ񹦺һ֮𣬲ͬնʵԶ׼Ͳһ ɼֻһмĲԼġ 
ɷ֮·ʮɵɽɽӣռŤڱɫĸ̨ѳܲסǿΪ촷ֻۡһֻĴȻڵϵɫ΢죬ͷϸ΢ĺ顣 
ӦԴ治ɫȻһЦһС˺ɵǿ֮һƵľХųɣſɿľ޿ڣʱ³ףһһγһ֧ǹӵһ䣬Ϻźɵķ֡˶ԼıϵΧʵĴСγɷԲȵķ֣һ޷˵ֺͬһ˾ͲһˣӦϵĹ֮£ɵķֿʼҡΣԼҲܵһƣࡣ 
˫۷ŭĻ棬Ű師ӲӲײӦĻȫǲҪĴ򷨡ܿ챻ƻ師ƲӦ 
師Ӧֻʮ׵ʱ򣬺ͻȻһ񹦡ԭɱİ師ȻûĸӣʱȴֻʣһӰΪʧʱǸͻȻǰӰصÿһдƺ 
ʮ׵ľ룬ʵ̫ˣʽ˵￴ƻʵֻڲһʱھ̺ǧ򻯣˲伴 
Ǵݿѹһеƾͺţڵϵͷĺˮꡣ 
ӦҲ䱸۳ڵʮıһףһ򽣹ڡ񽣻һѽӵĸӭͷϣ֮ϡΧĸȫԺѱ۳һѣһ׳׿𽥼٣ƾ۶޷Ѿʧ 
ɵİ師ʱҲֻһѣ̩ͬɽѹһĸ¡ 
һнУͻȻһģԵڵءеǰѸӲָԭ״һðһư̡ 
֮һѪɵǡĿڲԶ·¶һ졣ŭӦ޵˵ݣ˵꣬һ磬Ӵܶȥ 
ʦ֡ɶһˣæվ׷ţȵ 
һףһƮƵ䣬һɿϰգ뺵ɻϡ 
ħǣӵһȣһֱ䳤ա 
ꡪɵƮӦϣŵͷҲأݣܿͬһǻʣʧӰ١ 
׷ϲϺɣתͷֱ̹Ӱмٵ׹䣬ħֵضšǷħǺεҲ޷һѪɽҽһ׹䵽ϣ˼Ҳˡ 
ʰӦ첽ߵ¯ǰ¯һش򿪣һ֮һɫƮ˫۽գȻ 
Ӧ֣ٴһУǸС˾ƯƹӦġţɫĽͬ⣬ͬǸʴĴꡣСƺõĸ׸֭帻һЩɫúࡣ۾΢΢ſһ£ƣرˡ 
ӦƺһҲͣطɻص˹ӪһԱߣһӣһ΢΢ſǸСٿؽţӦǷ·ɣͣһϻӶšһҲϵرţʱʱʤʱ޹⡣ 
ԼһСʱӦֹͣ˹ʩâʧ֮һ˹۾ɨһܺ󣬼Ӧϣм˵ллʦ֮ 
С󣬺úϢһ£ҽиɾ˵꣬뿪˴˵أԭء 
ʣǳ򵥣һºܿո壬ͳһ硣ϸ˵ 
Լƺʧûˡ 
ִд꣬оʮֵĲ⡣ΪԼˮƽޣŬд˼ʮ֣ǵȴٵÿԲλࡪ 
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һѧϰӵŬҲлЩֹ֧ҵĶߴ
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